AA200
9.13 Problems
Slip velocity.
Both the pressure and shearing stress are uniform throughout the flow. The shearing
stress is related to the velocity through the Newtonian constitutive relation.
Where
Qw = 0
Reference: Boundary
Layer Theory by
Schlichting
The figure depicts the flow at low Reynolds number less than 100 or so.
simplifies to
where
Fourier's law.
Momentum thickness
Boundary conditions
The pressure
U=
y
V =
y xy x yy
dU e
= Ue
+ yyy
dx
Boundary conditions
( x, 0 ) = 0
y ( x, 0 ) = 0
y ( x, ) = U e
y xy x yy = yyy
Similarity variables
= ( 2U x ) F ( )
1/2
U
= y
2 x
1/2
Velocity components
Derivatives
Boundary conditions
*
H=
= 2.5916
2
F ( 0 )
Rex
Let
Then
Vorticity at the edge of the layer decays exponentially with distance from the
wall. This support the approach where we divide the flow into separate regions
of rotational and irrotational flow.
F [ 0 ] = e3b ( 0.2 )
F [ 0 ] = 0.46965
y xy x yy = yyy
( x, 0 ) = 0
y ( x, ) = U e
y ( x, 0 ) = 0
x = ea x
y = eb y
= ec
x = ea x
y = eb y
= ea b
At the wall
( x, 0 ) = 0 all x ea b ( ea x, 0 ) = 0 ( x, 0 ) = 0 all x
y ( x, 0 ) = 0 all x ea 2b y ( ea x, 0 ) = 0 y ( x, 0 ) = 0 all x
At
y ( x, ) = U
all x
ea 2b y ea x, = U
all x
x = e2b x
= eb
y = eb y
= 2x
=y
Characteristic equations
dx dy d
=
=
2x
y
Invariants
y
x
F=
= xF ( )
Substitute.
For invariance
*
H=
0.0904
Shape factor
Ue
Define
Thwaites argued that there should exist a universal function relating m and l(m).
L ( m ) = 0.45 + 6m
L(m)
which is consistent with the friction coefficient for the Blasius case
which integrates to
Thwaites' method gives a finite momentum thickness at the forward stagnation point.
This is useful in a wing leading edge calculation.
Let
. Substitute into the energy equation.
Use the momentum equation to simplify and introduce
the Prandtl number
TS - Sutherland
reference
temperature,
110K for Air.
= ??
Velocities
Cancel terms
Now
Now
=0
Skin friction
Use
and
We need to relate wall normal coordinates in the real and virtual flow
The problem with this profile is that it fails to capture one of the most
important features of the turbulent boundary layer profile which is
that the actual shape of the profile depends on Reynolds number.
A much better, though still impirical, relation is the law of the wake
developed by Don Coles at Caltech coupled with the universal law of
the wall. In this approach the velocity profile is normalized by the
wall friction velocity.
Reference: D. Coles,
The Law of the Wake
in the Turbulent
Boundary Layer, J.
Fluid Mech. Vol 1,
1956
and
C = 5.1
= 0.4
ks
ks u *
<3
k u*
Res = s > 100
Res =
Roughness height
Hydraulically smooth
Fully rough
x
At any position x the area flow in the boundary layer is
Q = U dy
0
U
Q = U dy = U e dy U e 1 dy = U e ( * )
0
0
0
Ue
Entrainment velocity
d
Ve =
U e ( * )
dx
)
(
=
*
H1
Ve
1 d
=
U e ( * ) = F ( H 1 )
U e U e dx
2) Assume
H1 = G ( H )
*
H=
Cf =
0.246
10 0.678 H R 0.268
R =
U e
H1 =
We will use
F ( H1 ) =
0.0306
( H1 3.0 )
0.6169
0.8702
G ( H ) = 3.0445 +
( H 1.1)1.2721
Also
Boundary Layer Theory H. Schlichting
Recommend
+3.3 is missing
H
G
dG
dH
Gap
Discontinuity
H
I prefer a single smooth function
G ( H ) = 3.0445 +
0.8702
( H 1.1)1.2721
H
dG
dH
dG
0.8702 1.2721
=
dH
( H 1.1)2.2721
0.246
C f = 0.678 H 0.268
10
R
1 d
0.0306
U
H
=
F
H
=
( e 1) ( 1)
U e dx
( H1 3.0 )0.6169
0.8702
H 1 = G ( H ) = 3.0445 +
( H 1.1)1.2721
R =
U e
1/2
Rx min = 10,000
Rex
( )
Rex
Cf =
Ln C f
0.0592
Rex1/5
Ludweig-Tillman
Blasius
Ln ( Rex )
Thwaites' method gives a finite momentum thickness at the forward stagnation point.
This is useful in a wing leading edge calculation.
R initial
0.664
=
Rcylinder
12
1/2
Rcylinder =
U R
= 10 5
separation = 151
Rex
Cf
Rex
( )
Ln C f
Rex
Ln ( Rex )
R initial
0.664
=
Rcylinder
12
1/2
Rcylinder =
U R
= 10 7
separation = 166
Rex
Cf
Rex
( )
Ln C f
Rex
Ln ( Rex )
U dg U
U
U Pe xy
dg U Pe xy
U
U Pe xy
+ V
+
= U
V
+
U
+
U
+
V
+
x dx y
x
y
x
y
dx y x
y
x
y x
y
in Figure 9.29