GROUNDWATER QUALITY

The solutes and gases dissolved in the water, as well

as the matter suspended in and floating on the water.
A consequence of the natural physical and chemical
state of the water as well as any alterations that may
have occurred as a consequence of human activity
A human activity alters the natural water quality so
that it is no longer fit for a use for which it had
previously being suited, the water is said to be
polluted or contaminated

One basic measure of water quality is the total

dissolved solids (TDS), which is the total amount of
solids, in milligrams per liter, that remain when water
sample is evaporated to dryness
Classification of water based on total dissolved solids

Class

TDS (mg/L)

Fresh

0 1,000

Brackish

1,000 10,000

Saline

10,000 100,000

Brine

> 100,000

G-water Quality Standards

Regulations that set specific limitations on the quality of water that may be applied
to a specific use.

Establishment of Environmental Quality Standards for Groundwater

Pollution
Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) for groundwater pollution were issued in
1997 and they are required to be maintained in order to protect human health.

As a result of additions made in 1999, 2000, 2001, 2011, and 2012, EQS now
regulate 28 hazardous substances and items including heavy metals, volatile organic
carbons, and etc.

Item
cadmium
total cyanogen
lead
chromium (VI)
arsenic
total mercury
alkyl mercury
PCB
dichloromethane
carbon tetrachloride
vinyl chloride monomer
1,2-dichloroethane
1,1-dichloroethylene
1,2-dichloroethylene
1,1,1-trichloroethane
1,1,2-trichloroethane
trichloroethylene
tetrachloroethylene
1,3-dichloropropene
thiram
simazine
thiobencarb
benzene
selenium
nitrate nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen
fluoride
boron
1,4-dioxane

Standard Values
0.003mg/liter or less
not detectable
0.01mg/liter or less
0.05mg/liter or less
0.01mg/liter or less
0.0005mg/liter or less
not detectable
not detectable
0.02mg/liter or less
0.002mg/liter or less
0.002mg/liter or less
0.004mg/liter or less
0.1mg/liter or less
0.04 mg/liter or less
1mg/liter or less
0.006mg/liter or less
0.03mg/liter or less
0.01mg/liter or less
0.002mg/liter or less
0.006mg/liter or less
0.003mg/liter or less
0.02mg/liter or less
0.01mg/liter or less
0.01mg/liter or less
10 mg/liter or less
0.8 mg/liter or less
1 mg/liter or less
0.05mg/liter or less

Groundwater sampling
Collecting a representative groundwater sample is not
a straight forward process
Ensure

that the sample is from surrounding aquifer and not

from standing water in the well
Collect sensitive parameters at the wellhead
Adequate volume is collected in bottles appropriate for the
analyte being measured and many analytes require special
preservation and handling
Analysis is done within a specified period of time

Groundwater samples to be handled carefully to ensure accurate representative

analysis

Details of Analyses and Site Categories

Field equipment

Water level Indicator

Product Water Interface Probe
Specific Electrical Conductance Meter
pH meter
Temperature Meter
Turbidity Meter
Dissolved Oxygen Meter

Lab equipments
Preparation for sampling
Sample bottles
- bottles used for g/w sampling are high
quality glass bottles with fluorocarbon
resin-lined caps
- bottles are cleaned based on the
analyte of interest

 Preservatives
- in the form of nitric acid, hydrochloric
acid and sulphuric acid are prepared
using reagent water and laboratory
grade chemicals
- the types of preservatives used
depends on the analyte or compound of
interest

 Shipping Cooler
- used are able to maintain a temperature
of 4 deg. C at time of sample placement
into these coolers as well as during
transportation
Sample Labels
- to prevent wrong identification of
samples, sample labels are prepared
and affixed to each sample bottle upon
sample collection at site

Parameters

Bottles

Preservation

Holding Time

VOCs

100 ml glass
bottle

No headspace,
ice

7 days upon
receipt or 14 days
after sample
preparation with
HCR

Heavy Metals

500 ml glass
bottle

pH < 2 with
HNO3 and ice to

6 months for nonvolatile metals &

28 days for
volatile metals

SO4, Cl,
hardness, Total
dissolved solids

500 ml glass
bottle

Ice to 4 deg. C

28 days

Phenolic
compounds

1000 ml glass
bottle

pH < 2 with
H2SO4 & ice to 4
deg. C

28 days

NO3, PO4

500 ml glass
bottle

pH < 2 with
H2SO4 & ice to 4
deg. C

48 days

Hydrocarbons

1000 ml glass
bottle

28 days

Pesticides

1000 ml glass
bottle

pH < 2 with
H2SO4 & ice to 4
deg. C
Ice to 4 deg. C

Radioactive

4 L plastic bottle

pH < 2 with HNO3

6 months

Bacteria

100 ml glass
bottle

Ice to 4 deg. C

12 to 24 hours

7 days until
extraction and 40
days after
extraction

Parameters and analytical technique

1.

Parameters

Techniques adopted

Method

Halogenated
VOCs

Headspace extraction
technique with gas
chromatography
capillary column and ECD
detector

EPA 3810 adopted

to PE method

2. Aromatic VOCs

3. Total phenolic
compounds

Headspace extraction
technique with gas
chromatography
capillary column and FID
detector
Colorimetric technique
and measured by UV
Visible spectrophotometer

EPA 3810 adopted

PE method

APHA 5530 B & D

4. Organochlorine
pesticides

SPE extraction followed by

gas chromatography
analysis with FID

EPA 508.1

APHA 3520

5. Hydrocarbons

SPE extraction followed by

gas chromatography
analysis with FID

6. Anions
Nitrate

Colorimetric technique and

measured by UV Visible
spectrophotometer

Phosphate
Chloride
Sulphate

As above
As above
UV-Visible
spectrophotometer

APHA 4500

APHA 4500 PD
APHA 4500
CIB
APHA 4500
SO4 E

7. Heavy metals
Hydride generation /
Volatile metals (As, Atomic Absorption
Hg, V, Sb, Se, Sn) Spectrophotometer
Non-volatile Cd,
Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni,
Pb, Zn)

APHA 3112A

Flame / Atomic Absorption APHA 3111B

Spectrophotometer

8. Total dissolved
solids

Gravimetric technique

APHA 2540C

9. Hardness

Titrimetric technique

APHA 2340C

10. Radiological
Analysis Gross
alpha, beta,
gamma

International Proportional
Counter

APHA 7110

Groundwater Quality in Malaysia

Generally good:
-Fe & Mn values > WHO limit ( 60 % of well)
- Hg, As, Pb, NO3, high in isolated wells at N.
Sembilan, Terengganu, Selangor, Melaka
- Colliform, E coli presence at KB shallow unconfined
aquifer
-Saline occur naturally at some west coast of WM and
some coastal areas of Sarawak

Groundwater quality protection and management

- There are a number of artificial sources of potential

groundwater contamination such as sanitary landfill,
septic tank, wastewater, toxic chemical disposal site,
agricultural chemicals and Underground Storage Tank
(UST)
- One critical aspects of preventing groundwater
pollution is the identification of recharge area for the
aquifer. In such, protection of the recharge area is vital.

Treatment
Aeration
pH treatment
Filtration
Carbon filter
Zeolite
Micro filter
Ultra membrane
.UV light

KUALITI AIR BAWAH TANAH

(Air Kelantan Sdn. Bhd.)

PENDAHULUAN
Perbezaan di antara sumber air permukaan dan
bawah tanah (dalam kontek rawatan air untuk
bekalan air bersih)
Air permukaan

Air Bawah Tanah

Parameter utama kualiti air sungai yang

memberi kesan kepada proses rawatan
1.
Kekeruhan (NTU)
2.
Bahan Kollaidal (Bahan separa larut
i.e. lumpur)
3.
Keasidan air
4.
Racun / Toksid

Parameter utama kualiti air sungai telaga

yang
memberi kesan kepada proses rawatan
1.
Kandungan bahan mineral semulajadi
i.e besi, manganase
2.
Kandungan ammonia (NH3)
3.
Keasidan air (kandungan oksigen)

Proses Rawatan air di loji (Konvensional)

Pengudaraan, Pembauran bahan kimia,
Pengentalan/Pengumpulan, Pemendapan,
Penapisan, Pembasmian Kuman

Proses Rawatan air di loji (Konvensional)

Pengudaraan, Pembauran bahan kimia,
Pengentalan/Pengumpulan, Pemendapan,
Penapisan, Pembasmian Kuman

TATACARA PENGENDALIAN RAWATAN AIR

BAWAH TANAH

Contoh Aliran Bekalan Air Dari Sumber

Air Bawah Tanah ke loji rawatan air
Carta Aliran Proses Perawatan Air bagi
loji bawah tanah
Gambarajah skematik proses rawatan air
Contoh (gambar) kedudukan telaga
Contoh keratan rentas telaga tiub
Gambar-gambar komponen loji rawatan
air sumber bawah tanah

CONTOH ALIRAN BEKALAN AIR DARI SUMBER AIR

BAWAH TANAH KE LOJI RAWATAN AIR
Tangki
Kemumin

KEMUMIN
TWL = 36m

CAPACITY 30 mld

Tangki
Kubang
Kerian

KUBANG
KERIAN
TWL = 36m

400mm
9140m

750mm
11780m

Reservoir
Bkt.
Kechik

BUKIT
KECHIK
TWL = 58m

CAPACITY 7 mld

650mm
1900m

CAPACITY 23 mld

Loji Air
NEW CHICHA
Chicha
TREATMENT

AERATOR = 16.69m
CLEAR WATER TANK = 8.6m

PLANT

400mm
2450m

500mm
1100m

500mm
250m

300mm
640m

350mm
690m

Medan
Telaga
Kg.Pasir
Hor
7 buah

KG. PASIR HOR

WELLFIELD
540m 3/hr

Medan
Telaga
Padang
Penyadap

KG. PADANG PENYADAP

WELLFIELD
270m 3 /hr

5 buah

SPECIALIST SUB-CONTRACTOR:

600mm
2230m

Medan
Telaga
Seribong
KG. SERIBONG
WELLFIELD
360m 3 /hr

5 buah

TURNKEY CONTRACTOR:

700mm
1810m

300mm
150m

350mm
110m

Medan
Telaga
Pasir
Tumboh

KG. PASIR TUMBOH

WELLFIELD
180m 3 /hr

J1

500mm
1850m

350mm
90m

J2

Medan
Telaga
Sek. Men.
K.Kerian II
4 buah

CLIENT :

400mm
50m

REV.

DATE

REMARKS

APPROVED

3rd Floor, Wisma Domain, No.18, Jalan 51A/223,

46100 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan.
Tel:- 03-79565186, 4679200
Fax:- 03-79586181

PERUNDING ZAKARIAH & KAMAL

Medan
Telaga
K.Kerian I

Medan
Telaga
Kg.Kenali

3 buah

5 buah

PROJECT :

Jurutera Perunding
NO. 7A, Lorong CP 4/36A, Cheras Perdana,
Cheras Bt. 9 3/4, 43200 Cheras
Tel:- 03-90764869/70, 90760195
Fax:- 03-90749844

AIR KELANTAN SDN. BHD

Tingkat 4, Bangunan Petronas,
Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra,
15200 Kota Bahru, Kelantan Darul Naim
Tel:- 09-7437777 Fax:- 09-7472030

KUBANG KERIAN I
WELLFIELD
420m 3 /hr

DESIGN, BUILD AND FINANCE OF

ACPI - MENDZA JOINT VENTURE

400mm
1750m

SEK. MEN. KUBANG KERIAN II

WELLFIELD
570m 3 /hr

3 buah

CONSULTANT :

CHICHA WATER SUPPLY SCHEME

KG. KENALI
WELLFIELD
360m 3 /hr

TITLE :

FIGURE 2
OVERVIEW OF PIPELINE SCHEME

FOR AIR KELANTAN SDN. BHD. (AKSB)

APPROVED : ZKS

DRAWN : FAR/FZJ

DESIGNED : HCD

CHECKED : KAA

DATE : FEB. 2002

SCALE :

DRAWING NO : PZK/1029/PED/02

PROSES PERAWATAN AIR DI BAWAH TANAH

(KONVENSIONAL)
MULA

AIR MENTAH (Dari

Medan Telaga)

AKHIR
Kapor
(Lime)

Klorin
(Chlorine)

PENGUDARAAN +
PEMBAURAN
BAHAN KIMIA

Tawas
(Alum)

PAM AIR BERSIH

PENYIMPANAN
AIR BERSIH

PEMBASMIAN
KUMAN
PENAPISAN

PENGGENTALAN

PEMENDAPAN
(Lamella tubes)

CONTOH STRUKTUR MEDAN TELAGA (MEDAN TELAGA KENALI)

Air mentah di pam

ke loji

Struktur telaga
dalam bumi

Aliran air bawah

tanah (aquifer)

LOJI RAWATAN AIR CHICHA, KOTA BHARU

KEDUDUKAN BANGUNAN PROSES DAN PENTADBIRAN

Flocculation

Aerator
Clarifier
Filtration

Chemical House
Office

Pump House

Bangunan proses Pandangan dari tangki

menara backwash

PROJEK PEMBANGUNAN AIR KELANTAN SDN BHD

SKIM BEKALAN AIR CHICHA
Aerator - Air mentah dari medan telaga

Air mentah masuk dari medan telaga

PROJEK PEMBANGUNAN AIR KELANTAN SDN BHD

SKIM BEKALAN AIR CHICHA
Flocculation tank dan clarifier - Pandangan dari cascade aerator

Filter Gallery
Up-Flow Lamella Tube Clarifier

PROJEK PEMBANGUNAN AIR KELANTAN SDN BHD

SKIM BEKALAN AIR CHICHA
Sludge Thickenning Tank

PENYELENGGARAAN TELAGA BAWAH

TANAH
Setiap telaga di selenggara (servis) mengikut
jadual berkala yang di tetapkan
Kebiasaan setiap sebuah telaga perlu di servis
setiap 6 bulan
Proses servicing termasuk
Mengeluarkan pam selam dan proses PPM
(plant preventive maintenance) terhadap
komponen pam
Memerapkan larutan klorin 30 % ke dalam
telaga bagi melarutkan sebatian mineral spt
besi dan manganese
Memasukkan angin (blowing and surging) ke
dalam telaga untuk mengeluarkan larutan
sebatian dan proses mencuci screen dan
filter telaga

PENYELENGGARAAN TELAGA BAWAH

TANAH
Proses servicing memakan masa antara 3 hingga
5 hari bagi setiap telaga
Peningkatan pengeluaran sehingga 15 % di
perolehi dari sebelum pencucian (kadar air
aquifer masuk ke telaga meningkat)
Setiap telaga mempunyai paras kawalan tertentu
di mana pam perlu di matikan sekiranya paras
tersebut (paras kritikal) telah sampai.
Tindakan susulan membuat pemeriksaan rapi
terhadap telaga tersebut dan jika perlu telaga
baru perlu di gali

Rumusan

Pengepaman, Q

Paras asal airbumi

Susutan

Pemendapan
Skrin
Mineral Mika

Porous media pasir + kelikir

Pengangkutan Bahan Enap Cemar

+ Rejahan Air Masin

Akuifer Tak Terkurung

Lapisan Tak Telap