Module A
Structural Analysis
J.P. Jaspart (University of Lige)
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards and Catastrophic Events
520121-1-2011-1-CZ-ERA MUNDUS-EMMC
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
1st order analysis
2nd order analysis
Examples
In a first order analysis the internal forces (and displacements) are evaluated in
relation to the undeformed structure (clause 5.2.1(1) of EC3-1-1).
This is the method most used in the analysis of current structures. The internal
forces (and displacements) may be obtained using the well-know methods
(force method, displacement method, among others). In general, any commercial
software performs this type of analysis (e.g. OSSA2D).
In the case of 1st order elastic analysis, the deformations (and internal forces) are
proportional to the applied loads, and as a consequence the principle of
superposition of effects can be used to simplify the analysis.
Load
Undeformed structure
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
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Displacement
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
1st order analysis
2nd order analysis
Examples
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
1st order analysis
2nd order analysis
Examples
Load
Displacement
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
cr Fcr F Ed 10
(elastic analysis)
cr F cr F Ed 15
(plastic analysis)
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
1st order analysis
2nd order analysis
Examples
EXAMPLE 1
Consider a structure composed of a series of frames with 10 m spacing. Assume that the
structure is laterally rigid in the longitudinal direction (perpendicular to the main frames).
For the given load combination and
3 pre-design solutions, obtain the internal
forces using a computer program,
considering a 1st order elastic analysis
versus a 2nd order elastic analysis.
Typical frame
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
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Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
1st order analysis
2nd order analysis
Examples
EXAMPLE 1
i) Pre-design solution 1.
Pinned supports
Rigid joints
Beams: Levels 1 and 2 IPE 450
Level 3 IPE 360
Columns: External HEB 220
Internal HEB 260
Material: S 235
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
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Frame loading
L3 Structural analysis - First order analysis and second order analysis.
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
1st order analysis
2nd order analysis
Examples
EXAMPLE 1
i) Internal forces using a 1st order elastic versus 2nd order elastic analysis
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
1st order analysis
2nd order analysis
Examples
EXAMPLE 1
i) Internal forces using a 1st order elastic versus 2nd order elastic analysis
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
1st order analysis
2nd order analysis
Examples
EXAMPLE 1
i) Internal forces using a 1st order elastic versus 2nd order elastic analysis
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
1st order analysis
2nd order analysis
Examples
EXAMPLE 1
ii) Pre-design solution 2.
Column cross sections increased.
Pinned supports
Rigid joints
Beams: Levels 1 and 2 IPE 450
Level 3 IPE 360
Columns: External HEB 300
Internal HEB 360
Material: S 235
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Frame loading
L3 Structural analysis - First order analysis and second order analysis.
10
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
1st order analysis
2nd order analysis
Examples
EXAMPLE 1
ii) Internal forces using a 1st order elastic versus 2nd order elastic analysis
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
11
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
1st order analysis
2nd order analysis
Examples
EXAMPLE 1
ii) Internal forces using a 1st order elastic versus 2nd order elastic analysis
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
12
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
1st order analysis
2nd order analysis
Examples
EXAMPLE 1
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
13
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
1st order analysis
2nd order analysis
Examples
EXAMPLE 1
iii) Pre-design solution 3.
Initial cross sections but introducing
bracing members.
Pinned supports
Beam-column joints pinned
Beams: Levels 1 and 2 IPE 450
Level 3 IPE 360
Columns: External HEB 220
Internal HEB 260
Bracing members CHS 60x5
Material: S 235
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Frame loading
L3 Structural analysis - First order analysis and second order analysis.
14
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
1st order analysis
2nd order analysis
Examples
EXAMPLE 1
iii) Internal forces using a 1st order elastic versus 2nd order elastic analysis
All differences in the bending moments (and also in other internal forces) can be neglected
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
15
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
1st order analysis
2nd order analysis
Examples
EXAMPLE 2
Consider the following steel frame with fixed bases, composed by columns HEA 260 and
beams IPE 400 submitted to the shown load combination.
Calculate the internal forces
using a computer program
(OSSA2D), considering:
a) 1st order elastic analysis;
b) 2nd order elastic analysis.
204.0 kN
204.0 kN
33.6 kN/m
18.2 kN
253.5 kN
45.0 kN/m
253.5 kN
5m
14.8 kN
5m
10 m
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under Natural Hazards
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Conceptual Design
of Buildings
List of contents
1st order analysis
2nd order analysis
Examples
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
EXAMPLE 2
Bending moment at indicated sections.
6
1
2
3
3
3
4
5
5
5
6
6
7
8
8
1st Order
My (kNm)
11.0
-109.3
-256.4
-86.4
170.0
253.5
-360.9
153.1
-207.8
-174.1
-174.1
219.0
-227.3
227.3
2nd Order
My (kNm)
2.9
-115.1
-244.0
-78.3
165.8
257.2
-363.6
156.4
-207.2
-168.7
-168.7
225.3
-227.9
227.9
8
8
5m
3
5
5
5m
10 m
17
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