in
Transformer Design
Prof. Dr. S. V. Kulkarni
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology - Bombay
Powai, Mumbai - 400 076, India
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
Outline of Presentation
Transformer technology: overview and perspective
Challenges and issues in design of
Magnetic circuit
Windings
Insulation
Stray loss evaluation and control
Short circuit withstand
Recent trends in computations
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
ARWtr 2004
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
Overfluxing conditions
Part winding resonance
Very fast transient overvoltages related to GIS switching
Static electrification phenomenon
Ferroresonance
Power system harmonics
Geomagnetic disturbances
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
Magnetic Circuit
Trends
- lower thickness material grades
- domain refined grades
- step lap joint
- boltless yokes
Building Factor
Defined as
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
Step-lap joint
Mitred joint
- number of laminations per lay
- overlap length
- angle of overlap
- gaps at joints
- operating flux density
- proportion of corner weight
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
Three-phase three-limb
Three-phase five-limb
Single-phase three-limb
Single-phase two-limb
Single-phase four-limb
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
Overexcitation conditions
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3-D FEM
model for
analysis under
overexcitation
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
Windings
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
Strip
Bunch
CTC
Design consideration
- eddy loss reduction
- improvement in space factor
- cost-benefit analysis
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
Modern Transformers
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
disk / turn
oil guide
washer
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
Types of windings
line end
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17
spacer
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
winding
cylinder
12 4 11 3 10 2 9 1
5 13 6 14 7 15 8 16
28 20 27 19 26 18 25 17
spacer
21 29 22 30 23 31 24 32
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8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
winding
cylinder
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line end
Interleaved winding
SER
SR
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
V
k
1
V
10
14
15
16
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Shielded-conductor winding
Series
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
&y&(t ) + G
y& (t ) + y(t ) = 0
C
L11
L22
Lnn
where,
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
X(t) = e At X(0 ) +
e A(t ) B x( ) d
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Simulation result
The voltages calculated for various nodes for a particular winding are:
1
-1
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10
20
30
40
50
-1
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10
20
30
40
50
-1
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10
20
30
40
50
-1
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10
20
30
40
50
-1
30
40
50
10
-1
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10
20
30
40
50
11
-1
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10
20
30
40
50
-1
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10
20
30
40
50
50
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50
0
20
40
-1 http://webs.uvigo.es/arwtr04
0
10
20
30
40
12
2
0
10
30
6
10
20
-1
30
9
2
1
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20
50
10
40
-1
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-1
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10
20
30
40
50
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
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-0.6
0
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20
25
30
Time in micro-seconds
35
40
45
50
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
ARWtr 2004
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
Insulation design
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
Major insulation:
- Insulation between windings
- Insulation between winding to core (limb/yoke)
- Insulation between coil and tank
- Insulation between high voltage leads and earth parts
Minor insulation :
- Insulation between turns / discs
Four types of tests :
-
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
Multiplication factor
~ 0.44
~ 0.55
~ 1.25
Reference: Dahinden, V., Schultz, K., and Kuchler, A. Function of solid insulation
in transformers, TRANSFORM 98, April 1998, Germany, pp. 41-54.
The basis for using a certain value or range of these factors is explained in:
Kulkarni, S. V. and Khaparde, S. A. - Transformer Engineering: Design and
Practice - Marcel Dekker, New York, May 2004
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
LV
HV
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
D IL
=
( H ILO gap 0 . 5 solid insulation )
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
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(i) Note down the voltage values along the pressboard at the different points
(e.g., at every 1 or 2 mm steps)
(ii) Note down the highest stress point, i.e., the point along the pressboard at
which the stress is highest
(iii) Determine on which side of the highest stress point the field is higher and
extend the path by one spatial step in that direction
(iv) Find the cumulative stress when the path is extended in either direction and
choose a path extension in the direction yielding higher cumulative stress
(v) Repeat the above step number (iv) until the complete creepage path along
the angle ring is encompassed
(vi) Withstand for each of these creepage distances is calculated by,
Ecr = 15 d 2 0.37
kV/mm
(Reference: Derler, F., Kirch, H. J., Krause, C., and Schneider, E. Development of a
design method for insulating structures exposed to electric stress in long oil gaps
and along oil / transformerboard surfaces, International Symposium on High
Voltage Engineering, ISH'91, Dresden, Germany, August 1991)
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
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2
H rms
2
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Tank loss
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Width-wise
Edge-wise
Tank shunts
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
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-30 October.
VigoPlate
Spain
Stainless28Steel
Flitch
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
From
From Steady
3D
Current Analytical
Initial
State
FEM
(Amper (Watts)
(Watts) Temperature Temperat
es)
ure Rise
Rise
(Watts)
(Watts)
2000
56
66
65
58
2250
68
84
74
70
2500
81
103
95
93
2800
98
130
119
116
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F = LI B
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
Radial forces :
The radial forces are acting outwards on the outer winding
tending to stretch the conductor, producing a tensile stress
(also called as hoop stress).
The radial forces are acting inwards on the inner winding
tending to collapse or crush it, producing a compressive
stress.
The average hoop stress can be considered as uniform over
the entire disk winding.
In a layer / helical winding, the average hoop stress is not
uniform, i.e., it is highest for the innermost layers and it
decreases towards the outer layers.
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
Axial forces :
The axial forces due to radial fringing leakage field at
winding ends are directed towards the center of winding
from both ends for uniform ampere-turn distribution in
windings with equal heights (ideal condition).
The compressive force is maximum at the center of the
windings.
Both the inner and outer windings experience compressive
forces with no end thrust on clamping structures at winding
ends.
For asymmetrical axial winding disposition (winding
electromagnetic centres not at same level), axial forces on
two windings are in opposite direction and they tend to
increase the asymmetry
Strict sizing and dimension control required during
processing and assembly of windings.
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(1)
(2)
Forced buckling (1): occurs when the winding cylinder has
significant stiffness as compared to winding conductors.
Free buckling (2): this kind of failure occurs mostly with lower
thickness of winding cylinders.
An adequate number of winding supports need to be provided to give
strength to the winding against the radial forces.
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Effect of Pre-Stress
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Short-Circuit Withstand
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Coupled Systems
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
Thermo-Magnetic Simulation
Coupled Field Equations:
.( (A
) ) = ( T ) V
l
+ (T )
(k (T ) ) = q ( A , T ) + mc
A
t
T
t
ref
(1 + (T T ))
ref
Loss calculation
1
q(A,T) =
c
V A
l t d
c
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
Thermo-Magnetic Simulation
Transformer losses consist of eddy loss, DC I2R loss, and
additional stray losses in structural components.
The calculated joule losses can be used as loads to the
thermal model to predict the temperature rise.
The winding eddy loss and stray losses increase due to
current harmonics.
N
A( t ) = A h ( t )e j h t
h=1
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
Field-Circuit Coupling
Electromagnetic Model:
1
A = J0
V
Circuit Coupling:
I
Lext
U
Rext
finiteelement model
Here, Lext and Rext are external inductance and resistance respectively
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ARWtr 2004 Lecture: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN TRANSFORMER DESING by Prof. S.V.Kulkarni
Astr
Stranded Conductor:
Isol
Asol
J str =
str
l str
sol
l sol
N str I str
Astr
Solid Conductor:
(a)
J sol =
(b)
Vsol
A
l sol
t
& C
0
0 A
0
0 g& + 0
0 M i& 0
B
S
PT
0 A f
P g = 0
R i U
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A + V +
A
= 0
V
t
J=
A = J
A
= 0
t
Nc
i(t )
Sc
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L H
V V
N 11 N 2
N2
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Split-Winding Transformer
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Thank You
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