A Design Guide
Economical Carparks
A Design Guide
2nd Edition
Published by:
OneSteel Market Mills
November 2004
Economical Carparks
A Design Guide - 2nd Edition
Disclaimer:
This publication has been prepared by OneSteel Market Mills an operating business group of which OneSteel Manufacturing Pty
Limited ABN 42 004 651 325 is a part. Please note that any specifications or technical data referred to in this publication are subject
to change and/or variation or improvement without notice and no warranty as to their suitability for any use is made. Users of this
publication - to ensure accuracy and adequacy for their purposes - are requested to check the information provided in this
publication to satisfy themselves as to its appropriateness and not to rely on the information without first doing so. Unless required
by law, the company cannot accept any responsibility for any loss, damage or consequence resulting from the use of this
publication.
Photographs shown are representative only of typical applications, current at November 2004.
This publication is not an offer to trade and shall not form any part of the trading terms in any transaction.
Copyright 2004. OneSteel Manufacturing Pty Limited ABN 42 004 651 325
Registered Trademarks of OneSteel Manufacturing Pty Limited ABN 42 004 651 325: 300PLUS
Edition 2 November 2004
Economical Carparks
A Design Guide - 2nd Edition
ii
CONTENTS
FOREWORD ........................................................ iv
APPENDICES
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................. 1
1.1 Steel Carparks ........................................ 1
1.2 Layouts ................................................... 2
1.2.1 Column Location ............................ 2
1.2.2 Headroom ....................................... 3
1.2.3 Ramps & Circulation ....................... 3
1.2.4 Gradients (excluding Ramps) ......... 3
1.3 Parking Modules .................................... 4
1.3.1 Single Module Schemes ................. 5
1.3.2 Multiple Module Schemes .............. 6
1.3.3 Carpark Space Utilisation
Efficiency ........................................ 6
B. DURABILITY ................................................. 36
B.1 Slabs ...................................................... 36
B.2 Profiled Steel Sheeting ........................... 36
B.3 Structural Steelwork ............................... 37
B.4 Monitoring .............................................. 38
C. FIRE RESISTANCE REQUIREMENTS ......... 40
C.1 Open-deck or Sprinklered Carparks ....... 40
C.2 Not Open-deck and Not Sprinklered
Carparks ................................................ 40
D. COSTING ...................................................... 41
D.1 Methodology .......................................... 41
D.2 Costs ...................................................... 41
D.3 Different Surface Treatment Systems .... 43
D.4 Penetrations ........................................... 43
D.5 Column Splices ...................................... 43
E. SURVEY OF EXISTING CARPARKS ............ 45
F. EXAMPLES OF RAMP
CONFIGURATIONS ...................................... 52
Economical Carparks
A Design Guide - 2nd Edition
iii
FOREWORD
In 1998, BHP Integrated Steel published the First
Edition of Economical Carparks A Design Guide.
Since its release countless developers and
designers have utilised the publication to assist in
the design and construction of carparks. Over the
last seven years there have been some significant
changes in design, construction techniques and in
supply of the materials required to construct these
carparks.
This Edition of the Design Guide is now published
by OneSteel Market Mills who are the largest
manufacturer of the structural steel beams
referenced in this Guide. The standard base
material for the decking profiles have changed, as
has the number of different decking profiles
available. The Australian Design Standards have
also changed making it necessary to amend some
of the design drawings. Also two new schemes
offering column free parking spaces have been
included in this Edition taking the total number of
schemes to eleven.
Economical Carparks
A Design Guide - 2nd Edition
iv
1. INTRODUCTION
slab details;
beam and column sizes;
number of shear connectors;
connection details;
corrosion protection details; and
cost indicators
1.2 Layouts
User Class
1
1A
2
3A
4
improved visibility;
increased interior lighting efficiency;
ease of cleaning and maintenance;
better security; and
greater number of cars per unit area of available
floor space.
Examples of Uses
Generally all day parking
e.g. tenant, employee and commuter
parking, universities
Residential, domestic and employee parking
- 3 point turn entry & exit
Generally medium term parking
e.g. long term city and town parking, sports
facilities, entertainment centres, hotels,
motels, airport visitors
Generally short term city and town centre
parking, shopping centres, hospitals and
medical centres
Short term, high turnover parking generally
at shopping centres
Parking for people with disabilities
Space Width
(m)
2.4
6.2
2.4
5.8
2.5
5.8
2.6
5.8
2.6
2.7
2.4
(+2.4 Shared area)
6.6
6.2
5.8
1.2.2 Headroom
300
50
50
900
200
550
200
300
300
1900
1000
5400
750
300
300
Dimensions in Millimetres
1 in 6
1 in 5
1 in 20
1 in 16
1 in 100
1 in 200
Module Type
Scheme Description
SINGLE
MULTIPLE
2 car
-
SCHEME NUMBER
Bay Width
3 car
4 car
S1A
S1B
5 car
S1C
S2
S3A
S3B
S3C
S4A
S4B
S4C
S5
Aisle
(a) Scheme S1
Bay Width
Bay Width
(b) Scheme S2
Bay Width
(c) Scheme S3
Aisle
Aisle
Next Module
16600mm Module
(a) Scheme S4
Reference
Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand 2004,
AS/NZS 2890.1:2004 Parking facilities - Off-street
car parking, SAI/Standards New Zealand, Sydney/
Wellington
(b) Scheme S5
Square metres
per car space
22.4
22.2
22.1
22.4
21.6
21.6
21.6
22.4
22.2
22.1
22.4
Relative module
efficiency
96%
97%
98%
96%
100%
100%
100%
96%
97%
98%
96%
Economical Carparks
A Design Guide - 2nd Edition
2.2 Costing
Description
Floor Costs
$/m2
Beams
Decking
Slab
Column Costs
$/m2 for No. of Storeys
TOTAL
SINGLE MODULES
S1A
3 Spaces/Bay
83
40
55
178
12
15
17
19
190
193
195
197
S1B
4 Spaces/Bay
81
40
55
176
12
15
17
185
188
191
193
S1C
5 Spaces/Bay
101
40
55
195
12
14
17
204
207
209
212
Cantilever 3 Spaces/Bay
94
40
55
189
10
11
12
15
199
200
201
204
S3A
2 Spaces/Bay
73
49
58
180
22
19
24
25
202
199
204
205
S3B
3 Spaces/Bay
132
40
55
226
10
12
14
234
237
239
240
S3C
4 Spaces/Bay
135
40
55
230
10
13
237
239
240
243
S2
MULTIPLE MODULES
S4A
3 Spaces/Bay
84
39
55
177
12
15
19
187
190
192
196
S4B
4 Spaces/Bay
80
39
55
174
11
15
18
182
185
189
192
S4C
5 Spaces/Bay
97
39
55
191
10
14
16
199
201
205
207
Cantilever 3 Spaces/Bay
87
39
55
181
10
12
15
190
191
193
195
S5
Notes:
1. The values in the table have been rounded to the nearest dollar prior to totalling
2. Costs for all schemes are based on the use of the coating system specified in Table B2 for the Atmospheric Corrosivity Category C
Economical Carparks
A Design Guide - 2nd Edition
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A Design Guide - 2nd Edition
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3. DESIGN EXAMPLES
Figures 6(a) & (b) show a flowchart outlining the
typical steps involved in arriving at a suitable
preliminary design.
Two design examples are provided in this Section
to illustrate how the information in this Design Guide
may be used.
Economical Carparks
A Design Guide - 2nd Edition
27
Is it a
stand alone
open-deck* or
sprinklered*
carpark?
STEP 1
YES
YES
NO
Are
there edge
columns?
STEP 3
YES
Are
there edge
columns?
NO
YES
NO
Are
there internal
columns?
STEP 3a
YES
STEP 5
Is it a
single
module?
STEP 2
STEP 4
NO
NO
Schemes
Schemes
S1A, S1B, S1C S3A, S3B, S3C
Scheme
S2
Schemes
S4A, S4B, S4C
STEP 6
STEP 7
STEP 8
Scheme
S5
Select appropriate drawing provided in Section 2.3. For Schemes S1, S3 and S4
the final selection is also based on spaces/bay requirements
28
3.1 Example 1
Project Name: Carpark Design Guide
Subject:
EXAMPLE 1
Designed:
AN
Design Constraints
8300mm
8300mm
2
B2
2
C
PB2
1
C
C
8300mm
1
B1
B1
1
B1
B1
B1
B1
B1
B1
PB1
PB1
PB1
PB2
1
C
1
C
B1
B1
C
B2
Bay Width
PB2
4150mm
PB1
PB1
B1
PB1
PB2
4150mm
33200mm
Primary Beams
33.2m
60m
Secondary Beams
Mark
PB1
PB2
B1
B2
Size
530UB82.0
360UB50.7
360UB50.7
360UB44.7
Studs
36
26
-
Camber
20 mm
ncu
50mm
45mm
Level
7&8
5&6
3&4
1&2
Economical Carparks
A Design Guide - 2nd Edition
350WC230
Column C2
150UC37.2
200UC59.5
250UC89.5
310UC118
Column C1
200UC59.5
310UC118
350WC197
STEP 7
STEP 8
29
3.2 Example 2
Project Name: Carpark Design Guide
Subject:
EXAMPLE 2
Designed:
AN
Design Constraints
Preliminary design (see flow chart in Figure 6a)
Natural
Ground
Economical Carparks
A Design Guide - 2nd Edition
STEP 1
STEP 2
STEP 3
STEP 3a
STEP 4
STEP 5
30
L4.5
L3
L2.5
L2
L1.5
GROUND
PB2
16600mm
Column
C1/C2a
Column
C2
1
2
3
4
250UC89.5
250UC89.5
200UC46.2
200UC59.5
200UC59.5
150UC37.2
150UC37.2
10700m
Bay Width
Level
200UC46.2
B2
PB2
1
C
B1
1
This gives:
C2
B1
B1
PB1
PB1
B1
2a
C
PB2
C1
2a
PB2
PB2
B1
2/B1
1
C
B1
B1
B1
PB2
PB1
B1
1
C
2
C
B1
B2
2
C
PB1
C1
C2a
PB2
NATURAL
GROUND
C1
C1
PB2
For the C2a which is normally an external column for single module
carpark, use the same size as an internal column, ie C1.
L1
GROUND
C2
L4
L3.5
16600mm
Primary Beams
Secondary Beams
Mark
PB1
PB2
B1
B2
Size
460UB82.1
410UB53.7
360UB50.7
360UB44.7
Studs
36
26
-
Camber
20 mm
ncu
50mm
40mm
STEP 6
STEP 7
STEP 8
Economical Carparks
A Design Guide - 2nd Edition
Design and cost all other elements not covered in this Guide, eg stairs,
ramps, lateral bracing systems etc.
31
Appendix A
A.3 Floors
Economical Carparks
A Design Guide - 2nd Edition
A.3.2 Beams
The beams were designed to AS 2327.1-2003 and
AS 4100-1998. The beams are cambered for the
weight of the wet concrete, except when the camber
is less than the straightness tolerance specified in
AS 4100 (lesser of length/1000 and 10mm).
Vibration in the carparks that have been constructed
previously has not been identified as a problem and
this was confirmed in checks carried out using the
methods proposed by Murray, Allen & Ungar (1997).
The limit state design models proposed by Hogan
& Thomas (1994) were generally adopted for the
design of connections. The number of bolts is often
less than that given in the third edition of the AISC
Standardised Structural Connections (Australian
32
A.3.4 Slabs
The criteria listed in this figure were adopted for the design of
the profiled steel sheeting acting as formwork. Bondek with a
nominal base metal thickness of 1.0 mm is satisfactory for the
largest beam spacing involving unpropped construction, i.e.
2.8 metres. Condeck HP and other profiled steel sheeting
products may also be considered for use, provided a Certified
Structural Engineer confirms that these criteria have been met.
1. The minimum nominal loads for construction comply with
Appendix F of AS 2327.1, viz.:
(a) Construction Stage 1 (See Note 1):
1.2 Gsh + 1.5 QU
where QU= 1.0 kPa; OR
1.2 Gsh + 1.5 QP
where QP= 1.0 kN in edge pan or
2.0 kN elsewhere.
(b) Construction Stage 2:
1.2 (Gsh + Greo ) + 1.5 QM
where QM= 5.0 kPa; OR
1.2 Gsh + 1.5 Qp
where Qp= 1.0 kN in edge pan or
2.0 kN elsewhere.
1.0 kPa; OR
2.0 kPa over
1.6mx1.6m.
33
A.4 Columns
The columns have been designed in accordance
with AS 4100-1998. Allowance has been made for
pattern loading and a maximum floor-to-floor height
of 3m when determining their size.
The columns have been designed for the vertical
loads of an eight level carpark. The designs can be
used for carparks with fewer levels by using size
corresponding to the top levels e.g. for a two level
carpark, the appropriate columns are those required
for levels 7 and 8. Whilst the column size is given
in increments of 2 levels, it may be more economical
in some cases to remove the column splice(s) and
run the heavier column all the way up. The practical
limit for this approach is 6 levels. This is discussed
in more detail in D.5.
Tubular
Handrail
40 Typ.
125
40 Typ.
Pressed Steel
Plate Concrete
Filled
Stringer
200x100 Flat or
200PFC
Support Landing
on Steelwork or
Hang from above
Pressed
Steel Plate
125
34
/www.onesteel.com/productspecs.asp?specID=54
A.6 Stairs
References
Economical Carparks
A Design Guide - 2nd Edition
35
Appendix B
B. DURABILITY
Supercast Rearguard S
B.1 Slabs
The slabs have been designed and detailed for a
maximum Exposure Classification of B1 (near
coastal) in accordance with AS 3600-2001. Less
severe classifications may be appropriate for fully
enclosed carparks or for carparks in cities away
from the coast.
For durability and aesthetic reasons, the slabs have
been designed in accordance with AS 3600 to
achieve a strong degree of crack control. Special
attention should also be given to the need for
additional reinforcement in the vicinity of restraints,
openings and discontinuities particularly on the top
level, which is subjected to a great deal more
moisture in the form of rainfall.
The regions of the slabs in negative bending have
been designed for crack control in accordance with
Proe, Patrick & Goh (1997). The regions at the ends
of the primary and secondary beams have also
been checked for crack control in accordance with
Adams & Patrick (1998). This has resulted in
additional reinforcement being provided around
some columns and over some primary beams.
Propping of the slabs or beams, where the system
has been designed as unpropped, may result in
excessive crack widths. Hence, propping should be
avoided in all schemes except Scheme S3A.
Movement joints traditionally require high
maintenance and should be avoided if possible.
When required, they should be detailed so that in
the event of leakage through the joint, there will not
be any adverse effect on the durability of the
structure or damage to the paint on the cars below.
Consequently, the joints must not be placed over
Economical Carparks
A Design Guide - 2nd Edition
36
Atmospheric
Corrosivity Category
A
B
C
D
E
F
Zinc Class
Z350
Z350
Z350
Z450*
Z450*
Z450*
NOTE: * Supply of Z450 may have a longer lead time and refer
to manufacturers recommendations.
Preparation
A
B
C
D
Steelwork Treatment
Protection
75m Alkyd Primer (Zinc Phosphate )
75m Epoxy Zinc Phosphate Primer
75m Epoxy Zinc + 125m High Build Epoxy
75m Epoxy Zinc + 150m High Build Epoxy
or Hot-dip Galvanized
75m Epoxy Zinc + 200m High Build Epoxy
or Hot-dip Galvanized
75m Epoxy Zinc + 125m High Build Epoxy
1
NOTE : 1.
2. Refer to Table B3 for descriptions of Atmospheric Corrosivity Categories
Table B2 - Minimum Recommended Surface Treatment options for Various Atmospheric Classifications in Accordance with AS/NZS 2312:2002
Economical Carparks
A Design Guide - 2nd Edition
37
B.4 Monitoring
In accordance with normal practice, an inspection
would be undertaken towards the end of the
contract defects-liability period. This should identify
items which require ongoing monitoring such as
expansion joints.
References
Adam, J. C. & Patrick, M. 1998, Crack-control
Investigation for Steel-framed Carparks, BHPR/N/
1998/098, BHP Research - Melbourne
Laboratories, Melbourne
BlueScope Steel 2004, Technical Bulletin TB-29
Economical Carparks
A Design Guide - 2nd Edition
38
Atmospheric
Corrosivity
Category
Description
Environments in this category are most commonly found inside heated or air conditioned buildings with clean atmospheres, such as most commercial buildings. They may also
be found in semi-sheltered locations remote from marine or industrial influence and in unheated or non-air conditioned buildings. The only external environments in Australia or
New Zealand are some alpine regions although, generally these environments will extend into Category B.
Category B: Low
Environments in this category include dry, rural areas as well as other regions remote from the coast or sources of pollution. Most areas of Australia and New Zealand beyond
at least 50 kilometres from the sea are in this category, which can however, extend as close as 1 kilometre from seas that are relatively sheltered and quiet. Typical areas
occur in arid and rural inland regions, most inland cities and towns such as Canberra, Ballarat, Toowoomba, Alice Springs and Hamilton, NZ and suburbs of cities on sheltered
bays, such as Melbourne, Hobart, Brisbane and Adelaide (except areas within 3 to 6 kilometres of the coast near Adelaide). Unheated or non-airconditioned buildings where
some condensation may occur, such as warehouses and sports halls, can be in this category. Proximity to the coast is an important factor.
Category C: Medium
This category mainly covers coastal areas with low salinity. The extent of the affected area varies significantly with factors such as winds, topography and vegetation. Around
sheltered seas, such as Port Philip Bay, Category C extends beyond about 50 metres from the shoreline to a distance of about one kilometre inland. For a sheltered bay or
gulf, such as near Adelaide, this category extends from the shoreline to about 3 to 6 kilometres inland. Along ocean front areas with breaking surf and significant salt spray, it
extends from about 1 kilometre inland to between 10 to 50 kilometres inland, depending on the strength of prevailing winds and topography. Much of the metropolitan areas of
Wollongong, Sydney, Newcastle, the Gold Coast, Auckland and Wellington are in this category. In South Australia, the whole of the Yorke peninsula falls within this or a more
severe category, and in the south-east of the state, from Victor Harbour to the Victorian border, this category extends between 30 and 70 kilometres inland. Such regions are
also found in urban and industrial areas with low pollution levels and although uncommon in Australia and New Zealand, exist for several kilometres around major industries,
such as smelters and steelworks, and in the geothermal areas of New Zealand. Micro-environmental effects, such as result from proximity to airports and sewage treatment
works, may also place a site into this category. Interior environments with Category C corrosivity can occur in humid production rooms, such as food-processing plants,
laundries, breweries, printing works and dairies.
Category D: High
This category occurs mainly on the coast. Around sheltered bays, Category D extends up to 50 metres inland from the shoreline. In areas with rough seas and surf, it extends
from about several hundred metres inland to about one kilometre inland. As with Categories B and C, the extent depends on winds, wave action and topography. Industrial
regions may also be in this category, but in Australia and New Zealand these are only likely to be found within 1.5 kilometres of the plant. This category extends inside the plant
where it is best considered as a micro-environment. Damp, contaminated interior environments such as occur with swimming pools, dye works, paper manufacturers,
foundries, smelters and chemical processing plants may also extend into this category.
This category is common offshore and on the beachfront in regions of rough seas and surf beaches. The region can extend inland for several hundred metres. (In some areas
of Newcastle, for example, it extends more than half a kilometre from the coast.) This category may also be found in aggressive industrial areas, where the environment may
be acidic with a pH of less than 5. For this reason, Category E is divided into Marine and Industrial for purposes of coating selection. Some of the damp and/or contaminated
interior environments in Category D may occasionally extend into this category.
Category F: Inland
Tropical
A tropical environment is found in coastal areas of north Queensland, Northern Territory, north-west Western Australia, Papua New Guinea and the Pacific Islands, except
where affected by salinity. Corrosivity in inland regions is generally low (similar to that of Category B), but the aggressiveness of the environment to organic coatings means
special protection is required.
Note:If a site is considered to be in more than one category, for example an industry on the coast in a tropical region, then a selected coating should be capable of resisting the most severe of the
environments involved.
Economical Carparks
A Design Guide - 2nd Edition
39
Appendix C
C. FIRE-RESISTANCE
REQUIREMENTS
References
Australian Building Code Board 2004, Building
Code of Australia, Volume 1: Class 2 to Class 9
Buildings, ABSB, Canberra
Bennetts, I. D., Poh, K. W. & Thomas, I. R. 2001,
Economical Carparks - A Guide to Fire Safety,
OneSteel Market Mills, Newcastle, Available: http:/
/www.onesteel.com/productspecs.asp?specID=54
o p e n in g a r e a
0 .5 w a ll a r e a
c ro s s
v e n tila tio n
40
D. COSTING
D.1 Methodology
The costing of the different carpark schemes is
based on a rational costing method, proposed by
Watson et al. (1996), which divides the costs up
into the following components.
Steel Supply
Steel sections are costed in dollars per lineal metre,
whereas plate and profiled sheeting are costed in
dollars per square metre.
Fabrication
This item covers shop drawings and transport, as
well as the fabrication activity. It is an activity-based
costing system. The time to undertake each activity
has been derived from a detailed survey of practices
within the Australian fabrication industry.
Surface Treatment
Rates per square metre of treated area are used to
determine the cost of these activities.
Erection
This item covers all activities carried-out on site such
as steel erection, laying and fixing of profiled steel
sheeting and welding of shear studs.
The advantages of the above methodology in
costing are that it :
Economical Carparks
A Design Guide - 2nd Edition
Appendix D
D.2 Costs
A summary of the base costs is given in Table D1.
The base costs are derived for schemes with a
Category C exposure classification and no web
penetrations. This information has been taken from
the summary sheet of the spreadsheet program.
41
Scheme
1A
1B
1C
2
3A
3B
3C
4A
4B
4C
5
Floor Costs
$/m2
Beams Decking
83
40
81
40
101
40
94
40
73
49
132
40
135
40
84
39
80
39
97
39
87
39
Slab TOTAL
55
178
55
176
55
195
55
189
58
180
55
226
55
230
55
177
55
174
55
191
55
181
2
12
9
9
10
22
8
7
9
8
8
9
Column Costs
$/m2 for
No. of storeys
4
6
15
17
12
15
12
14
11
12
19
24
10
12
9
10
12
15
11
15
10
14
10
12
8
19
17
17
15
25
14
13
19
18
16
15
TOTAL COSTS
(Floor and Columns) $/m2 for
No. of storeys
2
4
6
8
190
193
195
197
185
188
191
193
204
207
209
212
199
200
201
204
202
199
204
205
234
237
239
240
237
239
240
243
187
190
192
196
182
185
189
192
199
201
205
207
190
191
193
195
NOTE: To obtain the total cost of the carpark floor and columns, multiply the cost for the relevant number of storeys by the total area.
Economical Carparks
A Design Guide - 2nd Edition
42
Scheme
S1A
S1B
S1C
S2
S3A
S3B
S3C
S4A
S4B
S4C
S5
A
9
10
12
10
6
14
14
10
10
11
9
Add. Top
Hot-dip
2
Coat Oth Galvanized
11
14
12
14
16
25
12
16
8
12
19
31
19
30
12
15
12
15
15
23
12
15
Notes:
1. Cost of additional top coat applied over Category A finish
2. Cost of additional top coat applied over all other surface finishes except Hot-dip Galvanized
Circular
Hours
$
0.4
24
0.5
30
0.7
42
Unreinforced
Rectangular
Hours
$
0.7
42
0.8
48
1.2
72
Rectangular
Hours
$
2.0
120
2.4
144
3.7
222
Diagram
Rectangular
Hours
$
4.2
252
5.7
342
8.5
510
Economical Carparks
A Design Guide - 2nd Edition
Reinforced
Rectangular
Hours
$
3.4
204
4.1
246
6.1
366
D4 Penetrations
43
References
Watson, K. B., Dallas, S. van der Kreek, N. & Main,
T. 1996, Costing of Steelwork from Feasibility
through to Completion, Journal of Australian
Institute of Steel Construction, vol. 30, no. 2
Economical Carparks
A Design Guide - 2nd Edition
44
Appendix E
E. SURVEY OF EXISTING
CARPARKS
There have been a significant number of steel
carparks constructed in Australia and New Zealand
of various configurations in plan and elevation. This
appendix lists many of these carparks.
Information on these are presented in tables, for
each state of Australia, and one for New Zealand.
These tables provide available information on each
of the carparks.
Economical Carparks
A Design Guide - 2nd Edition
45
Open
1
3
1
5
170
330
z
z
1100
400
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
2
Floor System
Year of
Construction
Multiuse
Standalone
Closed
Comments
No of Car Spaces
z
z
No of Car Spaces
between Columns
No of Suspended
Steel Carpark
Levels
326
350
Name / Location
4
2
Carpark Type
ACT
Dickson Shopping Centre, Dickson, Canberra
Woden Valley Hospital, Woden Valley
Manuka Carpark, Corner Furneau & Bouganville Road, Manuka
ANU Carpark, ANU, Canberra
National Gallery of Australia, Parkes Place, Canberra
City West Carpark, Civic, Canberra
1996
1994
z
z
Precast
Tensioned slab
on steel columns
Composite
Precast
Cast in-situ rc slab
Composite
1993
1985
1974
1998
Composite
150
2003
Composite
200
270
42
330
90
300
1600
130
z
z
z
z
z
1995
1993
1993
1990
1988
1987
1987
1978
Composite
Precast
Precast
Composite
Precast
Composite
Composite
Cast in-situ rc slab
z
z
z
3
3
Scheme S1A
3
3
Scheme S1A
Scheme S1A
Northern Territory
K- Mart, Palmerston, Darwin
Queensland
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
Continuous
composite beams
3
3
3
Scheme S2
Scheme S1A
2
3
3
2
Economical Carparks
A Design Guide - 2nd Edition
46
3000
Forest Centre Carpark - Stage 2, Forest Way Shopping Centre, Frenchs Forest
Ward Street Carpark, Ward Street, North Sydney
1
3
100
z
z
z
z
Floor System
Year of
Construction
Multiuse
Standalone
Closed
Open
Comments
No of Car Spaces
80
240
500
630
1800
80
113
200
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
No of Car Spaces
between Columns
No of Suspended
Steel Carpark
Levels
80
70
150
160
200
190
270
360
160
Name / Location
1
1
1
2
3
3
2
1
3.5
4
2
3
2
2
3
4
8
4
1
2
2
Carpark Type
190
456
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
2000
Composite
Composite
2001
Composite
2001
Composite
2000
Composite
2000
Composite
1998
Composite
1997
Composite
1997
Composite
1997
Stressed concrete slab
1996
Composite
1995
Precast
1994
Precast - untopped
1991
Precast
1988
Composite
1987
Cast in situ rc slab
1987
Cast in situ rc slab
z
1987
Composite
1986
Composite
1985
Composite
Stage 1-1978 Cast in situ rc slab
Stage 2-1984
Stage 1-1970 Cast in-situ rc slab.
Stage 2-1976
1972
Composite
1970
Composite
3
3
inf
3
4
4
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
5
Scheme S1B.
Scheme S1B.
Scheme S4A
Scheme S1A
Scheme S3
Scheme S3
Scheme S3
Scheme S4A
2
2
3
Scheme S3
47
z
z
z
6
5
6
2
4
5
5
7
4
7
4
3
4
2
7
500
125
294
120
420
z
z
z
Floor System
Year of
Construction
Multiuse
Standalone
Closed
Open
Comments
No of Car Spaces
286
1440
519
120
245
302
No of Car Spaces
between Columns
No of Suspended
Steel Carpark
Levels
Name / Location
1
9
8
1
4
1
Carpark Type
South Australia
Mt Barker Carpark, Cnr. Druids Ave & Adelaide Rd
The Royal Adelaide Hospital Carpark
Mill Street Auto Park
Christian Brothers Sport Centre, Flinders St
EDS, North Terrace, Adelaide
Mt Gambier
Salvation Army, Pirie St
Adelaide University, Frome St, Adelaide
Childrens Hospital, Kermode St, Nth Adelaide
Hindley Plaza, Clubhouse Lane
2 Floor Extension, Grenfell St
Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park
Blyght St
Childrens Hospital, Kermode St, Nth Adelaide
Playhouse Lane, Light Sq.
Wyatt St
Roper St
Southgate, South Terrace, Adelaide
Miller Anderson, Hindley St
Pirie St
Central Market, Grote St
Cnr Rundle St & Poulterny St
400
375
760
644
320
590
1090
850
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
2003
2002
2001
1998
1998
1998
1998
1997
1995
1995
1992
1991
1990
1989
1989
1989
1988
1987
1986
1986
1982
1974
Composite
Composite
Composite & non-composite
Composite/precast
Composite
Composite
Composite
Composite
Composite
Composite
Composite
Composite
Composite
Composite
Composite
Precast
Precast
Composite
Composite
Precast
Precast
Composite
3
3
2
W-deck
W-deck
4
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
2&3
3&4
4
Ramped
Ramped
Castellated Beams
Economical Carparks
A Design Guide - 2nd Edition
48
Comments
No of Car Spaces
between Columns
Floor System
Year of
Construction
Multiuse
Standalone
Closed
Open
No of Car Spaces
No of Suspended
Steel Carpark
Levels
Name / Location
Carpark Type
Victoria
Deakin University, Melbourne Campus, Burwood
Federation Square Russell St Extn, Melbourne
Little Lonsdale St, Melbourne AddaTop
Monash University, Clayton Campus North West Section 1
Deakin University, Melbourne Campus, Burwood
Grocon QV Tentants BHP Billiton, Melbourne
Klopfer & Dobos Waverley Rd, Glen Waverley
Monash University, Clayton Campus North West Section 1
Pran Central Wattle St, Prahran
Hickory Developments Cnr Smithfield & Epsom Rds, Kensington
Salta Properties Cook St, Port Melbourne
209 Kings Way South, Melbourne
Blakford 370 Queen St, Melbourne
Deakin University, Burwood Hwy, Burwood
Blessed Sacrament Fathers - St Francis 312, Lonsdale St, Melbourne
Maroondah Hospital, Mt Dandenong Rd, Ringwood
Heidelberg City Council, 21 Yarra Bvd, Heidelberg
Watt Street Carpark, Watt St, Box Hill
624 Bourke Street, Melbourne
Austrailian Customs Service, 414 Latrobe St, Melbourne
Chandler Hwy, Northcote
Endeavour Hills Shopping Centre, Mathew Flinders Ave, Endeavour Hills
Flinders Gate, 172 Flinders St, Melbourne
Frankston City Council, Ross Smith Ave, Frankston
Glenferrie Road, Malvern
3
3
6
2
3
5
1
2
2
1
2
6
2
2
6
1
1
4
4
3
1
1
12
3
2
z
z
z
z
z
z
15
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
36
587
530
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
81
200
1100
50
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
2003
2003
2003
2003
2002
2002
2002
2001
2001
2001
2001
2001
2001
1998
1992
1992
1991
1991
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
Add-a-top West
3
3
3
Add-a-Top
Add-a-top East
Sprinklered
Sprinklered
Sprinklered
Sprinklered
Sprinklered
Sprinklered
Sprinklered
49
Composite
Composite
Composite
Composite
Composite
Composite
Composite
Composite
Composite
Composite
Composite
Comments
Floor System
1990
1990
1989
1989
1989
1989
1989
1989
1988
1987
1987
No of Car Spaces
between Columns
Year of
Construction
Multiuse
Standalone
Closed
No of Car Spaces
364
Open
No of Suspended
Steel Carpark
Levels
Name / Location
5
1
1
2
1
3
1
1
4
1
6
2
Carpark Type
Victoria (Contd.)
Grand Mercure Hotel, 333 Collins St, Melbourne
Macedon Square Shopping Centre, Manningham Rd, Templestowe Lower
17 Burgundy St, Heidelburg
9 Porter St, Dandenong
Burwood Highway, Knoxfield
Commercial Union Assurance Co of Australia, Lonsdale St, Melbourne
Jolimont St, East Melbourne
Mt Eliza Way & Canadian, Mt Eliza
Carlton & United Breweries, Flockhart St, Abbotsford
Cnr Kooyong & High Sts, Armadale
Victorian Operative Bricklayers Society, Bary St, Carlton
Chambers St, South Yarra
450
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
20
z
z
z
Sprinklered
Sprinklered
Sprinklered
Sprinklered
Sprinklered
Sprinklered
Sprinklered
Sprinklered
Tasmania
Hobart City Council, Argyle St Carpark Extension, Hobart
Launceston City Council, Paterson St West Carpark, Launceston
2
6
z
z
z
z
1994
Composite
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
2003
2003
2002
1997
1997
1996
1993
1991
Composite
Composite
Precast
Ultrafloor
Precast
Precast
Precast
Composite
Western Australia
Collie Street, Fremantle
Call Centre, Bunbury
Melville Plaza Carpark
Coles Myer, Kalgoorlie
Karrinyup Shopping Centre, Francis St, Karrinyup
Curtin University - Carpark 2, Dumas St, Bentley
48 Mount Street, Perth
St Quentins, 337-339 Stirling Hwy, Claremont
9 split level
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
448
231
142
218
290
24
175
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
Scheme S3
Table E5 Survey of Existing Carparks Victoria (Contd.), Tasmania and Western Australia
Economical Carparks
A Design Guide - 2nd Edition
50
Comments
No of Car Spaces
between Columns
Floor System
Year of
Construction
Multiuse
Standalone
Closed
No of Car Spaces
131
3000
507
456
99
360
1998
350
Open
No of Suspended
Steel Carpark
Levels
Name / Location
4
2
6
4
3
4
5
6
Carpark Type
New Zealand
St Mathews Carpark, Hobson St, Auckland
Teachers College Carpark, Union St East, Dunedin
Newmarket Carpark, Broadway, Auckland
Arthur Barnetts, George St, Dunedin
Watt St Carpark, Watts St, Auckland
Great King St Carpark, Great King St, Dunedin
Skycity Carpark, Hob St, Auckland
Wakefield Street, Wakefield St, Auckland
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
1996
1996
1996
1996
1995
1994
1994
1986
3
2
4
3
3
4
3
3
Economical Carparks
A Design Guide - 2nd Edition
51
Appendix F
F. EXAMPLES OF RAMP
CONFIGURATIONS
Common ramp configurations for both one-way and
two-way traffic flow are presented in this appendix
Economical Carparks
A Design Guide - 2nd Edition
52
9
320075
041700
This publication has been prepared by OneSteel Market Mills, (OneSteel Manufacturing Pty Limited ABN 42 004 651 325). Please note that the specifications and technical data are subject to change without notice and to ensure accuracy users of this publication are requested to check the
information to satisfy themselves and not to rely on the information without first doing so. Unless required by law, the company cannot accept any responsibility for any loss, damage or consequence resulting from the use of this publication. Photographs shown are representative only of typical
applications, current at November 2004. Issue 2. This brochure is not an offer to trade and shall not form any part of the trading terms in any transaction.Copyright 2004. OneSteel Manufacturing Pty Limited ABN 42 004 651 325 - Registered Trademarks; 300PLUS Issue 2 November 2004; BC0166