1.

Simple Present
[VERB] + s/es in III person
Examples:
You speak English.
Do you speak English?
You do not speak English.

2. Present Continuous
am/is/are + VERB+ ing
Examples:
You are watching TV.
Are you watching TV?
You are not watching TV.

3. Present Perfect
has/have + Verb past participle

Examples:
You have seen that movie many times.
Have you seen that movie many times?
You have not seen that movie many times.

4. Present Perfect Continuous

has/have + been + Verb+ing
Examples:
You have been waiting here for two hours.
Have you been waiting here for two hours?
You have not been waiting here for two hours.

5. Past Simple
[VERB+ed] or irregular verbs
Examples:
You called Debbie.
Did you call Debbie?
You did not call Debbie.

6. Past Continuous
was/were + Verb+ing

Examples:
You were studying when she called.
Were you studying when she called?
You were not studying when she called.
USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Past
USE 2 Parallel Actions

7. Past Perfect
[had + Verb past participle]
Examples:
You had studied English before you moved to New York.
Had you studied English before you moved to New York?
You had not studied English before you moved to New York.
USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Past
USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Past

8. Past Perfect Continuous

had been + Verb+ing
Examples:
You had been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.
Had you been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived?
You had not been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:

Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris. Active
The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris. Passive

9. Future Simple
will + verb
Examples:
You will help him later.
Will you help him later?
You will not help him later.

Future Continuous
will be + Verb+ing
Examples:
You will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
Will you be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight?
You will not be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
FORM Future Continuous with "Be Going To "

am/is/are + going to be + Verb+ing

USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Future

USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption in the Future
USE 3 Parallel Actions in the Future

Future Perfect
[will have + past participle]

[am/is/are + going to have + past participle]

Examples:
You will have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
Will you have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.?
You will not have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.

Examples:
You are going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
Are you going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.?
You are not going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.

Future Perfect Continuous

will have been + Verb+ing

am/is/are + going to have been +Verb+ing

Examples:
You will have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.

Will you have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives?
You will not have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.
Examples:
You are going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.
Are you going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives?
You are not going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
The famous artist will have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished. Active
The mural will have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished. Passive
The famous artist is going to have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished. Active
The mural is going to have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished. Passive

PASSIVE VOICE
[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]
Active / Passive Overview
Tense
Active
Simple Present
Once a week, Tom cleans the house.

Passive
Once a week, the house is cleaned by Tom.

Present Continuous Right now, Sarah is writing the letter.

Right now, the letter is being written by Sarah.

Simple Past

Sam repaired the car.

The car was repaired by Sam.

Past Continuous

The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came
into the store.

The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief
came into the store.

Present Perfect

Many tourists have visited that castle.

That castle has been visited by many tourists.

Present Perfect
Continuous
Past Perfect

Recently, John has been doing the work.

Recently, the work has been being done by John.

George had repaired many cars before he received his

mechanic's license.

Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his

mechanic's license.

Past Perfect
Continuous

Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic

dinners for two years before he moved to Paris.

The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being preparedby

Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris.

Simple Future
will
Simple Future
be going to
Future Continuous
will
Future Continuous
be going to
Future Perfect
will
Future Perfect
be going to
Future Perfect
Continuous
will
Future Perfect
Continuous
be going to
Used to

Someone will finish the work by 5:00 PM.

The work will be finished by 5:00 PM.

Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.

A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight.

At 8:00 PM tonight, John will be washing the dishes.

At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will be being washed by John.

At 8:00 PM tonight, John is going to be washing the dishes.

At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes are going to be being washedby

John.
The project will have been completed before the deadline.

They will have completed the project before the deadline.

They are going to have completed the project before the
deadline.
The famous artist will have been painting the mural for over
six months by the time it is finished.

The project is going to have been completed before the deadline.

The famous artist is going to have been painting the mural

for over six months by the time it is finished.

The mural is going to have been being painted by the famous

artist for over six months by the time it is finished.

Jerry used to pay the bills.

The bills used to be paid by Jerry.

Would Always

My mother would always make the pies.

The pies would always be made by my mother.

Future in the Past

Would
Future in the Past
Was Going to

I knew John would finish the work by 5:00 PM.

I knew the work would be finished by 5:00 PM.

I thought Sally was going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.

I thought a beautiful dinner was going to be made by Sally

tonight.

The mural will have been being painted by the famous artist for
over six months by the time it is finished.

MODAL VERBS
1. can
Use
ability to do sth. in the present (substitute form: to be able to)
permission to do sth. in the present (substitute form: to be allowed to)
request
offer
suggestion
possibility
2. could
Use
ability to do sth. in the past (substitute form: to be able to)
permission to do sth. in the past (substitute form: to be allowed to)
polite question *
polite request *
polite offer *
polite suggestion *
possibility *
3. may
Use
possibility

Examples
I can speak English.
Can I go to the cinema?
Can you wait a moment, please?
I can lend you my car till tomorrow.
Can we visit Grandma at the weekend?
It can get very hot in Arizona.

Examples
I could speak English.
I could go to the cinema.
Could I go to the cinema, please?
Could you wait a moment, please?
I could lend you my car till tomorrow.
Could we visit Grandma at the weekend?
It could get very hot in Montana.

Examples
It may rain today.

permission to do sth. in the present (substitute form: to be allowed to)

polite suggestion
4. might
Use
possibility (less possible than may) *
hesitant offer *
5. must
Use
force, necessity
possibility
advice, recommendation

Examples
It might rain today.
Might I help you?

Examples
I must go to the supermarket today.
You must be tired.
You must see the new film with Brad Pitt.

6. must not/may not

Use
prohibition (must is a little stronger)

7. need not
Use
sth. is not necessary

May I go to the cinema?

May I help you?

Examples
You mustn't work on dad's computer.
You may not work on dad's computer.

Examples
I needn't go to the supermarket, we're going to the restaurant tonight.

8. ought to
simliar to should ought to sounds a little less subjective
Use
Examples
advice
You ought to drive carefully in bad weather.

obligation
You ought to switch off the light when you leave the room.
9. shall
used instead of will in the 1st person
Use
Examples
suggestion
Shall I carry your bag?
10. should
Use
advice
obligation

Examples
You should drive carefully in bad weather.
You should switch off the light when you leave the room.

11. will
Use
wish, request, demand, order (less polite than would)
prediction, assumption
promise
spontaneous decision
habits
12. would
Use
wish, request (more polite than will)
habits in the past

Examples
Will you please shut the door?
I think it will rain on Friday.
I will stop smoking.
Can somebody drive me to the station? - I will.
She's strange, she'll sit for hours without talking.

Examples
Would you shut the door, please?
Sometimes he would bring me some flowers.