ABSTRACT
Background Computed tomography (CT) is widely used as a screening test in patients with minor
head injury, although the results are often normal.
We performed a study to develop and validate a set
of clinical criteria that could be used to identify patients with minor head injury who do not need to undergo CT.
Methods In the first phase of the study, we recorded clinical findings in 520 consecutive patients with
minor head injury who had a normal score on the
Glasgow Coma Scale and normal findings on a brief
neurologic examination; the patients then underwent
CT. Using recursive partitioning, we derived a set of
criteria to identify all patients who had abnormalities
on CT scanning. In the second phase, the sensitivity
and specificity of the criteria for predicting a positive
scan were evaluated in a group of 909 patients.
Results Of the 520 patients in the first phase, 36
(6.9 percent) had positive scans. All patients with
positive CT scans had one or more of seven findings:
headache, vomiting, an age over 60 years, drug or
alcohol intoxication, deficits in short-term memory,
physical evidence of trauma above the clavicles, and
seizure. Among the 909 patients in the second phase,
57 (6.3 percent) had positive scans. In this group of
patients, the sensitivity of the seven findings combined was 100 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 95 to 100 percent). All patients with positive CT
scans had at least one of the findings.
Conclusions For the evaluation of patients with
minor head injury, the use of CT can be safely limited to those who have certain clinical findings. (N Engl
J Med 2000;343:100-5.)
2000, Massachusetts Medical Society.
In phase 1 of the study, 520 consecutive patients who had minor head injury, who were at least three years old, and who presented within 24 hours after the injury were prospectively evaluated to determine which clinical findings identified patients with
positive findings on CT studies of the head. In phase 2, the set
of findings found to have predictive value in phase 1 was prospectively evaluated in a separate group of 909 consecutive patients
with minor head injury who were similar to the patients in phase
1 with respect to age and the interval between injury and presentation. Since all patients with minor head injury and loss of con-
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RESULTS
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101
The Ne w E n g l a nd Jo u r n a l o f Me d ic i ne
TOTAL
(N=520)
FINDING*
POSITIVE
CT SCAN
(N=36)
NEGATIVE
CT SCAN
(N=484)
LIKELIP VALUE
RATIO
<0.001
0.001
0.002
15.0
11.0
11.0
HOOD
no. (%)
9 (2)
180 (35)
338 (65)
5 (14)
22 (61)
32 (89)
4 (1)
158 (33)
306 (63)
42
24
123
47
1
6
4
12
4
0
36
20
111
43
1
(8)
(5)
(24)
(9)
(<1)
(17)
(11)
(33)
(11)
(7)
(4)
(23)
(9)
(<1)
0.05
0.05
0.16
0.65
0.78
3.0
3.0
2.0
0.2
0.15
DISCUSSION
TABLE 2. SENSITIVITY, SPECIFICITY, AND ESTIMATED REDUCTION
IN THE USE OF CT WITH VARIOUS COMBINATIONS OF FINDINGS
(PHASE 1).*
FINDING
SENSITIVITY
SPECIFICITY
REDUCTION
IN USE OF
CT
percent
14
67
99
67
94
62
94
34
31
97
32
29
97
31
28
97
25
23
100
24
22
*All data are based on the P values and likelihood ratios shown in Table 1.
The reduction in the use of CT is the percent reduction in the number
of CT scans that would have resulted if patients without the finding or
combination of findings had not undergone scanning.
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nesia, as evidenced by deficits in short-term memory, but are oriented and can follow commands. Such
patients are considered to have a score of 15 on the
Glasgow Coma Scale.6,25 We included deficits in shortterm memory as a criterion in order to account for
patients with persistent anterograde amnesia and an
otherwise normal score on the Glasgow Coma Scale.
Findings on physical examination that have been associated with a positive CT scan include signs of linear, basilar, or depressed skull fracture6,18,26 and scalp
hematoma or soft-tissue injury.18
Of the 520 patients in phase 1, 36 (6.9 percent)
had positive CT scans, a finding that is consistent
with the results of other studies.4-6 Recursive partitioning revealed that the presence of one or more of
seven findings headache, vomiting, an age over 60
years, drug or alcohol intoxication, deficits in shortterm memory, physical evidence of trauma above the
clavicles, and seizure was associated with a positive CT scan. In previous studies, the presence of
coagulopathy has been associated with a positive CT
scan and a poor outcome.21,22 Since patients with coagulopathy were underrepresented in our study, we
could not evaluate this criterion.
In phase 2, the criteria derived from the findings
in phase 1 were applied to a separate group of patients with minor head injury to determine their sensitivity in predicting the results of CT. Several stud-
FINDING
NEGATIVE
CT SCAN
TOTAL
no. (%)
697
0
57
212
909
212 (23.3)
852
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The Ne w E n g l a nd Jo u r n a l o f Me d ic i ne
CT FINDINGS*
TOTAL
OBSERVATION
ONLY
SURGERY
no. (%)
Cerebral contusion
Subdural hematoma
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Epidural hematoma
Depressed skull fracture
44
35
13
9
10
(47)
(38)
(14)
(10)
(11)
44
33
13
7
8
(100)
(94)
(100)
(78)
(80)
0
2 (6)
0
2 (22)
2 (20)
sequently found to have intracranial lesions.31,32 However, several groups have concluded that patients with
normal findings on both neurologic examination and
CT scanning can be safely discharged from the emergency department.7,12-14,33
The goal of our study was to derive and validate a
set of clinical findings that could be used to identify
patients with minor head injury who should undergo CT. Our results suggest that such patients can be
identified by the presence of one or more of the following seven findings: headache, vomiting, an age
over 60 years, drug or alcohol intoxication, deficits
in short-term memory, physical evidence of trauma
above the clavicles, and seizure. Although the combination of these findings had a sensitivity of 100
percent for identifying patients with positive CT scans,
they should be validated at other centers.
We are indebted to Hilary Thompson, Ph.D., Ted Glassman,
M.D., Michael Volner, M.D., Roy Brandhurst, M.D., and Dauphinot
Piper, M.D., for their help with the study.
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