ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Truly, God cannot be outdone in His generosity. He works tremendously and surprisingly
in the ordinary people, things and events in daily life. For the abounding blessings of God, We,
the researchers wishes to express our heartfelt gratitude and deepest appreciation for the
generous support of those persons who have helped us made this investigatory project possible,
substantial and meaningful. Without you, God, we are nothing.
To Dr. Franco C. Flores who willingly gave all his support, for sharing his expertise and
guiding us to make our study possible and successful.
To Sir Aris A. Rusiana for his constructive comments and valuable suggestions to
improve this study.
To our family and friends whose presence and understanding gave us the inspiration to
continue the path that we are now starting.
To all of you, thank you so much!

Elaine Chezy G. Flores

Jannah Joy C. Bacang
Oriel B. Gualberto

ABSTRACT
This study is all about making an alternative paper out of re-pulped waste paper and
freshly fallen leaves. It will also determine the degree of writing appropriateness of the finish
product. There would be 3 kinds of trees where the leave samples will be taken: namely, Talisay,
Acacia and Mahogany. The proportions used are 1:10, 1:15, 1:20 in grams for the paper to leaves
ratio. The preparation of the product-paper requires the assembly of silkscreen on the wooden
frame, collection of fallen leaves, then the mechanical pulping of leaves and waste papers using a
blender, then molding the pulp into paper, after which drying is done using a flat iron. Finally, a
survey was conducted to determine the degree of writing appropriateness. The findings revealed
that all the proportions of Mahagony leaves with waste paper namely; 1:10(mean: 3.43),
1:15(mean: 3.38), 1:20(mean: 3.30), and all very appropriate for writing. On the other hand,
Acacia leaves with re-pulped waste papers also showed similar results as in the Mahogany
leaves. Furthermore, the Talisay leaves showed only proportions 1:10 with mean rating of 3.26,
1:15 mean rating 3.40 where very appropriate for writing. The other proportion 1:20 with a mean
rating of 2.96 where only rated by the respondents as appropriate for writing. It is concluded
that both Mahogany and Acacia leaves have all the proportions with repulped waste paper very
appropriate for writing while the Talisay leaves have one proportion (1:20) just barely
appropriate for writing. It is also concluded that there is a significant difference on the mean
rating of respondents regarding writing appropriateness, whereas, proportions and interactions
does not bear any significant difference and or interaction respectively.

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The world today is at its newest generation, full of innovation and development but yet always
progressing (Weaver et. al, 2000). Recycling is one of the technology of the past that has been
developed and processing (Lipsett, 2005). Through modernization, recycling has undergone
several transformations and now has a wide application that serves as a resolution to various
environment issues (Morselli et.al, 2009). One of the issues nowadays is the large collection of
wastes in dump sites (Lemann, 2008). In there, some of the wastes are; used paper which is
manmade, and fallen leaves, which is nature generated (Cichonski et.al, 1993). Paper is a thin
material that finds its main uses in writing, drawing, and wrapping. Its typically produced by
pressing together the moist cellulose fibre that can be found in a number of organic materials
such as inner bark, leaves and grasses. Leaf fibre, hard, coarse fibre obtained from leaves
of monocotyledonous plants (flowering plants that usually have parallel-veined leaves, such as
grasses, lilies, orchids, and palms), used mainly for cordage. Such fibres, usually long and stiff,
are also called hard fibres, distinguishing them from the generally softer and more flexible
fibres

of

the

bast,

or

soft,

fibre

group.

Commercially

useful

leaf

fibres

include abaca, cantala, henequen, Mauritius hemp, phormium, and sisal.

The abundance of fallen leaves from both young and fully grown trees inside the campus
of Capitol University Basic Education Department has paved its way to pursue this study to
develop a writing paper out of pulping freshly fallen leaves together with repulped waste papers.
This study pursued the research conducted by Odilon et al(2014) where they delved on the
bursting and tensile strength of the paper made from repulped waster paper and fresh fallen
leaves. Furthermore, this study determines the degree of writing appropriateness of the finish
4

product. Finally, the outcome of this study is to produce a dry leaves-free campus of CUBED as
they are turned into writing sheets that the students can make use of in their pursuit of
knowledge.
Statement of the problem
Generally, this study ascertains the possibility of producing a sheet of paper from the freshly
fallen leaves of the trees and assesses its usefulness as a writing material. Specifically it answers
the following sub-problems:
1. How appropriate for writing is the paper made out of repulped waste paper and repulped
leaves? Considering the different types and proportions such as:
1.1 Talisay
1.10
1.15
1.20

1.2 Mahogany
1.10
1.15
1.20

1.3 Acacia
1.10
1.15
1.20

2. Is there a significant difference between the degree of writing the appropriateness of the
paper made out of repulped waste paper and leaves considering:
2.1 types of leaves
2.2 proportions
3. Is there a significant interaction between the types of the leaves and proportions?
Hypothesis
Ho1: There is no significant difference between the mean ratings of the degree of writing
appropriateness on the finished product considering the types of leaves.
Ho2: There is no significant difference between the mean ratings of the degree of writing
appropriateness on the finished product considering the different proportions.
Ho3: There is no significant interaction effect considering the mean ratings between the types of
leaves and the proportions.

Significance of the study

This investigatory project assesses the possibility of producing a writing sheet or paper from the
freshly fallen leaves of trees. Thus, if this study will be found positive, then it would be
significant to the following:

Students and teachers They can benefit from this study because everyone is using
paper every day and if they buy paper from the stores it is quite expensive compared to
this experimental sheets.

Community The community can also benefit from this study because the utilization of
waste leaves will reduce the amount of solid waste in the campus and saves the
immediate communities from danger of flooding during heavy rains.

Economy The economy can benefit from this study because producing paper from
leaves is easy and entrepreneurs will sell the product which can help in boosting the
economic growth.

Entrepreneurs They can benefit from this study because they can use the study and
produce their own paper and sell it to the community.

DENR (Department of Environment and Natural Resources) can also benefit from
this study because many trees will no longer be cut for the production of paper but
instead be preserved for the future generations.

Scope and Limitation:

This investigatory project assesses the possibility of producing a writing sheet or paper from the
freshly fallen leaves of trees in Capitol University Basic Education Department and repulped
waste paper. It explores only the determination of the degree of writing appropriateness of the
6

finish product. There will be 3 kinds of trees where the leave samples will be taken: namely,
Talisay, Acacia and Mahogany. The proportions to be use shall be 1:10, 1:15, 1:20 grams for
paper to leaves ratio. No other bonding agents shall be used as additives.

Definition of Terms:
Fiber- It is a rope or string used as a component of composite materials, or matted into sheets to
make products such as paper of felt.
Pulp- A soft wet mass of fibers derived from rags or wood, used in papermaking.
Pliable- Capable of being bent or flexed or twisted without breaking.
Cotton- A soft, white material that grows on the seeds of a tall plant and that is used to make
cloth.
Fallen Leaves- These are leaves that are newly and fresh fallen from the tree.
Alternative Writing Pad- A substitute to make a new or recycled writing pad.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Production of Paper from Coconut husks and Gumamela Leaves

All types of paper (Britannica, 1973) are made from pulp containing vegetable, mineral
or manmade fibers that form a matted or felted sheet on a screen when moisture is removed.
Nearly all paper is made cellulosic (vegetable) fibers (San Juan, 2011).

Paper is one of the most indispensable tools used in our daily lives. The primary source of
manufacturers in making paper is trees. For this reason, it is essential for the community to cut
trees. However, cutting trees may result to global warming that leads to climate change which we
are experiencing definitely nowadays. Having an alternative for these trees, using other materials
is certainly a good thing. The study was conducted to diminish the cutting of trees.

Handmade paper has a unique texture and an individual quality that makes it not only a surface
to write or print on, but also an object of beauty. With a small investment in equipment (or the
supplies to make it from scratch), a small harvest of backyard weeds or garden plants, and the
guidance, anyone can make exquisite papers right in the home kitchen. (Hiebert, 2006)

Paper-making
According to Wikipedia (2015), papermaking is the process of making paper, a substance
which is used universally today for writing and packaging. In paper-making, a dilute suspension
of fibers in water is drained through a screen, so that a mat of randomly interwoven fibers is laid
down. Water is removed from this mat of fibers by pressing and drying to make paper. Since the
invention of the Fourdrinier machine in the 19th century, most paper has been made from wood
pulp because of cost. But other fiber sources such as cotton and textiles are used for high-quality
papers. One common measure of a paper's quality is its non-wood-pulp content, e.g., 25% cotton,
50% rag, etc. Previously, paper was made up of rags and hemp as well as other materials.

Eco-friendly paper from palm tree leaves

A young scientist who has made paper from dead palm tree leaves wants authorities in
the UAE - the country with the most date palm trees - to adopt his idea. Twenty-three-year-old
College graduate Mustafa Barami made sheets of paper in a university lab in Oman, his home
country, a few months ago (Masudi, 2011).
As stated by Barami (2011), "The UAE has 44 million palm trees, out of which one million are
burnt as waste every year. There are environmental issues unwanted gases like carbon dioxide
are released. It also costs lot of money, which goes up in smoke. He also stated that a kilo of
palm leaves can yield 80 sheets of A5-sized paper, which is widely used to print office
documents.
Barami only used basic tools in the lab and if industrial machines will be used to produce this
kind of paper,the production will increase. He also stated that The brown leaves can be easily
collected; their cellulose quantity is very close to that in wood. We don't have to use green leaves
as that can harm the tree. Cellulose is used to make paper and is found in trees, which account
for 90 per cent of the world's sources of paper.
Why not use these leaves to make paper instead? It won't be expensive. But someone has to take
that decision. That "someone," Barami added, might be authorities like Dubai Municipality or
the UAE Ministry of Environment and Water. "I've always been concerned about the
environment. Everyone is looking for economical benefits at the same time - and that's why I'm
here today." Barami won the silver medal at the International Inventors contest in Kuwait
recently, outdoing some 160 other competitors (Masudi, 2011).
How to Make Banana Paper
Banana paper is an organically created paper made from the stalks and leaves of the
banana plant. It is known for its delicate look and earthy feel, as well as for being an alternative
to commercially created paper products. Banana paper can be made at home and used for

10

artwork or journal pages using only a few ingredients including a banana plant, a sharp kitchen
knife, a silkscreen or fine mesh screen, and a large pot for boiling. (Baldwin, 2014)
How to Use Pineapple Leaves for Handmade Papers
The leaves of pineapples are tough and fibrous, making for a strong homemade paper.
This technique of making paper takes a little time, but a home kitchen provides the right
environment for the project. Knowing how to make paper out of pineapple leaves gives you the
ability to use most parts of the pineapple you bring home from a grocery store.
(Hoffman, 2014)
How to Make Paper Out of Leaves
Making paper from leaves is a fun and easy nature craft that can be done with children of
any age. Autumn colors and an abundance of falling leaves make this the perfect fall craft. With
just a few leaves and some paper from the recycling bin, this project is an inexpensive way to
spend an afternoon. Paper crafts are great for school and scout projects or just some old
fashioned

family

fun.

(Chandler,

2014)

Harvesting Fibers
In general, harvesting at the end of growing season or during dormancy will yield the
most papermaking fiber, but there are a few things to consider. The people might want to let the
plant naturally decompose in the field to make processing easier. For example, herbaceous basts
such as milkweed and nettles (Urtica lyalli) will start to decompose if left in the field over the
winter. Most fibers can be harvested during more than one season. Paper made from fiber
harvested in the spring may look different from paper made from the same fiber harvested in the
fall. Young nettles harvested in the spring make a green paper, but if the nettles are harvested in
the fall, the resulting paper is brown. The age of the plant, soil, environmental conditions such as
air quality and rainfall, and geographic location of the plant will also affect the fiber quality and
the look of the sheet. Experiment with different seasons and locations and keep records to note
ease of harvesting and paper results. (Hand Papermaking, Inc. 2005)

11

According to Hand Papermaking, Inc. (2005), there are three main types of plant fiber used in
papermaking: bast fiber, leaf fiber, and grass fiber. What follows is a description and instructions
for harvesting each type. From other papermakers, books on fibers, and the researchers own
experiments, have discovered papers made from many plants, ranging from common items such
as wheat straw and hosta (Hosta fortunei, a.k.a. plantain lily). When collecting first plant fibers
for papermaking, the researcher would recommend starting with a plant from one of the lists that
is widely known to produce paper.
The fibrous, inner bark of trees or shrubs is called the bast. The bast fiber is located in the stem
and branches between the outer bark and the woody core. There are three types of bast fiber:
woody, herbaceous, and petiole. Woody bast is found in shrubs like blackberry, vines like kudzu,
and trees such as paper mulberry and willow; herbaceous bast is found in non-woody annuals
and perennials such as nettles and milkweed; petiole bast is found in the leaf stalks and stems of
banana plants like manila hemp.
Many papermakers harvest bast fibers while they are pruning. Using the inner bark for
papermaking, there must be a fair amount of branches to produce a small amount of paper. In
order to have enough bast fiber to make paper, there will be a need to harvest at least five or six
branches that are approximately five or six feet long.
Herbaceous bast is collected in a similar fashion to the bast of trees, by cutting the stalks at an
angle. The petiole of a plant is the leaf stem that is connected to the stalk and supports the blade
of the leaf. In manila hemp (abaca) plants, the leaf stalks are often many feet in length and
contain long strands of bast fiber that are easily obtained once the stalks are cut from the plant.
Many banana plants in the Musaceae family yield this type of fiber, and they usually have
fibrous trunks as well. Petiole fiber tends to be very tough and can require extensive processing.
Once there has been enough plant material collected, there will be a need to separate the bast
fiber from the woody core and outer bark. In certain plants, the bast fiber can be easily separated
from the woody core after harvesting. With other plants, there will be a need to steam or ferment
the stalks in order to recover the bast fiber.

12

In most cases, substantial, elongated leaves such as the leaves of iris or yucca plants are the best
sources of leaf fiber for papermaking. A general procedure that is followed when determining
whether a leaf will yield paper is to check its tear strength--the harder it is to tear crosswise, the
better the paper will be.
The easiest leaves to process come from plants like iris, gladiolus, and lilies, which can be cut
right from the plant and are ready to process directly into paper pulp. These types of leaf fiber
can be collected in the spring or fall, producing a green paper in the spring and a brown paper in
the fall.
Leaves from sword-like plants such as sisal and yucca have long, stringy fibers inside that look
like fishing line. These fibers are difficult and time consuming to process, and often require
specialized equipment. Harvesting these leaves like with the others--removing only the
outermost leaves and cutting them near the base. These leaves contain a large amount of fleshy
connective tissue that should be removed immediately after harvesting by decortication, retting,
or cooking.
With any leaf fiber, there will be a need to harvest at least one pound of dry fiber in order to have
enough leaves to make a small amount of paper. The dry weight is tricky to determine if
collecting fresh leavesthe researcher usually collects three times more fiber than she thinks she
will need. One pound of dry leaf fiber will yield approximately fifteen sheets of 8-1/2 x 11
paper.
Grass fibers are among the shortest papermaking fibers, but nevertheless they still make
interesting papers. They can be found almost anywhere. Tall weeds and wild grasses such as
straws, rushes, swamp grasses, and beach grasses are good sources of papermaking fiber. Corn
stalks and corn husks may even be used. Many grasses can be harvested in any season and are
relatively simple to process. With grass fiber, one pound of dry fiber will yield about ten small,
lightweight sheets of paper. Collect more fiber than what is needed to ensure that there is enough.
A researcher can always dry and store the rest for future processing. (Hand Papermaking, Inc.
2005)

13

There have already been many studies about papermaking and the study that the
researchers will be conducting is making paper by the use of leaves rather than the usual
papermaking process using trees. Trees are the principal source of making paper and if more
trees are being cut each year to produce paper it may lead to global warming which is not good.
However, using leaves as an alternative to trees may be an essential way to conserve the
environment.
This study pursued the research conducted by Odilon et. al (2014) where they delved on
the bursting and tensile strength of the paper made from repulped waster paper and fresh fallen
leaves. Furthermore, this study will determine the degree of writing appropriateness of the finish
product. The researchers in this study will be using falling leaves that are greenish or yellowish
so that the researchers can obtain more fiber which is needed to produce paper. The leaves will
be from various types of trees in the CUBED campus.

14

PREVIOUS STUDY

CURRENT STUDY

Proportions by weight (waste paper:leaves)

Types of Leaves
Proportions by weight (waste paper:leaves)

1:1.25

Mahogany

1:1.67

Talisay

1:2

Acacia

1:10
1:15
1:20
1:10
1:15
1:20
1:10
1:15
1:20

Table 1:
The Table 1 shows the proportions of the waste papers and leaves used by the previous
researcher and the present experiment set-up.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
THE RESPONDENTS
The respondents who are requested to assess the degree of appropriateness for writing on
the paper made out of waste papers and leaves composed of 28 4thyear students of Capitol
University Basic Education Department. They are selected purposely for the convenience of the
researchers because they are their classmates.
THE RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
The instrument used to gather the information of the degree of appropriateness for
writing is the researchers-made questionnaire using the following Likert Scale 1- not
appropriate, 2- less appropriate, 3- appropriate, 4- very appropriate. It consists of 5 questions on
which the respondents are required to choose their answer.

Preparation of Materials

15

Prepare a wooden frame with a screen stapled together (the paper mold), blender, and a
large basin larger than the mold. Make sure the frame is large enough to hold the size of paper to
be made. Additionally, the basin, bucket or pan should be larger than the frame.
Collection of fallen leaves that will be used in the experiment
Shredding of waste paper and leaves
Cut the waste paper and leaves into pieces.
Rip the leaves into tiny bits and place it all into a blender until it is about half full. Fill the
water with warm water. Run the blender on slow at first, and then increase the speed until the
pulp looks smooth and well-blended.
Now that the leaves are more wet and pliable, start the process of turning it into pulp- a thick,
goopy, slightly watery substance that will actually become a new piece of paper.

Making of writing pad

The basin should be a little wider and longer than your frame and approximately the same
shape. Fill the basin with clear water.
The amount of pulp added to the water will determine the thickness of the paper; do not
make the whole tub into sludge. Experiment a bit. The thickness of which can be converted from
paper to cardboard depending on the quantity of water added to the pulp.
Attempt to pluck out any clumps, the smoother the finer the mixture, the more uniform
the end product will be.
Place the wooden frame with the pulp into basin, screen-side down, and then level it while it
is submerged. Lightly move it side-to-side until the pulp on top of the screen lies fairly uniformly
flat.
Slowly lift up the screen until it is above the water. Drip-drain if over the basin. Wait until
most of water has drained from the pulp, and you will see the beginnings of a new piece of paper.
If the paper is very thick, remove some of the pulp from the top. If it is too thin, add some more
pulp and stir the mixture again.
After lifting the screen out of the basin, remove the extra water from the pulp. Subsequently
the water stops dripping (or almost so), gently place a piece of material (felt or flannel,
preferably) or a piece of Formica (smooth-side downwards) in the frame on top of the paper.
Very gently press down to squeeze out excess water. Use a sponge to press out as much as water
as possible from the other side of the screen, and periodically wring out the sponge.
Drying of writing pad
16

Once the paper is a little drier, lift it from the screen. Gently press out any bubbles and loose
edges at this point.
Take the piece of paper and lay it out to dry on a flat surface. Alternatively, speed up the
drying process by using a sponge and a hair dryer on the low setting. Ultimately, iron it.
Peeling of the paper off the fabric or Formica. Wait until the sheets of paper are thoroughly
dried; then gently peel.
Production of more samples with varying amount.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

The instrument use to gather the data on the appropriateness for writing together with the
sample subject paper where given to the respondents.
The respondents are instructed to write anything on the subject paper then required to
answer the questionnaire on appropriateness for writing.
The data collected where tallied after which the mean ratings were computed, analyzed
and interpreted.

17

18

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

1:10
1:15

1:20

Table 1
Mean Rating of the Degree of Writing Appropriateness of paper made from waste paper and
Mahogany Leaves considering the different proportions
Proportion
1:10
1:15
1:20

Mean Rating
3.43
3.38
3.30

Interpretation
Very Appropriate
Very Appropriate
Very Appropriate

Hypothetical Mean Range: 1.00-1.75(Not Appropriate), 1.76-2.50(Less Appropriate), 2.51-3.25(Appropriate), 3.26-4.00(Very

Appropriate)

The Table 1 shows the Mean Rating of the Degree of Writing Appropriateness of paper made
from waste paper and Mahogany Leaves considering the different proportions. It further shows
that all proportions namely, 1:10(mean: 3.43), 1:15(mean: 3.38), 1:20(mean: 3.30), and all very
appropriate of writing. This further attested by 3 respondents saying very good paper while one
said very nice and the 3rd one said it smells all like plants but its really awesome.
19

1:10

1:15

1:20

Table 2
Mean Rating of the Degree of Writing Appropriateness of paper made from waste paper and
Acacia Leaves considering the different proportions
Proportion
1:10
1:15
1:20

Mean Rating
3.68
3.40
3.50

Interpretation
Very Appropriate
Very Appropriate
Very Appropriate

Hypothetical Mean Range: 1.00-1.75(Not Appropriate), 1.76-2.50(Less Appropriate), 2.51-3.25(Appropriate), 3.26-4.00(Very

Appropriate)

Depicted in Table 2 are the data on the Mean Rating of the Degree of Writing
Appropriateness of paper made from waste paper and Acacia Leaves considering the different
proportions. Moreover, the 3 proportions are similarly related very appropriate as in the
Mahogany Leaves. Proportion 1:10 has a mean rating of 3.68, Proportion 1:15 has a mean rating
of 3.40 and the last Proportion 1:20 got 3.50 mean rating. Several respondents are attesting to
this rating when they give this following remarks, its cool, beautiful and nice, it smells
good, its more thick and nice than 10g, it is better and it is okay. These remarks really
show that the finish paper truly has a potential acceptance when produced in mass.

20

1:10

1:15

1:20

Table 3
Mean Rating of the Degree of Writing Appropriateness of paper made from waste paper and
Talisay Leaves considering the different proportions
Proportion
1:10
1:15
1:20

Mean Rating
3.26
3.48
2.96

Interpretation
Very Appropriate
Very Appropriate
Appropriate

Hypothetical Mean Range: 1.00-1.75(Not Appropriate), 1.76-2.50(Less Appropriate), 2.51-3.25(Appropriate), 3.26-4.00(Very

Appropriate)

Table 3 reveals the Mean Rating of the Degree of Writing Appropriateness of paper made
from waste paper and Talisay Leaves considering the different proportions. The table shows
further that only proportions namely 1:10 mean rating 3.26, 1:15 mean rating 3.40 where rated
very appropriate by the respondents. The proportion 1:20 with a mean rating of 2.96 where only
rated by the respondents as appropriate for writing. In fact one respondent said it easily gets
damaged or punched. This relatively weak condition of the 1:20 proportion of Talisay can most
probably be attributed to the fiber type this kind of leaves has. Hence its better to lessen the
amount of leaves for this Talisay tree to produce a better quality of paper.

21

Table 4
Mean Ratings of Writing Appropriateness considering types of Leaves and Proportions
Proportions

1:10

1:15

1:20

Indicator
1. The paper can withstand the pen pressure.

TYPES OF LEAVES
Mahogany
Acacia
Talisay
3.63 (VA) 4.13 (VA)
3.0 (A)

2. The writing texture is clear.

3. Its color is appealing to the eye.

3.38 (VA)
3.0 (A)

4.13 (VA)
3.75 (VA)

3.75 (VA)
3.13 (A)

4. Its touch is soft.

5. It has enough thickness to write well on it.
1. The paper can withstand the pen pressure.

3.38 (VA)
3.75 (VA)
3.63 (VA)

2.88 (A)
3.5 (A)
3.0 (A)

3.38 (VA)
3.8 (A)
3.75 (VA)

2. The writing texture is clear.

3. Its color is appealing to the eye.

3.38 (VA)
3.13 (A)

3.5 (A)
3.5 (A)

3.75 (VA)
3.0 (A)

4. Its touch is soft.

5. It has enough thickness to write well on it.
1. The paper can withstand the pen pressure.
2. The writing texture is clear.
3. Its color is appealing to the eye.
4. Its touch is soft.
5. It has enough thickness to write well on it.

3.25 (A)
3.5 (A)
3.75 (VA)
3.25 (A)
3.0 (A)
3.13 (A)
3.28 (VA)

3.13 (A)
3.88 (A)
3.5 (A)
3.63 (VA)
3.63 (VA)
3.13 (A)
3.63 (VA)

3.28 (VA)
3.63 (VA)
2.75 (VA)
3.13 (A)
2.75 (VA)
2.88 (A)
3.25 (AS)

Table 5
ANOVA Results for the Significant Difference Between
The Types of Leaves, Proportion and Interaction
22

Source of

Sum of

Degree of Mean

variation

Squares Freedom(

Squares F-value

Between Columns

(SS)
0.67

(MS)
0.34

DF)
2

Computed

3.36*

Critical

Interpr

F-value

etation

3.26

(Types of leaves)
Between

Rows

(Proportions)
Interactions

Reject
Ho1

0.37
0.58

2
4

0.19
0.15

1.85
1.46

3.26
2.63

(Types of leaves x
Proportion)
Within Group

Decision

NS

Accept

NS

Ho2
Accept
Ho3

3.62

36

0.10

Error
Total

5.25

*= 0.05

Table 4 shows the results of ANOVA test for significant difference of mean ratings
considering the types of leaves, proportion and interactions.
The result further shows that the computed F-value between columns (3.36) is greater
than the critical value of 3.26. This means that truly there is a significant difference between the
mean ratings of the respondents on their assessment of the degree of writing appropriateness on
the paper product considering the types of leaves, hence, the null hypothesis Ho, is rejected.
However, considering the proportions, the respondents do not have significant difference
in their rating, hence the null hypothesis Ho2 is accepted. This means, whatever proportion is
used for the different type of leaves, the respondents are more or less similar in their assessment
as to writing appropriateness. Furthermore, the results showed no significant interaction between
the types of leaves and proportions considering the ratings of the respondents, hence the null
hypothesis Ho3 is also accepted.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

23

Based on the results and discussions of the study, it is concluded that both Mahogany and
Acacia leaves have all the proportions with repulped waste paper very appropriate for writing
however, the Talisay leaves have one proportion 1:20 just barely appropriate for writing.
Further, it is concluded that there is a significant difference on the mean rating of
respondents regarding writing appropriateness, proportions and interactions between leaves and
proportions, the study concluded no significant difference and interaction respectively.
Based on the findings and conclusions of the study, the following are the
recommendations:
Explore other types of leaves which are also available in the campus
Study other proportions of waste paper and leaves
Whenever possible, conduct mechanical properties testing of the finish product such as
bursting and tension properties.

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APPENDIX A. ANOVA TABLE

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