983

lEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 42, NO. 7, JULY 1994

Large Finite Array Analysis

Using Infinite Array Data
Andrew J. Roscoe and Roger A. Perrott

Abstract-The prediction of edge element behavior is a common

problem during the design of large array antennas. The performance of the center elements can be approximated by an infinite
array model, but the edge element patterns and active reflection
coefficients cannot. The full element-by-element analysis [l] of
a large finite array is either excessively time consuming or
impossible due to the computer power required.
A study has recently been carried out to develop and test
methods of fully predicting large array performanceusing infinite
array data. The methods devised are presented below, together
with comparisons of predicted performance and measured data
from a 163-element WG-16 array.

reflection coefficients. A new approach is described that uses

the coupling impedances or admittances [2], [7], but is applied
to the case of free excitation, rather than the hypothetical case
of forced excitation [5].
11. THE PERIODIC
RECTANGLE
IN SCANSPACE
Infinite array input data to all of the algorithms to be
described is in the form of either infinite array immersed
element pattern or active impedance, sampled on an N x N
grid over a periodic rectangle in scan space. The infinite array
pattern and active impedance functions repeat in U-w space
with a periodicity of
and
(the dimensions of the grating
lobe lattice in U-w space). Hence any sampling of a whole
rectangle of these dimensions contains all the information
available. The size and shape of this rectangle is therefore
governed by the spacings and operating frequency of the array.
Fig. 2 shows the convention adopted here for the planar array
spacings d x and dy. Note that triangular arrays are treated just
as rectangular arrays, but with half the element positions left
vacant.
A property of the periodic rectangle is that when the pattern
or impedance data in scan space is discretely transformed back
onto the aperture, the points produced are spaced by the array
spacings d x and d y [ l 11. This implies that the dimensions of
the sample rectangle in scan space are

&

&

I. INTRODUCTION

VER the years several methods have been proposed that

use infinite array data to deduce the performance of finite
arrays. All of these methods assume that the elements are
minimum scattering antennas to a greater or lesser extent (see
Section IV-B) [14], [6]. This paper reviews such methods,
presents a new method, and describes simple algorithms for
their implementation.
A summary of the routes explored from infinite to finite
array data is shown in Fig. 1. The first method uses a wellknown technique that involves a Fourier windowing of the
infinite array far-field element pattern [9]. The required input
data is the infinite array immersed element pattern, and an
estimate of the isolated element pattern. This technique makes
the assumption that the elements are minimum scatterers with
respect to their S parameters. However, Fourier windowing
of the infinite array immersed element pattern produces finite
array patterns that will be reasonable approximations even if
the elements are relatively complex and not particularly good
minimum scatterers.
The other methods are most suited to simple elements in
which the fundamental mode is dominant, such as dipoles
or waveguides. This is because the algorithms operate by
deducing the infinite array coupling parameters and making
direct use of any minimum scattering properties of the elements. The element pattern of a single isolated element must
also be known to a higher degree of accuracy than for the
pattern windowing technique described above. The input data
is the infinite array active impedance over a rectangle in
scan space, and the isolated element pattern. Data that can
be deduced covers a range of properties of the finite array,
such as immersed element patterns, beam patterns, and active
Manuscript received August 30, 1993; revised February 1, 1994. This work
was supported by GEC-Marconi Avionics Ltd., Edinburgh.
The authors are with the Antenna Division, GEC-Marconi Research Centre,
Chelmsford, Essex CM2 8HN, UK.
IEEE Log Number 9402863.

--

2dx

--

<U<-

x
2dx

<U<--

2dY
2dY
where U = sin(0) cos(4)
w = sin(0) sin(4).
When sampled with an N x N grid, where N is a power
of 2 for the convenience of the FFT,the actual sample points
will be
N
N
nX
U , = -n = --... - - 1
N dx
2
2
U,

mX
-N dY

m = --

... - - 1.
2

111. WORKING FROM THE INFINITE ARRAYPAITERN:

DIRECTFOURIERWINDOWING
Fig. 3 is a block diagram that describes the algorithm for
this method [9]. The basic idea is very simple; the infinite array
immersed element pattern is back transformed to the aperture,
convolved with the forward waves applied to the elements,
and the excitations produced truncated to the shape of the
finite array. A final transform reveals the far field pattern of

0018-926)(/94$04.00 0 1994 IEEE

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 42, NO. I, JULY 1994

984

Element Dimensions and Spacing etc..

Fig. 1.

Summary of

routes

from

infinite array to finite array data.

dx
Crosses indicate rectangular array element positions
Circles indicate triangular array element positions
Fig. 2.

Array element spacing convention.

the finite array. However there are a few subtle details that
also must be taken into account to make the method give the
best results.
The infinite array immersed element pattern is first divided
by an estimate of the isolated element pattern to deduce the
hypothetical pattern that would be produced by the infinite
array if it were made up of Huygens sources. This stage
is very important, as it enables the transform to the aperture to reveal the true excitations on the array spacing grid
(dz,dy). Next, rather than convolving the aperture excitations with the forward waves, it is more computationally
efficient-and numerically equivalent-to multiply the infinite
array Huygens source pattern with the finite array arrayfactor
before transforming back to the aperture. Fig. 3 also shows
a previous step that transforms the Huygens source pattern
back to the aperture, and then straight back to scan space
on a larger grid, if required, by padding the dataset with
zeros. This enables arrays that are larger than the original
N x N sample grid to be analysed. Back transforming the
product of the multiplication step now reveals the true aperture
excitations. These are truncated to the size and shape of the

finite array. A forward transform and multiplication with the

isolated element pattern finally reveals the finite array beam
pattern.
Arbitrary array shapes and illumination distributions can be
analysed, as long as the elements lie at multiples of the infinite
array spacing. Vacant element positions within the array are
modeled by fixing their excitations to zero, in the same way
that excitations outside the boundary of the finite array are
truncated. Dummy elements have zero forward waves but are
allowed to have finite excitations due to coupling from other
elements.
Inaccuracies in the estimated isolated element pattern can
be tolerated, because the isolated element pattern data is used
twice in a fashion that causes any errors to be largely cancelled
out. This makes the method suitable for relatively complex
antenna types such as patches.
I v . WORKING FROM THE INFINITE ARRAY ACTIVEIMPEDANCE
These methods are more detailed than the direct Fourier
windowing of the infinite array immersed element pattern.
This is because the actual coupling parameters are derived
before windowing is carried out [7]. This allows additional
information, such as the active reflection coefficients of the
finite array elements, to be deduced.
V. A. Derivation of the Infinite Array Coupling Parameters
Consider a linear array of element spacing d, scanned to an
angle 6 from boresight
N

ZAcT(m,IC) =

zmne2+(m--n)
n=l

d .
where k = - sin6

N = number of elements in array,

m = element to examine.

ROSCOE AND PERRO'IT LARGE FINITE ARRAY ANALYSIS

985

Geometry of the Finite Array

Vacant and Dummy element positions
Amplitude and Phase taper

ri

I
9

'

i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i

Appiy Phase Progressions

due to scan angle

Divideby
Isolated Element Pattern

Far-Fwld P a m fa Huygens Sources

FFF m large grid

FFT on large grid

ConvolutionReplacamt

IFFT on large grid

Truncate to size of finite array

3
el
Far-Fmld Pattern tor Hygens Sources

Finite Array Panem

Fig. 3.

The direct Fourier windowing algorithm.

For an infinite array made up of any type of elements we can

write

in Section 11. Hence,

zmn

= Z(l m - n

I)

~ ( m1 - n l ) e 2 X j s ( m - n )

m, - =
n=l

where PK
-= I C

~ E Z .

For an infinite array we could examine any element since all

are the same, so we choose m = 0.

ZACT

(g)

N-1

z(l -n

zne2nj+n

1
2 = -FFT(ZACT).

The extension to a planar array is trivial, and the procedures

for deriving the infinite array coupling admittances and S
parameters are very similar (see Fig. 4) [4], [2]. The active
impedance used is normalised to unity for a perfectly matched
element. Also, the active impedance must be referred to the
plane of the apertures. This is important since the methods
described below assume that the magnitude and phase of
the pattern contribution from each element of the array is
proportional to the voltage at this plane.
If the pattern of an isolated element within a ground plane
is ](e,$), where

LzT1' I r(e,

l)e'rjG(-n).

4) 12 sin(e)cioci$ = 47r

n= --N

We now set K = 1, which implies sampling

over the interval

n= --N

since the coupling will be a function of the relative element

positions only. Therefore,

zACT

N-1

zAcTp

(%

ZACT

_
N - 1
< k < 2with N points
N

which is the linear version of the periodic rectangle derived

then the pattern contribution from element m in an array is

E m ( 0 , d ) = I ( O , d )( a ,
where

+
+

b,)
I ( d , d ) a,(l
ACT,)
a, = Forward wave applied to element m,
1

b, = Reflected wave at element m,

TACT,

= Active reflection coefficient at element m.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 42, NO. I, JULY 1994

986

The constant factor c is determined by the numerical integration

Infinite Array Aclive Impedance

referred 10 Um plane just behind the apertures
Nocmalbdto unity
Over one periodic rectangle
Samplesbe N x N

m=l

m=l

i
where
M

'
i
Active Admittam

e l e m away

elen"

away

elemenm away

Routes from Infinite Array Active Impedance to Z, Y and S Parameters

m=l

M = Number of elements.
It has been found that for typical finite arrays that have been
analysed using the admittance parameter approach, the value
of c corresponds to a correction of less than f 0 . 5 dB. This
includes the analysis of both widely spaced arrays exhibiting
far field patterns with grating lobes, and of closely spaced
arrays scanned to angles outside real space, which results in
most of the power being reflected back into the array elements.
The directivity of the array is then given by

Fig. 4. Derivation of the infinite array couplings from the infinite array active
impedance.

The exact absolute magnitudes of the beam peaks are

m=l
m=l
difficult to derive, due to the possible effects of grating
lobes within real space. If the array were infinite, then a and the overall gain by
formula similar to that derived by Hannan [14], [3] could be
applied, since the main beam and grating lobes consist of delta
functions. In this case the radiated power is divided between
l a m I2
a number of delta functions, and the gain of the main beam
m=l
will drop as more grating lobes appear within real space (i.e .,
the interelement spacings are increased). However, if the array B. Constant Coupling Assumptions-Minimum
is finite then the situation becomes more complex. Consider Scattering Antennas
an array consisting of a fixed finite number of elements; as
When using the data derived from the infinite array active
the interelement spacings are increased, more grating lobes
impedance,, the coupling parameters must be assumed to
appear within real space, but at the same time the main beam
remain constant in some form (the elements must be approxand lobes become narrower as the aperture increases. These
imated to minimum scatterers). Consider two elements at a
two effects tend to cancel each other, leaving the absolute gain
fixed distance ( d x 7dy) apart. The coupling between these two
of the beam peaks unchanged. In addition, for a finite array
elements must be assumed to remain constant whether these
with a finite beamwidth, grating lobes cannot be regarded as
elements are immersed in the center of a large array, on the
being simply within or not within real space, but they begin to
edge of a large array, or indeed may be the only two elements
appear gradually at 90" from boresight before the lobe peak
present within a ground plane [14]. For a linear array this
is visible.
property would be represented by the coupling matrix being
For these reasons it is safest, for a finite array, to perform
of a Toeplitz form.
a pattern integration over the forward hemisphere and derive
During the analysis of a particular array, one can choose
the absolute far field pattern F ( 0 , $ )
whether the S parameters, admittance (Y) parameters, or
impedance (2)
piameters should be assumed-to exhibit this
F(d,$) = cgE(0,4)
property. For waveguide and slot type antennas embedded in
where c = correction factor found from integration
a ground olane, the elements are truly minimum scatterers
with respect to admittance parameters, since a short-circuited
(1- I r h o 1 12)
element corresponds exactly to a vacant element position and
merges perfectly with the surrounding ground plane. However,
where rIsoiis the reflection coefficient of an isolated element. slight diffraction errors will occur at the edges of the array if
This can be determined from the coupling values via the the surrounding ground plane is finite. Dipoles are very nearly
methods described in Section IV-A.
minimum scatterers with respect to impedance parameters,
I

ROSCOE AND PERROTT: LARGE FINITE ARRAY ANALYSIS

Isolated Element Pattern

981

Geometry of the Finite Array

Vacant and Dunmy element positions

Coupling Y Parameters

up to (tV2,NR)away
I

-.-.

i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i

Ii

r-J

Matrix Inversiontechnique

Apply Phase Progressions

due to scan angle

S Matrix for Finite Array

iI

Reverse Waves (b)

Far-Field Paltern for Hygens Sources

Paltern integrationover the forward hemisphere

Check Radiated Power=

lamfn-im

Finite Array Pattern

Fig. 5. Finite array analysis using admittance parameters.

since an open-circuited dipole behaves almost exactly as if

the dipole were not present at all.
The assumption that array elements are minimum scatterers
with respect to their S parameters is generally not physically
correct, but is often still a reasonable approximation. Also,
the algorithm executes quickly since the S parameters lend
themselves immediately to a free excitation analysis via the
familiar equation

b = Sa.
It is interesting to note that this S parameter approach is
in fact exactly the same assumption as is made in the direct
Fourier windowing technique described in Section 111.

C. Multimode Coupling
The coupling parameters that have been derived above
contain contributions from as many modes as are examined
during the initial infinite array analysis. From this aspect these
methods can be considered to be a multimode analysis.
However, another important input dataset to these methods
is the isolated element pattem. This will vary depending
on which modes are significant within each individual element-information that is impossible to derive from the active
impedance alone. The best estimate of the isolated element
pattem is the field produced from the array element with purely
the fundamental mode present. Hence these methods are much

more suitable for simple elements such as slots and dipoles

than for complex elements such as patches. As described in
Section 111, the direct Fourier windowing technique avoids this
problem by using the estimated isolated element pattem twice
in a self inverse manner.
Dual polarised arrays need careful treatment. Depending on the element type, it may be possible to analyze
each polarization separately. However, for some elements
there is evidence that copolar to crosspolar coupling can
be relatively strong in the 4 = 45' planes across the
aperture.

D.Implementation Algorithms
A block diagram of an algorithm implementing the above
method using the infinite array admittance parameters is shown
in Fig. 5. The methods that use impedance or 5' parameters are
almost identical, but changes can be made to the part of the
algorithm that derives the reverse waves:
1) The S parameter approach requires no matrix inversion,
since the coupling parameters lend themselves immediately to the free excitation analysis used here.
2) As shown on Fig. 5, the S matrix calculated for the finite
array must be calculated only once for a particular array
geometry. This matrix can then be used to examine any
scan angle, amplitude taper, or phase taper. However,

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 42. NO. I , JULY 1994

988

13
12
11
10
9

:I

5
4

3
2

z axis
24

22

20

18

16

14

12

Fig. 6.

Front view of the 163-element waveguide 16 test array.

if the size of the array is altered, or elements are

addedremoved, the S matrix should be recalculated.
3) The matrix inversion required for the 2 and Y parameter
methods can take some time for a large finite array. In
cases where only a few scan angles or illumination tapers
are to be examined for each mechanical configuration
of elements, it can be quicker to perform an iterative
transform. This uses the coupling dataset and the forward
waves to directly deduce the reverse waves, bypassing
the matrix algebra. The basic algorithm for the admittance parameter free excitation transform is described
below. The algorithm for the impedance parameter transformation is very similar.
Initially, a first-order solution is obtained for the reflected
waves in all the elements:

(:T ;::::;)

b(n,m) = u(n,m )
n,m = 0 . . . size of finite array
where

u ( n ,m) = Forward wave at element (n, m),

b ( n ,m) = Reflected wave at element (n, m),

Y (An, Am) = Coupling admittance to an element

(An, Am) distant.

Now the b ( n ,m) values obtained above are used as inputs to
the iterative process:
size of array
Y(n1 - n 2 , m l - m2)

I(n1,ml) =
(nZ,mZ)=(O,O)

x (a(n2, m2) ~ O L D
m2)),
(G
br\rEw(nl,m l ) = (u(n1, m l ) - I(n1,m1))K

+ ( b ~ ~ ~ ( n l , m l-) )K( )l .

The new values b(n1, m l ) are obtained from the old values
for all positions ( n 1 , m l ) within the finite array. This stage
is repeated as many times as necessary to obtain convergence
(typically 10 to 20 iterations).
The gain factor K is necessary to prevent the system
from becoming unstable. Suitable values of K have been
determined experimentally and are approximately 0.1 and 0.2
for the admittance and impedance parameter transformations,
respectively.
VI. VALIDATION
WITH MEASURED
RESULTS

A 163-element WG-16 array was built to validate the

admittance parameter method formulated above. A front view
of the antenna is shown in Fig. 6. An interesting feature
of the array is that the even-numbered rows can be short
circuited with conductive tape on the aperture plane to produce
a rectangular basis array widely spaced in the x direction.
This enables two radically different array configurations to be
examined with minimal changes to the hardware.
The infinite array pattern and active impedance was computed over the periodic rectangle for both the triangular and
the rectangular basis array geometries, at several frequencies
between 7.5 and 8.7 GHz. Fig. 7 shows the active reflection
coefficient at 8.7 GHz for the triangular basis array, and Fig. 8
shows the corresponding rectangular basis active reflection
coefficient. The mesh plots are made up of 64 x 64 samples
over the periodic rectangle in scan space.
For the triangular basis array, the element spacings are
small (less than $ in the y direction), and the boundary
of real space lies largely within the periodic rectangle. This
boundary is visible by the ellipse of points rising toward unity
reflection. One might expect to see the outer portions of the
rectangle filled with a region corresponding to a zero value
of pattern (a reflection coefficient of unity). However, for a
triangular basis array there is added symmetry in the periodic
rectangle. The active impedance function Z(u,w ) centered

ROSCOE AND PERRO'IT: LARGE FINITE ARRAY ANALYSIS

989

Fig. 7. Triangular basis infinite array active reflection coefficient over the
periodic rectangle at 8.7 Ghz.

In the event that points of the periodic rectangle lie outside

both real space and its repeated regions, the active impedance
has a real part of zero, but a finite imaginary part. The active
reflection coefficient will in this case have a magnitude of
unity since these areas of scan space correspond to angles
at which no beam is radiated. The data in this area can be
very important since it allows the analysis of closely spaced
arrays at scan angles close to or outside real space, when large
amounts of power begin to be reflected back into the array
elements. The active reflection coefficient of elements within
finite arrays can become greater than unity in this situation.
The rectangular basis array is widely spaced, hence the
periodic rectangle is completely contained within real space.
There is no added symmetry within the periodic rectangle for
a rectangular basis array. This array geometry exhibits scan
boresight due to the array spacing in the
direction being almost exactly one free space wavelength [ 131.

A. Comparison of Predicted and Measured Couplings

The S parameter couplings from element A to elements A to
J in Fig. 6 were measured at 8.15 GHz, and compared to the
active reflected waves predicted for element A driven with a

Fig. 8. Rectangular basis infinite array active reflection coefficient over the
periodic rectangle at 8.7 Ghz.

around ( U = 0,v = 0) (the center of the periodic rectangle)

is repeated as

free excitation. The model used was via coupling admittances

deduced from the infinite array active impedance; the iterative
transformation was then used to deduce the reflected waves.
The table at the bottom of the page shows the couplings in
dB and phase.
Good agreement is shown, particularly with respect to
the phase of the couplings. Measurement sets with other
elements driven also agree with predicted values. Because
the waveguide apertures are minimum scatterers with respect
to their admittance parameters, the S parameters between
elements do depend on the position of the elements within
the array. Hence using this admittance parameter approach
will correctly predict that the coupling value S J J is slightly
different (by 1.3 dB) to the coupling value SAA,for example.
This has been confirmed by measurements not presented here.

B. Predicted and Measured Immersed Element Pattems

n,m E Z

i.e., the comer points of the rectangle have exactly the same
active impedance and active reflection coefficient as the center
point. The infinite array arrayfactor repeats in the same way,
but the infinite array immersed element pattern is restricted to
real space due to the real properties of the isolated element
pattern.

Immersed element pattern measurements were made for

several elements of the array in both the triangular and
rectangular basis configurations. The measurements were taken
over the full sphere in a spherical near field test facility,
and hence it was possible to measure the absolute element
directivities by pattern integration. Two sets of predictions
were made,: one set using the admittance parameter approach,
followed by the iterative transformation to deduce the free
excitations. The second set was produced using direct Fourier

Predicted
Coupling

-13.3
-74'

-31.1
-85"

-47.6
101"

-41.1
65"

-35.0
144'

-42.0
91"

-33.5
-123"

-39.4
-108"

-47.1
-78"

-44.4
34"

Measured
Coupling

-13.4
-75"

-33.2
-115"

-47.2
109"

-50.0
129"

-35.9
124'

-43.1
102"

-37.6
-131"

-41.9
-114"

-41.9
-79"

-42.6

-10"

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 42, NO. I, JULY 1994

q 4
.-.->
1

+
U

.
I2
n
0

-90

Pattern windowing analysis

Infinite array immersed element

---

-2

__

I -60

Isolated element

-30

0
30
Elevation a n g l e /degrees
Directivities a t 8.70 GHz

60

90

-30
0
30
A z i m u t h a n g l e /degrees
Directivities a t 8.70 GHz

60

90

Fig. 9. Triangular basis array, edge element E plane cuts.

q 4
.-1
>
.-+c

.E
c3

-90

- 60

Fig. 10. Triangular basis array, edge element H plane cuts.

windowing of the infinite array immersed element pattern.

The pattern windowing technique was shown to produce
very similar patterns to those of the admittance parameter
technique, despite the fact that the waveguide apertures are
not particularly good minimum scatterers with respect to their
S parameters.
Figs. 9 and 10 show the predicted and measured pattems for
element K driven (see Fig. 6), with the full triangular basis
array. Excellent agreement is seen between the predictions and

the measurements, which both show the power being directed

outwards from the center of the array. A small dip is also
visible in the E plane cut at 0". Discrepancies can be seen
at large azimuth and elevation angles that are mainly due to
diffraction around the sides of the array, which has a finite
ground plane.
Figs. 11 and 12 show pattems for element A excited, in
the rectangular basis array configuration (the even rows are
shorted with conductive tape on the aperture). The infinite ar-

ROSCOE AND PERROTF LARGE FINITE ARRAY ANALYSIS

991

4
x
.>
.c

.-E

Infinite array immersed element

- - -.

-2

-60

-90

Fig. 11.

lsalaied dement

-30
0
30
Elevation a n g l e /degrees
Directivities a t 8.70 GHz

60

90

60

90

Rectangular basis array, comer element E plane cuts.

Measured

--

Y Parameter analysis

q 4
x

.-

:.0

-2

-90

- 60

Fig. 12. Rectangular basis array, comer element

-30
0
30
A z i m u t h a n g l e /degrees
Directivities a t 8.70 GHz

H plane cuts.

ray immersed element pattern exhibits marked scan blindness

at boresight, but this is vastly reduced in both the predicted
and measured patterns of the comer element in the finite array.

VII. CONCLUSION
The methods presented here produce excellent results, and
can be summarized as follows:
1) Direct Fourier windowing technique: This is the fastest
method to execute. It can be implemented for any type

1 -

of array element and give fair first-order predictions of

the patterns from a finite array. No information can
be deduced about individual element active reflection
coefficients and the like.
2 ) S Parameter analysis: This takes slightly longer to execute than the direct Fourier windowing technique. The
assumption that the elements are minimum scatterers
with respect to their S parameters is the same as is
made by direct Fourier windowing, and is generally not

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 42, NO. 7, JULY 1994

992

correct. However, the patterns produced are good firstorder estimates. This method also allows a first-order
prediction of the individual element active reflection
coefficients to be made for any amplitude and phase
distribution applied to the finite array.
3) Impedance/admittance parameter free excitation analysis: These routes take the longest of all the routes
discussed, due to the additional transformation to free
excitation. However, when applied to simple singlemode elements such as dipoles (minimum scatterers with
respect to impedance parameters) or waveguide apertures (minimum scatterers with respect to admittance
parameters), the predictions of finite array patterns and
active reflection coefficients are very accurate indeed.
Work done during the course of this study supports the
work of Wasylkiwskyj and Kahn [12], which suggests that
an element can only be considered to behave as an element
within an infinite array, when it is embedded in the center of
at least a 25 x 25 array. However, even in an array of this size
the center element pattern will exhibit a fast ripple due to the
finite edges of the array.
The method of analysis via the coupling parameters accounts for all of the problems identified by Hannan [3]. This
includes effects such as the difference between the realised
element gain and the theoretical value
cos 6. The differences are accounted for by the mutual and element-to-element
couplings, and by the isolated element patterns. The software
produced during the course of this work contains pattern power
integration algorithms that have been shown to consistently
correlate well with the value of total applied forward power
minus total reflected power in the finite array [8]. This has been
shown for single excited elements, normally spaced arrays,
widely spaced arrays with grating lobes and scan blindness,
and for closely spaced arrays scanned to imaginary space with
no main beam or grating lobes propagating.

REFERENCES
[ l ] T. S. Bird, Mutual coupling in finite coplanar rectangular waveguide
arrays, Electron. Lett. vol. 23, pp. 1199-1201, Oct. 1987.
[2] P. Geren, An
approach to large array analysis, IEEE APS, vol.
4, no. 9.
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Andrew J. Roscoe was bom in Watford, England,

on Febmary 2, 1969. He received the B.A. degree
in the Electrical and Information Sciences Tripos,
Pembroke College, Cambridge, England, in 1991.
He joined the Antenna Division at the GECMarconi Research Centre in 1991. His current areas
of work are solid-state active arrays and millimeter
wave systems.

Roger A. Perrott was bom in Coventry, England,

on July 13, 1961. He received the B.A. degree in

physics from Lincoln College, Oxford, England, in
1982.
He has worked as a Research Engineer and as a
Consultant. he is currently Leader of the Antenna
Systems Group in the Antenna Division of GECMarconi Research Centre.
Mr. Perrotts previous publications include papers
on phased arrays, array fed reflectors, and direction
finding antennas.