i m
s i o
t e
concepts of measurement
e x p r e s s i n g
i t s
t h e
d i m
length
l e n g t h
m
m
ft
in
time
hr
min
mass
kg
l b
t o n
temperature
oF
e n s i o n s
molecular weight
Unit systems
Length
Time
Mass
Force
Energy*
Temp.
Absolute systems
Cgs
cm
sec
gram
dyne*
erg, joule,
calorie
K, C
Fps (English
absolute)
ft
sec
lb
poundal*
ft poundal
R, F
SI (Syst me
International)
meter
sec
kilogram
newton*
joule
K, C
Gravitational systems
British Eng
(BE)
ft
sec
slug*
Pound wt
Btu, ft lb, ft
lbf
R, F
American Eng
(AE)
ft
sec, hr
pound-mass
(lbm)
pound-force
(lbf)
Btu or
(hp)(hr)
R, F
*Unit derived from basic units; all energy units are derived.
Prefix
giga
mega
kilo
centi*
milli
micro
nano
Symbol
G
M
k
c
m
mass ( m )
volume ( V )
specific volume =
2. specific gravity, sp gr
density of substance
sp gr =
density of reference
Ex.
sp gr = 0.73
20o
40o
For petroleum:
o
API =
141 . 5
sp gr
60
60o
131 . 5
or
sp gr
60 o
60 o
141 . 5
o
API + 131 . 5
3. Temperature (T)
- relative temperature: degree Celsius, oC or degree Fahrenheit, oF
o
C=
F 32
1. 8
R
K=
1.8
oC
= 1.8
oF
K = 1.8
oR
from Raumur
to Raumur
[C] = [R] 54
[R] = [C] 45
Kelvin
Rankine
4. Pressure (P)
Value of standard pressure
Definition of pressure
value
Atmospheric pressure 1
Barometric pressure
33.91
Vacuum pressure
14.7
Absolute pressure
29.92
Gauge pressure
unit
atm
ft.H2O
lb/in2(psia)
in.Hg
760
mmHg
1.013 x 105 Pa (N/m2) or 101.3 kPa
Conversion of units
add, subtract
multiply, divide
Example
a
p +
V2
(V b ) = RT
T = temperature, K
= ??? cal/s.cm.oC
1 hr
1 ft
3600 s 30.48 cm
1.8 oF
1 oC
Example
1 N = C 1 kg 1 m
s2
C= 1 N.s2/kg.m = 1
ft/s2
Convert
lbm to lbf
F = ma
gc
Dv
Unit = 1
D = pipe diameter, cm
v = fluid velocity, cm/s
= fluid density, g/cm3
= viscosity, g/cm.s (poise)
Colburn equation
DG
hD
=
.
0
023
0.. 8
0
1
3
Cp
Unit of substance
1. mole
mass
mole =
molecular weight
gmol
lbmole
h =
c p G 0.8
D
0.2
= 16.6
c p G 0.8
D 0.2
cp G 0.8
h =
D0.2
cp = heat capacity, as J/kg.oC
D = internal diameter of pipe, as m
G = mass velocity, as kg/sec.m2
h = heat transfer coefficient, as J/sec.m2.oC
Solution
h =
c p G 0.8
D
0.2
= 16.6
c p G 0.8
D 0.2
J/kg.oC
cp = heat capacity, as Btu/lb.oF
m
D = internal diameter of pipe, as in
kg/sec.m2
G = mass velocity, as lb/sec.ft2
J/sec.m2.oC
h = heat transfer coefficient, as Btu/hr.ft2.oF
2.1 Convert unit of each parameter to required unit and replace them to
equation Solution:
o
J
1 kg 1 C
Btu
Btu
4 ' Btu
C p o = C p'
=
2
.
39
10
x
Cp o
o
3
o
kg C 1.055 x10 J 2.2 lb 1.8 F
lb F
lb F
2
lb
2
.
2
lb
kg
1
m
' lb
'
=
0
.
204
G
=G
G
2
2
2
2
s
ft
1
kg
s
m
(3.2808 ft )
s ft
D(in ) = D ' m 39.37in = 39.37 D 'in
1m
2
o
Btu
J
3600
s
1
m
Btu
1
C
'
h
=h
2o
2o
2
3
o
hr
ft
F
s
m
C
1
hr
1
.
055
x
10
J
(
3
.
2808
ft
)
1
.
8
F
Btu
'
= 0.176h
hr ft 2 o F
4 '
' 0.8
(
2
.
39
x
10
C
)
(
16
.
6
)
'
(
0
.
204
G
)
p
0.176h =
(39.37 D ' ) 0.2
0.2
3 '
' 0.8
kg
3.03x10 C p G
'
'
3
h =
=
3
.
03
x
10
' 0.2
sm
D
0.2
' ' 0. 2
0.2
o
0.8 2 ( 0.8 )
hD
J m kg C s m
kg
Unit of
' = ' ' 0.8 =
=
2o
0.8
sm C
J
kg
C pG
sm
c pG
D
0.8
0.2
= 16.6
c pG
cp G 0.8
h =
D0.2
0.8
D 0.2
( 0.8 )
hD 0.2
Btu in 0.2 lb oF s 0.8 ft 2
Convert unit of 16.6 ( ) =
0.8 =
C pG
hr ft 2 o F
Btu
lb 0.8
lb 0.2in 0.2 s 0.8
=
hr ft 0.4
0 .4
0.4
39.37 0.2 in 0.2 (1kg ) 0.2
lb 0.2in 0.2 s 0.8 1hr 1 ft
=
0.2
hr ft 0.4 3600 s 120.4 in 0.4 0.2 10.2 m 0.2 (2.2lb) 0.2
0.2
kg
= 1.83x10
sm
0.2
0.2
'
4 kg
3 kg
= 3.03x10
= 16.6 x1.83x10
sm
sm
4
Basis: 1 l of solution
230 g of NaCl
wt (g)
230
918
1148
mw.
58.5
18
gmol
2303.93
/58.5
51
54.93
mol fraction
3.930.07
/54.93
0.93
1
%mole
7
93
100
mw. wt (g)
23 90.39
35.5 139.52
102
1
816
16
1147.91
wt frac.
0.078
0.122
0.089
0.711
1.000
%wt.
7.8
12.2
8.9
71.1
100
(e) Molality = gmol of NaCl = 3.93 gmol 1000 g H2O = 4.28 gmol/1000g H2O
1000 g of H2O 918 g H2O
(f) Molarity (mole/l) = gmol NaCl
vol of soln
= 3.93 gmol/l
(g) Pounds NaCl per pound H2O = 230 g NaCl 2.2 lb 1000 g = 0.25
918 g H2O 1000 g 2.2 lb