Analysis of 32-Channel 40 Gbit/s DWDM in Point-to-Point Topology

International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication
Volume: 4 Issue: 3
ISSN: 2321-8169
426 - 429
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Analysis of 32-channel 40 Gbit/s DWDM in Point-to-Point topology

Debabrata Pal
Dr. S.Revathi
M.Tech, Communication Engineering

School of Electronics Engineering (SENSE), VIT University
Vellore-632014, India
debabrata.pal2014@vit.ac.in
Associate Professor, Communication Engineering

School of Electronics Engineering (SENSE), VIT University
Vellore-632014, India
srevathi@vit.ac.in
Abstract The Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) is an optical fiber transmission system which uses very closely spaced light
wavelengths and transmits several information simultaneously. This provides a cost effective method to increase capacity of existing network.
To analyze DWDM with 40 Gbit/s and 32 channel under various design structure (various schemes in terms of modulation schemes, channel
spacing, SMF, DCF length) OptiSystem software version 13 is used.
Keywords-Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing, Mach-Zehnder Modulator, Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier, Single Mode Fiber, Dispersion
Compensation Fiber, Eye-diagram.
__________________________________________________*****_________________________________________________
I.
INTRODUCTION
In DWDM each channel can carry data of different bit-rate

and bit-format, independent of other. Also every channel has
dedicated bandwidth, all signals reach at receiver at same time,
unlikely to be broken in the time slots as in case of TDM. The
need of the scalable DWDM to enable service providers in
accommodating consumer demands for continuously increasing
amount of bandwidth.
Most of the United States networks developed by
employing estimation such as the bandwidth usage by using
concentration ratios which are derived from the formulas of
classical engineering like Poisson, Rayleigh.
As a result, forecasts to bandwidth required for the
networks calculated by assuming every person would use
available bandwidth for six minutes per hour. These formulas
were not counted in value of traffic produced by internet access
(300 percent growth in each year), multiple phone lines, faxes,
teleconferencing, data transmission and video transmission.
DWDM allows the providers to offer different services such
as e-mail, video data and voice- carried in internet protocol
(IP), asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), multimedia,
synchronous optical network/ synchronous digital hierarchy
(SONET/SDH) over the optical layer. DWDM also provides
better economic and technical solution in terms of installing
new fibers or existing TDM technology.
In addition to bandwidth, DWDM provides Transparency
as a physical layer architecture, Scalability and dynamic
provisioning.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section II
describes the basic principle of DWDM system. Section III
explains ITU-T standardized channel frequency [7] used by
CISCO, section IV presents Optical network, section V
represents Simulation results (comparative analysis varying
modulation schemes, channel spacing and SMF, DCF length).
II.
PRICIPLE OF DWDM SYSTEM
DWDM amplifies all wavelengths simultaneously without

converting first those to electrical signals; carry those
signals at different speeds and transparently over the fiber.
A. Transmitter
A solid-state laser source should provide stable light within
a narrow, specific bandwidth which carries digital data
modulated by an analog signal. Transmitter changes electrical

bits to optical pulses. DWDM requires highly accurate and
stable wavelengths and high performance requirement in case
of dispersion [1]. A comparative analysis of different
modulation schemes has been done in this report. In practical
scenario direct modulation makes waveform deteriorated in
long distance transmission system for frequency chirp addition
to the fiber dispersion, hence M-Z modulator is used [2].
Multiplexers combine these signals. Though some inherent
loss happens at multiplexing which depends on channel
numbers but can be overcome by using optical amplifier to
boost all wavelengths at once without converting to electrical.
Basic block diagram of DWDM is shown below.
Figure 1. Basic DWDM system
B. Transmission line
Using Single mode fiber (SMF) the fidelity of the signal is
better retained over longer distances, and modal dispersion is
greatly reduced. SMF has large information-carrying capacity
and low intrinsic loss. After transmission in long haul, signal
intensity is highly attenuated. Therefore Erbium doped fiber
amplifier (EDFA) is added after a certain distance to
compensate for linear loss. Also at 1550 nm it produces high
gain of 40dB. It has minimal polarization sensitivity, low
insertion loss, very high sensitivity in comparison with other
amplifiers [3]. The dispersion introduced by SMF in 1550 nm
window is 17 ps /nm-km. Hence DCF is used to compensate
this dispersion with negative chromatic dispersion (-90 ps
/nm-km). DCF length to be used should be 1/5th of SMF, to
make total dispersion of fiber as zero [1].
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IJRITCC | March 2016, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org
______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Volume: 4 Issue: 3
ISSN: 2321-8169
426 - 429
_______________________________________________________________________________________
TABLE I: SMF and DCF Parameter
IV.
Dispersion slope
Linear loss
Units
Dispersion
coefficient
Ps /(nm-km)
Ps /(nm^2-km)
dB/km
SMF
17
0.075
0.2
DCF
-90
-0.3
0.5
C. Receiver
The multiplexed signals must be separated out using
DEMUX.APD detector has high sensitivity but costly than
PIN detector. For shorter distance PIN detector is used [6].
Low pass Bessel filter preserves wave envelope of the filtered
signals in pass band, which has better flatter phase delay,
shaping factor and also flatter group delay than Gaussian filter
of the same order, though Gaussian filter has lower time
delay.3-R generator performs regeneration, re-shaping, and
reclocking. Finally Ber Analyzer is used. It predicts the Bit
Error Rate, Q-factor, threshold, and Eye aperture of a system.
III.
ITU-T STANDARDIZED CHANNEL FREQUENCY

FOR C-BAND
Channel
Frequency (THz)
Wavelength (nm)
01
02
192.1
192.2
1560.61
1559.71
03
04
192.3
192.4
1558.98
1558.17
05
192.6
1556.55
06
07
192.7
192.8
1555.75
1554.94
08
192.9
1554.13
09
10
193.1
193.2
1552.52
1551.72
11
193.3
1550.92
12
193.4
1550.12
13
193.6
1548.51
14
193.7
1547.72
15
16
193.8
193.9
1546.92
1546.12
17
194.1
1544.53
18
19
194.2
194.3
1543.73
1542.94
20
194.4
1542.14
21
22
194.6
194.7
1540.56
1539.77
23
24
194.8
194.9
1538.98
1538.19
25
195.1
1536.61
26
27
195.2
195.3
1535.82
1535.04
28
195.4
1534.25
29
30
195.6
195.7
1532.68
1531.90
31
195.8
1531.12
32
195.9
1530.33
OPTICAL NETWORK
DWDM Networks are categorized into four

topological configurations with its own application.
primary
A. DWDM system with point to point with or without adddrop multiplexer

This topology shown in figure 2 is deployed for long-haul
transportation which needs ultra-high data speed (10-40 Gbps),
very high overall bandwidth (terabit/sec), very high signal
integrity, great reliability, and quick path restoration capability.
Distance in between transmitters, receiver might be few
hundred kilometers, no of in-line amplifiers is less than 10. In
this paper we will implement DWDM using this topology.
Figure 2. DWDM point to point network with OADM
B. Ring connected mesh and star networks

. It is composed of fiber in ring topology that interconnects
nodes. For protection few systems take two rings.it spans of
few tens of kilometers in a metropolitan area. The channel bit
rate is 622 Mb/sec or less, it can be 1.25 Gb/s or greater also.
One node acts as hub, manages other channels as in figure 3.
Figure 3.DWDM Ring topology
Apart from these, hybrid topologies connect star or ring

topology in point to point link. E.g. Metropolitan optical
network project (MONET) connects two networks one in New
Jersey and another in Washington DC with a point to point
link.
V.
SIMULATION RESULT
A. Simulation parameters
Transmitter: The no of output ports of CW laser array are set
to be 32, line width 10MHz, with starting channel frequency is
193.1THz. Channel spacing (50 Ghz, 75 GHz, 100GHz) are
varied to get optimized value of channel spacing which is not
quite affected by inter-symbol crosstalk. Each channel power
is set to default value of 10 dBm. Optical transmitter output
power is the indication of largest acceptable fiber loss. Bit-rate
of pseudo-random Bit sequence generator is set 40e+009 bit/s.
When M-Z modulator is used, input to it should be pulse not
random bits. To convert bit to pulse, NRZ pulse generator is
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Volume: 4 Issue: 3
ISSN: 2321-8169
426 - 429
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used. WDM Mux combines all 32 channel transmitted bits, set
as transmitter channel frequency.
Channel: With reference wavelength 1550 nm, attenuation 0.2
dB /km SMF dispersion is 17 ps/nm/km with dispersion slope
of 0.075ps/nm^2/k. SMF length is varied as 10 km,50 km and
100 km. For DCF attenuation is set to 0.5 dB/km. Dispersion
is -85 ps/nm/km. The dispersion slope is -0.3 ps/nm^2/k. DCF
length should be 1/5 th of SMF length for to get zero
dispersion shift. Gain 20 dB, power 10 dBm, Noise figure
5dB, polarization is set to none. Noise center frequency 193.4
THz, noise bandwidth 13 THz, Noise bin spacing 125 GHz for
design using 100 GHz channel spacing and starting frequency
of 193.1 THz.
Figure 5.2: BER pattern of 75 GHz channel spacing
Receiver: WDM Demux separates all 32 channel transmitted

bits. All 32 channel frequency has to be set according to
transmitter channel frequency. Insertion loss is 0 dB,
Rectangular filter type of order 2. PIN photodiode:
Responsivity is constant, 1 A/W, dark current 10 nA, thermal
power density 10^-21 w/Hz. Absolute temperature 293k,load
resistance of 50 ohm 3R Regenerator: delay compensation is
0s,decision instant 0.5 bit low pass Bessel filter: cut-off
frequency is 0.75 * bit rate Hz, insertion loss 0dB, order 4.
Finally Ber analyser is connected with output of low pass
Bessel filter, pseudo random bit sequence generator and NRZ
modulator.

Table -2: Channel Spacing Analysis
B. OptiSystem simulation Result

The setup of DWDM system in Optisystem is followed:
50 GHz
75 GHz
100 GHz
Max Q Factor
8.00236
8.68865
Min Ber
5.871e-016
1.684e-018
Eye Height
0.000422
0.00043
Thresold
0.000263
0.00021
Decision inst.
0.40625
0.6875
Modulation schemes Comparative Analysis:

For 100 GHz channel spacing and 40 Gbps data rate
comparison between Comparison between Q factors of
RZ [4], NRZ, MZ modulation schemes is followed.
Figure 4: DWDM System deployed using OptySystem
Channel spacing comparative Analysis:

Using M-Z modulator with 40 Gbps data rate
Comparison between 50GHz, 75 GHz and 100 GHz
channel spaced BER PATTERN is followed
Figure 6.1: Q Pattern of RZ modulation scheme

Figure 6.2: Q Pattern of NRZ modulation scheme
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Volume: 4 Issue: 3
ISSN: 2321-8169
426 - 429
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Figure 7.3: Eye height of 100 km SMF, 20 km DCF model

Figure 6.3: Q Pattern of MZ modulation scheme
Max Q Factor
Table -4: SMF, DCF length Analysis

SMF10Km
SMF50Km
SMF 100Km
DCF 2Km
DCF 10Km
DCF 20Km
12.824
8.68865
9.21777
Min Ber
5.99 e-038
1.68 e-018
1.36 e-020
Eye Height
Thresold
Decision inst.
0.0005145
0.0003292
0.703125
0.0004294
0.0002139
0.6875
0.00046484
0.00020835
0.40625
Table -3: Modulation Scheme Analysis
MaxQ Factor
RZ
13.0852
NRZ
9.05889
MZ
8.68865
Min Ber
1.872 e-039
6.489e-02
1.684e-018
Eye Height
0.0007743
0.0004181
0.00042940
Thresold
Decision inst.
0.0003270
0.42187
0.0002738
0.640625
0.00021395
0.6875
SMF, DCF lengths comparative Analysis:

For 100 GHz channel spacing using MZ modulator
with 40 Gbps data rate 100 km SMF and 20 Km DCF
Comparison between eye height of (SMF: 10 Km, DCF
2 Km), (SMF: 50 Km, DCF : 10 Km), (SMF: 100 Km,
DCF : 20 Km), schemes is followed:
Conclusions
32-Channel with 40Gbit/s point-to-point DWDM system is
designed successfully. By Varying modulation scheme it is
seen that Q-factor, BER, Eye Height, threshold performance
gives best result in RZ modulation scheme, then NRZ, and
finally MZ modulation.MZ modulator has high extinction ratio
[5] and high speed performance. While varying channel
frequency from 100 GHz to 50 GHz it is producing ISI (Intersymbol interference).If SMF, DCF length is less it produces
very good BER, Q factor and eye height is also good.at 50 km
SMF and 10 km DCF it produces optimum result. DWDM
provides "next generation" technologies to meet growing data
needs. Many in the industry view the state of the art in
DWDM in 2012 and 2013 to be 100 Gb/s-SUPER
CHANNEL. Further this approach can be extended by
verifying parameters using ITU-T specified L Band channels.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to pay our sincere gratitude to faculties of
Optical Communication lab, SENSE, VIT University for
allowing in accessing the software anytime.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
Gao Yan, Zhang Ruixia, Du Weifeng, Cui Xiaorong. Point-topoint DWDM System Design and Simulation.ISBN 978-9525726-02-2
Zhuang Jianzhong. DWDM optical transmitter design CATV
Technology, No.12, 2006:77-81
A Hodzik, B. Konrad, k. Petemann Alternate modulation
formats in N x 40Gb/s WDM standard fiber RZ-transmission
systems , IEEE J. Lightwave technol. 20 (9) 2002(1964)
K.S Cheng, J Conradi, Reduction of pulse to pulse interaction
using alternative RZ formats in 40Gbit/s IEEE Photonics
Technol. Lett. 14(1) (2002) 98
Hen Yan, Zhang Shilin, Zhang bin, Mao Luhong, Guo weilian.
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Gerd Kaiser, Optical fiber Communications, McGraw Hill
International Editions 2010
http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/optical/15000r7_0/dwdm/
planning/guide/70epg/d7ovw.html
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