5.4OrganicandBiochemicalCompounds.

notebook

5.4Organicand
Biochemical

November26,2013

SWBATDescribehowcarbonatomsbondcovalentlytoform
organiccompounds.

Compounds

OrganicCompounds
Anorganiccompoundisacovalentlybondedcompoundmadeofmolecules.
Organiccompoundscontaincarbonand,almostalways,hydrogen.Other
atoms,suchasoxygen,nitrogen,sulfur,andphosphorus,arealsofoundin
someorganiccompounds.
Carbonatomsformfourcovalentbondsinorganiccompounds
Whenacompoundismadeofonlycarbonandhydrogenatoms,itiscalleda
hydrocarbon.Methane,CH4,isthesimplesthydrocarbon.Itsstructureis
showninFigure23.
Carbonatomshavefourvalenceelectrons
touseforbonding.Acarbonatomcan
neverformmorethanatotaloffour
bonds.

Nov2611:41AM

5.4Organicand
Biochemical

SWBATDescribehowcarbonatomsbondcovalentlytoform
organiccompounds.

Compounds

Alkaneshavesinglecovalent
bonds
Alkanesarehydrocarbonsthat
haveonlysinglecovalentbonds.
Figure23showsthatmethane,
thesimplestalkane,hasonlyCH
bonds.Butalkanescanalsohave
CCbonds.Youcanseefrom
Figure24thatethane,C2H6,has
aCCbondinadditiontosixCH
bonds.Noticehoweachcarbon
atominbothofthesecompounds
bondstofourotheratoms.

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5.4OrganicandBiochemicalCompounds.notebook

5.4Organicand
Biochemical

November26,2013

SWBATDescribehowcarbonatomsbondcovalentlytoform
organiccompounds.

Compounds

Whentherearemorethanthreebondedcarbonatoms,thecarbonatomsdo
notalwayslineupinarow.Whentheydolineup,thealkaneiscalleda
normalalkane,ornalkaneforshort.

Nov2611:41AM

5.4Organicand
Biochemical

SWBATDescribehowcarbonatomsbondcovalentlytoform
organiccompounds.

Compounds

Thecarbonatomsinanyalkanewithmorethanthreecarbonatomscanhave
morethanonepossiblearrangement.Carbonatomchainsmaybebranchedor
unbranched,andtheycanevenformrings.Figure26showssomeofthe
possiblewayssixcarbonatomscanbearrangedwhentheyformhydrocarbons
withonlysinglecovalentbonds.

Nov2611:41AM

5.4OrganicandBiochemicalCompounds.notebook

5.4Organicand
Biochemical

November26,2013

SWBATDescribehowcarbonatomsbondcovalentlytoform
organiccompounds.

Compounds

Alkanechemicalformulasusuallyfollowapattern
Exceptforcyclicalkaneslikecyclohexane,thechemicalformulasforalkanes
followaspecialpattern.Thenumberofhydrogenatomsisalwaystwomore
thantwicethenumberofcarbonatoms.Thispatternisshownbythechemical
formulaCnH2n+2.
Alkeneshavedoublecarboncarbonbonds
Alkenesarealsohydrocarbons.Alkenesaredifferentfromalkanesbecause
theyhaveatleastonedoublecovalentbondbetweencarbonatoms.Thisis
shownbyCC.Alkenesarenamedlikealkanesbutwiththeaneending
replacedbyene.Thesimplestalkeneisethene(orethylene),C2H4.Etheneis
formedwhenfruitripens.Propene(orpropylene),C3H6,isusedtomake
rubbingalcoholandsomeplastics.

Nov2611:41AM

5.4Organicand
Biochemical

SWBATDescribehowcarbonatomsbondcovalentlytoform
organiccompounds.

Compounds

AlcoholshaveOHgroups
Alcoholsareorganiccompoundsthataremadeofoxygenaswellascarbon
andhydrogen.Alcoholshavehydroxyl,orOH,groups.Thealcohol
methanol,CH3OH,issometimesaddedtoanotheralcoholethanol,
CH3CH2OH,tomakedenaturedalcohol.Denaturedalcoholisfoundinmany
familiarproducts.
Isopropanol,whichisfoundinrubbingalcohol,hasthechemicalformula
C3H8O,or(CH3)2CHOH.Youmayhavenoticedhowthenamesofthesethree
alcoholsallendinol.Thisistrueformostalcohols.
Alcoholmoleculesbehavesimilarlytowatermolecules
Amethanolmoleculeislikeawatermoleculeexceptthatoneofthe
hydrogenatomsisreplacedbyamethyl,orCH3,group.Justlikewater
molecules,neighboringalcoholmoleculesareattractedtooneanother.

Nov2611:41AM

5.4OrganicandBiochemicalCompounds.notebook

5.4Organicand
Biochemical

November26,2013

SWBATIdentifythenamesandstructuresofgroupsofsimple
organiccompoundsandpolymers.

Compounds

Manypolymershaverepeatingsubunits
Somesmallorganicmoleculesbondtoformlongchainscalledpolymers.
Polyethene,whichisalsoknownaspolyethyleneorpolythene,isthe
polymerplasticmilkjugsaremadeof.Thenamepolyethenetellsits
structure.Polymeansmany.Etheneisanalkenewhosechemicalformula
isC2H4.Therefore,polyetheneismanyethenes.
Somepolymersarenaturalothersaremanmade
Rubber,wood,cotton,wool,starch,protein,andDNAareallnatural
polymers.Manmadepolymersareusuallyeitherplasticsorfibers.Most
plasticsareflexibleandeasilymolded,whereasfibersformlong,thin
strands.Somepolymerscanbeusedasbothplasticsandfibers.For
example,polypropene(polypropylene)ismoldedtomakeplasticcontainers.

Nov2611:41AM

5.4Organicand
Biochemical

SWBATIdentifythenamesandstructuresofgroupsofsimple
organiccompoundsandpolymers.

Compounds

Theelasticityofapolymerisdeterminedbyitsstructure
Aswithallsubstances,thepropertiesofapolymeraredeterminedbyits
structure.Polymermoleculesarelikelong,thinchains.Asmallpieceof
plasticorasinglefiberismadeofbillionsofthesechains.Polymer
moleculescanbelikenedtospaghetti.Likeabowlofspaghetti,thechains
aretangledbutcanslideovereachother.
Whenthechainsareconnectedtoeachother,orcrosslinked,thepolymers
propertieschange.Somebecomemoreelasticandcanbelikenedtoa
volleyballnet.Likeavolleyballnet,anelasticpolymercanstretch.When
thepolymerisreleased,itreturnstoitsoriginalshape.Rubberbandsare
elasticpolymers.

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5.4OrganicandBiochemicalCompounds.notebook

5.4Organicand
Biochemical

November26,2013

SWBATIdentifywhatmakesupthepolymersthatareessentialto
life.

Compounds

Proteinsarepolymersofaminoacids
Manypolymersaremadeofonlyonekindofmolecule.Starch,forexample,is
madeofonlyglucose.Proteins,ontheotherhand,aremadeofmany
differentmoleculesthatarecalledaminoacids.Aminoacidsaremadeof
carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,andnitrogen.Someaminoacidsalsocontain
sulfur.Thereare20aminoacidsfoundinnaturallyoccurringproteins.The
waytheseaminoacidscombinedetermineswhichproteinismade.Many
proteinsaremadeofthousandsofbondedaminoacidmolecules.Thismeans
thatmillionsofdifferentproteinscanbemadewithverydifferentproperties.
DNAisapolymerwithacomplexstructure
YourDNAdeterminesyourentiregeneticmakeup.Itismadeoforganic
moleculescontainingcarbon,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen,andphosphorus.

Nov2611:41AM

5.4Organicand
Biochemical

SWBATIdentifywhatmakesupthepolymersthatareessentialto
life.

Compounds

Nov2611:41AM