Anda di halaman 1dari 19

Comput Mech (2011) 48:175193

DOI 10.1007/s00466-011-0591-8

ORIGINAL PAPER

An efficient meshfree method for vibration analysis of laminated


composite plates
Tinh Quoc Bui Minh Ngoc Nguyen
Chuanzeng Zhang

Received: 30 August 2010 / Accepted: 13 March 2011 / Published online: 29 March 2011
Springer-Verlag 2011

Abstract A detailed analysis of natural frequencies of


laminated composite plates using the meshfree moving
Kriging interpolation method is presented. The present formulation is based on the classical plate theory while the
moving Kriging interpolation satisfying the delta property is
employed to construct the shape functions. Since the advantage of the interpolation functions, the method is more convenient and no special techniques are needed in enforcing
the essential boundary conditions. Numerical examples with
different shapes of plates are presented and the achieved
results are compared with reference solutions available in
the literature. Several aspects of the model involving
relevant parameters, fiber orientations, lay-up number,
length-to-length, stiffness ratios, etc. affected on frequency
are analyzed numerically in details. The convergence of the
method on the natural frequency is also given. As a consequence, the applicability and the effectiveness of the present
method for accurately computing natural frequencies of generally shaped laminates are demonstrated.
Keywords Vibration Meshfree method
Moving Kriging interpolation Composite laminates
1 Introduction
Due to the higher stiffness and strength to weight ratios
and other superior properties of composite materials comT. Q. Bui (B) C. Zhang
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Siegen,
Paul-Bonatz-Strasse 9-11, 57076 Siegen, Germany
e-mail: bui-quoc@bauwesen.uni-siegen.de
M. N. Nguyen
Computational Engineering Department,
Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany

pared with traditional isotropic ones, laminated composites


have been increasingly used in various engineering structures
and modern industrial applications involving automobiles,
marines, buildings, aerospace, etc. Generally, a thorough
understanding of the behaviors of laminated composites such
as the buckling loads, modal characteristics, stress distributions, large deflections, etc. are firmly necessary. These
may be of great importance due to the fact that the analysts and designers must have a deep understanding of the
structures. In particular, by the wide use of laminated composite plates in industrial applications, studies on modeling
the behaviors of plates with complicated geometry become
more important in design procedures, especially for dynamic
loading conditions. From the vibration engineering point
of view, modal parameters contain some essential information in design and have a significant influence on the forced
response characteristics of a structure. Previously, methods
used for studying vibration of plates are essentially based
on either theoretical solutions or experimental works.
However, due to the inherent difficulties, mathematical complication and high requirements in modeling of practical
problems in reality, those conventional methods are often
not applicable in general cases. Hence, numerical methods
are widely preferable to be developed and applied to provide
approximate solutions.
The well-known finite element method (FEM) has been
commonly used in the vibration analysis of laminated composite plates [1]. In fact, a huge number of studies employing the FEM can be found easily in the literature. A detailed
review on applying the FEM to vibration analysis of laminated composite plates up to the 1980s is given by
Reddy [2]. Further information and some computational
aspects based on the FEM for analysis of composite laminates can also be found in [3]. Recently, Zhang and Yang [4]
provided a review on recent developments in finite element

123

176

analysis of laminated composite plates in various aspects


including the developed theories, vibration and damping,
nonlinear dynamic stability, transient responses, geometrical nonlinearity, buckling and post-buckling, failure analysis, etc. Other approaches have been also successfully applied
to vibration analysis of laminated composite plates, e.g. the
Rizt, p-Ritz and RayleighRitz methods [513], the strip element method [14,15], and the discrete singular convolution
(DSC) method [16,17]. Bellman et al. [18] introduced the differential quadrature technique initially for solving nonlinear
partial differential equations, which was later applied to
vibration problems of composite laminates [1923]. Besides,
the techniques utilizing the radial basis functions and the
RBF-pseudospectral methods for vibration analysis of laminated composite beams and plates have been proposed by
Ferreira and his co-workers [2431].
Analytical approaches have been also developed for composite laminates, for instance, Jiarang et al. [32], Srinivas
et al. [33,34] and Vel et al. [35] proposed exact solutions
for static bending, vibration and buckling analysis of thick
orthotropic plates and laminates, whereas sandwich plates
and bidirectional composites have been examined by Pagono [36]. Furthermore, Leissa et al. [37] successfully presented
exact solutions for vibration and buckling analysis of a SSC-SS-C rectangular plate loaded by linearly varying in-plane
stress, and later Kang et al. [38] further extended that method
to study the free vibration problem of laminated composites subjected to in-plane moments acting on two opposite
simply supported edges. Recently, Xing and Liu [39] presented other new exact solutions for free vibration of thin
orthotropic rectangular plates. In principle, exact solutions
are desirable since they are capable of providing deep physical insight, more accurate and so forth. Unfortunately, they
can be obtained only for very simple plate geometry and
boundary conditions.
In recent years, a new class of efficient methods named
meshfree or meshless methods has been introduced and
developed [4043] for many different problems in computational mechanics, in which the entire domain of problems
is discretized by a set of nodes scattered in the influence
domain regardless of the connectivity among nodes and no
elements are thus required. Some basic and advanced theories
along with applications can be found in several monographs,
e.g., see [44,45]. Various approaches have been proposed
and applied so far to analyses of laminated composites such
as reproducing kernel particle method (RKPM), meshless
local Petrov-Galerkin (MLPG), element-free Galerkin (EFG)
method, and radial point interpolation method (RPIM)
[4654]. However, most meshfree methods have the same
problem of the lack of the Kronecker delta property that
leads to a noticeable drawback in enforcing the essential
boundary conditions. Many efforts have thus been devoted
to overcome such difficulty, for example, by using Lagrange

123

Comput Mech (2011) 48:175193

multipliers [40], penalty method [44], coupling with the FEM


[55], etc.
Apart from the aforementioned works in the above, other
standard studies by means of meshless or FEM developments for along this line of plate and shell structures analysis
should also be cited. Among many others and in terms of
meshfree methods, Krysl and Belyschko [56,57] used the
standard EFG, Donning and Liu [58] developed a meshless
model based on various interpolation techniques, Garcia et al.
[59] proposed the Hp-clouds, Liew et al. [60,61] presented a
meshfree moving least-squares differential quadrature
(MLSDQ), Liu and his co-workers analyzed Krichhoff thin
plates by a global compatible C n () triangular element hierarchy and by a minimal degree of freedom, arbitrary smooth,
global compatible, I m /C n interpolation hierarchy, both are
built based upon the framework of the reproducing kernel
element method (RKEM) [6264], the RKPM was studied
by Wang et al. [65] for locking-free stabilized conforming
nodal integration for meshfree Mindlin-Reissner plate formulation and so on. The stabilized conforming nodal integration technique (SCNI) proposed by Chen et al. [66] has
been incorporated either into meshless methods, see e.g. [67
69], or into the FEM, the later is known as smoothed finite
element method (SFEM), which has used to account for such
plates and shells problems, see e.g. [7072]. In principle, the
SCNI technique can be incorporated into the present method
in such a way to improve its efficiency and thus, this direction is quite interesting in further developments. In other
words, a large number of studies based on the FEM have
been studied to account for plates and shells structures available in the literature, for instance, Bathe and his co-workers
recently proposed various shells and plates elements such
as MITC plate and shell, 4-node 3D shell, triangular 6-node
shell [7376] as well as Chandrashekhar et al. [77] employed
a C assumed strain interpolated finite element plate model
based on Reddys third order theory to deal with nonlinear vibration analysis of composite laminated and sandwich
plates with random material properties and many others.
Alternatively, Gu [78] introduced a new technique, the
moving Kriging interpolation (MK), for constructing the
shape functions, which possess the Kronecker delta property
correctly. He initially demonstrated the efficiency of the MK
formulation by solving a simple problem of steady-state heat
conduction. Soon after, the technique is extended to twodimensional solid mechanics and shell structures [7981]
and recently, it has further developed by the authors for static deflection analysis of classical thin plates [82], dynamic
analysis of structures [83] and piezoelectric structures in twodimensions [84].
The present work aims to extend the MK method to natural
frequencies analysis of laminated composite plates using the
classical plate theory. The method is capable of completely
avoiding the shortcoming in imposing the essential boundary

Comput Mech (2011) 48:175193

177

conditions. The method is simple like the FEM and straightforward to implement. Nevertheless, in order to validate the
accuracy and the stability of the present method, an extensive study is made for a number of regular and irregular nodal
distributions and the results are then compared with existing
reference solutions available in the literature. To the authors
knowledge, no identical works like this task have been examined when this manuscript is being reported. The structure of
the manuscript is organized as follows. Meshfree formulation
for vibration problems is presented in the next section including the moving Kriging shape functions, governing equations
and their discretization. Numerical examples are presented
and discussed in detail in Sect. 3 to demonstrate the accuracy
and the efficiency of the method. Some conclusions from this
work are drawn in the last section.

2 Meshfree formulation for vibration problems


2.1 Moving Kriging interpolation
2.1.1 Deriving shape functions
Following the classical thin plate theory, only the deflection w(x) is an independent variable, the other two displacement components u(x) and v(x) can be extracted from w(x).
Using the MK approach is to generate the shape functions
for the deflection approximation. The deflection w(x) with
x = {x, y}T is therefore approximated using parameters of
nodal deflection w I expressed in a group of nodes in a compact domain of support. This implies that these values in
principle can be interpolated based on all nodal values xi (i
[1, n]), where n is the total number of the nodes in x so that
x . The MK interpolation w h (x), x x is defined
as follows [7884]
w h (x) = [pT (x)A + rT (x)B]w(x)

(1)

or can be written in a concise form


n


w h (x) =

I (x)w I

(2)

with I (x) being the moving Kriging (MK) shape functions


and defined by
I (x) =

m


p j (x)A j I +

n


rk (x)Bk I

(3)

A = (P R
B=R

The matrix P has size n m and is collected values of the


polynomial basis functions given in Eq. (6)

p1 (x1 ) p2 (x1 ) . . . pm (x1 )


p1 (x2 ) p2 (x2 ) . . . pm (x2 )

(7)
P= .
..
..
..
..
.
.
.
p1 (xn ) p2 (xn ) . . . pm (xn )

and r(x) in Eq. (1) has the form



T
r(x) = R(x1 , x) R(x2 , x) . . . R(xn , x)

P)

1 T

P R

(I PA)

R(xn , x1 ) R(xn , x2 ) . . .

R(xi , x j ) = eri j
2

(10)

where ri j = xi x j , and > 0 is a correlation parameter. As found in the previous works [7884], the correlation parameter has a significant effect on the solution; it has
thus arisen a problem of how the natural frequencies of laminated composites plates are influenced by this correlation
factor. This parameter is thus investigated in detail in the
numerical examination section. The quadratic basis function
pT (x) = [ 1 x y x 2 y 2 x y ] with m = 6 is used throughout the study if not specified otherwise, since the deflection
requires at least such a quadratic polynomial basis function.
On the other hand, the thin plate theory requires not only
the first-order derivatives, but also the second-order derivatives. Their partial derivatives are straightforward to obtain
by making the derivatives of Eq. (3) with respect to xi
m


p j,i (x)A j I +

n


(5)

A concise discussion for the appropriate choice of the correlation function can be found in [56] and many correlation
functions can be employed for R but often, the Gaussian
function is often and widely used to fit the model

I,i (x) =
(4)

(8)

where R(xi , x j ) is the correlation function between any


pair of the n nodes xi and x j , it is denoted belong to the covariance of the field value u(x): R(xi , x j ) = cov[u(xi )u(x j )]
and R(xi , x) = cov[u(xi )u(x)]. The correlation matrix
R[R(xi , x j )]nn is also given in an explicit form as

1
R(x1 , x2 ) . . . R(x1 , xn )
R(x2 , x1 )
1
. . . R(x2 , xn )

R[R(xi , x j )] =
(9)
..
..
..
..

.
.
.
.

The matrixes A and B are determined through


T

where I is an unit matrix and the vector p(x) is the polynomial


with m basis functions
T

(6)
p(x) = p1 (x) p2 (x) . . . pm (x)

I,ii (x) =

m

j

rk,i (x)Bk I

(11)

p j,ii (x)A j I +

n


rk,ii (x)Bk I

(12)

123

178

Comput Mech (2011) 48:175193

Note that the shape functions obtained through the above


procedure possess Kroneckers delta property and with linear polynomial terms included in Eq. (1), a general linear
polynomial can be reproduced exactly. These desirable properties have well described in the previous works, see e.g.
[7882], thus, only some of other features regarding the MK
functions are pointed out in the following.
2.1.2 Continuity
It is worth noting that the order continuity of the Kriging
interpolation in Eq. (1) is mostly dependent on the continuity
of semivariogram. In the present work, the Gaussian function
given in Eq. (10) is used in interpolation, and this Gaussian
model has high continuity. Hence, the Kriging interpolation
also has high continuity.

approximations. Let us rewrite Eq. (3) in another form at


node of interest with x = x J , where J = 1, . . . , n.
I (x J ) =

m


p j (x J )A j I +

n


rk (x J )Bk I

(14)

or
[ I (x J )] = PA + RB

(15)

where A, B, R and P are defined as the above. Inserting


Eq. (5) into Eq. (15) yields
[ I (x J )] = PA + RR1 (I PA) = I

(16)

Consequently, Eq. (16) leads to the well-known Kroneckers


delta property
I (x J ) = I J

(17)

2.1.3 The scaling and correlation parameters

2.1.5 Consistency property

In meshfree methods, an important issue regarding the radius


of influence domain where the number of scattered nodes
within an interpolated domain of interest is determined and,
often, the following relation is used to compute the size of
support domain

The consistency of the MK interpolation is that it can reproduce any functions in the basis functions exactly. If the
method can reproduce polynomials of up to the kth-order,
the method is said to have kth-order consistency. For the safe
of completeness, this property is briefly quoted here. If u I
are derived from a polynomial of degree less or equal than
m, i.e.

dm = dc

(13)

with dc being a characteristic length relative to the nodal spacing close to the relevant point while stands for the scaling
factor. In practice, the size of the domain of influence must be
large enough to sufficiently cover of the neighboring nodes.
This implies that the scaling factor must be chosen somehow to ensure all necessary scattered nodes lying inside the
domain of influences so that the problem can be converged.
Optimal values of this scaling factor seem to be dependentproblems but, for example, a wide range from 2.0 to 4.0 is
often taken for linear static analysis by the EFG [45], from
2.5 to 4.0 for static analysis of thin plates [82], etc.
Also, the Gaussian correlation function in Eq. (10) is
strongly sensitive to the correlation parameter whose value
is found to be unrelated to any physical aspects of the problem. In practice, deriving optimal values of the correlation
parameter for all problems is very difficult. It varies from one
to another problem and in theory no exact rules are available
to determine such a single optimal value for all problems.
Hence, it is of interest to alternatively evaluate of the correlation parameter so that there should be existed an acceptable
range on its magnitude to ensure consistency in the quality
of the results.
2.1.4 Kroneckers delta property
The delta property is the inherent characteristic of the MK
shape functions which cannot be found in general MLS

123

u = P

(18)

where P is given in Eq. (7) and are arbitrary coefficients,


the approximation is exact. The approximation of u that is
obtained bellows, see e.g. [78] for details, we have
u h (x) = pT (x) = u(x)

(19)

In particular, it employs a linear basis p(x) in the construction of the MK shape functions, all constant and linear
terms can then be reproduced exactly, i.e.
n

I

I (x) = 1;

n


I (x)x I = x;

n


I (x)y I = y

(20)
2.2 Governing equations
Now let us consider a laminated composite plate in the
Cartesian coordinate system as depicted in Fig. 1 showing
the fiber orientation of a layer denoted by . The displacements of the plate in the x, y, z directions are denoted
by u, v, w, respectively. Within the meshfree approach, the
plate is represented by a set of nodes scattered in the relevant
mid-plane of the plate. Due to the assumption of classical
thin plates, the displacement fields can be defined as

T
w
= Hw
(21)
u = { u v w }T = z w
x z y w

Comput Mech (2011) 48:175193

179

The pseudo-strains and pseudo-stresses of the plate are


obtained by
T
2
2
2
p = xw2 yw2 2 xwy
= Lw
T

p = Mx M y Mx y

(22)
(23)

in Eq. (23), Mx , M y and Mx y are bending and twisting


moments, respectively. The constitutive equations of the relationship between the pseudo-strains and pseudo-stresses can
be thus expressed as
p = D p

(24)

where D is the stiffness matrix related to the material property and the thickness of the plate, p and p are defined
as pseudo-strains and pseudo-stresses. For a laminated composite plate based on the assumption of the classical plate
theory we have [54,85,86]

D11 D12 D16


(25)
D = D12 D22 D26
D16 D26 D66
L
1
=
( Q I J )(z k3L z k3L 1 ),
3

DI J

I, J = 1, 2, 6

(26)

kL

In Eq. (26), n L is the number of layers of the laminated composite plate and the quantities Q I J are determined by
Q 11 = Q 11 cos4 + 2(Q 12 + 2Q 66 ) sin2 cos2
+Q 22 sin4

(27)

Q 12 = (Q 11 + Q 22 4Q 66 ) sin2 cos2
+Q 12 (sin4 + cos4 )

(28)

Q 16 = (Q 11 Q 12 2Q 66 ) sin cos3
+(Q 12 Q 22 + 2Q 66 ) sin3 cos
2

+Q 22 cos
4

(30)

Q 26 = (Q 11 Q 12 2Q 66 ) sin cos
3

+(Q 12 Q 22 + 2Q 66 ) sin cos3

(31)

Q 66 = (Q 11 + Q 22 2Q 12 2Q 66 ) sin2 cos2
+Q 66 (sin4 + cos4 )
E1
12 E 2
Q 11 =
; Q 12 =
;
1 12 21
1 12 21
E2
Q 22 =
; Q 66 = G 12
1 12 21
21 E 1 = 12 E 2

2.3 Discretization and free vibration analysis


Using the Lagrangian equation



d

=0
dt w
w

(32)

(33)
(34)

where E 1 and E 2 are Youngs moduli parallel and perpendicular to the fibers orientation, respectively, G 12 is the shear
modulus while 12 and 21 stand for the Poissons ratios,
respectively.

(35)

we obtain the discrete equations for buckling and free vibration analysis of the laminated composite plate [45].
In Eq. (35),
= T b is defined as the Lagrangian
function in which T is the kinetic energy and b is the strain
energy caused by bending of the laminated composite plate,
respectively. The kinetic energy of the plate can be expressed
as

1

(36)
u T ud
T =
2


where stands for the mass density of the material, and the
potential energy of the plate given by



1

Tp p d uT td uT bd
(37)
b =
2


(29)

Q 22 = Q 11 sin + 2(Q 12 + 2Q 66 ) sin cos


4

Fig. 1 Geometry and the coordinate system of plies for a laminated


composite plate showing the fiber orientation in the top layer

in which t and b denote the prescribed boundary forces and


the body force vector, respectively. Substituting Eqs. (36)
and (37) into Eq. (35) and applying simultaneously other
relations given in Eqs. (21)(24), we obtain the weak form
of the dynamic equations of the plate as



(Hw)
(Hw)d+
(Lw)T D(Lw)d
dt
w
w





(Hw) td +
(Hw)T bd
(38)
=
w
w

For free vibration analysis, no external forces are required


and therefore the terms on the right-hand side in Eq. (38) can
be omitted. By substituting the deflection field presented in
Eq. (2) into the variational form given in Eq. (38), the discrete
undamped system of equations for free vibration analysis in
the present meshfree method can be derived as

123

180

Comput Mech (2011) 48:175193

+ Kw = 0
Mw

(39)

and w stand for the vectors of the acceleration and


in which w
the global nodal deflections, and M and K are the mass and
the global stiffness matrices, respectively. They are explicitly
given by

(40)
K IJ = BTI DB J d


M IJ =


I J h + I,x J,x I + I,y J,y I d

(41)

T

B I = I,x x I,yy 2 I,x y

(42)

where I = (h 3 /12) is the mass moment of inertia with h


being the thickness of the laminated plate. It can be observed
from Eq. (41) that if the thickness of the plate tends to zero,
i.e. very thin, the terms containing the mass moment of inertia in this equation can be removed. A general solution of the
free vibration equation can be written as
exp(it)
w=w

(43)

is the eigenwhere i is the imaginary unit, t is the time, w


vector and is the natural frequency. Substituting Eq. (43)
into Eq. (39), the natural frequency of the plate vibration
can be found by solving the following eigenvalue equation
=0
(K 2 M)w

(44)

Note also that we use a background cell of 16 Gaussian points


for the purpose of numerical integration to compute the stiffness and mass matrices. Furthermore, the boundary condition
can be easily imposed as in the conventional FEM because of
possessing the Kronecker delta property of the interpolation
functions.

3 Numerical examples
To demonstrate the applicability and the accuracy of the
present method for free vibration analyses of laminated composite plates, three different geometrical plate shapes involving the square, elliptical and square ones with a hole of
a complicated shape are mainly considered. The efficiency
of the method is studied by using both regular and irregular nodal distributions. For calculating the natural frequencies, if not specified otherwise, the dimensionless natural
frequency 1 = (h2 a 4 /D0,1 )1/2 is used, where D0,1 =
E 1 h 3 /12(1 12 21 ).
Before going to numerical investigation, it is stated here
that only the completely free and the fully simply supported
boundaries are considered throughout the paper, whereas no
fully clamped boundary is available. The reason is, boundary conditions with deflection derivatives, i.e. two rotations

123

in that case, must be defined as unknown variables in the


approximation functions. However, these derivatives cannot
be imposed directly because no information of such derivatives is involved in the MK approximation functions. Nevertheless, one possibility has been suggested by Liu et al.
[87] and Cui et al. [88] recently by introducing an efficient
Hermite-type technique embedded in the RPIM, where both
deflection and its derivatives are defined as field variables
in the interpolation functions. The other possibility arises
from the recent work made by Cui et al. [69] who introduced
a very interesting technique that incorporates various types
of smoothing techniques into the RPIM to accurately solve
Kirchhoff plates without rotation degrees of freedom. The
present model has a similar manner and needed a remedy for
treating such a task but it evidently demands a significant
development. However, all these tasks are generally more
challenging and beyond the scope of the present work.
3.1 A single-layer square plate
A completely free single-layer square thin plate is employed
to demonstrate the convergence of the proposed method in
natural frequency analysis. For comparison, the geometrical
and material parameters are adopted exactly the same as in
Dai et al. [53] with a = b = 10 m, thickness h = 0.05 m,
Youngs modulus E = 200 109 N/m2 , the Poissons ratio
= 0.3, and the mass density = 8,000 kg/m3 . Analytical solutions for this problem are available and given by
Abbassian et al. [89]. Seven patterns of scattered nodes are
considered in both regular and irregular distributions and the
following formulation 1 = (2 ha 4 /D0 )1/4 with D0 =
Eh 3 /(12(1 2 )) are used to calculate the non-dimensional
natural frequencies of the plate. Tables 1 and 2, respectively,
show very good convergences of dimensionless natural frequencies obtained by the present method in comparison with
the analytical solutions [89] and the EFG method used the
classical thin theory (CPT) by Dai et al. [53]. Note that the
first three frequencies corresponding to the rigid body displacements are zero and thus not listed in the tables. We use
= 2.5 for the scaling factor and = 5 for the correlation
parameter in this analysis.
3.2 Laminated composite square plates
A symmetrically laminated composite plate made of E-glass/
epoxy materials is considered. For the purpose of evaluation of the results, the geometrical parameters and the material properties of the laminated composite square plate are
the same as in [45,54]: length a = b = 10 m, thickness
h = 0.06 m, mass density = 8,000 kg/m3 , ratio of elastic
constants E 1 /E 2 = 2.45 and G 12 /E 2 = 0.48; and Poissons
ratio 12 = 0.23.

Comput Mech (2011) 48:175193

181

Table 1 Convergence of the normalized natural frequency 1 of the free vibration of a completely free square plate
Mode

Present

Dai et al. [53]

Exact [89]

55

88

11 11

13 13

15 15

17 17

19 19

19 19

3.739

3.718

3.703

3.689

3.680

3.675

3.671

3.672

3.670

4.724

4.604

4.499

4.448

4.443

4.434

4.432

4.437

4.427

5.480

5.254

5.056

4.961

4.952

4.939

4.936

4.941

4.926

Table 2 Comparison of the normalized natural frequency 1 of the free vibration of a completely free square plate
Mode

Present

Dai et al. [53]

77

11 11

17 17

Exact [89]

17 17

Regular

Irregular

Regular

Irregular

Regular

Irregular

3.726

3.707

3.700

3.688

3.675

3.676

3.673

3.670

4.665

4.679

4.467

4.482

4.434

4.438

4.440

4.427

5.369

5.357

4.995

5.059

4.939

4.941

4.944

4.926

Table 3 Convergence of the normalized frequency 1 for a fully simply


supported laminated composite square plate ( = = 3)
13 13

15 15

17 17

EFG [54]

20.02

16.05

15.88

15.89

15.86

Present

18.28643

16.31636

15.87562

15.88723

15.87901

h: average spacing

/exact)1|

11 11

num: meshless solution


exact: analytical solution

0.5

3.2.1 Convergence study of the frequency


A convergence study of the natural frequency using different densities of regularly nodal discretization for a fully simply supported laminated composite plate is examined. The
angle-ply of three layers plate arranged as (30 , 30 , 30 ) is
employed and the natural frequencies are calculated accordingly. The frequency coefficient results with six different
nodal distributions are presented in Table 3 compared with
the ones obtained from the EFG [54] and a very good convergence of the frequency is found.
In addition to the convergence study of the natural
frequency, another verification of a fully simply supported
laminated plate made of three layers as (0 , 0 , 0 ) is also
studied by making use of availability of analytical solutions
[86]. Four regular distributions of scattered nodes as 7
7 (49), 9 9 (81), 13 13 (169) and 17 17 (289) are considered. The convergence of the first six modes is presented
in a loglog diagram as depicted in Fig. 2 that shows a good
convergence rate.
3.2.2 Effect of the irregular nodal distribution
An irregular set of 289 nodes are used to study the effectiveness of the method. The angle-ply of three layers plate

log10|(

num

99

(3.7953)
1

2 (2.6930)

1.5

3 (3.1455)
4 (3.9162)

(2.3647)
5

6 (3.3410)

2.5
0.2

0.15 0.1

0.05

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

log (h)
10

Fig. 2 The rate convergence study for a fully simply supported laminated composite square plate

arranged as (30 , 30 , 30 ) is again used. Tables 4 and


5 show the achieved frequency results calculated for both
the completely free and fully simply supported boundaries.
In Table 4, the first ten frequencies for the fully simply
supported boundary are listed and a different estimate of
obtained results between two methods are given in parentheses, while the first three frequencies of the completely
free boundary corresponding to rigid body displacements are
not presented in Table 5. An acceptable agreement between
the EFG and the present methods is observed. Based on the
shown numerical experiments it can be confirmed that there
is no significant influence of the irregular nodal distribution
in the domain on the frequency and identically found in [54]
as well.

123

182

Comput Mech (2011) 48:175193

Table 4 Comparison of the


normalized frequency 1 for a
fully simply supported
laminated composite square
plate ( = 3; = 5)

Mode

Regular 289

Irregular 289

EFG [54]

Present

EFG [54]

Present

15.86

15.827 (0.03)

15.92

15.945 (0.02)

35.86

35.536 (0.32)

35.99

35.677 (0.31)

42.58

42.115 (0.46)

42.66

42.069 (0.59)

61.47

59.433 (2.03)

61.66

60.268 (1.39)

71.83

72.253 (0.42)

72.35

72.364 (0.01)

85.97

86.718 (0.74)

86.45

85.901 (0.54)

93.95

92.044 (1.90)

94.19

93.395 (0.79)

109.00

105.707 (3.29)

109.06

104.437 (4.62)

119.71

122.777 (3.06)

120.45

125.195 (4.74)

10

133.43

132.567 (0.86)

133.58

134.878 (1.29)

Table 5 The normalized frequency 1 for a completely free laminated composite square plate ( = 3; = 5) obtained by the present method
Mode

13 13

17 17

25 25

Regular

Irregular

Regular

Irregular

Regular

Irregular

10.955

10.934

10.834

10.843

10.780

10.766

14.605

14.871

14.454

14.435

14.426

14.362

20.752

20.993

20.448

20.401

20.415

20.286

25.369

26.204

24.745

25.086

24.825

24.928

30.331

31.053

30.073

30.232

30.237

30.216

45.354

48.543

43.453

43.633

43.150

42.552

10

50.428

53.501

46.778

48.203

46.824

47.020

3.2.3 Effect of the correlation and scaling parameters


As found in the previous works, e.g. [7882], that the correlation parameter in Eq. (10) has a significant effect on the
solution. In all the above calculations, we specify a value
of the correlation parameter through the previous experience and unfortunately, there are no exact rules for choosing the appropriate value of this parameter for all problems.
Thus, here we attempt to make a study verifying the effect of
this parameter on the natural frequency of laminated composite plates and from that an acceptable range could be
reached. To do that, the correlation parameter is varied
within a wide range from 0.1 to 50 with a fixed scaling
factor = 2.5. A set of 17 17 scattered node for two
different plates made of (0 , 0 , 0 ) and (30 , 30 , 30 ),
respectively, under the fully simply supported boundary is
considered. The dimensionless frequencies are calculated
individually for each specified value of the correlation parameter and the derived results for the first six modes are given in
Table 6 for (0 , 0 , 0 ) and in Table 7 for (30 , 30 , 30 ),
respectively, in comparison with the analytical solution [86]
and the EFG method [53]. It is evident that acceptable results
for the natural frequencies can be obtained with a value
2 10.

123

Similar to the correlation parameter, the influence of the


scaling factor on frequency is also verified in such a way. In
this task, the scaling factor is varied within a wide range
from 2.0 to 6.0 for a fixed correlation parameter = 5.
The frequency is calculated individually for each specified
value of the scalding factor and Table 8 presents the achieved
results in which it is found that a value of the scaling factor
within a wide range 2.2 4.0 can yield reasonable
solutions.
3.2.4 Effect of the layer number
In order to validate the MK code, the effect of layer number
of the composite laminates on the frequency is also investigated and to evaluate the results, the natural frequencies
calculated by the present method for three-, four-, and fiveply laminated plates, respectively, are compared with existing solutions obtained by other approaches such as the
RayleighRitz method by Chow et al. [6], the Ritz approach
by Leissa et al. [8], the discrete singular convolution (DSC)
method by Secgin et al. [16], the EFG by Dai et al. [53]
and Chen et al. [54] and by the exact solution [86]. In this
study, we decide to use = 3 for the scaling factor and
= 5.8 for the correlation parameter for all implementations

Comput Mech (2011) 48:175193

183

Table 6 The normalized frequencies 1 versus for a fully simply supported laminated composite square plate with (0 , 0 , 0 )
Mode

The correlation parameter

Exact [86]

0.1

10

20

50

13.827

14.889

14.963

15.092

15.279

15.407

16.506

16.832

15.171

29.205

32.198

32.682

33.143

33.401

35.043

37.599

40.995

33.248

41.302

43.657

44.012

44.067

44.261

45.759

46.889

49.620

44.387

50.690

57.046

59.147

60.479

60.825

64.748

68.553

83.585

60.682

60.387

62.834

64.352

64.580

64.946

70.735

72.717

84.363

64.457

80.927

83.018

89.824

90.040

90.412

99.313

98.612

106.08

90.145

Table 7 The normalized frequencies 1 versus for a fully simply supported laminated composite square plate with (30 , 30 , 30 )
Mode

The correlation parameter

Dai et al. [53]

0.1

10

20

50

14.186

15.476

15.565

15.614

15.903

16.043

16.244

17.531

15.87

31.620

34.580

35.004

35.196

35.574

37.075

37.838

42.297

35.92

37.889

41.279

41.711

42.364

42.121

43.724

44.467

48.517

42.70

50.198

57.433

59.470

61.011

61.650

64.534

67.234

82.160

61.53

65.480

68.832

70.360

70.984

71.709

76.528

79.264

89.630

71.10

80.629

83.874

85.296

85.961

86.711

90.624

91.878

99.725

86.31

Table 8 The normalized frequencies 1 versus for a fully simply supported laminated composite square plate with (30 , 30 , 30 )
Mode

The scaling factor


2.0

2.2

Dai et al. [53]


2.5

2.8

3.0

3.5

4.0

6.0

17.953

15.686

15.614

15.767

15.827

15.523

15.631

17.574

15.87

38.418

35.456

35.196

35.482

35.536

35.475

36.480

45.030

35.92

44.844

42.221

42.364

42.502

42.115

41.830

42.615

49.417

42.70

65.595

59.438

61.011

61.415

59.433

58.911

62.223

83.713

61.53

73.241

71.783

70.984

70.727

72.253

72.221

74.205

91.223

71.10

87.537

86.670

85.961

85.331

86.718

86.699

88.428

107.134

86.31

and a regular pattern of 17 17 scattered nodes as well as


the fully simply supported boundary. The calculated results
for the first six modes of dimensionless frequencies for the
three-, four-, and five-ply laminated plates with various orientations are presented in Tables 9, 10 and 11, respectively.
Again, an excellent agreement with other results is found.
It is also observed that the maximum frequency parameters
of the first mode occurs at = 45 and the sixth mode
occurs at = 15 , etc. Moreover, it is worth noting that the
natural frequencies have less influence on the layer number
and as a result, this implies that the difference of these frequencies for three-, four-, and five-ply laminates are quite
small.

This is equivalent to the change of the shape of the plates.


A five layers plate arranged as (30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 )
is discretized in a regular pattern of 17 17 nodes. Only
the length-to-length ratio a/b is varied by specifying various values from 0.5 to 1.5 and other related parameters are
unchanged. The numerical results for the normalized frequencies are presented in Table 12 for the first six modes and
it is observed that the frequencies are decreased when the
length-to-length ratio a/b decreasing.

3.2.5 Effect of the length-to-length ratio

Mode shapes in terms of free vibration analysis of plates


is also of great importance in reasonably evaluation of the
results. For this purpose, the same material parameters used
in [16] are taken for a fully simply supported five-ply square

The significant variation of the frequency of laminated plates


may be happened when the length-to-length ratio is changed.

3.2.6 Verification of the mode shapes

123

184

Comput Mech (2011) 48:175193

Table 9 Comparison of the normalized frequencies 1 for a fully simply supported square three-ply laminate plate with several orientations
Three-ply

Method

Mode
1

(0 , 0 , 0 )

(15 , 15 , 15 )

(30 , 30 , 30 )

(45 , 45 , 45 )

(0 , 90 , 0 )

Exact [86]

15.171

33.248

44.387

60.682

64.457

90.145

DSC [16]

15.171

33.248

44.387

60.682

64.457

90.145

EFG [53]

15.17

33.32

44.51

60.78

64.79

90.42

EFG [54]

15.18

33.34

44.51

60.79

64.80

90.39

RayleighRitz [6]

15.19

33.31

44.52

60.79

64.55

90.31

Ritz [8]

15.19

33.30

44.42

60.78

64.53

90.29

Present

15.060

33.295

44.362

59.516

65.945

89.534

DSC [16]

15.469

34.153

43.879

60.954

66.635

91.393

EFG [53]

15.40

34.12

43.96

60.91

66.92

91.76

EFG [54]

15.41

34.15

43.93

60.91

66.94

91.74

RayleighRitz [6]

15.37

34.03

43.93

60.80

66.56

91.40

Ritz [8]

15.43

34.09

43.80

60.85

66.67

91.40

Present

15.392

34.558

44.232

61.316

66.913

91.403

DSC [16]

16.058

36.060

42.743

61.757

71.849

85.780

EFG [53]

15.87

35.92

42.70

61.53

71.10

86.31

EFG [54]

15.88

35.95

42.63

61.54

72.12

86.32

RayleighRitz [6]

15.86

35.77

42.48

61.27

71.41

85.67

Ritz [8]

15.90

35.86

42.62

61.45

71.71

85.72

Present

15.856

36.051

42.704

61.333

71.477

86.009

DSC [16]

16.348

37.146

42.033

62.234

77.213

80.130

EFG [53]

16.10

37.00

41.89

61.93

77.99

80.11

EFG [54]

16.11

37.04

41.80

61.94

78.03

80.11

RayleighRitz [6]

16.08

36.83

41.67

61.65

76.76

79.74

Ritz [8]

16.14

36.93

41.81

61.85

77.04

80.00

Present

16.010

37.052

41.677

61.401

78.198

81.119

EFG [54]

15.18

33.82

44.14

60.79

66.12

91.16

Present

15.184

33.491

44.519

61.392

66.960

91.734

plate as a = b = 10 m, thickness h = 0.06 m, mass density


= 8,000 kg/m3 , ratio of elastic constants E 1 /E 2 = 15.4
and G 12 = 0.79/E 2 , and Poissons ratios 12 = 0.3 and
21 = 0.0195. For the evaluation of the natural frequencies, four orientation angles = 0 , 15 , 30 , 45 arranged
as (, , , , ) are considered. The dimensionless frequencies are calculated and the first six modes are given in
Table 13. = 3 and = 2.5 are selected in this study. A very
good agreement with each other is found for every orientation angle. For the ply-orientation angle of (45 , 45 , 45 ,
45 , 45 ), Figs. 3 and 4, respectively, show the first nine
eigenmodes of a fully simply supported laminated plate in
isometric and plan views. It is also possible to make a comparison for the first eight eigenmodes in Figs. 4 and 5 obtained
by Secgin et al. [16] for the same angle-ply of = 45 .
An excellent agreement for both approaches can be
found.

123

3.2.7 Another verification example


Another verification example is additionally given for
(0 , 90 , 0 ) fiber orientations. This example has been investigated by Liew [9] used the p-Ritz approach. Ferreira and
Fasshauer [30] developed the radial basis function RBFpseudospectral method. Lanhe et al. [19] proposed the moving least square-different quadrature method and the exact
solution [86]. In most cases, the natural frequency is normalized by 2 = (h2 a 4 /D0,2 )1/2 using another rigidity
term as D0,2 = E 2 h 3 /12(1 12 21 ). The laminated plate
parameters are set as E 1 /E 2 = 40, G 12 = 0.6E 2 , 12 =
0.25, 21 = 0.00625, h = 0.001 m and h/a = 0.001.
A fully simply supported boundary and a set of 17 17
scattered nodes of plates are considered. Table 14 presents
the frequencies that are calculated by the present method
and other approaches mentioned above, which shows a very

Comput Mech (2011) 48:175193

185

Table 10 Comparison of the normalized frequency 1 for a fully simply supported square four-ply laminate plate with several orientations
Four-ply

Method

Mode
1

(0 , 0 , 0 , 0 )

(15 , 15 , 15 , 15 )

(30 , 30 , 30 , 30 )

(45 , 45 , 45 , 45 )

Exact [86]

15.171

33.248

44.387

60.682

64.457

90.145

DSC [16]

15.171

33.248

44.387

60.682

64.457

90.145

RayleighRitz [6]

15.19

33.31

44.52

60.78

64.55

90.31

Ritz [8]

15.19

33.30

44.42

60.77

64.53

90.29

Present

15.184

33.923

44.876

61.391

64.745

91.034

DSC [16]

15.490

34.235

43.904

61.333

66.520

91.446

RayleighRitz [6]

15.40

34.15

43.84

61.23

66.48

91.47

Ritz [8]

15.47

34.21

43.91

61.28

66.57

91.47

Present

15.428

34.650

44.247

61.595

66.109

91.484

DSC [16]

16.117

36.426

42.696

62.764

71.737

85.828

RayleighRitz [6]

15.94

36.23

42.52

62.46

71.45

85.79

Ritz [8]

16.02

36.30

42.62

62.57

71.68

85.81

Present

15.908

36.417

42.664

62.096

71.368

86.016

DSC [16]

16.424

37.837

41.766

63.540

77.644

79.646

RayleighRitz [6]

16.17

37.62

41.52

63.15

77.33

79.40

Ritz [8]

16.29

37.71

41.63

63.29

77.56

79.60

Present

16.145

37.725

41.442

62.389

77.494

80.730

Table 11 Comparison of the normalized frequency 1 for a fully simply supported square five-ply laminate plate with several orientations
Five-ply

Method

Mode
1

(0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 )

(15 , 15 , 15 , 15 , 15 )

(30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 )

(45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 )

Exact [86]

15.171

33.248

44.387

60.682

64.457

90.145

DSC [16]

15.171

33.248

44.387

60.682

64.457

90.145

RayleighRitz [6]

15.19

33.31

44.52

60.78

64.55

90.31

Ritz [8]

15.19

33.30

44.42

60.77

64.53

90.29

Present

15.184

33.923

44.876

61.391

64.745

91.034

DSC [16]

15.506

34.296

43.922

61.630

66.419

91.485

RayleighRitz [6]

15.46

34.24

43.88

61.59

66.42

91.52

Ritz [8]

15.50

34.30

43.93

61.62

66.48

91.51

Present

15.454

34.719

44.258

61.811

66.041

91.498

DSC [16]

16.161

36.705

42.652

63.561

71.598

85.864

RayleighRitz [6]

15.98

36.58

42.53

63.37

71.43

85.86

Ritz [8]

16.10

36.64

42.62

63.45

71.60

85.88

Present

15.985

36.697

42.626

62.688

71.261

85.023

DSC [16]

16.480

38.436

41.478

64.563

77.958

79.223

RayleighRitz [6]

16.29

38.30

41.32

64.35

77.77

79.09

Ritz [8]

16.40

38.37

41.40

64.41

77.94

79.23

Present

16.244

38.306

41.184

63.153

77.715

80.409

123

186

Comput Mech (2011) 48:175193

Table 12 Dimensionless frequencies 1 versus the length-to-length ratio a/b for a fully simply supported laminated plate
a/b

Mode
1

1.5

24.759

50.992

73.449

93.877

101.065

139.582

1.2

19.130

45.016

49.889

75.385

91.102

101.561

1.0

15.985

36.697

42.626

62.688

71.261

85.023

0.8

13.232

26.163

39.068

47.476

51.335

69.950

0.5

10.709

16.283

24.873

36.112

36.341

40.906

Table 13 Comparison of the dimensionless frequencies for a fully simply supported laminated composite plate with various orientations
Five-ply

Method

Mode

(, , , , )
= 0

= 15

= 30

= 45

DSC [16]

11.29

17.13

28.68

40.74

45.15

45.78

54.06

68.14

RayleighRitz [6]

11.30

17.13

28.70

40.77

45.18

46.23

54.98

69.64

Present

11.21

17.76

29.81

40.83

44.36

45.43

55.29

68.39

DSC [16]

12.01

20.07

33.38

39.78

47.80

51.75

61.44

74.27

RayleighRitz [6]

11.82

19.76

32.93

39.53

47.42

52.73

61.11

74.08

Present

11.67

19.68

33.97

39.52

48.07

52.19

59.50

74.48

DSC [16]

13.40

25.83

37.41

43.60

53.80

66.50

76.06

77.23

RayleighRitz [6]

12.98

25.21

36.97

42.65

52.83

66.48

75.76

77.65

Present

12.64

24.25

36.08

43.53

53.18

66.54

74.74

76.45

DSC [16]

14.06

29.38

35.36

49.94

60.22

66.19

75.31

89.17

RayleighRitz [6]

13.61

28.75

34.68

48.90

59.25

66.34

74.28

88.86

Present

13.60

29.29

35.10

50.26

59.31

67.17

75.32

89.35

Mode 1

Mode 3

Mode 2
1

1
0.5

0
5

1
5

1
5

0
5 5

0
5 5

Mode 4

1
5

1
5
5 5

Mode 8

1
5

1
5

5
5

5
5

5
5

Mode 5

Mode 6

5
5

5 5

5
5

Mode 7

0
5 5

0
5 5

Fig. 3 Isometric view of the first nine eigenmodes for a fully simply supported laminated composite square plate with (45 , 45 ,
45 , 45 , 45 )

123

5
5

Mode 8

Mode 9

Mode 9

1
5
0

1
5 5

5 5

Mode 4

Mode 7

Mode 3

5 5

5 5

Mode 2

Mode 6

Mode 5

Mode 1

5
5

5
5

5
5

Fig. 4 Plan view of the first nine eigenmodes for a fully simply supported laminated composite square plate with (45 , 45 ,
45 , 45 , 45 ). This figure fits well with Fig. 5 in [16]

Comput Mech (2011) 48:175193

187

Table 14 Comparison of the dimensionless frequencies 2 for a fully simply supported laminated composite plate among various approaches
Method

Mode
1

Exact [86]

6.6254

9.4473

16.2056

25.1181

26.5017

26.6585

30.3175

37.7892

Secgin [16]

6.6254

9.4473

16.2056

25.1181

26.5017

26.6585

30.3175

37.7892

Liew [9]

6.6252

9.4470

16.2051

25.1146

26.4982

26.6572

30.3139

37.7854

(%)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.014)

(0.013)

(0.005)

(0.012)

(0.01)

Ferreira et al. [30] (%)

6.6180

9.4368

16.2192

25.1131

26.4938

26.6667

30.2983

37.7850

(0.112)

(0.111)

(0.084)

(0.02)

(0.03)

(0.031)

(0.063)

(0.011)

6.632

9.464

16.364

25.325

26.886

(0.099)

(0.177)

(0.978)

(0.823)

(1.450)

Present

6.6829

9.5017

16.745

24.8703

26.8623

26.7819

30.5408

37.6930

(%)

(0.86)

(0.57)

(3.32)

(0.98)

(1.36)

(0.46)

(0.73)

(0.25)

Lanhe et al. [19] (%)

good agreement for the first eight modes, is again found.


Here, = = 3 are specified in the calculations. The relative error percentages compared with the exact results are
also given in parentheses.

a
3
2
1

3.3 Laminated composite elliptical plate


A laminated composite plate with an elliptical shape is the
next example used for considering the natural frequencies
by the present method. The radii of the elliptical plates are
a = 5 m and b = 2.5 m, respectively. Other material parameters and the boundary conditions are the same as used for
the square plate above. A solution based on the standard EFG
method is performed for the same simulation for the purpose of comparison. The regular and irregular distributions
of 121 nodes are employed for both methods, respectively, as
shown in Fig. 5. The dimensionless frequencies of the threeply laminated plate for the completely free and fully simply
supported boundaries are presented in Tables 15 and 16 with
various fiber orientations, respectively. The first three modes
corresponding to the rigid body displacements are again not
listed in Table 15 while the maximum frequencies of the
first, second, fourth, and fifth modes occur at = 45 as
given in Table 16. A very good agreement with each other
is again found as expected. Likewise, a five-ply composite
elliptical plate with the fully simply supported boundary is
additionally performed as its aim is to illustrate the effect
of the number of made layers and the difference of calculated results as shown in Tables 16 and 17 are really small.
Additionally, the first nine eigenmodes for a five-ply elliptical plate made of (45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 ) are provided
in Fig. 6 for a better view.
To study the influence of the stiffness ratio E 1 /E 2 on the
natural frequencies, a three-ply lay-up made of (45 , 45 ,
45 ) is considered. The dimensionless frequencies 1 for the

0
1
2
3

b
3
2
1
0
1
2
3

Fig. 5 An elliptical plate with 121 regular (left) and irregular (right)
nodal distributions

fully simply supported boundary are calculated individually


for each specified value of the stiffness ratio E 1 /E 2 . The frequencies of the first six modes are presented in Table 18 and

123

188

Comput Mech (2011) 48:175193

Table 15 Comparison of the dimensionless frequencies 1 for a completely free laminated composite elliptical plate made of three-ply between
the EFG and the present methods with various fiber orientations
Three-ply

Method

Mode
4

(0 , 0 , 0 )

(15 , 15 , 15 )

(30 , 30 , 30 )

(45 , 45 , 45 )

(0 , 90 , 0 )

EFG

6.975

8.027

17.440

18.143

18.436

30.586

Regular

7.050

7.624

17.677

18.891

18.972

30.567

Irregular

7.018

8.075

17.242

18.608

19.381

30.306

EFG

6.299

8.738

16.018

18.846

18.961

29.818

Regular

6.365

8.263

16.472

19.185

19.618

31.186

Irregular

6.388

8.711

16.169

19.125

19.681

30.783

EFG

5.505

9.354

14.270

19.299

20.179

26.898

Regular

5.604

8.729

14.761

19.937

20.217

30.627
29.483

Irregular

5.600

9.287

14.549

19.440

20.797

EFG

4.954

9.282

12.904

18.926

22.309

24.424

Regular

5.060

8.647

13.419

19.583

22.065

28.046

Irregular

5.040

9.213

13.252

19.111

22.770

27.200

EFG

6.912

8.028

17.323

18.110

18.846

30.930

Regular

6.988

7.624

17.585

18.936

19.302

30.921

Irregular

6.957

8.072

17.154

18.576

19.786

30.597

Table 16 Comparison of the dimensionless frequencies 1 for a fully simply supported laminated composite elliptical plate made of three-ply
between the EFG and the present methods with various fiber orientations
Three-ply

Method

Mode
1

(0 , 0 , 0 )

(15 , 15 , 15 )

(30 , 30 , 30 )

(45 , 45 , 45 )

(0 , 90 , 0 )

EFG

8.940

18.256

30.897

32.461

44.468

51.511

Regular

8.974

18.109

31.773

32.115

44.143

50.853

Irregular

9.120

17.614

31.754

33.609

43.615

53.807

EFG

9.114

18.444

31.579

32.111

45.779

50.179

Regular

9.124

18.257

31.916

32.298

44.920

49.898

Irregular

9.271

17.776

32.072

33.736

44.468

53.232

EFG

9.653

18.774

31.423

33.773

47.864

48.537

Regular

9.605

18.551

31.353

34.120

47.056

47.613

Irregular

9.764

18.092

31.980

35.078

46.584

51.440

EFG

10.509

19.012

30.668

37.295

45.717

51.443

Regular

10.414

18.758

30.567

37.357

45.036

49.959

Irregular

10.584

18.382

31.336

38.052

48.788

49.893

EFG

9.106

18.319

31.576

32.375

45.069

51.252

Regular

9.138

18.159

32.028

32.452

44.725

50.562

Irregular

9.288

17.683

31.956

33.994

44.186

53.617

Fig. 7, respectively, and it is shown that the dimensionless


frequencies are decreased when the stiffness ratio E 1 /E 2
increasing. However, their decrease is very slow when the
stiffness ratio E 1 /E 2 30 and this simply implies that
the dimensionless frequencies do not change very much in
the case if the stiffness of the fibers is approximately 30 times
higher than that of the matrix. The stiffness of the laminates is
now dependent on the stiffness E 1 only because the stiffness
E 2 is too small compared to E 1 .

123

3.4 Laminated composite square plate with a hole


of complicated shape
The last numerical example is a square plate with a hole
of complicated shape. The geometry is depicted in
Fig. 8 including its nodal distribution. Two irregular
patterns of 134 and 506 scattered nodes are employed.
The material parameters are again the same as used
in the previous example. The dimensionless Frequencies 1

Comput Mech (2011) 48:175193

189

Table 17 Comparison of the dimensionless frequencies 1 for a fully simply supported laminated composite plate made of five-ply between the
EFG and the present methods with various fiber orientations
Five-ply

Method

Mode
1

(0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 )
(15 , 15 , 15 , 15 , 15 )
(30 , 30 , 30 , 30 , 30 )
(45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 )

Mode 1

30.897

32.461

44.468

18.109

31.773

32.115

44.143

50.853

EFG

9.116

18.506

31.554

32.359

45.735

50.733

Present

9.128

18.274

31.923

32.318

44.964

49.983

EFG

9.661

19.021

32.083

33.686

48.694

49.091

Present

9.620

18.617

31.376

34.203

47.214

47.786

EFG

10.527

19.427

31.523

37.203

47.061

52.018

Present

10.438

18.876

30.604

37.538

45.174

50.244

Mode 3

0
Mode 5

0
Mode 7

0
Mode 8

0
Mode 6

0
Mode 9

51.511

18.256

8.974

8.940

Mode 2

Present

0
Mode 4

EFG

Fig. 6 The first nine eigenmodes for a fully simply supported laminated composite plate with (45 , 45 , 45 , 45 , 45 )

are calculated for the fully simply supported boundaries


and the results are presented in Table 19 with various
fiber orientations. In this task, = 3 and = 2 are
are taken for the present method and the results are then
compared to those obtained by the EFG method and note
that the EFG method is again coded for the same simulation
for the purpose of comparison. Overall, the good agreement
of almost modes obtained from both methods is found and
acceptable except some few modes, whose percentage error
is slightly high. This oscillation is however easily understood because the code is not really optimal, even the EFGbased solutions are also numerically approximated, the
related parameters must be chosen more carefully with
respect to the plates which have complicated shapes and so
on. Nevertheless, the maximum frequencies occur approximately at = 45 for this geometry and with a better view,
the first nine eigenmodes of the laminated composite plate
are provided in Fig. 9 as well.

Table 18 Variation of the dimensionless frequencies 1 with respect to the stiffness ratio E 1 /E 2 for a fully simply supported laminated composite
elliptical plate
E 1 /E 2

Method

2.45

EFG

Present

Mode
1

10.509

19.012

30.668

37.295

45.717

51.443

13.524

23.542

38.541

49.289

58.028

63.956

10.414

18.758

30.567

37.357

45.036

49.959

8.996

16.462

27.068

31.663

39.050

43.260

10

8.193

15.065

25.124

28.306

35.566

39.047

30

7.581

13.920

23.636

25.614

32.713

35.137

50

7.447

13.658

23.302

24.996

32.020

34.102

70

7.388

13.541

23.153

24.719

31.697

33.613

90

7.354

13.474

23.068

24.561

31.508

33.327

200

7.240

13.245

22.769

24.008

30.815

32.280

2.45

123

190

Comput Mech (2011) 48:175193


10

90
EFG (E1/E2=2.45)
E1/E2 = 1
E1/E2 = 2.45
E1/E2 = 5
E1/E2 = 10
E1/E2 = 30
E1/E2 = 50
E1/E2 = 70
E1/E2 = 90
E1/E2 = 200

Natural frequency cofficients 1

80
70
60
50

9
8
7
6

40

30

20

10

1
1

Number of Mode

Fig. 7 Convergence of the dimensionless frequencies 1 with the stiffness ratio E 1 /E 2 for a fully simply supported laminated composite plate

4 Conclusions
A meshfree model based on the moving Kriging interpolation is presented for computing the vibration frequencies
of composite laminates. The applicability and the efficiency
of the present method are demonstrated through a number

10

Fig. 8 A laminated composite square plate with a hole of complicated


shape with 506 nodes

of numerical examples for laminated composite plates. The


obtained numerical results are compared with existing reference solutions in the literature and very good agreements
and convergence are observed. The effect of the fiber orientations, the scaling factor, the correlation parameter, lay-up
number, length-to-length, stiffness ratios, etc. on the natural

Table 19 Comparison of the dimensionless frequencies 1 for a fully simply supported laminated composite plate with various fiber orientations
between the EFG and the present methods
Three-ply

Nodes

Method

Mode
1

(0 , 0 , 0 )

134
506

(15 , 15 , 15 )

134
506

(30 , 30 , 30 )

134
506

(45 , 45 , 45 )

134
506

(0 , 90 , 0 )

134
506

123

EFG

18.323

31.613

37.293

58.595

64.653

85.451

Present

18.116

31.561

38.179

59.161

68.600

87.037

EFG

18.226

31.127

36.237

56.874

62.390

83.565

Present

18.169

30.303

36.581

57.429

64.145

85.656

EFG

19.262

32.922

38.248

60.392

66.266

88.384

Present

18.892

32.319

38.565

57.796

68.895

87.924

EFG

19.177

32.445

37.238

58.716

63.994

86.500

Present

18.323

31.472

37.617

63.077

66.538

86.486

EFG

20.991

35.392

40.032

63.829

69.411

94.724

Present

20.331

33.837

39.263

59.055

69.513

90.344

EFG

20.926

34.915

39.101

62.222

67.054

92.715

Present

20.310

33.987

39.898

58.111

69.699

92.099

EFG

21.794

36.567

40.865

65.472

70.965

99.311

Present

21.006

34.632

39.531

64.665

69.811

92.235

EFG

21.736

36.079

39.975

63.897

68.525

96.767

Present

20.987

34.897

39.269

63.375

69.017

96.588

EFG

18.373

32.745

37.219

58.848

68.601

93.232

Present

18.227

32.709

38.003

57.509

70.942

93.119

EFG

18.278

32.264

36.134

57.151

65.853

90.678

Present

18.027

32.506

37.268

57.698

70.768

92.998

Comput Mech (2011) 48:175193


1st Mode (20.3319)

191

2nd Mode (33.8371)

3rd Mode (39.2635)

10

10

10

10

4th Mode (59.0555)

10

5th Mode (69.5139)


10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

4.

10

5.

9th Mode (128.7045)

8th Mode (112.1465)

7th Mode (99.2981)

6th Mode (90.3449)

10

3.

10

Fig. 9 The first nine eigenmodes for a fully simply supported laminated composite plate with made of three-ply lay-up (30 , 30 , 30 )

6.

frequencies of the laminated plates with different shapes is


analyzed numerically in details. Further applications of the
method to analysis of other complex problems are potential
but through the derived numerical experiments, the approach
has shown several characteristics as follows:
1. In this study, an acceptable solution can be achieved with
any value of the correlation parameter within a wide
range from 2 to 10, since no exact rules for determining the appropriate value of this correlation parameter
for all problems are available. In a more general case
where no benchmark results can be used as reference,
loosely speaking, 1 < 10 must be attempted first
but must be simultaneously based on the analysts experience in order to evaluate its magnitude to ensure consistency in the quality of the results. Nevertheless, we either
study on finding a convincing approach to appropriately
determine the correlation parameter for all problems or
eliminate this parameter by replaced the used Gaussian
function by finding out a proper function without the correlation parameter. These issues are suggested as future
research works.
2. Similar to the MLS shape functions, the MK interpolation functions can be expected to be smooth and continuous over the global domain. A superior advantage of the
derived MK shape functions over the MLS is its interpolation property that satisfies the delta function property,
and thus the essential boundary conditions are conveniently imposed as the conventional FEM. Because of
this advantage, subroutines developed in standard FEM

7.

are able to be reused and easily incorporated into the


present method.
In general, domain discretization and nodal arrangement
in meshfree methods are more flexible than the FEM. The
study shows that no significant influence of the irregularly nodal distributions in the domain on the frequency
solutions is found. This implies that the irregular scattered nodes can produce comparably accurate solutions
and facilitates mesh refinements.
The present method shows adequately the accuracy and
the desirable convergence rate for the free vibration analysis of laminated composite plates.
With respect to the cost of the computation (CPU-time),
the individual implementation of the MK shape functions costs higher than that of the MLS [40] as stated
by Gu [78], whereas the MLS-based EFG method is
more expensive than the MK-based EFG for solving the
whole procedure of static deflection analysis of Kirchhoff plates, which is studied by Bui et al. [82], and anyway this also illustrates an advantage.
Despite the ability of this model, the numerical integration based on the background cells are till required and its
awkward computational work is sometimes more expensive than the conventional FEM. Hence, further developments are necessary to improve its efficiency such as
making the method becomes a truly one irrespectively of
such background cells at all that is desirable. Along this
path, one of useful techniques is the Cartersian transformation method that recently proposed by Khosravifard
et al. [90] for implementing the domain integrals in meshless methods regardless of such background cells may be
highly appropriate to be used.
The method has successfully applied to free vibration
analysis of laminated composite plates considered only
the completely free and the simply supported boundaries
whilst the fully clamped boundary is still open for further
study.

Acknowledgments The support of the German Research Foundation


(DFG) under ZH15/6-3 is gratefully acknowledged.

References
1. Ochoa OO, Reddy JN (1992) Finite element analysis of composite
laminates. Kluwer, Dordrecht
2. Reddy JN (1985) A review of the literature on finite-element modeling of laminated composite plates. Shock Vib Digest 17:38
3. Reddy JN, Averill RC (1991) Advances in the modeling of laminated plates. Comput Syst Eng 2:541555
4. Zhang YX, Yang CH (2009) Recent developments in finite element analysis for laminated composite plates. Compos Struct 88:
147157

123

192
5. Hearmon R (1959) The frequency of flexural vibrations of
rectangular orthotropic plates with clamped or simply supported
edges. J Appl Mech 26:537542
6. Chow ST, Liew KM, Lam KY (1992) Transverse vibration of symmetrically laminated rectangular composite plates. Compos Struct
20:213226
7. Liew KM, Lim CW (1995) Vibratory characteristics of general
laminates, I: symmetric trapezoids. J Sound Vib 183:615642
8. Leissa AW, Narita Y (1989) Vibration studies for simply supported symmetrically laminated rectangular plates. Compos Struct
12:113132
9. Liew KM (1996) Solving the vibration of thick symmetric laminates by Reissner/Mindlin plate theory and the p-Ritz method.
J Sound Vib 198:343360
10. Liew KM, Lam KY, Chow ST (1989) Study on flexural vibration
of triangular composite plates influenced by fibre orientation. Compos Struct 13:123132
11. Hung KC, Liew MK, Lim KM, Leong SL (1993) Boundary beam
characteristics orthonormal polynomials in energy approach for
vibration of symmetric laminates-I: classical boundary conditions.
Compos Struct 26:167184
12. Venini P, Mariani C (1997) Free vibrations of uncertain composite
plates via stochastic Ratleigh-Ritz approach. Comp Struct 64:407
423
13. Hu XX, Sakiyama T, Lim CW, Xiong Y, Matsuda H, Morita
C (2004) Vibration of angle-ply laminated plates with twist by
RayleighRitz procedure. Comp Method Appl Mech Eng 193:805
823
14. Wang YY, Lam KY, Liu GR (2000) Bending analysis of classical
symmetric laminated composite plates by the strip element method.
Mech Compos Mater Struct 7:225247
15. Liu GR, Lam KY (1994) Characterization of a horizontal crack in
anisotropic laminated plates. Int J Solids Struct 31:29652977
16. Secgin A, Sarigul AS (2008) Free vibration analysis of symmetrically laminated thin composite plates by using discrete singular
convolution (DSC) approach: algorithm and verification. J Sound
Vib 315:197211
17. Ng CHW, Zhao YB, Wei GW (2004) Comparison of discrete singular convolution and generalized differential quadrature for the
vibration analysis of rectangular plates. Comp Method Appl Mech
Eng 193:24832506
18. Bellman R, Kashef BG, Casti J (1972) Differential quarature: a
technique for the rapid solution of nonlinear partial differential
equations. J Comput Phys 10:4052
19. Lanhe W, Hua L, Daobin W (2005) Vibration analysis of generally
laminated composite plates by the moving least square differential
quadrature method. Compos Struct 68:319330
20. Bert CW, Malik M (1996) The differential quadrature method for
irregular domains and application to plate vibration. Int J Mech Sci
38:589606
21. Zeng H, Bert CW (2001) A differential quadrature analysis of
vibration for rectangular stiffened plates. J Sound Vib 241:247
252
22. Liew KM, Huang YQ, Reddy JN (2003) Vibration analysis of symmetrically laminated plate based on the FSDT using the moving
least squares differential quadrature method. Comp Method Appl
Mech Eng 192:22032222
23. Zhang JC, Ng TY, Liew KM (2003) Three-dimensional theory of
elasticity for free vibration analysis of composite laminates via layerwise differential quadrature modeling. Int J Numer Method Eng
57:18191844
24. Ferreira AJM (2003) A formulation of the multiquadric radial basis
function method for the analysis of laminated composite plates.
Compos Struct 59:385392

123

Comput Mech (2011) 48:175193


25. Ferreira AJM, Roque CMC, Jorge RMN (2005) Free vibration
analysis of symmetric laminated composite plates by FSDT and
radial basis functions. Comp Method Appl Mech Eng 194:4265
4278
26. Roque CMC, Ferreira AJM, Jorge RMN (2007) A radial basis
function approach for the free vibration analysis of functionally
graded plates using a refined theory. J Sound Vib 300:1048
1070
27. Roque CMC, Ferreira AJM (2009) New developments in the
radial basis functions analysis of composite shells. Compos Struct
87:141150
28. Ferreira AJM (2005) Free vibration analysis of Timoshenko beams
and Mindlin plates by radial basis functions. Int J Comp Meth 2:
1531
29. Roque CMC, Ferreira AJM, Jorge RMN (2005) Modeling of composite and sandwich plates by a trigonometric layerwise deformation theory and radial basis functions. Compos Part B Eng 36:
559572
30. Ferreira AJM, Fasshauer GE (2006) Computation of natural frequencies of shear deformable beams and plates by an RBF-pseudospectral method. Comp Method Appl Mech Eng 196:134146
31. Ferreira AJM, Fasshauer GE (2007) Analysis of natural frequencies of composite plates by an RBF-pseudospectral method. Compos Struct 79:202210
32. Jiarang F, Jianqiao Y (1990) An exact solution for static and
dynamics of laminated thick plates with orthotropic layers. Int J
Solids Struct 26:655662
33. Srinivas S, Joga CV, Rao AK (1970) An exact analysis for vibration of simply supported homogeneous and laminated thick rectangular plates. J Sound Vib 12:187199
34. Srinivas S, Rao AK (1970) Bending, vibration and buckling of simply supported thick orthotropic rectangular plates and laminates.
Int J Solids Struct 6:14631481
35. Vel SS, Batra RC (1999) Analytical solution for rectangular thick
laminated plates subjected to arbitrary boundary conditions. AIAA
J 37:16461673
36. Pagano NJ (1970) Exact solutions for rectangular bidirectional
composites and sandwich plates. J Compos Mater 4:2034
37. Leissa AW, Kang JH (2002) Exact solutions for vibration and
buckling of an SS-C-SS-C rectangular plate loaded by linearly
varying in-plane stresses. Int J Mech Sci 44:19251945
38. Kang JH, Shim HJ (2004) Exact solutions for the free vibrations of
rectangular plates having in-plane moments acting on two opposite
simply supported edges. J Sound Vib 273:933948
39. Xing YF, Liu B (2009) New exact solutions for free vibrations of
thin orthotropic rectangular plates. Compos Struct 89:567574
40. Belytschko T, Lu YY, Gu L (1994) Element free Galerkin method.
Int J Numer Method Eng 37:229256
41. Liu WK, Jun S, Zhang YF (1995) Reproducing kernel particle
method. Int J Numer Method Fluids 20:10811106
42. Atluri SN, Zhu T (1998) A new meshless Petrov-Galerkin (MLPG)
approach. Comp Mech 22:117127
43. Liu GR, Gu YT (2001) A point interpolation method for twodimensional solids. Int J Numer Method Eng 50:937951
44. Li S, Liu WK (2004) Meshfree particle method. Springer, Berlin
45. Liu GR (2003) Meshfree methods: moving beyond the finite element method. CRC Press, Boca Raton
46. Wang J, Liew KM, Tan MJ, Rajendran S (2002) Analysis of rectangular laminated composite plates via FSDT meshless method.
Int J Mech Sci 44:12751293
47. Xiao JR, Gilhooley DF, Batra RC, Gillespie JW, Mccarthy
MA (2008) Analysis of thick composite laminates using a higherorder shear and normal deformable plate theory (HOSNDPT) and
a meshless method. Compos Part B Eng 39:414427

Comput Mech (2011) 48:175193


48. Liew KM, Lim HK, Tan MK, He XQ (2002) Analysis of laminated
composite beams and plates with piezoelectric patches using the
element-free Galerkin method. Comp Mech 29:486497
49. Belinha J, Dinis LMJS (2006) Analysis of plates and laminates
using the element-free Galerkin method. Comp Struct 84:1547
1559
50. Amirani MC, Khalili SMR, Nemati N (2009) Free vibration analysis of sandwich beam with FG core using the element free Galerkin
method. Compos Struct 90:373379
51. Liu GR, Zhao Z, Dai KY, Zhong Zh, Li GY, Han X (2008) Static
and free vibration analysis of laminated composite plates using the
conforming radial point interpolation method. Compos Sci Tech
68:345366
52. Xiang S, Wang KM, Ai YT, Sha YD, Shi H (2009) Analysis of isotropic, sandwich and laminated plates by a meshless method and
various shear deformation theories. Compos Struct 91:3137
53. Dai KY, Liu GR, Lim MK, Chen XL (2004) A mesh-free method
for static and free vibration analysis of shear deformable laminated
composite plates. J Sound Vib 269:633652
54. Chen XL, Liu GR, Lim SP (2003) An element free Galerkin
method for the free vibration analysis of composite laminates of
complicated shape. Compos Struct 59:279289
55. Belyschko T, Organ D, Krongauz Y (1995) A coupled finite elementelement frer Galerkin method. Comp Mech 17:186195
56. Krysl P, Belyschko T (1995) Analysis of thin plates by the element
free Galerkin method. Comp Mech 17:2635
57. Krysl P, Belyschko T (1996) Analysis of thin shells by the element
free Galerkin method. Int J Solids Struct 33:30573080
58. Donning B, Liu WK (1998) Meshless methods for sheardeformable beams and plates. Comp Method Appl Mech Eng
152:4772
59. Garcia O, Fancello EA, Barcellos CS, Duarte CA (2000) Hpclouds in Mindlins thick plate model. Int J Numer Method Eng
47:13811400
60. Liew KM, Huang YQ, Reddy JN (2003) Moving least squares differential quadrature method and its application to the analysis of
shear deformable plates. Int J Numer Method Eng 56:23312351
61. Liew KM, Huang YQ, Reddy JN (2004) Analysis of general
shaped thin plates by the moving least-squares differential quadrature method. Finite Elem Anal Des 40:14531474
62. Liu WK, Han W, Lu H, Li S, Cao J (2004) Reproducing kernel
element method. Part I: Theoretical formulation. Comp Method
Appl Mech Eng 193:933951
63. Li S, Lu H, Han W, Simkins DC Jr, Liu WK (2004) Reproducing kernel element method. Part II: Globally conforming I m /C n
hierarchies. Comp Method Appl Mech Eng 193:954987
64. Simkins DC Jr, Li S, Lu H, Liu WK (2004) Reproducing kernel
element method. Part IV: Globally compatible C n (n 1) triangular hierarchy. Comp Method Appl Mech Eng 1(193):10131034
65. Wang D, Chen JS (2004) Locking-free stabilized conforming
nodal integration for meshfree Mindlin-Reissner plate formulation.
Comp Method Appl Mech Eng 193:10651083
66. Chen JS, Wu CT, Yoon S, You Y (2001) A stabilized conforming nodal integration for Galerkin mesh-free methods. Int J Numer
Method Eng 50:435466
67. Zhao X, Liu GR, Dai KY, Zhong ZH, Li GY, Han X (2009) A
linearly conforming radial point interpolation method (LC-RPIM)
for shells. Comp Mech 43:403413
68. Zhao X, Liu GR, Dai KY, Zhong ZH, Li GY, Han X (2009) Freevibration analysis of shells via a linearly conforming radial point
interpolation method (LC-RPIM). Finite Elem Anal Des 45:
917924

193
69. Cui XY, Liu GR, Li GY, Zhang GY (2011). Thin plate formulation
without rotation DOFs based on radial point interpolation method.
Int J Numer Method Eng 85:958986
70. Castellazzi G, Krysl P (2009) Displacement-based finite elements
with nodal integration for Reissner-Mindlin plates. Int J Numer
Method Eng 80:135162
71. Cui XY, Liu GR, Li GY, Zhang GY, Zheng G (2010) Analysis
of plates and shells using an edge-based smoothed finite element
method. Comp Mech 45:141156
72. Nguyen-Xuan H, Rabczuk T, Bordas S, Debongnie J (2008) A
smoothed finite element method for plates. Comp Method Appl
Mech Eng 197:11841203
73. Lee PS, Bathe KJ (2004) Development of MITC isotropic triangular shell finite elements. Comput Struct 82:945962
74. Kim DN, Bathe KJ (2008) A 4-node 3D-shell element to model
shell surface tractions and incompressible behavior. Comput Struct
86:20272041
75. Kim DN, Bathe KJ (2009) A triangular six-node shell element.
Comput Struct 87:14511460
76. Lee PS, Bathe KJ (2010) The quadratic MITC plate and MITC
shell elements in plate bending. Adv Eng Softw 41:712728
77. Chandrashekhar M, Ganguli R (2010) Nonlinear vibration analysis
of composite laminated and sandwich plates with random material
properties. Int J Mech Sci 52:874891
78. Gu L (2003) Moving Kriging interpolation and element free Galerkin method. Int J Numer Method Eng 56:111
79. Tongsuk P, Kanok-Nukulchai W (2004) On the parametric refinement of moving Kriging interpolations for element free Galerkin
method. In: Proceedings of Computational Mechanics WCCM VI
in conjunction with APCOM04, 510 Sep 2004, Beijing, China
80. Tongsuk P, Kanok-Nukulchai W (2004) Further investigation of
element free Galerkin method using moving Kriging interpolation.
Int J Comp Meth 1:121
81. Sayakoummane V, Kanok-Nukulchai W (2007) A meshless analysis of shells based on moving Kriging interpolation. Int J Comp
Meth 4:543565
82. Bui QT, Nguyen NT, Nguyen-Dang H (2009) A moving Kriging
interpolation-based meshless method for numerical simulation of
Kirchhoff plate problems. Int J Numer Method Eng 77:13711395
83. Bui QT, Nguyen NM, Zhang Ch (2011) A moving Kriging interpolation-based element-free Galerkin method for structural dynamic
analysis. Comp Method Appl Mech Eng 200:13541366
84. Bui QT, Nguyen NM, Zhang Ch, Pham DAK (2010) An efficient
meshfree method for analysis of two-dimensional piezoelectric
structures. Smart Mater Struct (in review)
85. Reddy JN (1996) Mechanics of laminated composite plates and
shells: theory and analysis. CRC Press, Boca Raton
86. Whitney JM (1987) Structural analysis of laminated anisotropic
plates. Technomic Publishing Company Inc, Pennsylvania, USA
87. Liu Y, Hon YX, Liew KM (2006) A meshfree Hermite-type radial
point interpolation method for Kirchhoff plate problems. Int J
Numer Method Eng 66:11531178
88. Cui XY, Liu GR, Li G (2011) A smoothed Hermite radial point
interpolation method for thin plate analysis. Arch Appl Mech
81:118
89. Abbassian F, Dawswell DJ, Knowles NC (1987) Free vibration
benchmarks. Atkins Engineering Sciences, Glasgow, UK
90. Khosravifard A, Hermatiyan MR (2010) A new method for meshless integration in 2D and 3D Galerkin meshfree methods. Eng
Anal Bound Elem 34:3040

123

Anda mungkin juga menyukai