MATH 101

Elementary Statistics for the Health Sciences

Lecture 10

Estimation
LIZA T. BILLONES, MSc
Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics

College of Arts and Sciences

University of the Philippines Manila

Recall: Descriptive vs Inferential

STATISTICS

Descriptive Statistics

Inferential Statistics

to describe

to infer

compute

or p

Estimation
Hypothesis Test

Confidence Interval Estimation

Objec&ve: To es&mate the value of the parameter
Point es&mate a single value that es&mates the
parameter value

e.g. es&mates the popula&on mean,

x

p es&mates the popula&on propor&on, P

Interval es&mate a range of values with a level of
condence that such a range contains the parameter value

e.g. 95% CI for : (65.3, 75.6)

We say, we are 95% condent that the true mean

is within the interval (65.3, 75.6).

The Confidence Interval Estimate for ;

known or Large Sample
Let X be the mean of a random sample of size n from a
population with known variance 2.
A (1-)100% confidence interval for is given by:

X (Z /2 )

Z/2 = z-value having an

area of /2 to the
right.

The confidence interval is valid when is known.

When is unknown, s is used instead as long as n >30.

Sample Size Requirement

width of the interval = 2(Margin of Error)
Margin of error (e) is given by

e = (Z /2 )

n
We can be (1-) 100% confident that the error will
not exceed a specified amount e when the sample
size is
2

n (Z /2 )
e

Round-up the result to the next integer.

Small-Sample Confidence Interval for ;

unknown
Let X be the mean and s the standard deviation of a
random sample of size n < 30 from a population with
unknown variance 2.
A (1-)100% confidence interval for is given by:

s
X (t /2 )

t/2 = t-value with df=n-1

having an area of
/2 to the right.

The confidence interval is valid for approximately normal

populations.

CI Estimation: General Procedure

1. Compute the point estimate and the standard error (s.e.).
2. Determine the margin of error, (m.e.) = (multiplier)(s.e.)
The multiplier is the Z-value Z /2 or t-value t /2 .
3. Subtract and add the m.e. from/to the point estimate.
The (1-)100% Confidence Interval:
Point Estimate M.E.
Point Estimate (M)(S.E.)

CI Estimation: Some Notes

.

The multiplier gives the number of standard errors

the lower and upper bounds of the interval are
away from the point estimate.
The ME=(M)(SE) determine the
width of the interval or precision of the estimate.
width of the interval = 2(margin of error)
The ME depends on the confidence level and sample size:
- higher confidence level means larger multiplier
- larger sample size means smaller multiplier (Z-value
instead of t-value, and also smaller SE.

CI Estimation for
i. Compute the point estimate: X
ii. Specify the confidence level:
90% = 0.10
95% = 0.05
99% = 0.01
iii. Determine the distribution:s Z or t
iv. Determine the multiplier (m):

z /2

v. Compute the standard error (s.e.):

vi. Compute the margin of error:
vii.(1-)% CI:

X m.e

or

t /2

/ n

or

m.e. = (m)(s.e.)

s/ n

CI Estimation for : Example

The mean serum creatinine level measured in 12 patients
24 hours after they received a newly proposed antibiotic
was 1.2 mg/dl with standard deviation of 0.4 mg/dl.
Give the 95% CI for the mean serum creatinine level of
patients who were given the proposed antibiotic.
95% CI: (0.947, 1.453)

CI Estimation for : Solution

a. Give the 95% CI for the mean serum creatinine level of
patients who were given the proposed antibiotic.
i. Point estimate: X = 1.2
ii. 95% level of confidence, = 0.05
iii. Test Statistic: t
iv. Critical Value: t/2, 11 = 2.201
v. Standard error, (s.e.): s / n = 0.4 / 12 = 0.11547
vi. Margin of error: m.e. = (2.201)(0.115) = 0.253
vii. 95% CI: 1.2 0.253 = (0.947, 1.453)

CI Estimation
Interpretation of the CI:
We are 95% confident that the true mean serum creatinine
level of patients who are given the proposed antibiotic is
within (0.947, 1.453).
Notes:
The 95% confidence interval (0.947, 1.453) with n=12 may
or may not capture the true mean serum creatinine level.
This procedure produces intervals that capture the
unknown population parameter about 95% of the time.
Thus we say we are 95% confident that it worked this
time.

CI Estimation vs Hypothesis Testing

The CI estimate is the acceptance region of the equivalent
hypothesis test:
- an level one-sided test (1-2)100% CI
- an level two-sided test (1-)100% CI
The CI can be used in hypothesis testing:
Reject Ho if the hypothesized value is outside the CI
estimate.

CI Estimation vs Hypothesis Testing

Example:
Use the 95% CI to test if the mean serum creatinine level of
the patients given the proposed antibiotic is different from
that of the general population which is 1.0 mg/dl.
(1-)100% CI: 1.2 0.253 = (0.947, 1.453)
Dont reject Ho.
(Since the hypothesized value, 1.0, is inside the CI estimate.)

CI Estimation for 1-2

Independent Samples:
1. Normally distributed, known variances or n1, n2 30;

(x

x 2 z

12
2

n1

22
n2

In case of unknown variances,

the sample variances are used
to estimate the population
variances.

2. Normally distributed, variances unknown and heteroscedastic

(x

x 2 t

s12
s22
+
n1
n2
2

s12
s22
+

n
n
1
2
=
2
2
s12
s22

n
n
1
2
+
n1 1
n2 1

CI Estimation for 1-2

3. Normally distributed, variances unknown and homoscedastic

(x

x 2 t 2

(n1 1)s + (n2 1)s 1 1

+
n1 + n2 2
n1 n2
2
1

2
2

df = n1 + n2 2
4. Dependent samples

sd
d t /2
n
df = n 1

d = sample mean difference

sd = s t dev of the sampledifferences
n = number of pairs

CI Estimate for P
A confidence interval for a population proportion P with
sample proportion p, based on a sample size n:

pz

p(1 p)
n

Necessary conditions:
Both np and n(1-p) are greater than 10.
Sample is random.

CI Estimate for P: Example

In a community, 39 of a random sample of 1018 interviewed
said they believe on albularyo. Determine the proportion of
those who believe in albularyo in this community.

x 39
p= =
= 0.39
n 1018

(p)(1 p)
(0.39)(0.61)
s.e. =
=
= 0.0153
n
1018

90% CI:

0.39 1.645(0.0153) or 0.39 0.025 (0.365, 0.415)

95% CI:

0.39 1.96(0.0153) or 0.39 0.030 (0.360, 0.420)

99% CI:

0.39 2.575(0.0153) or 0.39 0.039 (0.351, 0.429)

CI Estimate for P: Example

Interpretation:
We are 90% confident that the proportion of all
residents in the community who believe in
albularyo is between 0.365 and 0.415.
We are 95% confident 0.360 and 0.420.
We are 99% confident 0.351 and 0.429.
Note:
In the interpretation, the parameter, target population,
and characteristic of interest should be specified.

CI Estimate for (P1-P2)

( p1 p2 ) z 2

p1 (1 p1 ) p2 (1 p2 )
+
n1
n2

For two independent samples of sizes n1 and n2.

Compute the sample proportions, p1 and p2.
Can compute 2 separate CI, then subtract or
see if they overlap.
Better to find CI for the difference in the two population
proportions.

CI
Estimate
for
Case
Study
Comparing
proportions
1-P2): Example
Case
Study10.3
10.3(P
Comparing
proportions

Would you date someone with a great personality

Would you date someone with a great personality
even though
notnot
findfind
them
attractive?
even
thoughyou
youdid
did
them
attractive?

Women: .611 of 131 answered yes.

Women: .611 (61.1%) of 131 answered yes.
95%
interval
is .527
to .694.
95%confidence
confidence
interval
is .527
to .694.
Men::
.426
61 answered
Men
.426of(42.6%)
of 61yes.
answered yes.
95%
interval
is .302
to .55.
95%confidence
confidence
interval
is .302
to .55.
Confidence interval for the difference Conclusions:
in population
proportions of women and men who
would say
yes.
Higher
proportion
of

(.611 .426) z *

women would say yes.

.611(1 .611) .CIs
426slightly
(1 .426overlap
)
+
Women
131
61 CI narrower
than men CI due to
larger sample size

Copyright 2004 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc., updated

Copyright
2004
a division of Thomson Learning, Inc., updated
by Jessica Utts
Feb Brooks/Cole,
2010
by Jessica Utts Feb 2010

30

28

CI
Estimate
for
(P
-P
):
Example
Case
Study
10.3
Comparing
proportions
1
2
Case Study 10.3 Comparing proportions

Would you date someone with a great personality

Would
dateyou
someone
a great
personality
even you
though
did not with
find them
attractive?
even though you did not find them attractive?

Women: .611 of 131 answered yes.

Women: .611
131 answered
yes.
95% of
confidence
interval
is .527 to .694.
95% confidence interval is .527 to .694.
Men:
.426 of 61 answered yes.
Men:
.426
61 answered
yes.
95% of
confidence
interval
is .302 to .55.
95%
confidence
interval isin
.302
to .55.
Confidence
interval
for the difference
population
Confidence
interval
for the
difference
population
proportions
of women
and
men whoin
would
say yes.
proportions of women and men who would say yes.

.611(1 .611) .426(1 .426)

(.611 .426) z * .611(1 .611)+ .426(1 .426)
131
61
(.611 .426) z *
+
131
61
Copyright 2004 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc., updated
by Jessica Utts Feb 2010

Copyright 2004 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc., updated

by Jessica Utts Feb 2010

30

30

CICase
Estimate
for
(P
Study
Comparing
proportions
95% 10.3
confidence
interval
1-P2): Example

Would you date someone with a great personality

Aeven
95%though
confidence
theattractive?
difference is
you didinterval
not findfor
them

.035 to
.334ofor131
3.5%
to 33.4%.
Women
: .611
answered
yes.
is .527
to .694.
We are 95%
95%confidence
confidentinterval
that the
population
Men
:
.426 of
answered
yes. who would date
proportions
of61men
and women
95%
confidence
interval
is .302 todiffer
.55. by
someone
they
didnt find
attractive
Confidence
for.334,
the difference
in population
between interval
.035 and
with a lower
proportion
proportions
women
and men who would say yes.
for
men thanoffor
women.
We can conclude that
.611(the
1 .two
611) population
.426(1 .426)
(.611 .426) z *
+
proportions differ because
0
is
not in 61
the interval.
131
Copyright 2004 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc., updated

Copyright
2004
a division of Thomson Learning, Inc., updated
by Jessica
UttsBrooks/Cole,
Feb 2010
by Jessica Utts Feb 2010

30

31

Section 10.5: Using confidence

CI
for
(P
-P
)
and
Hypothesis
Testing
Case
Study
10.3
Comparing
proportions
1
2
intervals
to
guide
decisions
Would you date someone with a great personality

though
did not find interval
them attractive?
Aeven
value
not inyou
a confidence
can be rejected
Women
: .611value
of 131for
answered
yes.
as a likely
the population
parameter.
95% confidence interval is .527 to .694.
When a confidence interval for p1 p2 does not cover
Men:
.426 of 61 answered yes.
0 it is reasonable to conclude that the two population
95% confidence interval is .302 to .55.
values differ.
Confidence interval for the difference in population
and psay
not
When
confidence
intervals
p1would
proportions
of women
and menfor
who
yes.
2 do
overlap it is reasonable to conclude they differ, but if
.611
(1 .611) can
.426be
(1 made.
.426) In that
they
do
overlap,
no
conclusion
(.611 .426) z *
+
case, find a confidence131
interval for the61difference.
Copyright 2004 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc., updated
by Jessica
Utts2004
Feb 2010
Copyright
Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc., updated
by Jessica Utts Feb 2010

32
30

Work Out!
.

1. A random sample of 20 cigarette smokers are selected

and asked what brand they prefer. Of those interviewed 6
prefer brand X. Determine the proportion of those who
prefer brand X in the population with a 95% confidence.
2. Experimental results with a new drug administered to a
random sample of 100 adults who were suffering from
nervous tension showed that 70 received relief. Determine
the 90% CI estimate of the proportion of adults suffering
from nervous tension who would receive relief if given this
new drug.

Work Out!
3. Determine the 99% CI estimate of the difference between

the proportion of those who prefer Kadugo TV station in

City A and City B. It was found in a survey that 265 out of
400 houses in City A and 306 out of 450 houses in City B
prefer Kadugo.
4. In a study to estimate the proportion of residents in a

certain city and its suburbs who favor the construction of a

nuclear power plant, it is found that 63 of 100 urban
residents favor the construction while only 59 of 125
suburban residents are in favor. Estimate the difference
between the proportion of urban and suburban residents
who favor construction of the nuclear plant with 95%
confidence level.

Standard Normal Probabilities

Standard Normal Distribution

Table entry

Table entry for z is the area under the standard normal curve
to the left of z.

z
z

3.4
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1

27

.00

.01

.0003
.0005
.0007
.0010
.0013
.0019
.0026
.0035
.0047
.0062
.0082
.0107
.0139
.0179
.0228
.0287
.0359
.0446
.0548
.0668
.0808
.0968
.1151
.1357
.1587
.1841
.2119
.2420
.2743
.3085
.3446
.3821
.4207
.4602

.0003
.0005
.0007
.0009
.0013
.0018
.0025
.0034
.0045
.0060
.0080
.0104
.0136
.0174
.0222
.0281
.0351
.0436
.0537
.0655
.0793
.0951
.1131
.1335
.1562
.1814
.2090
.2389
.2709
.3050
.3409
.3783
.4168
.4562

.02

.0003
.0005
.0006
.0009
.0013
.0018
.0024
.0033
.0044
.0059
.0078
.0102
.0132
.0170
.0217
.0274
.0344
.0427
.0526
.0643
.0778
.0934
.1112
.1314
.1539
.1788
.2061
.2358
.2676
.3015
.3372
.3745
.4129
.4522

.03

.04

.05

.06

.07

.08

.09

.0003
.0004
.0006
.0009
.0012
.0017
.0023
.0032
.0043
.0057
.0075
.0099
.0129
.0166
.0212
.0268
.0336
.0418
.0516
.0630
.0764
.0918
.1093
.1292
.1515
.1762
.2033
.2327
.2643
.2981
.3336
.3707
.4090
.4483

.0003
.0004
.0006
.0008
.0012
.0016
.0023
.0031
.0041
.0055
.0073
.0096
.0125
.0162
.0207
.0262
.0329
.0409
.0505
.0618
.0749
.0901
.1075
.1271
.1492
.1736
.2005
.2296
.2611
.2946
.3300
.3669
.4052
.4443

.0003
.0004
.0006
.0008
.0011
.0016
.0022
.0030
.0040
.0054
.0071
.0094
.0122
.0158
.0202
.0256
.0322
.0401
.0495
.0606
.0735
.0885
.1056
.1251
.1469
.1711
.1977
.2266
.2578
.2912
.3264
.3632
.4013
.4404

.0003
.0004
.0006
.0008
.0011
.0015
.0021
.0029
.0039
.0052
.0069
.0091
.0119
.0154
.0197
.0250
.0314
.0392
.0485
.0594
.0721
.0869
.1038
.1230
.1446
.1685
.1949
.2236
.2546
.2877
.3228
.3594
.3974
.4364

.0003
.0004
.0005
.0008
.0011
.0015
.0021
.0028
.0038
.0051
.0068
.0089
.0116
.0150
.0192
.0244
.0307
.0384
.0475
.0582
.0708
.0853
.1020
.1210
.1423
.1660
.1922
.2206
.2514
.2843
.3192
.3557
.3936
.4325

.0003
.0004
.0005
.0007
.0010
.0014
.0020
.0027
.0037
.0049
.0066
.0087
.0113
.0146
.0188
.0239
.0301
.0375
.0465
.0571
.0694
.0838
.1003
.1190
.1401
.1635
.1894
.2177
.2483
.2810
.3156
.3520
.3897
.4286

.0002
.0003
.0005
.0007
.0010
.0014
.0019
.0026
.0036
.0048
.0064
.0084
.0110
.0143
.0183
.0233
.0294
.0367
.0455
.0559
.0681
.0823
.0985
.1170
.1379
.1611
.1867
.2148
.2451
.2776
.3121
.3483
.3859
.4247

ASAAD, A.S.

Standard Normal Probabilities

Standard Normal Distribution

Table entry

Table entry for z is the area under the standard normal curve
to the left of z.

z
z
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

28

.00

.01

.02

.03

.04

.05

.06

.07

.08

.09

.5000
.5398
.5793
.6179
.6554
.6915
.7257
.7580
.7881
.8159
.8413
.8643
.8849
.9032
.9192
.9332
.9452
.9554
.9641
.9713
.9772
.9821
.9861
.9893
.9918
.9938
.9953
.9965
.9974
.9981
.9987
.9990
.9993
.9995
.9997

.5040
.5438
.5832
.6217
.6591
.6950
.7291
.7611
.7910
.8186
.8438
.8665
.8869
.9049
.9207
.9345
.9463
.9564
.9649
.9719
.9778
.9826
.9864
.9896
.9920
.9940
.9955
.9966
.9975
.9982
.9987
.9991
.9993
.9995
.9997

.5080
.5478
.5871
.6255
.6628
.6985
.7324
.7642
.7939
.8212
.8461
.8686
.8888
.9066
.9222
.9357
.9474
.9573
.9656
.9726
.9783
.9830
.9868
.9898
.9922
.9941
.9956
.9967
.9976
.9982
.9987
.9991
.9994
.9995
.9997

.5120
.5517
.5910
.6293
.6664
.7019
.7357
.7673
.7967
.8238
.8485
.8708
.8907
.9082
.9236
.9370
.9484
.9582
.9664
.9732
.9788
.9834
.9871
.9901
.9925
.9943
.9957
.9968
.9977
.9983
.9988
.9991
.9994
.9996
.9997

.5160
.5557
.5948
.6331
.6700
.7054
.7389
.7704
.7995
.8264
.8508
.8729
.8925
.9099
.9251
.9382
.9495
.9591
.9671
.9738
.9793
.9838
.9875
.9904
.9927
.9945
.9959
.9969
.9977
.9984
.9988
.9992
.9994
.9996
.9997

.5199
.5596
.5987
.6368
.6736
.7088
.7422
.7734
.8023
.8289
.8531
.8749
.8944
.9115
.9265
.9394
.9505
.9599
.9678
.9744
.9798
.9842
.9878
.9906
.9929
.9946
.9960
.9970
.9978
.9984
.9989
.9992
.9994
.9996
.9997

.5239
.5636
.6026
.6406
.6772
.7123
.7454
.7764
.8051
.8315
.8554
.8770
.8962
.9131
.9279
.9406
.9515
.9608
.9686
.9750
.9803
.9846
.9881
.9909
.9931
.9948
.9961
.9971
.9979
.9985
.9989
.9992
.9994
.9996
.9997

.5279
.5675
.6064
.6443
.6808
.7157
.7486
.7794
.8078
.8340
.8577
.8790
.8980
.9147
.9292
.9418
.9525
.9616
.9693
.9756
.9808
.9850
.9884
.9911
.9932
.9949
.9962
.9972
.9979
.9985
.9989
.9992
.9995
.9996
.9997

.5319
.5714
.6103
.6480
.6844
.7190
.7517
.7823
.8106
.8365
.8599
.8810
.8997
.9162
.9306
.9429
.9535
.9625
.9699
.9761
.9812
.9854
.9887
.9913
.9934
.9951
.9963
.9973
.9980
.9986
.9990
.9993
.9995
.9996
.9997

.5359
.5753
.6141
.6517
.6879
.7224
.7549
.7852
.8133
.8389
.8621
.8830
.9015
.9177
.9319
.9441
.9545
.9633
.9706
.9767
.9817
.9857
.9890
.9916
.9936
.9952
.9964
.9974
.9981
.9986
.9990
.9993
.9995
.9997
.9998

ASAAD, A.S.

t Table
cum. prob

t .50

t .75

t .80

t .85

t .90

t .95

t .975

t .99

t .995

t .999

t .9995

one-tail

0.50
1.00

0.25
0.50

0.20
0.40

0.15
0.30

0.10
0.20

0.05
0.10

0.025
0.05

0.01
0.02

0.005
0.01

0.001
0.002

0.0005

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

1.000
0.816
0.765
0.741
0.727
0.718
0.711
0.706
0.703
0.700
0.697
0.695
0.694
0.692
0.691
0.690
0.689
0.688
0.688
0.687
0.686
0.686
0.685
0.685
0.684
0.684
0.684
0.683
0.683
0.683
0.681
0.679
0.678
0.677
0.675

1.376
1.061
0.978
0.941
0.920
0.906
0.896
0.889
0.883
0.879
0.876
0.873
0.870
0.868
0.866
0.865
0.863
0.862
0.861
0.860
0.859
0.858
0.858
0.857
0.856
0.856
0.855
0.855
0.854
0.854
0.851
0.848
0.846
0.845
0.842

1.963
1.386
1.250
1.190
1.156
1.134
1.119
1.108
1.100
1.093
1.088
1.083
1.079
1.076
1.074
1.071
1.069
1.067
1.066
1.064
1.063
1.061
1.060
1.059
1.058
1.058
1.057
1.056
1.055
1.055
1.050
1.045
1.043
1.042
1.037

3.078
1.886
1.638
1.533
1.476
1.440
1.415
1.397
1.383
1.372
1.363
1.356
1.350
1.345
1.341
1.337
1.333
1.330
1.328
1.325
1.323
1.321
1.319
1.318
1.316
1.315
1.314
1.313
1.311
1.310
1.303
1.296
1.292
1.290
1.282

6.314
2.920
2.353
2.132
2.015
1.943
1.895
1.860
1.833
1.812
1.796
1.782
1.771
1.761
1.753
1.746
1.740
1.734
1.729
1.725
1.721
1.717
1.714
1.711
1.708
1.706
1.703
1.701
1.699
1.697
1.684
1.671
1.664
1.660
1.646

12.71
4.303
3.182
2.776
2.571
2.447
2.365
2.306
2.262
2.228
2.201
2.179
2.160
2.145
2.131
2.120
2.110
2.101
2.093
2.086
2.080
2.074
2.069
2.064
2.060
2.056
2.052
2.048
2.045
2.042
2.021
2.000
1.990
1.984
1.962

31.82
6.965
4.541
3.747
3.365
3.143
2.998
2.896
2.821
2.764
2.718
2.681
2.650
2.624
2.602
2.583
2.567
2.552
2.539
2.528
2.518
2.508
2.500
2.492
2.485
2.479
2.473
2.467
2.462
2.457
2.423
2.390
2.374
2.364
2.330

63.66
9.925
5.841
4.604
4.032
3.707
3.499
3.355
3.250
3.169
3.106
3.055
3.012
2.977
2.947
2.921
2.898
2.878
2.861
2.845
2.831
2.819
2.807
2.797
2.787
2.779
2.771
2.763
2.756
2.750
2.704
2.660
2.639
2.626
2.581

318.31
22.327
10.215
7.173
5.893
5.208
4.785
4.501
4.297
4.144
4.025
3.930
3.852
3.787
3.733
3.686
3.646
3.610
3.579
3.552
3.527
3.505
3.485
3.467
3.450
3.435
3.421
3.408
3.396
3.385
3.307
3.232
3.195
3.174
3.098

636.62
31.599
12.924
8.610
6.869
5.959
5.408
5.041
4.781
4.587
4.437
4.318
4.221
4.140
4.073
4.015
3.965
3.922
3.883
3.850
3.819
3.792
3.768
3.745
3.725
3.707
3.690
3.674
3.659
3.646
3.551
3.460
3.416
3.390
3.300

0.000

0.674

0.842

1.036

1.282

1.645

1.960

2.326

2.576

3.090

3.291

0%

50%

60%

70%

80%
90%
95%
Confidence Level

98%

99%

99.8%

99.9%

two-tails
df
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
40
60
80
100
1000

29

0.001

References
Magboo, VP; Gonzaga, AG; Billones, LT. Elementary Statistics for
the Health Sciences Laboratory Manual. Departmental of
Physical Sciences and Mathematics, CAS, UP Manila. 1999.
Asaad, A. S. (2011). Simplified Biostatistics. Rex Printing
Company, Inc., Quezon City, Philippines.
Daniel, W. W. (1996). Biostatistics: A Foundation for Analysis in
the Health Sciences, 6th Edition. Wiley & Sons, Inc., USA.
Mendoza, O., et. al. (2010). Foundations of Statistical Analysis
for the Health Sciences. University of the Philippines Manila.
Rosner, Bernard K. (2010). Fundamentals of Biostatistics , 7th
Edition. Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning, Inc.