Influence of sample length to magneto-impedance effect in electrodeposited

[Cu/Ni80Fe20]3 multilayer wires at low frequency

Ismail, Nuryani, and Budi Purnama
Citation: AIP Conference Proceedings 1710, 030002 (2016); doi: 10.1063/1.4941468
View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4941468
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Influence of Sample Length to Magneto-impedance Effect in

Electrodeposited [Cu/Ni80Fe20]3 Multilayer Wires
at Low Frequency
Ismail, Nuryani, Budi Purnamaa)
Post Graduate Program, Physics Department Sebelas Maret University
Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Kentingan, Surakarta, 57126, Ph./Fax. +62-271-669017 Indonesia
a)

Corresponding author: bpurnama@mipa.uns.ac.id

Abstract. A Magneto-impedance (MI) effect has been investigated in electrodeposited wires composed of non-magnetic
conductive core coated by a soft ferromagnetic layer. In this work, a 460 m Cu wire is coated with three soft
ferromagnetic layers of Ni80Fe20 sandwiched by a thin Cu layer. The MI effect has been measured as a function of the
sample length in low frequency (20 kHz 100 kHz). The MI ratio raises by increasing the wire length; it increases
approximately 400% by the increases the length of wire from 1 cm to 4 cm. This work also shows a significant increase
in the field sensitivity by increasing the wire length significantly.
Keywords: magneto-impedance, low frequency, Ni80Fe20, electrodeposition, wire substrate.

INTRODUCTION
Magneto-impedance (MI) effect is defined as the change in the impedance of a magnetic material carrying
alternating current as a function of external applied dc magnetic field [1]. It has attracted great interest due to its
potential applications for weak magnetic field detection and related technologies [2]. The most interesting
applications of magneto-impedance is for sensor technology because of its high sensitivity, quick response, low cost,
easy handling [3], operate at room temperature, small size, light weight, and low power consumption [4]. The
example of sensor technology are magnetic sensors, stress sensors, or biosensor system [5]. Recently, a flexible
based magnetic sensor is required for practical application especially in medical. Among the several magnetic
sensors, magneto-impedance sensor is one potential candidate because it may growth on flexible substrate such as
printed board circuit as well as wire without significantly reduced their sensitivity. Realization sensor for low
frequency region increasingly attractive in the aspect of implementation.
Magneto-impedance ratio Z/Z is defined as [6]:

(!! !"#$ )
% =
100%

!"#$

(1)

where ZH0 is the measured impedance in the absence of any external magnetic field and ZHMax is the measured
impedance in the maximum of magnetic field.
Impedance is defined as
= +
(2)

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where R = Resistance, L = Inductance, = angular frequency, and = X = Reactance, of a cylindrical

magnetic conductor can be calculated as [7]
= !" ! ()/2! ()

(3)

where J0 and J1 are the Bessel function of the first kind, t is the radius of the wire, Rdc is the electrical
resistance for a dc and k = (1 + j) / m with imaginary unit j where m is the penetration depth in a magnetic medium,
with circumferential permeability () for the case of wire
! =

4 !

(4)
!

where c is the speed of light, is the electrical conductivity, and f = /2 is the frequency of the ac flowing
along the sample.
The dc magnetic field sensitivities of the MI calculated as [8]
= 2

/(%)

(5)

with [Z/Z]max is the maximum value of MI ratio and H is the full width at half maximum of the MI ratio
versus Hdc plot.
In this work, MI has been investigated in electrodeposited [Cu/Ni80Fe20]3 multilayer wires at low frequency.
The objective is to study the influence of the length of the wire on its MI effect and field sensitivity.

EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
Multilayer wire of Cu/Ni80Fe20 is fabricated by electrodeposition. A copper wire with diameter 460 m
layered by three soft magnetic layers (NiFe) with thickness of 800 nm each. Each soft magnetic layers sandwiched
by conductive layer (Cu) with thickness 300 nm. Therefore the system of multilayer wire is [NiFe(800 nm)/Cu(300
nm)]3. This electrodeposition method is uses Pt as anode and copper wire is used as cathode with an exposed area of
approximately 1 cm2. The copper wire is sequentially ultrasonically cleaned in ethanol and distilled water for 10
minutes then is washed in distilled water, and finally it is immersed immediately in the plating bath for
electrodeposition [9].
The plating bath for deposition of magnetic layers contains 0,099 M NiSO4.6H2O, 0,012 M FeSO4.7H2O,
0,149 M H3BO3, and 0,002 M C6H8O3. In additions the plating bath for deposition of conductive layer contains
0,065 M CuSO4.5H2O and 0,002 M C6H12O6. The bath pH is adjusted to 2,6 by adding 0,1 M HCl [10]. For this
experiment, the magnetic layers are plated on Cu wire at a current density of 15,5 mA/cm2 for 400 seconds and the
conductive layers are plated at 8 mA/cm2 for 50 seconds.
Measurement of impedance Z have been performed using LCR-meter with frequency ranging from 20 to 100
kHz. The dc axial field H is provided by a pair of coils supplying a maximum field Hmax = 350 Oe. A power
supply is used as source the dc current in the coil to generate the desired magnetic field. The schematic diagram of
the magneto-impedance measurement system is described in Fig. 1.
I AC

Cu wire substrate
VAC

NiFe
Cu spacer

HDC

NiFe

FIGURE 1. The schematic view of MI measurement [11].

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RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Figure 2(a) shows the dependence of the external magnetic field (H) to the MI ratio (Z/Z) for the length of
the wire 1 cm, 2 cm, and 4 cm at a frequency of 20 kHz. The measurement results show the same typical shape. The
curve is symmetrical and the maximum MI ratio on each achieved at H = 0 Oe. MI ratio decreases significantly with
increasing of external magnetic field, and steady to a particular field (approximately 300 Oe). It also shows that the
MI ratio increases with increasing the wire length. On a wire with a length of 1 cm maximum MI ratio achieves
13.43% while the wire 4 cm MI ratio achieves 56.91%. The MI ratio increases approximately 400% with increasing
wire length of 1 cm to 4 cm. These results are consistent with the results which have been published by Vazquez, et
al. (2002) [12] showing an increase in the MI ratio with increasing wire length. These results are due to the
geometry of the samples demagnetization factor which depend on the ratio length to diameter of the sample. For
short samples the demagnetizing field becomes larger and more complex closure magnetic domain structures are
realized. Contrary for long samples a few amount of demagnetizing field is formed. So the different of magnetic
domain structure result a different magneto-impedance response. The MI response increase when the domain
structure become simple configuration. The relationship between wire length with MI ratio is clearly shown in Fig.
2(b) MI ratio changes drastically due to the changes in wire length.
60

60

(a)

50

L = 1 cm
L = 2 cm
L = 4 cm

Z/Z(%)

40

Z/Z(%)

(b)

50

30
20
10

40
30
20
10

0
-400

-200

0
H (Oe)

200

0
0

400

2
3
L (cm)

FIGURE 2. (a) Applied field dependence of the MI ratio Z/Z for wires with different length
L at f = 20 kHz, (b) Length dependence of maximum MI ratio at f = 20 kHz.

Figure 3(a) shows the frequency dependence of the MI ratio for the wire with length of 1 cm. By increasing
the frequency from 20 kHz to 100 kHz (5 times) results the MI ratio increasing by 800%. Dependency of the MI
ratio with frequency is shown in Fig. 3(b). It shows that the sharp increase in the MI ratio occurred in frequency of
20 kHz to 40 kHz, then increases linearly with the increase in the frequency of 40 kHz to 100 kHz. These results are
due to the change of reactance because of the change of frequency. Increasing reactance would increase the
impedance.

(a)

f = 20 kHz
f = 100 kHz

50

100
Z/Z(%)

Z/Z(%)

100

-200

0
H (Oe)

200

(b)

50

0
0

20

40

60
f (kHz)

80

100

FIGURE 3 (a) Applied field dependence of the MI ratio Z/Z for the wire with length 1 cm at
f = 20 kHz and f = 100 kHz, (b) Frequency dependence of maximum MI ratio at L = 1 cm.

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60
kHz)

Figure 4(a) shows the dependence of the wire length with the field sensitivity. The field sensitivity measured
by equation (5). At wire length L = 1 cm the field sensitivity is 0,16%/Oe and at L = 4 cm the field sensitivity is
1,97%/Oe. The results show that increasing length of 1 cm to 4 cm results in an increase in field sensitivity more
than ten times. Figure 4(b) shows the frequency dependence of maximum MI ratio at wire length L = 1 cm. At
frequency f = 20 kHz the field sensitivity is 0,16%/Oe and at frequency f = 100 kHz the field sensitivity increases to
1,80%/Oe. This result shows the field sensitivity increases by increasing the wire length and frequency.
2

(a)

(b)

80

0
0

100

(%/)

(%/)

2
3
L (cm)

0
0

20

40

60
f (kHz)

80

100

FIGURE 4 (a). Wire length dependence of field sensitivity, (b) Frequency dependence of field sensitivity

CONCLUSIONS
The MI effect in electrodeposited Cu/[NiFe(800 nm)Cu(300 nm)]3 multilayer wire with varying wire length
has been investigated experimentally in the frequency range of 20 100 kHz. We show that the MI ratio and field
sensitivity increases significantly by increasing wire length and frequency.

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