1.

C
[1]

2.

(a)

(i)

(ii)

(b)

(i)

lines parallel and normal to plates; (ignore any edge effect)

equally spaced;
direction from (+) to ();

curved path between plates and no curvature outside;

in downward direction;

change = qDV;
19
= 1.6 10 750
16
= 1.2 10 J;

Or 750 eV.

(ii)

(c)

(d)

16

mv = 1.2 10 ;
31
2
16
2
14
9.1 10 v = 1.2 10 / v = 2.64 10
7
1
to give v = 1.67 10 m s ;

inside solenoid, lines parallel to axis;

line spacing about double at ends / lines equally spaced in solenoid;
reasonable shape (symmetry and curving);
correct direction (to left);

(ii)

path with no deviation along axis;

(i)

velocity component normal to field = 1.6 10 sin 35;

6
1
= 9.2 10 m s ;

(i)

(ii)

circular motion;
in plane normal to paper;
(9.1 10 31 9.2 10 6 )
mv 2
3
19
r = Bqv / r = (4.0 10 1.6 10 ) ;
2

radius of circle = 1.3 10 m;

(iii)

(iv)

4
7

velocity component along field = 1.6 10 cos 35

7
1
= 1.3 10 m s ;

force is zero;
because F = Bqv sinq and q = 0 or in words;

(e)

helical shape (allow spiral shape);

any further detail eg constant pitch etc;

Award [2] for a good diagram.

[25]

3.

A
[1]

4.

D
[1]

5.

(a)

(b)

[1] for any valid and relevant point eg

Geiger-Marsden experiment involved bombardment of gold foil by
alpha particles;
most passed straight through / were deviated through small angles but,
some deflected through large angles;
these alpha particles were heading towards central nucleus;

3 max

[1] for any valid and relevant point eg

protons in nucleus repel each other (seen or implied);
but are held together by the strong nuclear force / or neutrons are
involved keeping it bound together / OWTTE;

2 max

q1 q 2
(c)

(i)

(ii)

4 0 r 2
attempted use of F =
;
29
10
with q1 = q2 = 10 e = 1.6 10 C;
and r = 100 m;
26
26
to get F = 2.3 10 N 10 N;

4 max

people are overall electrically neutral;

equal numbers of positive charges mean that overall the electrical
force is zero / OWTTE;

2 max
[11]

6.

(a)

(i)

correct substitution into power = p.d. current

to give power = 12 0.5 = 6 W;

1 max

(ii)

(b)

correct substitution into V = I R

12
to give R = 0.5 = 24;

1 max

correct positioning of ammeter;

correct positioning of voltmeter;
eg
1 2 V b a tte ry

(c)

2 max

(i)

the battery (or the ammeter or the wires) must have some resistance;
some p.d. is used up so less available / OWTTE;
2 max

(ii)

low voltage requires low current and thus large resistance;

max resistance of variable resistor not infinite / OWTTE;

2 max

(d)

(i)

any circuit involving potentiometer or equivalent;

that correctly controls the p.d. across the bulb;
with meters still correctly connected;

(ii)

(e)

[1] for each relevant point eg

the 12 V is shared by the two halves of the resistor;
if the LH half is zero resistance, the p.d. will be zero / OWTTE;

2 max

appropriate statement of Ohms law;

eg p.d. proportional to current of constant temperature.
temperature is not constant as current varies / OWTTE;

2 max

lamp B must have greater power dissipation;

since it has a greater current for the same p.d. / OWTTE;
so power dissipation (= V I) is greater;

3 max

(i)

current lamp A equals the current in lamp B / OWTTE;

1 max

(ii)

any answer that is less than 0.5 A but above 0.3 A;

realization (seen or implied) that each lamp does not have the same p.d.;
explanation (or evidence from the graph) of trying to find the
current when the individual p.d.s sum to 12 V;
to give 0.4 A ( 0.1);
4 max

(iii)

lamp A will have greater power dissipation;

since current the same, but it takes greater share of p.d.;

(i)

(ii)

(f)

3 max

2 max
[25]

7.

(a)

(b)

[1] for each appropriate and valid point eg

thermal energy is the KE of the component particles of an object;
thus measured in joules;
the temperature of an object is a measure how hot something is
(it can be used to work out the direction of the natural flow of thermal
energy between two objects in thermal contact) / measure of the average
KE of molecules;
it is measured on a defined scale (Celsius, Kelvin etc);
(i)

(ii)

(c)

correct substitution: energy = power time;

= 1200 W (30 60) s;
6
= 2.2 10 J
use of
to get

E = m c Dq;
6
Dq = 2.2 10 / (4200 70) K;
= 7.5 K;

4 max

2 max

3 max

[1] naming each process up to [3 max].

convection;
conduction;
radiation;
[1] for an appropriate (matching) piece of information / outline
for each process up to [3 max].

eg

(d)

convection is the transfer of thermal energy via bulk movement of a gas

due to a change of density;
conduction is transfer of thermal energy via intermolecular collisions;
radiation is the transfer of thermal energy via electromagnetic waves
(IR part of the electromagnetic spectrum in this situation) / OWTTE;
(i)

(ii)

[1] for each valid and relevant point eg

in evaporation the faster moving molecules escape;
this means the average KE of the sample left has fallen;
a fall in average KE is the same as a fall in temperature;

6 max

3 max

energy lost by evaporation = 50% 2.2 10 J;

6
= 1.1 10 J;
correct substitution into E = m l
6
6
1
to give mass lost
= 1.1 10 J / 2.26 10 J kg
= 0.487 kg
= 487 g;

3 max

(iii)

[1] for any valid and relevant factors [2 max] eg

area of skin exposed;
presence or absence of wind;
temperature of air;
humidity of air etc;
[1] for appropriate and matching explanations [2 max] eg
increased area means greater total evaporation rate;
presence of wind means greater total evaporation rate;
evaporation rate depends on temperature difference;
increased humidity decreases total evaporation rate etc;

4 max
[25]

8.

D
[1]

9.

A
[1]

10.

D
[1]

11.

(a)

(b)

sufficient arrows to show decreasing radial field;

direction;
no field in the centre;

q
2
4
1
use E = k r to show E = 4.0 10 V m ;

(i)

(c)

(i)

along a field line;

(ii)

F = ma = qE;
q
a = m E;

11

(iii)

15

= 1.8 10 4.0 10 = 7.2 10 m s ;

decreasing;
electric field strength is decreasing so force on electron is decreasing;

Do not penalize the candidate if they state field is

decreasing.
Award the right answer, with the wrong reason [0].

(iv)

increase in KE = 2 mv = 4.5 10
= qV;
to give V = 100 V;

31

12

36 10 = 1.6 10

17

J;
3
[13]

12.

C
[1]

13.

B
[1]

14.

B
[1]

15.

(a)

the force exerted per unit charge;

on a small positive (test) charge;

Accept either small or test or both.

(b)

(i)

substitute for r = a 2 ;
kQ
kQ
2
2
into E = r to get E = 2a ;

(ii)

(iii)

kQ
2
E for each component = a ;
add vectorially;
kQ
2 2
a ;
to get Etot =

kQ
2
Award [1] if not added vectorially ie Etot = 2 a
[8]

16.

D
[1]

17.

C
[1]

18.

(a)

(i)

general shape: at least one circle around each wire and one loop
around both wires;
appropriate spacing of lines: increasing separation with distance
from wires;
correct direction of field;

(ii)

(b)

velocity increases;
acceleration increases;
because the force is getting larger the closer the wires get together;

Watch for ecf if force is drawn in wrong direction in (a) (i) ie

velocity increases, acceleration decreases, force gets smaller.
[7]

19.

B
[1]

20.

B
[1]

21.

D
[1]

22.

(a)

(b)

(c)

component X, battery, ammeter all in series and including means of

varying current; with voltmeter in parallel across component X;

(i)

4.0 A;

(ii)

V
use of R = I , and not gradient of graph;
resistance = 1.5;

straight-line through origin, quadrants 1 or 3 or both;

correct gradient, ie passes through V = 4.0 V, I = 2.0 A;

(i)

(ii)

pds across X and across R will be 3.7 V (0.1V ) and 6.0 V;

Award [0] if only one pd is correct.
total pd = 9.7 V;

(d)

(i)

(ii)

large change in resistance with temperature change;

unique value of R at any temperature;
not dissipate thermal energy;
small physical size / small thermal capacity;

2 max

measure resistance at two known temperatures;

divide scale into equally sized units;
any further detail
( Rt R 0 )
eg t / = ( R100 R0 ) 100 or scale is empirical (for this
thermometer only) or fixed point specified;

3
[14]

23.

A
[1]

24.

(a)

force per unit charge;

exerted on a small positive test charge / small positive charge /
positive point charge;

(b)

at least four radial lines evenly spaced around the sphere;

with arrows away from centre;

Award [1 max] if any lines inside sphere.

[4]

25.

A
[1]

26.

B
[1]

27.

C
[1]

28.

A
[1]

29.

D
[1]

30.

B
[1]

31.

B
10

[1]

32.

(a)

overall correct shape with no field lines touching;

(b)

direction of field;

bar magnet / solenoid;

Do not accept just magnet.

(c)

(i)

upwards
the direction of the compass needle is the resultant of two fields
/ OWTTE;
the field must be into the plane of the (exam) paper to produce a
resultant field in the direction shown / OWTTE;

Award [1] for upwards because of the right hand rule / OWTTE.
(ii)

vector addition with correct values of two angles shown 30, 60

or 90;

from diagrams BE = BW tan 60 or

BE

BW
;
tan 30

2
[7]

33.

Electrical circuits
(a)

(i)

correct labelling of A and V;

(ii)

P on resistor at bottom;

11

(b)

(i)

I 0.40 A ;

R
(ii)

V 10

25 ;
I 0.40

the rate of increase of I decreases with increasing V / OWTTE;

because: the conductor is (probably) heating up as the current
increases / OWTTE;

(c)

and resistance (of a conductor) increases with increasing temperature;

(i)

resistance of Y at 0.20A = 12.5W;

(ii)

total series resistance = 12.5 + 25 = 37.5W;

total pd across resistance = 0.2 37.5 = 7.5V = emf;

2
[10]

34.

B
[1]

35.

D
[1]

36.

C
[1]

37.

A
[1]

38.

C
[1]

39.

D
[1]

12

40.

Electricity
(a)

metal conductor: positive charges fixed;

mobile electrons;
plastic insulator: (positive charges and) electrons fixed;

(b)

(i)

electric field causes movement of electrons (in metal);

and charges are not moving;

(ii)

electrons move;
from Earth to the electroscope;

(c)

(i)

emf is the p.d. across cell when current is zero;

find intercept on V-axis;

(ii)

r is (-) gradient of graph or r = emf / current when V = 0 or value of R

quoted at a given voltage;
relevant working shown on graph or use E = Ir + IR;

(d)

diagram showing resistor in series with device;

from graph, at 1.5 A, p.d. is 2.7 V or use of E = I (R + r)
to give total external resistance as 1.8W;

(e)

p.d. across R = 2.7 - 0.8 = 1.9V

0.8
0.53 ;
resistance of device = 1.5

1 .9
1.27 ;
resistance 1.5

resistance = 1.8 - 0.53 = 1.27W;

2P;
P;
1
2

P;

3
[18]

41.

C
[1]

42.

B
[1]

13

43.

Electrical conduction
(a)

(b)

(delocalized / valence / free) electrons that are not bound to any one particular
atom of the metal / electrons loosely bound to atoms;

(i)

the mass of 1.0 m is 8.93 10 kg;

8.93 10 6
;
64
and therefore number of moles is
5

= 1.4 10 mol (no marks for answer)

(ii)
(c)

23

28

1.4 10 6.02 10 = 8.4 10 ;

2
1

there is no net transfer of electric charge to the right or left; because

on the average as much charge moves to the right as to the left;
or
random velocities means no net motion in any direction;

(d)

(e)

hence no transfer of charge;

arrow to the right;

(i)

0.50
5 10 2
10 3
s or 8 min;

Accept answer in seconds or minutes up to 2 significant figures.

(ii)

all electrons in the wire start drifting at the same time / the electric field
is established in the wire almost instantaneously;
the lamp will light as soon as the electrons already in the lamp filament
begin to move;

(iii)

the electrons gain kinetic energy as they are accelerated by the potential
difference across the filament;
they collide with the filament atoms transferring energy to them;
the average kinetic energy of the filament atoms thus increases;
which implies that the temperature of the filament increases
(since temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy
of the molecules);

4
[14]

44.

B
[1]

14

45.

A
[1]

46.

D
[1]

47.

(a)

(i)

emf:
the power supplied per unit current / the energy supplied per unit charge;
Ohms law:
the resistance of a conductor is constant / current proportional to potential
difference if its temperature is constant;
2

(ii)

by dividing the value of V at any point by the corresponding value of I;

Award [0] for

(b)

V
I without comment.

(i)

(2.5 0.10) = 0.25W;

(ii)

0.23 = I R;

0.23
2
0.10

R
(iii)

23 ;

2
2

power dissipated in cell = 0.02 W = I r;

0.02
2 .0 ;
0.10 2

or
use E = IR + Ir
2.5 = 0.10 23 + 0.10r;

(c)

0.02
2 .0 ;
0.10 2

new internal resistance = 4.0W and new emf 5.0V;

5.0 = 0.15R + 0.15 4.0;
to give R = 29W;
therefore, a non-ohmic device as resistance has changed / increased;

Allow calculation of what current should be (0.19 A) if R were constant.

Allow calculation based on power.
[12]

15

16

48.

Electrical conduction and the force on a conductor in a magnetic field

(a)

(i)
(ii)

the force on the electrons produced by the electric field causes them
to accelerate along the direction of the rod;
however, they will (soon) collide with a lattice ion but after collision
will again be accelerated (along the rod) before making another
collision / OWTTE;
hence the electrons gain a drift / net velocity in the direction of the wire
/ in the (opposite) direction to the field even though they still have
random velocities / OWTTE;

(b)

(i)
(ii)

(i)

F = BIL = Ma;
to give

(c)

BIL
;
M

let the body move a distance Dx in time Dt, then work one by
F is W = FDx;
therefore rate of working = power =

Fx
Fv ;
t

ie Look for expression for work done and identifying power as rate
of working.
(ii)

P = BILv = EI;
to give

E
;
BL

0 .8
5.3 ms 1
0.60 0.25
;

3
[12]

49.

D
[1]

50.

C
[1]

17

= BW tan 60 or

BE

BW
;
tan 30

51.

B
[1]

52.

C
[1]

53.

(a)

p.d. across resistor

; (ratio must be clear)
current in resistor

(b)

(i)

combined resistance = 4.0W;

(ii)

use of parallel resistors formula to give 2.4W;

combined resistance = 2.4 + 6.0;
= 8.4W

(iii)

(vertical) resistor either side of terminals AB circled;

resistor has shorted / became zero resistance;

2
[6]

54.

Magnetic and electric fields

(a)

(i)

use of qV =

1
2

mv ;

1.6 10 19 420 12 1.67 10 27 v 2

5

-1

v = 2.8 10 ms ;
(ii)

arc of circle / continuous curve within region ABCD and deflected

upwards ie towards AB;
straight-line as tangent to arc beyond BC;

(iii)

F 1.5 10 2 1.6 10 19 2.8 10 5 ;

= 6.7 10

-16

N; (allow 6.8 10

-16

N)

18

(b)

(i)

force per unit positive charge;

on small test charge (placed at that point);

(ii)

6.7 10

-16

= 1.6 10
3

-19

E;

-1

E = 4.2 10 Vm ;
(iii)

undeviated / straight line (along original path);

reason eg forces in field always equal and opposite;

2
[12]

55.

B
[1]

56.

B
[1]

57.

(a)

(b)

the force per unit charge;

exerted on a small positive charge / positive test charge / positive point charge;

(i)

at least 6 symmetric radial lines as shown touching the proton;

correct direction;

(ii)

Ek

r2
use of
9.0 10 9 1.6 10 13
E
25 10 22
;
11
1
= 5.8 10 N C ;
Award full marks for bald correct answer.

19

(c)

(i)

(ii)

use of F = qE
19
11
F = 1.6 10 5.8 10 ;
8
= 9.3 10 N
Allow use of force law.

mv 2
recognize that F = r ;
1
1
mv 2 Fr
2
2
;
1

2 9.3 108 5.0 1011;

= 2.3 10

18

2.3 10 18
(iii)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

kinetic energy = 1.6 10

PE = Total KE;
= 28 (eV);

19

= 14 eV;
3

(conduction) electrons have high random speeds;

when accelerated by an electric field inside a conductor / OWTTE;
although they collide (frequently) with lattice ions;
they obtain a net speed in the direction opposite to the field direction;

the power supplied per unit current / the energy supplied per unit charge;

(i)

6.0

R = 0.2 = 30 W;

(ii)

P = (6.0 0.2) = 1.2 W;

(i)

6.0

I = 15 = 0.40 A;

20

(ii)

total current in the circuit 0.60 A;

resistance of parallel circuit = 10/ lost volts = 5.0 0.6;
total resistance in circuit = 15 / lost volts = 3 V;
e.m.f. = (0.60 15) = 9 V;
or
total current = 0.60 A;
pd across R = 6.0 V;
e.m.f. = 6.0 + 0.60 5.0;
= 9.0 V;

4
[25]

58.

A
[1]

59.

D
[1]

60.

C
[1]

61.

(a)

(i)

(ii)

(b)

(i)

(ii)

at A: constant;
at B: decreasing;

field line gives the direction of the force (on mass or charge);
if lines touched (or crossed), particle would move in two
directions at the same time and this is impossible;

must be a force normal to direction of motion / some

reference to circular motion;
so field is magnetic;
Do not award if there is no reasoning
or reasoning is fallacious or misleading.

particles are oppositely charged;

21

(iii)

mv
r = Bq ;
speed is decreasing / particle losing energy;
hence radius is decreasing;
Do not award if there is no reasoning
or reasoning is fallacious or misleading.

3
[10]

62.

C
[1]

63.

(a)

there are no positions;

the lamp is effectively in series with 100 kW no matter what the position of S;
this means that the pd across it will always be close to zero (very small) / never
reach 6 V;
or
the resistance of the filament is much smaller than 100kW;
so (nearly) all the potential of the battery appears across the variable resistance;

Award [0] for incorrect argument or just the answer without any explanation.

(b)

V
;
R

12
1.2 10 4 A ;
5
= 10

(c)

correct position of ammeter;

correct position of voltmeter (either to the right or left of the lamp);

2
[7]

22

64.

Specific heat and a domestic shower

(a)

(b)

the amount of energy / heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg

of a substance through 1K / 1C;
the internal energy is the total energy of the molecules of a substance;
the greater the specific heat (the more energy required to raise unit mass
through 1 K) this means that to increase the temperature by the same amount,
more energy most be given to substance A than to substance B (so internal
energy is greater) / OWTTE;

(c)

(i)

energy supplied by heater in 1s = 7.2 10 J;

energy per second = mass per second sp ht rise in temperature;
3

7.2 10 = mass per second 4.2 10 26;

to give mass per second = 0.066kg;
(ii)

energy is lost to the surroundings;

flow rate is not uniform;

Do not allow the heating element is not in contact with all the water
flowing in the unit.
[8]

23