Tumors

1)

Osteosarcoma: generally with malignant tumors the examiner will mention parasthesia
if it is affecting area containing a nerve like angle of mandible and L L.A.Nerve.
The criteria here are: A rapid growing, R.L. ill-defined having
-sunray appearance causing parasthesia.

2)

3)

S.C.C. : -it is the most common malignant tumor of oral cavity

- mostly affecting lateral surface of the tongue or the hard palate ,
- usually associated with fixed and firm lymph nodes .
- Its primary stage is red plaque .
Condensing osteitis or focal sclerosing osteomyelitis : associated with a large

carious cavity which is asymptomatic tooth ,

-it is a R.o. area surrounded by R.l. margin
4) Cementoblastoma: Slow growing R.O. surrounded by R.L. margin but no caries cavity
is mentioned here or associated.
5) Complex odontoma: R.L. occupied by R.O. disorganized bodies ( in the premolar ,
molar area )
6) Compound odotomas : Mixed R.L. R.O. in anterior area
7) Melanotic neuro ectodermal tumor : new born , Bluish black , displaced tooth bud ,
unilocular R.L. rapidly growing
8) AOT : it occurs in anterior maxilla or mandible usually associated with an impacted
canine
9) Pleomorphic adenoma : most common benign tumor of salivary glands , ( 80%
parotid affection ) when the examiner asked me about it he mentioned first that the female
patient was earlier affected by a benign tumor in the neck , so the tumor in her parotid
gland is : so I said pleomorphic
Note: the most common malignant salivary gland tumor regarding major glands is:
mucoepidermoid.
And regarding minor glands is adenoid cystic carcinoma: which is:
10)
Adenoid cystic carcinoma: - a slow growing with perineural invasion,
- under microscope there is basophilic islands of Swiss cheese appearance.
11)
Necrotizing sialometaplasia : lesion at junction between hard & soft palate &
surround by psudoepithelium hyperplasia in salivary gland.

12)
-

13)
-

14)

Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) :

Occur in young adult
Pt. under physical & psychological stress
Characterized by bad breath , pain (burning sensation), bleeding & papillary necrosis

Difference between ANUG & AHGS:ANUG occur in dental papilla & AHGS diffuse erythemous inflamed gingiva
ANUG occur in young adult & AHGS occur in children.

incisive canal cyst ( nasopalatine duct cyst):

- Pt. came to the clinic complaining from pain related to swelling on maxillary central
incisor area with vital to under percussion.
15)
Cherbuism: Painless, bilateral swelling of mandible which is firm, multiple R.L. in
early childhood.

16)
Sialolithiasis : or salivary gland duct stone or calculus : they will
mention that there is a discomfort in the floor of mouth or the check which moves while
eating
17)
Hyperparathyroidism: Multiple fractures, multiple radiolucencies at the angle of
mandible, usually associated with Renal Failure.
18)
Acute osteomyelitis: moth eaten appearance.
19)
Chronic osteomyelitis: cotton wool appearance or onion peal appearance.
20)
Epstein's pearl: -in new born affecting the mid palatine raphe only
-mostly in the connection between the junction of soft and hard palate.
21)
Bohn's nodule : remnant of Salivary glands Buccal or lingual mucosa
- if occurring at the hard palate it will not occur in the mid palatine raphe
22)
Dental lamina of newborn: at alveolar ridge of new born, which is proliferation
of rest of serres.
23)
Congenital epulis of newborn: mostly at maxillary anterior area, it interferes
with feeding or respiration and requires excision and rarely recurrent 8:1 in females.
24)
Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor: black-blue discolored rapid growing
swelling, the x-ray shows unilocular radiolucency and displaced tooth bud

Syndromes
1)

Ectodermal dysplasia:
- looking old patient,
- with hair loss or faint hair
- and having missing teeth.

2)

Cledocranial dysplasia:
- clavicle is missing or underdeveloped leading to shoulders can be bending toward
each other's
- The patient looks smaller than his relatives and shorter than his relatives,
-having supernumery teeth so many impactions,
-open skull sutures and plugging forehead.

3)

Gorlin-Goletz (multiple basal cell nevi syndrome):

- a diabetic patient
-with multiple jaw cysts
- nevi on neck and scalp.

4)

Albright :

-multiple nevi on neck and head

-multiple bone deformities
5) Sjorgens':
- Dry mouth, and high caries index
-dry eye.
- Usually associated with Rh. Arthritis.
2

6)

Paget's:
- the patient have high level of potassium sulphate so: he has hypercementosis,

- ankylosis and scattered R.O lines

-and leg bowing with prominent forehead.
7) Treacher Collins :
- deformity in zygoma
,- mandibular Retrognathia , Clift palate & open bite
-eye drop down , ear deformity with hearing loss
-(mentally normal )
8) Van der waund: Same as treacher Collins but associated with
-genetic disorder
-cleft lip with or without cleft palate
-mucous cysts on lower lip
hypodontia or total anodontia.
-normal intelligence

9)

Papillion le fever:

- hand and foot keratosis,

-Periodontitis affecting both dentitions, early teeth loss, generalized bone
destruction.
10)
Congenital syphilis:
- hearing loss, copper stained lesions
-notched incisors. Bulbous molars
11)
Gardener:
-multiple sebaceous glands at the back of the neck and palms,
--osteomas in mandible,
- supernumery teeth and impacted teeth.
12)
Reiter's (or Reiter arthritis or reactive arthritis):
-TMJ inflammation
-ophthalmic disease mostly conjunctivitis,
-Git and genital inflammations.
13)
Downs:
- low carious index, fluoride application is by varnish,
-inability to learn, some have cerebral palsy.
14)
Addison disease : have oral melanosis
15)
Osteogensis imperfect : Blue sclera , teeth wear and multiple fractures
16)
Erythema multiform disease : the patient will have bulls eye on the
skin and oral ulcers

Periodontology and diagnosis

1) Healing occurs after scaling & Root planning by long junctional epithelium.
2) Lateral periodontal cyst from rest of serres , while apical periodontal cyst from rest of
malassez.
3) Periodontal ligament fibers in middle third of root is oblique.
4) Best healing after root fracture is interposition of bone and C.T.
(This came to me at the exam and I got full mark perio)
5) Best measurement of periodontitis by attachment level , while tissue response to
oral hygiene detected by less bleeding.
6) Schwartz periotriever To remove broken instrument from gingival sulcus
7) Color complex of calculs in 18 y yellow or purple.
8) With age cementum on root end become thicker & irregular.
9) odontoblast Its subadjacent to predentine & odontoblastic process.
10)

Cementum in cervical

2
3

acellular extrinsic fiber, in coronal acellular

intrinsic, in apical mixed cellular.

11)
Sharpey's fiber is the dominant type of fibers found in cementum.
12)
Transseptal fibers are Fibers which completely embedded in cementation and
pass from cementation of one tooth to the cementation of adjacent tooth.(the only
fibers present in cementum only)
13)
In pulp :Cell rich zone inner most pulp layer contain fibroblast
Cell free zone rich in capillaries & nerve networks
Odontoblastic layer contain odontoblast.
14)
PDL attachment is to: alv. Bone proper or called bundle bone
15)
1st endocrine appear in fetus thyroid.
16)
1st sinus developed maxillary.
17)
2 medial nasal process & fronto nasal process form:
-middle portion of nose & middle portion of upper lip
-ant. Portion of maxilla that carry incisor
-1ry palate.
18)
Upper lip formed from maxillary process & medial nasal process.
19)
Cleft lip due to incomplete union of maxillary arches & nasal arch.
20)
Lower lip from merging mandibular processes.
21)
Tongue from mandibular arch & tuberculm impar.
22)
Nabers probe is Probe used to detect furcation.
23)
Bass tooth brushing is the best method because it enter interproximal area &
cervical , can be used with gingival recession , & advice to all types of pt. with or
without periodontal involvement.
5

24)
Modified stillman used with edematous , inflamed , loss of contour , &
progressive recession .
- Type of brushing bristles works as active part.(bass)
25)
Most common method of burshing is Scrub.
26)
Charter brushing is recommended after periodontal surgery.
27)
Chontraindication of gingivectomy suprabony pdl abscess.
28)
Apicectomy surgical removal of apical portion of root , amputation removal of
one or more roots , hemisection root & crown cut length wise.
29)
Lava flowing around boulder's is charactrestic to histological feature of type 1
dentin dysplasia.
30)
Body defend itself by antibodies from B lymphocytes.
31)
PMNL cells present in acute infection , while chronic lymphocytes.
32)
Conduction faster in mylinated nerves than unmylinated.
33)
Submandibular gland duct is Wharton duct. But parotid is stenssons duct.
34)
Punch is the most common oral biopsy.
35)
Ranula is associated with sublingual salivary gland & treated by
marsupialization.
36)
Cyst acc to WHO recent classification become tumor: Keratocyst.
37)
Early change result of radiation therapy of oral mucosa is mucositis.
38)
Salivary calculi is the common disease affect submandibular salivary gland.
39)
Pleomorphic adenoma is the most benign tumor of salivary gland.
40)
Fibroma is The most common benign tumor of oral cavity .
41)
Radicular or Periapical cyst is the most common oral cyst.
42)
Mucocele The best ttt. is: Excision.
43)
Pt. who work in glass factories have silicosis.
44)
Herpetic ulcer common in attached mucosa & hard palate , while aphtous ulcer
common in linning mucosa.
45)
Tetracycline cause brownish discoloration in all teeth & appear yellowish with
UV light.
46)
Syphilis 1st appear as ulcer.
47)
The spaces are bilaterally involved in ludwig's angina submental , sublingual ,
& submandibular.
48)
Dilantin (phynotoin ) don't give with metronidazole.
49)
Isolated pocket in:- Vertical root fracture
- Palate gingival groove
- Endo origin lesion
50)
Grafts : condyle : post chondral graft
Child for alveolar process: iliac crest
3 wall defects in adult: mixed cortical and cancellous from his own intraoral mixed
with his blood.
51)
Auto graft or autogenous: from same person.
Allogenous from same species
but another person and treated, xenograft is from povine or any other species.
52)
The nerve supply of tongue
a- Anterior
facial
b- Posterior
53)

54)

2
3

1
3

sensation lingual nerve & taste chorda tympani branch from

sensation & taste glossopharangeal

c- Motor hypoglossal
Components of cell:a- Mitochondria >>> ATP production
b- Ribosome >>>manufacture of proteins
c- Golgi apparatus >>> sorting of protein
Phagocytosis is the process of engulfing particles.
6

55)
Chemotaxis is attraction of neutrophils to site of local injury.
56)
Diapedesis is the movement of polymorphic cells in gaps of intracellular to
blood capillary outside.
57)
In diabetic pt. , peridontium affected by neutrophil.
58)
Disinfection of HBV :-formaldhyde
-sodium hypochloride
-chlorohexidine
-iodophor
59)
Metaplasia: an initial change from normal cells to a different cell type (such as
chronic irritation of cigarette smoke causing ciliated pseudo stratified epithelium to
be replaced by squamous epithelium more able to withstand the insult.
60)
Dysplasia: an increasing degree of disordered growth or maturation of the
tissue (often thought to precede neoplasia) such as cervical dysplasia as a result of
human papillomavirus infection. Dysplasia is still a reversible process. However, once
the transformation to neoplasia has been made, the process is not reversible.
61)
Etiological factors: The study of causes or origins or the branch of medicine
that deals with the causes or origins of disease.
62)
A risk factor is any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that
increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. Some examples of the
more important risk factors are underweight, unsafe sex, high blood pressure,
tobacco and alcohol consumption and unsafe water sanitation and hygiene.
63)
Epidemiological studies: search for the causes of diseases, based on
associations with various risk factors that are measured in the study. In addition to
the exposures that the study is investigating, there may be other factors that is
associated with the exposure and independently affects the risk of developing the
disease.
64)
Confounding factors (variables): is distorting factors if the prevalence of these
other factors differ between groups being compared, they will distort the observed
association between the disease and exposure under study.
65)
Hypothetical Example of Confounding factor:
a study of coffee drinking and lung cancer. If coffee drinkers were also more likely to
be cigarette smokers, and the study measured coffee drinking but not smoking, the
results may seem to show that coffee drinking increases the risk of lung cancer,
which may not be true. However, if a confounding factor (in this example, smoking)
is recognized, adjustments can be made in the study design or data analysis so that
the factor does not confound the study results.
66)
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution & determinant of disease in man
67)
Anticholinergic as atropine used to decrease salivation , antidepressant &
antihistamine, & cardiovascular medications decrease salivation.
68)
Bacteria method to form biofilm is called: signaling, and after plaque
accumulation the next step is to colonize, the next step is maturation.
69)
Fibroblasts are the cells responsible for remodeling during orthotreatment.
70)
Mandible originates from 1st arch but tongue from mandibular arch and
tuberculum Kampar.
71)
Blood supply of palate from
a- Greater palatine>>> hard palate
b- Lesser palatine >>> soft palate
c- Long spheno palatine >>> ant. Part of hard palate
72)
Condylar growth is by deposition (apposition) endochondreal(long bone) and
skull is by endochondreal and intermembranous deposition & flat bone by
intramembranous. maxilla growth pattern is downward and forward
(intramembranous), and deposition in the tuberosity pushing forward also
,mandible intramembranous & endochondral.
73)
Mandibular growth just before maxilla.
7

74)
Drug used to eliminate angina diltiazem , while prevention by transdermal
nitroglycerin.
75)
Tetracycline will be impaired with pencillin.
76)
Fluconazole 50 mg treat systemic candida , nystatin treat local , &
amphotrecin treat life threating cases.
77)
U- shaped radiopaque at max. 1st molar area is zygomatic process , while
radiolucency in the same area is antrum.
78)
The image show disk position & morphology of TMJ bone
MRI.
79)

Radiograph for TMJ movement:

-computerized t
-conventional
-arthrography
-transcranial not used.

80)

Disk perforation
Arthrography (CT after injection of a high contrast fluid)
81)
Radiograph show condylar head orientation & facial symmetry
Reverse town.
82)
Bilateral condylar fracture reverse town.
83)
In case of fracture of the ramus of the mandible, to evaluate if fracture
favorable or unfavorable :30 degree oblique radiograph.
84)
Photon Emission SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) for
Detection of condylar hyperplasia.
85)
At the begining of the operation day in the clinic, you should start the water/air
spray for three minutes in order to get rid of which type of microorganisms:
Streptococcus salivarius. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
86)
conditions is highly indicated for the short therapy of DOTS and is directly
observed once in the clinic: Tuberculosis.
87)
Some tests:
A- HIV: elissa test , but for grading HIV : CD4 t-helper cells
B- diaphteria hypersenstivity: shick test
B- C- Streptococus : Fermentation
C- Staph crocus: catalase
D- - P.Vulgaris: Immuno fluorescence
E- Virulent of bacteria: catalase.

Disease
Anug
Pericoronitis

Causative organism
Fusibacteria and spirochetes
Strepto. Malleri or mallery

gram-positive cocci (Peptostreptococcus) and gramnegative rods (Prevotella).

Endocarditis
Caires
Ch. Sinusitis
Acute sinusitis
Osteomyelitis
In air water syringe
Diabetic periodontium affected by
Chronic inflammation cells
Acute inflammation cells

Staph. Aurues and strept viridians

Strepto. Arueus and bacillus
Mixed anerobid and aerobic
Hemophilus influenza and strept.
pneumonia
Staph aures
Strept. Salivaris or pseudomonas
aeruginosa
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
PMNL
8

AB creation
1ry apical periodontitis

B-lymphocytes
Polymicrobial or microbial spa

Radiographic
examination
Spect ( photon Emission)
Arthrography
Submentovertex
Occipitomental
Reverse town
Waters view
Panoramic x-ray
PA view
Later ceph.
Lateral oblique

MRI

CT
Sialogram

AB
Penicillin ( b-lactam) :
Erythromycin ( macrolids)
Clindamycin and tetracycline
Gentamycin ( aminoglycosides )
Sulfonamides

Use
Condylar hyperplasia
TMj topography and perforation
Base of skull and zygoma analysis
For mid face fractures
Condylar and subcondyler area
fractures
analysis of sinuses & mid face
fractures
For whole teeth analysis
Vertical fracture displacement
Orthodontics
Horizontal displacement of
fractures and ramus, body of
mandible tumors analysis
Soft tissue and hard tissue but
show soft tissue better , than CT
and CT is better in hard structures
Hard tissue study
Salivary glands study

Mode of action
Inhibit cell wall synthesis
Bacteriostatic ( inhibit bacterial
growth)
Inhibit protein synthesis
Bactericidal ( kill bacteria direct)
Antimetabolites inhibit folic acid and
PABA , but it causes aplastic
anemia to the patient

Surgery
9

1)

Walsham's forceps: for nasal fracture treatment, and if nasal bone is deviated it will

be straightened by Ach's forceps afterward.

2) Allis forceps : to hold tissues prior to excision
3)Addison forceps: to hold tissues for suturing
4)Stillis forceps:or curved hemostat per wisdom teeth suturing because it is longer
than Addison's forceps.
5)Artery forceps: to ligate ruptured arteries or arteries planned to be removed.
6)Minnesota retractor: retract flap and cheek together.
7) farabeuf retractor the retractor which retract the flap and the cheek together
when doing surgery.

8)Muscles of mandibular movement :

Muscles elevation of the mandible: Masseter, temporalis and medial pterygoid
Muscles depression of the mandible: geniohyoid, mylohyoid, digastric, lateral
pterygoid and infrahyoid

Muscles protrusion of the mandible: Lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid

assists, masseter

Muscle retraction (retruded) of the mandible: Temporalis

Muscle do lateral movement of the mandible: Lateral pterygoid, medial
pterygoid.

9) glenoid fossa (mandibular) found in temporal bone.

10) intrution:A- primary
- Wait & see
- At time of permenant eruption >> extraction of primary
b- permenant
- Wait 2 months
- Apex complete extraction & reimplant with splint 10 days & RCT with calcium
hydroxide 2 weeks.

11) fracture of tooth:a- apical third >>> no TTT

b- between middle & apical >>> good prognosis

Large space >> RCT to middle & remove apical

Short space >> RCT to all tooth

c- between middle & cervical >>> poor prognosis

-splint for 4 -5 weeks

10

-RCT for coronal

12) reduction of fractured bones mean realignment of fracture segment , while

fixation mean holding the fracture segment in place.
13) the best transport medium for evulsed tooth
a- HBSS (Hank's balanced salt solution)
b- cold milk
c- milk
14) the choice of local anesthesia depend on local anesthetic agent chemistry , while
technique by bone structure.
15) additional tech. of anesthesia in hemophilia intraligamental.
16) the mandibular foramen is suiated at a level lower than occlusal plane of 1ry teeth ,
so injection slightly low , in adult at occlusal plane , & in old above occlusal plane.
17)mandibular nerve leave skull from foramen ovale ,while maxillary from rotandum.
18) Ester type of local anathsesia metabolized by:plasma & secreted by kidney.
E(s)ter ...pla(s)ma
Am(i)de lidocaine ...l(i)ver.
19) slowest action of anesthesia by bupivacaine.
20) palatal root of upper 6 is the most pushed in max. sinus.
21) factors that make surgery more difficult:Distoangular , thin follicle , narrow PL , & divergent curved.
22)Lower ant. Labial mucosa supplied by mental nerve.
23)The vertical fracture of the tooth detected by:( sever pain on biting)
.-Fiber optic light.
-. Persistent periodontal defects ( periodontal pocket
-Radiographs rarely show vertical fractures difficultly.
24) buccal branch of trigeminal is sensory , while buccal branch of facial is
motor.
25) upper teeth palatal mucosa supplied by:
anterior palatine & nasopalatine.
26)mandible is always deviate to the side of injury.
27) Most place of failure in posterior max
-best place for sucess implant in anterior mandible.
-min. failure in mandible between mental foramen.
28) the best type of implant allowing oseeointegration root form endosseous.
29) Rarefaction: decreased density of bone such as a decrease in weight per unit of
volume.
11

- Areas denuded from bone.

Operative
1)
2)
3)
4)

Odontoplasia : affecting E, D , and pulp

Amelogensis imperfecta dont affect D or P (enamel only)
Dentinogenesis imperfecta mostly have no pulp cavity
Oligodontia: 6 or more missing teeth, lack of development of alv. Process and

decreased facial height.

5) Mand. 1st permenant molar look like 1ry 2nd mand. Molar.
6) Streptococcus mutans initiate caries & lactobacilli progress caries.
7) Enamel tufts are enamel rods get crowded.
8) Enamel spindles extention of odontoblast in DEJ.
9) Hunter schreger bands are white & dark lines that appear in enamel when
viewing in longitudinal ground.
10)
Cracked tooth can be diagnosed by ethyl dye , or transillimination light
(Fibreoptic "FOTI")( Visible light test ) , Subjective symptoms and horizontal
percussion, & by tooth sloth (pyramidal put to bite on it if pain occur after release
bite indicate cracked tooth)
11)
Sharp pain due to A fibers ( myelinated), aching pain due to C
fibers( unmyelinated).
12)
The least reliable test of caries is electric test.
13)
The most accurate , but invasive cavity test.
14)
The most reliable appoppriate test thermal test.
15)
pt. came to your clinic with pain in his mouth but he can not localize which the
jaw, which test is useful: anesthetic test.
16)
Smear layer composed of dentin debris , inorganic particles , & bacteria.
12

17)
Reparative dentin ( 3ry dentin)
-produced by 2ry odontoblast in response to stimuli
-irregular &fast
-found at site of irritation
-in direct pulp capping
-moderete irritation to pulp (caries)
-erosion

18)

2ry dentin

-regular , slow process , & through life time.

-by age
-indirect pulp capping
-with recurrent caries
-occlusal trauma
-attrition in dentin

19)

Sclerotic dentin

-due to age
-mild irritation
-slow progressing caries
-harder , denser , less sensitive , & more protective to pulp than 1ry
-has 2 types
a- by age ( physiologic)
b- irritant reactive ( pathologic)
20)
Incipient caries surface zone is relatively unaffected.
21)
Upper E DL cusp is the sharpest cusp in both dentitions ,and is the largest in
primary
22)
Upper 6 ML cusp is the sharpest cusp in permenant dentition and is the largest
BL cusp.
23)
Lower 6 MB cusp is the largest MD cusp.
24)
Bur least heat generation carbide , while with highest diamond.
25)
To plane line angle of promimal cavity by binangled chisel , to form
internal line angles and retentive groove angle former.
26)
The most retentive pin is Self threaded
27)
Carbide 12 fluted bur used to finish composite , while aluminum oxide disc or
paste used to finish GI.
28)
To accelerate zinc oxide cement you add zinc accetete.
29)
Mahler scale to measure marginal deterioration.

30)
Thermal test
a- Vital pulp >> painful disappear soon after removal of stimulus
b- Inflamed pulp>> lingering painful response
31)
Thermal pulp test principle of nerve supply of pulp.
32)
Electric pulp test
-For vital similar to contral tooth
-false negative response after trauma.

33)
Hydrogen peroxide is ideal bleaching agent
- It bleaches effectively at natural ph
- It bleaches faster than carbamide peroxide
- Protection for sensitive tissues can be incorporated.
34)
Copper is added to amalgam to decrease gamma 2 phase while zinc is
added to decrease oxide layer but if zinc increase it will lead to increase moisture
sensitivity and late expansion and pain.
35)
Amalgam pain after restoration from 3 30 days due to zinc containing
lead to moisture contamination cause expansion.
13

36)Caries detection dye composed mainly .propylene glycol.

37)sharping of hand instrument mounted air driven better than unmounted due to fine grift.
38) unmounted better due to less particles of instrument are removed.
39) cement should has high modulus of elasticity ( stiff decrease flexibility )
40) luting cement should provide sealing.

41)bonding agent for enamel unfilled resin.

42)maxillary inlay has reverse bevel for retention.
43) composite composed of :a- resin BISGMA
-

Urethane dimethacrylate + monomer (highly polishable)

TEGDMA

b- fillers barium
-

Strontium glass (macro)

Colloidal silica (micro)

44) chemical break of composite called biodegradation.

45) mylar matrix used with composite because it can be light cured.
46) function of primer penetrate into collagen framework & copolymerize with resin &
raise surface free energy (wet ) dentin.
47)Glass ionomer:-

a- Powder (calcium fluoro alumino silicate glass)

b- Liquid (polyacrylic acid 50% + distilled water + tartaric acid)
48)GI compared to composite:-

-lower in coefficient of thermal expansion

-lower in wear resistant
-more soluble
-less stiff
-lower in polymerization shrinkage.
49)adv. Of plain GI over GI with additives less contraction.
50)Resin modified glass ionomer :-

a- Powder (radiopaque fluoro alumino silicate initated by light or chemical )

b- Liquid (hydroxyethylmethacrylate + tartaric acid)
51)Compomer

14

Modification of resin by adding polyacrylic acid & fluoride glass.

52)Giomer

Resin with active glass ionomer fillers.

53)Cermets

Glass ionomer + glass with silver powder + polyacrylic acid.

5)Fluoride

preeruptive

posteruptive

improve crystallinity
increase crystal size

decrease demineralization
increase remineralization
decrease acid production in
plaque
increase concentration of fluoride
in plaque
affect pellicle & plaque
formation

decrease acid solubility

more rounded cusps

Crown and bridge

1)

2)
3)
4)

5)
6)
7)
8)

Sequence of shade selection is: VCH

where v is value (lightness or

darkness of color)
and C is Chroma which is degree of saturation of color.
And H is the property of color itself.
If you want to make a darker cervical porcelain then choose higher Chroma
Rochette bridge : a type of macro mechanical retention
Maryland bridge: a type of micromechanical Retention Bridge bonded by
resin, and need high oral hygiene and low caries index.
-used in young age
-for single missing tooth.
Pier abutment Isolated tooth surround by edentulous area.
Spedding principle: Used for selection of stainless steel crowns.
Finishing the finish line by diamond end cutting.
Pontic design that give high esthetic demand whem preparing teeth 9 & 11 is

modified ridge lap.

9) When porcelain is fired too many times it appears as a milky state and makes
glazing is very difficult.
10)
Tooth to appear narrower
-MF & DF line angles closer & more closely positioning developmental depressions
-vertical lines.

11) Tooth to appear wider

-horizontal lines.
-MF & DF line angles far from each other.
15

12) Provisional restoration tooth colored polycarbonate .

13) The best pontic is hygienic.
14) Pontic give illusion & clearance modified ridge lap.
15) Porcelain with high esthetic impress , while with high strength zircon
(reinforced in ceram).
16) Wax shrinkage due to internal stress.
17) Flux used for :-

prevent oxygen from contacting alloy

dissolve oxide

18) Impressions :
A) Polyvinyl siloxane (addition silicone): the best type and of highest accuracy
and the type of choice for inlay and onlays, and can be poured many times.
B) Polyether: the 2nd accuracy after polyvinyl siloxane and it is rigid (stiff) and
having higher dimensional stability than polysulphides but they unfortunately
uptake water and swell (absorb water), cause allergy
C) Polysulphides: of bad tast unacceptable by the patient, they should be poured
within the first 24 hours.
D) Hydrocolloids are 2 types :

1-Reversible hydrocolloid = agar agar.

2-Irreversible hydrocolloid = alginate.
-Reversible and Irreversible hydrocolloids (agar agar and alginate) are elastic
impression materials and have the properties of syneresis and imbibition.
-if delay pouring will have dehydration and appear chalky.
-But the difference between them:
Agar agar sets by a physical reaction and this reaction is reversible.
Alginate sets by a chemical reaction and this reaction is irreversible.
Syneresis and imbibition are more in alginate than in agar agar.
Only, agar agar has the property of hysteresis.
-Alginate is the least accurate impression material.
-Alginate has tri sodium phosphate 2% which is retarded for the reaction
(control setting) and the insoluble part of alginate is calcium alginate12%
reactor.
19)
Impression material that compatible with epoxy resin polyether
& polyvinyl siloxane.

20) Alter the setting time of alginate by :-

Alter temperature
Alter ratio powder water

21)
Retention of porcelain venner micromechanical from etching of enamel
& venner.
22)
Silane coupling agent used with porcelain to enhance wettability of
bonding ( decrease surface tension) , while in composite act as adhesive between
inert filler & organic matrix.
23)
Calcium sulphate is added to gypsum to prevent inhibiting gypsum.

Endo

16

1)

2)
3)
4)
5)

E.Feacales is the main organism during R.C.T and is killed by MTAD preparation which is
mix of tetracycline and doxycycline.
- MTAD is more effective than Naocl in killing E. faecalis.

Naocl is more effective than MTA in killing E. faecalis.

Also, Chlorhexidine can kill E. faecalis

Weeping canal mean that apical part of canal can't be dried properly , so we put
calcium hydroxide for 2 3 weeks.
Adding of surfactant to irrigation solution during RCT to increase wettability of canal
walls by: lowering surface tension.
standardized for intracanal instrument width of tip of the blade.
File length: 21. 25, 31 mm.
Laser for endo Nd (YAG) , for curing composite Argon/Hallogen led.
Reamer is the most flexible .

6)
7)
8) Cross section of files:
-

K >>>> square
H >>>>round
Protaper >>>> triangle

9) More +ve rake angel in H file then K file.

10)
S-files is used to remove GP but after using solvent first
11)
Rotary files used for crown down technique
12)
Patency filling push the file apically to remove any block at apex.
13)
Steiglitz pliers is the best way to remove silver point.
14)
The main link between the pulp and periodontium is: Apical foramen.
15)
Most important criteria of sealer high resilience.
16)
Most important criteria of full ceramic stronger in compression than in tension tp
increase resistance to shattering.
17)
Discoloration of endo treated teeth due to incomplete removal of GP from
pulp chamber.
18)
Continuous condensation of GP is system B.
19)
Type of flab in apicectomy semilunar.
20)
Opening an incision in a Periapical abscess in lower 1 st molar in the most bottom of
abscess.
21)
External resorption is caused by necrotic pulp or forcable intrusion or extrusion
in ortho.
22)
Internal resorption is caused by irreversible pulpitis(appear in x ray as enlarged
RL in root )
23)
To measure blood flow use laser Doppler , to test vitality use thermal.
24)
Thermomechanical condensation called Mcspadden tech. disadvantages:
-speed higher so cause poor seal & voids , heat generation may damage PDL & cause
resorption & ankylosis
-extrusion of filling , fracture of thermocompactor, inability to use in curved canals.
25)
Intrapulpal injection the needle should wedged in the orifice & has pressure
back.
26)
The most cause of failure in endo fractured instrument.
27)
The most complication of ledge is perforation.
28)
Stripping mean removal of dentin in dangerous zone to cementum.
29)
Endomethasone is root canal sealer
- Dissolve in fluid , so weaken root filling
17

30)

C-

Very toxic contain formaldhyde

Contain corticosteroid
shaped canal found in lower 7.
31)
Access

shape

tooth

maxillary

mandibular

central
lateral
canine
1st premolar
2nd premolar
1st molar
2nd molar

triangular
ovoid
ovoid
ovoid
ovoid
triangle
triangle

ovoid
ovoid
ovoid
ovoid
ovoid
Triangular or trapezoid
Triangular or trapezoid

Orthodontics
1)

Functional appliances: if he asked about functional appliances in the exam just

mention posterior bite block: D even if he said active functional: D and do not worry you
will get the mark: D no idea how. but let's explain some notes about functional
appliances :
Tooth borne appliances: a) bionator B) herbest (pins and tube device)
Tissue borne appliances: Frankele is the only tissue borne functional appliance
2) Active appliances employ force to the teeth to change their position
-Most active appliances are fixed. Examples of active appliances include:
o Rapid maxillary expansion appliance (palatal expander)twice per day 0.5 1
mm/ day)
o Helix
o Bite plate
o Pin and tube
o Ribbon arch
o Edgewise
o Beg light wire
3) Blue grass appliance: for tongue thrust and thumb sucking habits, they are used as
soon as the habit is noticed and they are left for 6 months at least.
4) Cap splint device: for cleft palate.
5) 2x4 device : for anterior cross bite in mixed dentition
6) Headgear appliance used for anchorage & traction.
7) Chin cup apply to class 3 with long lower face.
8) Levering the curve of spee for correct deep bite.

9) Minimal Space needed between primary and permenant dentition IS :

6 mm in mandible and 7 mm in maxilla.
10)
Primate space: Primate Space is the gap between the primary teeth of a child.
These are normal. They are the result of the jaws growing to accommodate the larger
adult teeth. yet, spacing is normal in children, but the term "PRIMATE SPACE" is more
specific : In the mandibular arch, the primate space is between the canine and the 1st
molar (or 1st premolar in adults).Whereas, in the maxillary arch, it is between the lateral
incisors and canine
11)
Leeway space: it is the space deference between the combined mesiodistal
width of the C, D & E teeth and that of their successors (3, 4 and 5)
which is 1.9 mm in maxilla and 3.4 mm in mandible.
12)
freeway space: it is the space between occluding surfaces of maxillary and
mandibular teeth when mandible is at rest .
18

13)
14)
15)
16)

Clicking on open & close >>> reduction.

Shift to one side on open >>> unilateral.
Force of removable appliance tipping.
soft tissue protrusion in: Class II mod I.

prosthesis
1)
2)

Orthognathic mean class 2 , while prognathic

Lingual bar is short & thick

mean class 3.

- used in wide lingual sulcus & lingual frenum is low

3) lingual plate is long & thin

- used in shallow sulcus , high lingual frenum , & for splinting mobile anterior teeth.

4) posterior palatal seal is distal to line between soft & hard palate
5)shape of rest seat

spoon or square.

6)posterior seal 2 lines:

- 1st between soft & hard
-2nd vibrating line between mobile & non mobile soft palate.
7) best instrument to locate posterior palatal seal

kingsely scraper.

8)occlusal rest for support ( resist vertical forces)

9) indirect retainer used in class 1 , 2 ,4 , mainly for class 1.
10) removal of thick labial frenum with wide base
frenum called

removal of narrow

Z plasty.

11) the suture used under immediate denture

12)

vestibuloplasty ,

continuous locked , or intrupted

function of survey to identify path of insertion.

13) in recording max. mand. Relation best material used without producing pressure is

bite

registratig paste (zinc oxide & egenoul)

19

14) width of artificial teeth in CD less than natural.

15) relining add acrylic to the base of denture to increase vertical dimension
16)rebasing remove all or part of fitting surface to add acrylic.
17) advantages of wrought wire over cast wire flexibility & less irritant to
abutment.
18) pt. with palatal
shaped (horse shoe)

torus between hard & soft palate , the major connector of choice u

19) ulcer & inflammation in lower buccal vestibule with wearing complete denture due to

hypertrophic frenum.
20) over tissue in mandibular with wearing denture

epulis fisssurment.

21) Maxillofacial prostheses is the art and science of functional, anatomic and
cosmetic reconstruction of missing or defective parts in the maxilla, mandible or face by the use
of non living substances.

22) Congenital defects Cleft palate, cleft lip, missing ear, prognathism.
23) Acquired defects Accidents, surgery, pathology.
24) Obturator

A prosthesis used to close a congenital or acquired opening in the palate.

25) Splints are appliances used for immobilization of fragments of broken parts of jaw
bones in their original position until repair takes place.

26) Major connecter A rigid part of the partial denture casting that unites the rests and
another part of the prosthesis to the opposite side of the arch.
27) Denture base connecter The part of a removable denture that forms

a structure
of metal struts that engages and unites the metal casting with the resin forming the denture
base.

28) Refractory cast To fabricate a removable partial casting requires making a second cast
of high-heat investment material this cast.

29)Posterior palatal bar or strip used with: Kennedy class3.

30) Path of insertion of RPD: perpendicular to occlusal plane.

20

21

Aker clasp

ring clasp

Back action

Reverse back

Embrasure clasp

22

T clasp

Wrought wire

Bedo
1) The most common professional use of flouride in pedo is: Acidualeted phosphate.
2) The most tech. used with child TSD (tell show do ).
3) Pacifier habit lead to ant. Open bite & post. Cross bite.
4) tooth cause crowding in lower anterior region if early extracted: Primary mandibular

first molar lower D.

5) Most teeth responsible for crowding is: Lower E & upper D
6) Embedded teeth due to lack of eruptive force , while impacted due to lack of space.
7) Conscious sedative for child benzodiazepines.

23