LITERATURE REVIEW

The term cyber-crime has been a major topic deliberated by many people with
different views on the subject, a greater percentage coming at it from a different
angle than the others. Cyber-crimes have improved above conservative crimes and
now have intimidating consequences to the national security of technologically
developed countries.
Cyber attacks against financial services institutions are becoming more frequent,
more sophisticated, and more widespread. Although large-scale denial-of-services
attacks against major financial institutions generate the most headlines, community
and regional banks, credit unions, money transmitters, and third-party service
providers (such as credit card and payment processors) have experienced attempted
breaches in recent years[1].
Following the documentation which affirms that the adoption by all countries
of appropriate legislation against the misuse of Information and Communication
Technology (ICT), for criminal or other purposes, including activities intended to
affect the integrity of national critical information infrastructures, is central to
achieving global cyber security. The documentation went further to state that
pressure could inaugurate from anywhere around the world, the problems are
fundamentally international in range thus requires intercontinental cooperation,
investigative support, and common substantive and procedural provisions. In line
with the above, Professor Augustine Odinma states that cyber-crime is any illegal
acts perpetrated in, on or through the internet with the intent to cheat, defraud or
cause the malfunction of a network device, which may include a computer, a
phones, etc.
Crime as at this dispensation is perceived as a quiet perception, also a
fundamental part of the peril we face as we go through life daily. In both
intellectual and communal judgment, crime is concomitant with destruction and
carnage. Moreover, we dearth unity on the most elementary point at issue "what is
crime ?". One theoretical designation is that a crime, also called an injury or a
criminal offence is an act harmful not only to some individuals, but also to the
hamlet or the state.

The unlawful deed may be directed at a computer's network or devices e.g.,

computer virus, denial of service attacks (DOS), malware (malicious code). the
prohibited deed may be assisted by computer network or devices with target
independent of the computer network or device. associating cyber-crime to the
military in a paper depicting his vested interest in the countrys military well-being,
Major General Umo outlines that cybercrime, cyber terrorism, cyber warfare, cyber
security are one and the same thing. Reason being, stealing or forgery directed at a
person or an organization is similar to fighting war on the target of the crime.
exertions to tackle Internet crime include events associated with protecting
networks and data, sensing criminal activities, penetrating into crime and ensuring
legal action is taken against delinquents.
Cyberspace security is very important for proper management for the continuity of
these essential services and for the conservation of public's trust in information
systems. what is the possibility of achieving this globally? Well, this is a subject
for another day as our interest in this work is all about cybercrimes and analyzing
risk factor on the financial sector.
Some instances of cyber crimes includes sending spam emails (spamming),
stealing personal information (identity theft), breaking into someone's computer to
view or alter data (hacking) and tricking someone into revealing their personal
information (phishing), making Internet services unavailable for users (Denial of
service DOS), advanced free fraud 419 (aka Yahoo-yahoo), credit card fraud
(ATM), plagiarism and software piracy, stealing money bit-by-bit in a fraudulent
way (salami attacks) and spreading of virus etc
.So many atrocities are committed every day in the Nigerian cyberspace. A current
report in the Daily Trust, (2010) by the Internet Crime Complaint Centre, which is
a corporation between the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and Americas
National White Collar Crime Centre, revealed that Nigeria is now ranked third
among the list of top ten sources of cybercrime in the world with 8% behind the
US (65%) and the UK (9.9%).Criminals that indulge in the advance fee fraud
schemes (419) are now popularly called Yahoo Boys in Nigeria [4].
The country has therefore carved a niche for herself as the source of what is now
popularly called 419-mails, named after Section 419 of the Nigerian Criminal

Code (Capp 777 of 1990) that forbid advance fee fraud. For instance, Nigeria is
ranked first in the African region as the target and origin of malicious cyber
activities; and this is spreading across the West African sub-region [5]. What
Nigerian government, corporate organizations and the society at large do not know
is that the heavy economic impact on the country, (either in financial terms or
otherwise), will have an adverse consequences on unemployment rate, social
services and international reputation. Therefore, a detailed introduction of
cybercrime needs to be presented with the view to fully analyze the indices that
make up this crime so that our government and society will be aware of this crime
and its implication on the economy. In this paper, we will introduce the origins and
the evolution of cybercrime, the different categories of cybercrime (target
cybercrime, tool cybercrime and computer incidental). In 2011, [3]opinedin their
paper titled Cybercrimes and the Nigerian Academic Institution Networks,
examineddifferent types of cybercrimes that are frequent in
Statistically, Nigeria ranked 43 in EMEA and ranked third among ten nations that
commits cyber-crime in the world.[5] As a corrective measure, the then President
of Nigeria, Olusegun Obasanjo set up National Cyber security Initiative (NCI) in
2003. The Nigerian cybercrime working group (NCWG) is to meet the objectives
of NCI but their effects did not match up to the rate of growth of cybercrime.
Professor Oliver Osuagwu, relating cyber-crime to the collapse of the educational
sector, points out that cybercrime is causing near total collapse of the education
community, particularly in Nigeria, with over 90% of criminals coming from this
sector. Wrong value system has been identified as key factor encouraging
cybercrime in Nigeria and the desire to get rich quick without working for it.
Cyber-crime is complex and committed mostly from remote locations making it
difficult to police. The absence of enabling law makes policing even more difficult.
[9]

REFERENCES
1.

Report on cyber security in the banking sector by new york state department
of financial services