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Introduction and History of

Remote Sensing

What is Remote Sensing?


Definition:
the science and art of obtaining
information about an object, area or
phenomenon through the analysis of data
acquired by a sensor which is located at a
distance from the object, area or
phenomenon
(Lillesand and Kiefer, 1994)

How is Remote Sensing Used?


Mapping the earths surface - land and water
examining types of objects or features and
the quality and quantity of these features
distribution of features or objects over space
and time
understanding spatial and temporal
relationships

Platforms for Recording Data


Remotes sensing data may be collected
from a variety of platforms, such as:
aircraft
satellites
balloons
rockets
space shuttles

Sensors to Collect Data


On board or inside remote sensing
platforms, sensors are used to collect
data
Sensors may include:
aerial photograph cameras
non-photographic instruments such as:
radiometers
electro-optical scanners
radar systems

Electromagnetic Energy
is reflected, transmitted or emitted by
the target and is recorded by the sensor
the earths atmosphere effects the
signal of energy which travels between
the target and the sensor

Factors Affecting the Quality and


Information Content of the Data
Resolution: the maximum separating or
discriminating power of a measurement
spectral, radiometric, spatial and temporal
Sampling Frequency: determines how
often data are collected
spectral, spatial and temporal

The Remote Sensing Model


The RS Model Components for Real Systems
(Lillesand and Kiefer, 1994)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

The energy source


The atmosphere
The energy/matter interactions (earths surface)
The sensor
The data-handling system
Multiple data users

Remote Sensing Applications


Measure and map spatial dimensions
from images
monitor the dynamics of phenomena of
the earths surface and atmosphere
monitoring vigor and stress of vegetation

and environmental quality


measuring the temperature of objects
detecting and identifying catastrophic sites
fire, flood, volcanos, earthquakes, etc.

Large-scale Aerial
Photography
Can differentiate
submerged
vegetation , making
it useful for
monitoring fish
habitats

(Remote Sensing
Research Inc.)

Remote Sensing Applications


Crop production of agricultural systems
water storage and run-off of watersheds
quantity and living conditions of wildlife
species

Remote Sensing History


1839

Photography invented

1882 - Kites used for aerial


photography
1909 for

Airplanes used as a platform


photography

Remote Sensing History


1910-20 - WWI - Aerial reconnaissance
Beginning of photo interpretation
1920-50 - Aerial photogrammetry was
developed
1934
- Radar development for military use
1940s
- Colour photography was invented
Non-visible (mainly near-infrared)

Remote Sensing History


1950-70 - Further development of nonvisible photography, multi-camera
photography, colour IR and
non-photographic sensors.
Very High Resolution Radiometer
(VHRR) and launch of weather satellites
such as Nimbus and TIROS

Remote Sensing History


1962 - the term Remote Sensing appeared
1972 - Launch of Landsat1, originally
named ERTS-1
1982 - Second generation of Landsat sensor:
Thematic Mapper

Remote Sensing History


1986 - French SPOT-1 High Resolution
Visible sensors MSS, TM, HRV
used for data collection for large
areas all over the world.
- Natural resource mapping (agriculture,
forstry, wetlands, mineral exploration,
mining, etc.)

Remote Sensing History


1988 - Indian Remote Sensing Satellite
(IRS) launched
1992 - JERS, Japanese Earth Resources
Satellite launched with with
L-band radar and visible and IR
recording devices

Remote Sensing History


1993 - Launch of SPOT-3
1995 - IRS-3 launched
1995 - Canada launched RADARSAT
1999 - Launch of Landsat-7

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