Administrative Stuff

Quiz 4 Is Friday, November 4, 4:30-5:45, CW101-102103.

The laws: Biot-Savart, Ampere, Faraday, Lenz; plus
displacement current and Maxwells equations.
Review will be Wednesday evening, November 2, 7:30
PM, ACKERT 120 (NOTE CHANGE).
A progress report consisting of your range of possible
points in various categories has been posted.

Bar Exam--1
Use this rule to compute magnetic fields for cases when
currents are arranged in cylindrically symmetric
situations.
A. Biot-Savart Law.
B. Lenzs Law.
C. Faradays Law.
D. Amperes law.

Bar Exam--2
Use this rule to compute voltages and currents induced
by a changing magnetic flux.
A. Biot-Savart Law.
B. Lenzs Law.
C. Faradays Law.
D. Amperes law.

Bar Exam--3
A single-turn coil has insufficient symmetry to deploy
Amperes law. Youre stuck with using?
A. Biot-Savart Law.
B. Lenzs Law.
C. Faradays Law.
D. Amperes law.

Bar Exam--4
This rule describes a way to generate electric fields in
space without directly using electric charge.
A. Biot-Savart Law.
B. Lenzs Law.
C. Faradays Law.
D. Amperes law.

Bar Exam--5
This rule lets you pick out the correct direction that
induced currents flow.
A. Biot-Savart Law.
B. Lenzs Law.
C. Faradays Law.
D. Amperes law.

Faradays Law is a Big Deal

This voltage difference can drive currents just like a
battery, but we dont need the battery.
We just need some way to change magnetic flux through
a coil.
Something like this:

Voltage vs. Time in Rotating coil

Define n to be a unit vector normal to the loop, such that

FB=NABn=BNAcosq, where q is the angle between B and
n, A is the area of the loop, and N is the number of turns..
Then FB=BNAcosqt, and E=-dFB/dt=wBNAsinq.
The voltage varies sinusoidally; it is AC, or alternating
current.

Loads
Suppose a small diesel powered generator is used to
drive the resistive load in a household circuit. Which
total load resistance will require the most mechanical
power from the diesel engine in the generator?
A. 1 .
B. 10 .
C. 100 .
D. 1000 .

Pick-up coils

Bury a coil in the road near a traffic light.

The earths magnetic field will result in flux through the
coil.
The iron elements in a cars frame and engine can
amplify and distort the field, changing the flux in the coil.
The induced current can then trip a switch, and viola!
The light changes.

Guitar String Pickups

As strings move across coils that wrap around

permanent magnets, flux changes are produced in the
coils.
Flux change voltage changeelectrical signal.
The flux changes at the rate the string vibrates.

Pick-up lines

A magnetic pickup on an electric guitar will work best

with?
A. Nylon strings.
B. Aluminum strings.
C. Copper strings.
D. Steel strings.

Back EMF

A motor uses current supplied by an external power

source .
But the rotating coil intercepts a changing magnetic flux
as the coil turns.
Motors always act like generators.
This produces a voltage that, by Lenzs law, opposes the
change in flux. This back EMF reduces the maximum
power that the motor can deliver.

A loaded generator
Suppose we connect the generator to a resistive load
with Z=R.
A current will be produced I=(wBNA/R)sinq, which in turn
implies that electric power will be produced at a rate
PE=VI= [(wBNA)2/R]sin2q.
But the current will result in the coil developing a
magnetic dipole moment mB= A(wBNA/R)sinq, which will
generate a torque t=mBB= A(wBNA/R)Bsin2q.
This will require a mechanical power PM=wt=
[(wBNA)2/R]sin2q. Energy is conserved!

Producing E-fields without charge

Use the full version of Faradays Law

d B
d

dA
E E d dt dt B
Take a closed circular path outside an solenoid driven
with an AC current I=I0coswt:
E=2prE=-dFB/dt
FB=nm0pR2I0coswt.
E=nm0pR2I0wsinwt/(2pr).
A changing B-field is another way to produce an E-field!

Magnetic Field in a Capacitor Gap

Suppose current moved through a capacitor.

Physically this happens by the opposite plates of the
capacitor charging and discharging.
In the gap of the capacitor, no physical current flows.
Applying Amperes law in the gap would then imply no
magnetic fields exists in this region, but experiment
shows otherwise.

Displacement Current
Maxwell patched up Amperes law to fix this problem,
adding a new term to the physical current called the
displacement current: ID=e0dFE/dt.
FE is the flux of the electric field through the open
surface bounded by the Amperian loop.
A changing FE can induce a magnetic field in a fashion
quite similar to the way that a changing FB can induce
an electric field.

Producing B-fields without currents

Suppose the charge on the capacitor plate varies as
Q=Q0sinwt. Then:
E=(Q0/(Ae0))sinwt.
FE=(Q0A)/(Ae0)sinwt=(Q0/e0)sinwt
e0dFE/dt = wQ0e0coswt/e0=wQ0coswt
But note that wQ0coswt is exactly the physical current
I=dQ/dt.
So Amperes law implies B=I/2pr in the gap and
outside the gap. The B-field is continuous across the
capacitor.

Maxwells Equations:
The da Vinci Code of Electromagnetism

Solution to ME in Free Space:

Under certain conditions, these functions for E and B
solve Maxwells Equation for the case q=I=0 (i.e., in
empty space):
E=E0sin(kz-wt)i.
B=(E0/c)sin(kz-wt)j.

These are electromagnetic waves, propagating

oscillation, moving in the z direction at a speed v=w/k=c,
where c is the speed of light.
And indeed, the rest of the semester will take up the
properties of these solution, a part of electromagnetism
called optics.