Initial report for disaster resistant structures.

1. Requirement of disaster resistant structures We require no less than a whole new way of thinking about how we design and build
our communities in natural hazard areas or in a disaster area, like- seismic, coastal,
and around watersheds.
A disaster area is a region or a locale, heavily damaged by either natural,
technological or social hazards. Disaster areas affect the population living in the
community by dramatic increase in expense, loss of energy, food and services; and
finally increase the risk of disease for citizens.
If we are to ensure our societys safety, health, and overall quality of life. Our present
approach is inadequate. For no longer tolerate of physically, environmentally, socially,
economically, and emotionally from these disaster, there should be use of disaster
resistant techniques in structures and architecture.

2. What is DisasterXXXXXXXX
3. Types of disaster(i) Natural hazardsNatural hazards are naturally occurring physical phenomena caused either by rapid or
slow onset events which can be geophysical (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis and
volcanic activity), hydrological (avalanches and floods), climatological (extreme
temperatures, drought and wildfires), meteorological (cyclones and storms/wave
surges) or biological (disease epidemics and insect/animal plagues).

(ii) Technological or man-made hazardsTechnological or man-made hazards (complex emergencies/conflicts, famine,

displaced populations, industrial accidents and transport accidents) are events that
are caused by humans and occur in or close to human settlements. This can include
environmental degradation, pollution and accidents.
There are a range of challenges, such as climate change, unplanned-urbanization,
under development/poverty as well as the threat of pandemics that will shape
humanitarian assistance in the future. These aggravating factors will result in
increased frequency, complexity and severity of disasters.

Before, I proceed in study about disaster resistant structures.

I would like to study about biggest and hazardous disaster over the globe till date. I
will also include top 10 various types of disaster of the world and world disaster
history. I will also provide figures and records of impact of these disaster.
(source:- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_by_death_toll )

(i) 10 worst natural disasters in historyR

a
n
k

Death toll
(estimate)

Event

Location

Date

1,000,0004,000,000*

1931 China floods

China

July 1931

900,000
2,000,000

1887 Yellow River

flood

China

September 1887

830,000

1556 Shaanxi
earthquake

China

January 23, 1556

450,000
(242,000
655,000)

1976 Tangshan
earthquake

China

July 28, 1976

375,000
(250,000
500,000)

1970 Bhola cyclone

East Pakistan
(now Banglades
h)

November 13,
1970

300,000

1839 India cyclone

India

November 26,
1839

300,000

1737 Calcutta cyclone India

October 7, 1737

280,000

2004 Indian Ocean

earthquake and
tsunami

Indian Ocean

December 26,
2004

273,400

1920 Haiyuan
earthquake

China

December 16,
1920

10

250,000300,000

526 Antioch
earthquake

Byzantine
Empire
(now Turkey)

May 526

* Estimate by nova's sources are close to 4 million and yet encarta's sources report as
few as 1 million. Expert estimates report wide variance.
The list does not include several volcanic eruptions with uncertain death tolls resulting
from collateral effects (crop failures, etc.), though these may have numbered in the
millions.
The list does not include the man-made 1938 yellow river flood, caused entirely by a
deliberate man-made act (an act of war, destroying dikes).

(ii) 10 deadliest natural disasters since 1900R

n.

Death toll
(estimate)

Event

Location

Date

1.

1,000,000
4,000,000

1931 China floods

China

July 1931

2.

450,000
(242,000
655,000)

1976 Tangshan
earthquake

China

July 1976

3.

375,000
(250,000
500,000)

1970 Bhola cyclone

East Pakistan
(now Bangladesh)

November 1970

4.

280,000

2004 Indian Ocean

earthquake and
tsunami

Indian Ocean

December 26,
2004

5.

273,400

1920 Haiyuan
earthquake

China

December 1920

6.

229,000

Typhoon Nina
Banqiao Dam failure

China

August 7, 1975

7.

160,000

2010 Haiti earthquake

Haiti

January 12,
2010

8.

145,000

1935 Yangtze river flood China

1935

9.

143,000

1923 Great Kanto

earthquake

Japan

September 1923

10.

138,866

1991 Bangladesh
cyclone

Bangladesh

April 1991

(iii) 10 deadliest avalanchesRan

k

Death toll
(estimate)

Event

Location

Dat
e

1.

20,000

Huascaran Avalanche triggered by

the 1970 Ancash earthquake

Peru

1970

2.

10,000

Tyrolean Alps Avalanche

Italy

1916

3.

4,000

Huascarn avalanche

Peru

1962

4.

310

Afghanistan avalanches

Afghanistan

2015

5.

265

Winter of Terror

AustriaSwitzerland

1951

6.

201

Afghanistan avalanches

Afghanistan

2012

7.

172

Salang avalanches

Afghanistan

2010

8.

140

Siachen Glacier avalanche

Pakistan

2012

9.

125

Kolka-Karmadon rock ice slide

Russia

2002

10.

102

Kohistan avalanche

Pakistan

2010

(iv) 10 deadliest blizzardsRan

k

Death toll
(estimate)

Event

Location

Dat
e

1.

4,000

1972 Iran blizzard

Iran

1972

2.

3,000

Carolean Death March

Sweden/Norwa
y

1719

3.

926

Afghanistan blizzard

Afghanistan

2008

4.

400

Great Blizzard of 1888

United States

1888

5.

318

North American Storm

Complex

United States

1993

6.

235

Schoolhouse Blizzard

United States

1888

7.

199

Hakko-da Mountains
incident

Japan

1902

8.

154

North American blizzard of

United States

1996

9.

144

Armistice Day Blizzard

United States

1940

10.

133

Chinese winter storms

China

2008

(v) 10 deadliest tropical cyclonesRan

k

Death toll

Event

Location

Date

1.

375,000
(250,000500,000)

Bhola cyclone

East Pakistan
(now Banglade
sh)

November 13,
1970

2.

300,000

India Cyclone

India

November 25,
1839

2.

300,000

Calcutta cyclone

India

October 7, 1737

4.

229,000

Super Typhoon
Banqiao Dam failure

China

August 7, 1975

5.

200,000

Great Backerganj
Cyclone

India
(now Banglade
sh)

October 30,
1876

6.

150,000
(30,000300,000)

Haiphong Typhoon

Vietnam

October 8, 1881

7.

138,866

Bangladesh cyclone

Bangladesh

April 29, 1991

8.

138,366

Cyclone Nargis

Myanmar

May 2, 2008

9.

100,000

Bombay cyclone

India

1882

10.

80,000

Bengal cyclone

India

October 1874

(vi) 10 deadliest floods / landslidesRan

k

Death toll

Event

Location

Dat
e

1.

1,000,000
4,000,000

1931 China floods

China

1931

2.

900,0002,000,000

1887 Yellow River (Huang He)

flood

China

1887

3.

229,000

Failure of 62 dams, result

of Typhoon Nina.

China

1975

4.

145,000

1935 Yangtze river flood

China

1935

5.

100,000

St. Felix's Flood, storm surge

Netherland
s

1530

6.

100,000

Hanoi and Red River Delta flood

North
Vietnam

1971

7.

up to 100,000

1911 Yangtze River flood

China

1911

8.

50,00080,000

St. Lucia's flood, storm surge

Netherland
s

1287

9.

60,000

North Sea flood, storm surge

Netherland
s

1212

10.

36,000

St. Marcellus flood, storm surge

Netherland
s

1219

continues