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MODERN
ELEMENT
ARY
5TATI5TIC5
TWELFTH EDITION

John E. Freund
.

Arizona State University

Benjamin M. Perles
Suffolk University

II
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

CONTENTst

PREFACE xi
CHAPTER 1
1.1
1.2
1.3

..

INTRODUCTION

The Growth of Modern Statistics 2

Sourcesof StatisticalData 5
The Nature of StatisticalData 7
Checklistof Key Terms 10
References 10

CHAPTER 2

SUMMARIZING DATA: LISTING

AND GROUPING 12

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5

ListingNumerical Data 13
Stem-and-LeafDisplays 16
FrequencyDistribution 21
Graphical Presentations 30
SummarizingTwo-Variable Data 37
Checklistof Key Terms 41
References 41

CHAPTER 3

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
*3.7
3.8

SUMMARIZING

DATA: MEASURES

OF LOCATION

43

Populationsand Samples 44
The Mean 45
. The Weighted Mean 49
The Median 54
Other Fractiles 57
The Mode 59
The Descriptionof Grouped Data 63
Technical Note (Summations) 70
Checklistof Key Terms 73
References 73

t All sections marked

* are optional;

they can be omitted without loss of continuity.

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CHAPTER4

4.1
4.2
4.3
*4.4
4.5

SUMMARIZING DATA: MEASURES

OF VARIATION 74

The Range 75
The Standard Deviationand the Variance 75
Applicationsof the Standard Deviation 79
The Descriptiohof Grouped Data 86
Some FurtherDescriptions 88
Checklistof KeyTerms 93
References 93

94

Review Exercises for Chapters 1, 2, 3, & 4

CHAPTER5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

POSSIBILITIESAND PROBABILITIES 100

Counting 101
Permutations 104
.Combinations 107
Probability 114 Checklist of Key Terms

References 123

CHAPTER6

6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
*6.7

122
-

SOME RULESOF PROBABILITY 124

Sample Spaces and Events 125

The Postulatesof Probability 132
Probabilitiesand Odds 135
AdditionRules 139
Conditional Probability 145
MultiplicationRules 147
Bayes' Theorem 152
Checklistof KeyTerms 157
References 157
.

CHAPTER7

7.1
*7.2
*7.3

159

MathematicalExpectation 160
DecisionMaking 164
StatisticalDecisionProblems 168
Che_cklist
of KeyTerms 171
References 171
.

Review Exercises for Chapters 5,6,&

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EXPECTATIONSAND DECISIONS

172

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CHAPTER 8
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
*8.6
8.7
8.8

THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

206

ContinuousDistributions 207
The Normal Distribution 209
A Check for Normality 218
Applications of the Normal Distribution 219
The Normal Approximation to the Binomial

Distribution 222

Checklistof Key Terms 228

References 228

CHAPTER 10
10.1 .
*10.2
*10.3
*10.4
* 10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
*1O.10

177

RandomVariables 178
Probability Distributions 179
The Binomial Distribution 181
The HypergeometricDistribution 189
The PoissonDistribution 193
The Multinomial Distribution 197
The Mean of a Probability Distribution 198
The Standard Deviation of a Probability Distribution 201
Checklistof Key Terms 205
References 205

CHAPTER9
9.1
9.2
*9.3
9.4
9.5

PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

SAMPLING AND SAMPLING

DISTRIBUTIONS 229

RandomSampling 230
Sample Designs 236
SystematicSampling 237
Stratified Sampling 237
ClusterSampling 239
.
Sampling Distributions 242
The Standard Errorof the Mean 245
The Central limit Theorem 248
Some FurtherConsiderations 249
TechnicalNote (Simulationl 252
Checklistof Key Terms 254
References 255

Review Exercises for Chapters 8, 9, & 10

CHAPTER 11
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4

256

PROBLEMS OF ESTIMATION

The Estimationof Means 263

The Estimationof Means (a unknownl 268
The Estimationof Standard Deviations 274
The Estimationof Proportions 279
Checklistof Key Terms 286
References 286

262

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CHAPTER 12
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.7

- - -

TESTS OF HYPOTHESES: MEANS

287

Testsof Hypotheses 287

SignificanceTests 293
TestsConcerning Means 300
TestsConcerning Means (a unknown) 304
DifferencesBetweenMeans 307.
DifferencesBetweenMeans (a's unknown) 311
DifferencesBetweenMeans (Paireddatal 313
Checklistof Key Terms 315
References 315

CHAPTER 13

TESTSOF HYPOTHESES: STANDARD

DEVIATIONS 317
13.1
13.2

TestsConcerning Standard Deviations 317

TestsConcerning Two Standard Deviations 321
.

Checklistof KeyTerms 325

References 325

..

CHAPTER 14
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5

TESTSOF HYPOTHESES.
BASEDON COUNT DATA 326

TestsConcerning Proportions 327

TestsConcerning Proportions(LargeSamples) 328
Differencesbetween Proportions 329.
The Analysis of an r x c Table 333
Goodnessof Fit 345
Checklistof Key Terms 350
References 350

Review Exercises for Chapters 11, 12, 13,.& 14

- CHAPTER
15 ANALYSIS
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6
15.7
15.8
15.9
15.10

OF VARIANCE

351

357

DifferencesAmong k Means: An Illustration 358

The Design of Experiments:Randomization 362
One-Way Analysis of Variance 363
. Multiple Comparisons 370
The Designof Experiments:Blocking 376
Two-Way Analysis of Variance 377 -. ..
Two-Way Analysis of Variance without Interaction 378
The Designof Experiments:Replication 382
Two-Way Analysis of Variance with Interaction 382
The Designof Experiments:FurtherConsiderations 387
Checklistof Key Terms 394
References 395

CHAPTER16
16.1
16.2
16.3
*16.4
*16.5

REGRESSION 396

Curve Fitting 397

The Method of LeastSquares 399
RegressionAnalysis 410
Multiple Regression 418
Nonlinear Regression 422
Checklistof Key Terms 430
References 430

CHAPTER 17 .CORRELATION 431

17.1
17.2
17.3
*1 7.4

The Coefficient of Correlation 432

The Interpretationof r 438
Correlation Analysis 443
Multiple and PartialCorrelation 447
Checklistof Key Terms 450
References 451

CHAPTER 18
18.1
18.2
*18.3
*18.4
18.5
18.6
18.7
18.8
18.9
18.10
18.11
18.12
18.13

NON PARAMETRIC TESTS 452

The Sign Test 453

The Sign Test(LargeSamples) 455
The Signed-RankTest 458
The Signed-RankTest(LargeSamples) 462
The U Test 465
The U Test(LargeSamples) 469
The H Test 471
Testsof Randomness:Runs 475
Testsof Randomness:Runs(LargeSamples) 476
Testsof Randomness:RunsAbove and Below
the Median 477
RankCorrelation 479
Some FurtherConsiderations 483
Summary 483
Checklistof Key Terms 484
References 484

Review Exercises for Chapters 15,16,

.

17, & 18

486

STATISTICALTABLES 493

ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES. 5 19

INDEX 557