TECHNIQUES
by
Armand
B.E.E.,
Seattle
Gregoire |Halim
University,
Washington,
1978
A T H E S I S S U B M I T T E D I N P A R T I A L F U L F I L L M E N T OF
THE R E Q U I R E M E N T S FOR THE D E G R E E OF
M A S T E R OF A P P L I E D
SCIENCE
in
THE F A C U L T Y OF GRADUATE S T U D I E S
(Department
of
We a c c e p t
this
to
the
Electrical
thesis
required
as
Engineering)
conforming
standard
T H E U N I V E R S I T Y OF B R I T I S H C O L U M B I A
June,
(c)
1980
Armand G r e g o i r e
Halim,
1980
In
presenting
this
thesis
an advanced degree at
the
I
Library shall
f u r t h e r agree
for
scholarly
by h i s
of
this
written
make i t
freely available
t h a t permission
for
I agree
reference and
this
It
permission.
U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h
Columbia
for
that
study.
thesis
2075 Wesbrook P l a c e
V a n c o u v e r , Canada
V6T 1W5
r.
the requirements
f o r e x t e n s i v e copying o f
Depa rtment
The
fulfilment of
the U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia,
representatives.
thesis
in p a r t i a l
or
publication
-11
ABSTRACT
had to be made.
This thesis describes these additions and modifications.
First, a
Ex-
Considerable
iii
T A B L E OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT.
T A B L E OF CONTENTS
LIST
OF T A B L E S
LIST
OF I L L U S T R A T I O N S
2.
3.
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Significance
1.2
Test
1.3
Scope of
equipment
this
Thesis
2.1
Introduction
2.2
Alternating
2.3
Direct
2.4
Impulse
3
Voltage
Voltage
Voltage
10
MEASUREMENTS
3.1
Introduction.
3.2
AC v o l t a g e
3.4
Objective
3.2.2
Measuring
measurements
3.2.1
DC v o l t a g e
GENERATION OF H I G H VOLTAGES
3.3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
1.
14
Devices
measurements
14
14
23
3.3.1
Objective
23
3.3.2
Measuring Devices
23
Impulse
voltage
measurements
29
3.4.1
Objective
29
3.4.2
Setup
of
Measuring
System
30
3.4.3
Noise
in
Measuring
Systems
42
iv
4.
EXPERIMENT
EXERCISES
4.1
Introduction
4.2
AC t e s t
48
. . . . . . . . . .
48
49
4.2.1
Breakdown v o l t a g e
of
4.2.2
Corona voltage
of
sphere gaps
single
conductor
and a
49
bundle
conductor
A3
4.4
5.
LIST
DC t e s t
50
> * >
>
a P o i n t - P l a n e gap
>
51
51
53
54
4.4.1
Preliminary
4.4.2
Noise Reductions
OF R E F E R E N C E S
'
Polarity
CONCLUSIONS
4.3.2
test
Impulse
R i p p l e measurement
in
4.3.1
effect
>
Preparations
54
57
60
61
APPENDIX
62
APPENDIX
II
66
LIST OF TABLES
Table
1.
2.
3.
4.
Page
F l a s h o v e r v o l t a g e s f o r AC v o l t a g e s , f o r DC v o l t a g e s o f
e i t h e r p o l a r i t y , and f o r f u l l n e g a t i v e s t a n d a r d
impulses and i m p u l s e s w i t h l o n g e r t a i l s . . .
16
49
diameter
and a
51
P e r c e n t r i p p l e s f o r d i f f e r e n t v a l u e s o f DC v o l t a g e s . ? . . 52 .
LIST
OF
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure
Page
1.
Effect
2.
Single-stage test
3.
Three-stage
4.
of
Series
on w i t h s t a n d
test
resonant
reactor
5.
time
voltage
transformer
transformer
circuit
for
circuits
cascade
single
5
transformer/
unit
Half-period
6
rectification
with
ideal
circuit
elements
6.
Villard
circuit
7.
Greinacher doubler-circuit
8.
Zimmermann-Wittka
9.
Greinacher cascade
circuit
10.
Example of
rectifier
11.
Basic
12.
Multiplier
cascade
circuit
impulse-voltage
circuit
circuit
lib
circuits
10
circuits
after
connection
Marx
11
for
3 stages
in
>
voltage
12
13.
Sphere gaps
14.
B r e a k d o w n v o l t a g e U^Q
of sphere gaps as a f u n c t i o n
o f gap s p a c i n g s , f o r v a r i o u s s p h e r e d i a m e t e r s D.
P e a k v o l t a g e measurement a c c o r d i n g to Chubb and
Fortescue
15.
for
measurement
16.
Peak voltage
17.
Basic
18.
M e a s u r e m e n t o f DC v o l t a g e
voltage resistor
19.
measurement
circuits
of
voltage
with
Electrostatic
21.
Voltmeter
with
configuration
voltmeters
the
capacitive
divider-
transformers
by means o f
17
18
20
22
high24
M e a s u r e m e n t o f a DC v o l t a g e
resistive divider
20.
17
for
by means o f
a
25
high
sphere-plate
voltages
26
electrode
27
vii
22.
C i r c u i t f o r measuring r i p p l e v o l t a g e s
. .
28
23.
Jumping p o t e n t i a l i n i m p u l s e g e n e r a t o r
24.
B l o c k diagram of i m p u l s e t e s t f a c i l i t y
34
25.
D i s p l a y of a wedge-shaped i m p u l s e v o l t a g e
36
26.
system . . . .
.37
27.
28.
C o n n e c t i o n of the c a p a c i t i v e v o l t a g e d i v i d e r t o a
cathode-ray o s c i l l o s c o p e
40
Compensation o f s i g n a l c a b l e c a p a c i t a n c e by a
complex c a b l e t e r m i n a t i o n
41
41
29.
30.
resistive
31
39
31.
32.
C u r r e n t s i n d u c e d i n the c a b l e s h i e l d s by q u a s i s t a t i o n a r y magnetic f i e l d s
45
C o r r e c t measurement c i r c u i t l a y o u t , a v o i d i n g
b r a i d and c a b i n e t c u r r e n t i n t e r f e r e n c e
46
33.
34.
cable
O v e r a l l c i r c u i t o f the r i p p l e measurement
experiment. .
52
35.
P o l a r i t y e f f e c t i n a p o i n t - p l a n e gap
53
36.
Output of a compensated a t t e n u a t o r f o r d i f f e r e n t
degrees of compensation
55
37.
56
38.
a.
b.
39.
58
58
59
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APPENDIX I
SAFETY REGULATIONS FOR
HIGH-VOLTAGE EXPERIMENTS
Experiments w i t h h i g h v o l t a g e s c o u l d become p a r t i c u l a r l y
dous f o r the p a r t i c i p a n t s should
the s a f e t y p r e c a u t i o n s be
hazar-
inadequate.
I n s t i t u t e of The
Technical
2
U n i v e r s i t y o f Braunschweig s h a l l be d e s c r i b e d below.
the a p p r o p r i a t e s a f e t y r e g u l a t i o n s and
to p e r s o n s .
Strict
Fundamental Rule:
as f a r as p o s s i b l e prevent
risk
working i n the l a b o r a t o r y .
e a r t h i s understood
These supplement
to be a:.high v o l t a g e .
Before e n t e r i n g a high-voltage
convince
h i m s e l f by p e r s o n a l o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t a l l
the conductors
lie
i n c o n t a c t zone a r e e a r t h e d , and
and
that a l l
the main l e a d s a r e i n t e r r u p t e d .
Fencing
A l l high-voltage
setups must be p r o t e c t e d a g a i n s t u n i n t e n t i o n a l
T h i s i s a p p r o p r i a t e l y done w i t h the a i d of
When s e t t i n g up
the fences
f o r v o l t a g e s up
high-voltage
reduced:
f o r a l t e r n a t i n g and
direct voltages
f o r impulse v o l t a g e s
However, f o r v o l t a g e s l e s s than 100
50 cm has
to 1
to be m a i n t a i n e d ,
KV
50 cm
f o r every 100
KV
20 cm
f o r every
KV
100
a minimum c l e a r a n c e of
MV
63
then be introduced.
The fences should be r e l i a b l y connected with one another conduct i v e l y , earthed and provided with warning boards inscribed: "High-voltage!
Caution!
Highly dangerous!"
Safety-Locking
In high-voltage setups each door must be provided with safety
switches; these allow the door to be opened only when a l l the main leads
to test setup are interrupted.
Instead of direct interruption, the safety switches may also operate
the no-voltage relay of a power c i r c u i t breaker, which, on opening the
door, interrupts a l l the main leads to the setup.
These power c i r c u i t
breakers may only be switched on again when the door i s closed. For
direct supply from a high-voltage network (e.g. 10 KV c i t y network), the
main leads must be interrupted v i s i b l y before entry to the setup by an
additional open i s o l a t i n g switch;
The switched condition of a setup must be indicated by a red lamp
"Setup switched on" and by a green lamp "Setup switched o f f " .
Earthing
A high-voltage setup may be entered only when a l l the parts which
can assume high-voltage i n the contact zone are earthed.
only be effected by a conductor earthed inside the fence.
Earthing may
Fixing the
.64
e a r t h i n g l e a d s onto t h e p a r t s t o be e a r t h e d s h o u l d be done w i t h t h e a i d
of i n s u l a t i n g r o d s .
I n high-power setups w i t h d i r e c t
supply
from t h e h i g h - v o l t a g e network, e a r t h i n g i s a c h i e v e d by e a r t h i n g i s o l a t o r .
E a r t h i n g may o n l y f o l l o w a f t e r s w i t c h i n g t h e c u r r e n t s o u r c e o f f , and may
be removed o n l y when t h e r e i s no l o n g e r anyone p r e s e n t w i t h i n t h e fence
o r i f t h e setup i s v a c a t e d a f t e r removal o f e a r t h .
A l l metallic parts
clearly
marked i s o l a t i n g s w i t c h e s must be p r o v i d e d i n a l l l e a d s t o t h e l o w - v o l t a g e
c i r c u i t s o f h i g h - v o l t a g e t r a n s f o r m e r s and a r r a n g e d a t an e a s i l y
f i a b l e p o s i t i o n outsider.the fence.
identi-
and b e f o r e e n t e r i n g t h e s e t u p .
A l l l e a d s must be l a i d so t h a t t h e r e a r e no l o o s e l y hanging
ends.
a circuit
s h a l l be f i x e d o u t s i d e t h e f e n c e i n c l e a r l y v i s i b l y
position.
diagram
work g i v e n
by an a u t h o r i z e d
65
person.
then at least the times of the beginning and end of an experiment should
be communicated to a second person.
When working with high-voltages outside working hours, a second
person familiar with the experimental setups must be present i n the
same room.
Easily
inflammable
waste products, e.g. paper or used cotton waste, should always be d i s posed of immediately i n metal cans.
66
APPENDIX I I
FORMULA OF MODE OSCILLATIONS
The
f o r m u l a o f mode o s c i l l a t i o n s
i na rectangular
resonator
| I
V x E . - w f
A f t e r an e x t e n s i v e m a n i p u l a t i o n
of these d i f f e r e n t i a l
equations,
n
E
r
\
r -i 3mir
_ .mirx. . ,mry. i (wt-gz)
"
(x,y) = Re { - f h C
C o s ( ) SinC-r -) e
}a
h a
mn]_
a
b
x
2
ox-^
m
oyi
O Z i
( x
'
y )
T,
e
r - j 3mr _
.
,mT7x
_ /nTry. j (wt-gz) -, *
< h^b" Cmn-L S i n C ^ ) Cos(-^-) e
}a
x
o y i
( x , y ) = Re { C ^
( x , y ) = Re ( ^ f f
where:
m n
S i n ( ^ ) C o s ( ^ ) J
m n i
m n i
Cos(=?)
S i n (52*)
c o r r e s p o n d s t o the p a r t i c u l a r
g i v e n c h o i c e o f m and n.
= yew
= ( -a )
( a r - (-;b-)
+ ( b^ )
e ^ " ^
} a
>a
mode d e f i n e d by a
(m, n a r e i n t e g e r s )
The e l e c t r i c f i e l d s t r a v e l i n g
n
O X 2
r
\
rt
(x,y) = R
-f ~j Bmn
i jC
i n the o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n a r e :
n
m n 2
T?
/
\
T>
-iBnir
Eoy (x,y) = R {
2
Cmn
J
/HITTX.
. /niry.
j (cot+Bz)
C o s ( ) Sin(-^-) e
J
/imrx.
/niry.
() C o s e
j (cot+Bz)
\ i ax
} ay
is
obtained:
z=0:
O X l
(x,y)
(Mi + M ) Cos ( 2 ^ )
a
2
where:
Therefore,
l =
h^a
mni
M-^ = - M
C ;
+ E
O X 2
(x,y)
SinC ^)
b
= 0
S i n cot = 0
( 'y)
x
o x l
+ ox ( .y)
E
S i n BC = 0
where:
BC =
p i s an i n t e g e r
PTT
T>
But
rP-
yeco
,mi7.2
()
,1117.2
()
Therefore,
= U
()
/u7
(SE)
+ (1) +
or
f =
2i7/ye"
\ /
c ^ ) + <ir
2
+ c^-)
) 2
( x , y ) and E
( x , y ) and from