AY

BB

20

14

Load flow analysis

20

14

AY

Developing power flow equations

Formulation of Ybus matrix for power systems
Classification of network bus bars
Power flow solution methods:
1. Gauss-seidel method
2. Newton Raphron method
3. Decoupled method
4. Fast-decoupled load flow

BB

Power system network into consideration

Pg1, Qg1

AY

Power System

Pl3, Ql3

G1

Pg3, Qg3

20

14

G3

BB

G2

Pg2, Qg2

Pl2, Ql2

4
Pl4, Ql4

Pl5, Ql5

BB

20

14

AY

Power flow

BB

20

14

AY

Power flow equations

14

= k = 1,2,,N

( )

20

+ =

AY

Power flow equations (2)

=1

BB

( )

=1

( )
=1

AY

Characteristics of power flow

equations

BB

20

14

Power flow equations are algebraic Static

system
Power flow equations are non- linear
Iterative solution
Relates P, Q in terms of V and and Ybus
elements P,Q = f(V,)

14

20

Formation of bus admittance matrix is the first step

in solving the power flow problem.
The Ybus gives the relationships between all the bus
current injections, I, and all the bus voltages, V,
I = Ybus V
The Ybus is developed by applying KCL at each bus
in the system to relate the bus current injections, the
bus voltages, and the branch impedances and
admittances

BB

AY

Bus admittance matrix (Ybus)

BB

20

14

AY

Formation of Bus-admittance matrix

BB

20

14

AY

Transmission line Nominal -model

(For midium & Long TL)

Formation of Bus-admittance matrix

AY

1 = 120 1 + 12 1 2 + 130 1 + 13 1 3

2 = 210 2 + 12 2 1 + 230 2 + 23 (2 3 )

12
(210 +12 + 230 + 23 )
32

BB

(120 +12 + 130 + 13 )

1
2 =
21
3
31

20

14

3 = 310 3 + 13 3 1 + 320 3 + 23 (3 2 )

13
23
(310 +13 + 320 + 233 )

1
2
3

Transfer admittance
(Mutual admittance)

Self admittance

12 = 21 = 12

AY

11 = 120 + 12 + 130 + 13 ,

13 = 31 = 13

33 = 310 + 13 + 320 + 233 ,

23 = 32 = 23

20

14

22 = 210 + 12 + 230 + 23 ,

BB

11
1
2 = 21
3
31

12
22
32

13
23
33

1
2
3

AY

Characteristics of Y-Bus matrix

Dimension of Y Bus is (nXn), Where n= Number of
buses

14

Y Bus is symmetric matrix

20

Y bus is sparse matrix

BB

Diagonal elements Yii are obtained as algebraic sum

of all elements incident to Bus I

Off-diagonal elements Yij = Yji are obtained as

negetive of admittance connecting bus i and j

Power flow problems

AY

Characteristics of variables

20

14

Loads (Pl,Ql)- are uncontrolled variables

Generation Pg,Qg) controlled variables
Voltage V and angle state variables

BB

For a given operation loads and generation are known

at all buses

Required the voltage magnitude and angle (V and )

at each bus

AY

Challenges in power flow solution

BB

20

14

Since at the beginning, transmission losses are

not known, all generation variables cannot be
specified.
Solution Choose one bus as refference
where voltage magnitude and angle are
specified. The losses are assigned to this bus
and this bus is called Slack Bus.

AY

Classification of Busbars

Number of buses
(n-bus, mgeneration system)

Specified

Required

n-m

Pi & Qi

Vi & i

m-1

Pi & Vi

Qi & i

Vi & i

Pi & Qi

PQ
PV
Slack

BB

Type

20

14

Swing Bus (Sluck Bus)

PV Bus (Voltage control Bus)
PQ Bus (Load Bus)

AY

Classification of Busbars (2)

BB

20

14

With each bus i, four variables (Pi, Qi, Vi and i)

are associated. Depending on the type of bus
two variables are specified and two unknown
variables are obtained from power flow solution

BB

20

14

AY

The above equations represent a set of

simultaneous, non-linear, algebraic
equations.
As the set of equations is non-linear, no
closed form, analytical solution for these
equations exist.
Hence, these equations can only be
solved by using suitable numerical
iterative techniques.
There exist various iterative methods for
solving load flow problem.

AY

Iterative methods

BB

20

14

1. Gauss-seidel method
2. Newton Raphron method
3. Decoupled method
4. Fast-decoupled load flow

BB

20

14

AY

Bus power system

AY

Power flow solution by Gauss Seidel

Method
=
=

14

20

=1

= + =

BB

+ =

=1

K=1,2,, N

AY

=

and

14

=1

20

= 1 + 2 2 + + + +

BB

k=1,2,,N

=1

=+1

AY

Gaus Seidel solution algorithm

Step 1 Set iteration count (initialize)

14

Convert all the loads and generation in per unit values

Compute net injected power at each bus excluding the slack bus

20

Step 2 Formation of Ybus matrix

Step 3 Iterative computation of bus voltages

BB

A set of Initial voltage values (commonly flat voltage start) is assumed

except for the slack bus.
(n-1) voltage equations are to be solved iteratively for finding (n-1)
complex voltages V2, V3, , Vn
The iteraion is continued till the change in maximum magnitude of bus
voltage () is less than a certain tolerance.
= max
0.00001

+1

, = 1,2, . . , Where 0.0001 or

AY

Gaus Seidel solution algorithm

(contd)
Step 4 Computation of sluk bus power

( )

14

( )
=1

20

=1

BB

Step 5 Computation of line flows and losses

Last step in load flow analysis

AY

Characteristics of Gaus_Seidel (G-S)

Method

14

G-S algorithm has slow convergence

20

Convergence rate can be calculated using

acceleration Factor ().
+1

BB

+1

Where = (1.5 1.7)

+ ()
+ ()

BB

20

14

AY

Example_1.pdf

AY

Read

BB

20

14

1. Algorithm modification for PV buses

D.P. Kothari, Page 207 and example 6.5
2. Consideration of PV buses, D.Das P. 155,
example 7.3