Bending

Mechanics of Deformable Bodies

CIV E 270

Pure Bending

SFD

BMD

Pure Bending

Longitudinal lines become curved

Transverse lines straight yet undergo a rotation
Tensile stress on one side, Comp. stress on the other
3

Neutral Axis (N.A.)

Material above in comp., material below in tension

A surface in between with no change
In this Fig., Z-axis is the Neutral Axis
4

Neutral Axis (N.A.)

CrossSection

y
x max
C

y
x max
C

Strain & Stress vary linearly with dist. from N.A.

5

Neutral Axis (N.A.)

Area moments above & below N.A. must be equal

N.A. & section centroid coincide
6

Flexure Formula

Centroid & Moment of Inertia

Centroid

NA
y

Parallel Axis Theorem

Assumptions for Elastic Bending

Prismatic members (constant x-sec & small d/L)
Homogeneous material (Hookes low applies)

x-sec is symmetrical with respect to at least one axis

Not valid for angles or Z sections
Shear deformations are negligible

Example#1

My = 25 kN.m

My x
Iy

Det. stress at points C, D, & E

10

N.A.
11

12

N.A.

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Example#2

MZ = 900 N.m
Find force in shaded area
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dA
NA

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16

 max

My
900(.031)
6

41.63(10
) Pa 41.63 MPa
6
I
0.67025(10 )
41.63 MPa
30.89

8
23 mm

31 mm

41.63 30.89
30.89
F Aa
Ab
2
2
(8 23)(36.26) (8 23)(15.45) 9.51 kN
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Example#3

all = 120 MPa (tension)

= 160 MPa (comp.)
Det. Largest/allowable M
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N.A.
27 mm

36 mm

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d1=3

d2=6

N.A.

1
b 2 h 32
36

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4.044

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Flexural Deformation
Type of Load Deformation

Axial load

Displacement

Torsion

Angle of Twist

Bending

Curvature

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Curvature & Radius of Curvature

1

max

max

Ec

max
c

1 Mc

Ec I
1

EI
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Example#4

W200 x 46 rolled steel, E = 200 GPa

Find max. stress & radius of curvature
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Appendix B

x
x
x
x
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Moment-Curvature Relationship
curvature without increase in moment

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Stress Block

Yield Moment
Point 2

Plastic Moment
Point 5
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Elastic & Plastic Analysis

Yield Moment (My)
corresponds to first yield (point 2)
Plastic Moment (Mp)
corresponds to fully yielded section (point 5)
Applied (Mp > M > My)

Elasto-Plastic analysis

28

Rect. X-Sec. Beams (Elastic)

y

max y

Sx

max I
C

My
y
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Rect. X-Sec. Beams (Fully Plastic)

M p yZx

Zx

Mp
y
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Shape Factor, k
The ratio of Plastic Moment to Yield Moment
x

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Example#5
c

Compute the shape factor k

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N.A. (Plastic)

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Example#6

E = 200 GPa & y = 240 MPa

Find moment at which
a) yield first occurs;
b) plastic zones top & bottom are 30 mm
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35

36

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Example#7

E = 70 GPa & y = 190 MPa

a) Find yield moment, My
b) Find plastic moment, Mp
c) Find shape factor, K
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39

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Location of Force T

Location of Force C

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