Curfew On Minors

CHAPTER 1
The Problem
Background of the study
Minor curfews are local ordinances proscribing
minors, generally within a specified age range, from
occupying public areas and streets during particular
times. It is enacted by a local or state government that
restricts certain people from being in public places at
specified times of the day. Many cities and towns have a
curfew law in place to prevent teenagers from being out
at certain times, typically spanning the late hours of
the night or school hours during the day. Any teenager
caught out after curfew can face a fine or even jail
time, depending upon the specific laws of the town.
(Kline, 2011)
Youth crime is a major and growing problem, often
involving both drugs and violence. Imposing youth curfews
can help to solve these problems, as they keep young
people off the street, and therefore out of trouble, and
prevent them from congregating in the hours of darkness.
(Kline, 2011)
The use of curfews on minors can help to protect

vulnerable children for not all parents are responsible
and inevitably their children suffer, both from crime and
in accidents, and are likely to fall into bad habits.
Society should ensure that such neglected children are
returned home safely and that their parents are made to
face up to their families. (Kline, 2011)
Juvenile curfews laws have appealed to liberals and
conservatives alike, though usually for slightly
different reasons. For conservatives, curfews fit into an
approach of more vigorous enforcement efforts, more
punitive sentencing, and increased social controls. For
liberals, curfews fit into the program of identifying
juveniles in early stages of delinquency who could
benefit from intervention strategies (Adams, 2003).
Additionally, the costs of enforcing curfews are
perceived as relatively low and the measures perceived as
very effective (Adams, 2003).
Too Little empirical research has been done on the
cost-effectiveness of curfew enforcement (Adams, 2003),
so this remains an area where further research would be
useful.
Delinquency prevention efforts are considered by

many to be crucial to the development of a consistent and
comprehensive approach to the problem of youth crime and
delinquency. Traditionally, evaluations have lacked
empirical support prevention programs impact on juvenile
misconduct. Today, however, a growing body of research
supports the idea of delinquency prevention as both a
practical and cost-effective means of reducing youth
misbehavior. In the conduct of preventing and or
controlling delinquency one of the means being applied is
the implementation of curfew hours (Brannen, 2002).
The Council for Protection for Youth and Children
was also asked to review the ordinance.
Recent deliberation focused on whether there is a need to
adjust the curfew hours since some students might have to
do some assignments and other school works which could go
beyond the 7 p.m. curfew. (Asuncion, 2016)
Section 2 of Ordinance 50, s. 2009 states that
children below 16 years old are prohibited from roaming
or playing in the streets, roads, plazas, parks, or other
public places from 7 p.m. to 5 a.m. Another concern is
the protocol on the custody of offenders. The city
government has been updating the Curfew Ordinance to
address delinquency, teenage gang violence, and other

violations committed at nighttime. (Asuncion, 2016)
Under the ordinance, violators will be penalized as
follows: first offense the child shall be referred to
the guidance counselor of the Council for the Protection
of Youth and Children; second offense the child shall
undergo counseling by the CSWDO; and third offense the
child shall be put by the CSWDO under an intervention
program, which may include community service. (Asuncion,
2016)
The CSWDO shall ensure that the community service is
appropriate to the child and is consistent with the goals
of the intervention program. Adults who are the guardian,
parent, or authorized custodian of the offending child
within the third degree of relationship, either by
consanguinity or affinity, shall be penalized under other
applicable laws and ordinances. (Asuncion, 2016)
The Sangguniang Bayan of La Trinidad on March 4,
2008 amended section 15 of Ordinance No. 1-2003 or the
Curfew for Minors under the Children Welfare Code
changing mainly the time schedule and the penalties which
then now referred to as the Ordinance No. 2- 2008.
Section 15 of Ordinance No.2 of 2008 states that No
person below eighteen years old shall loiter in the

streets or public places between Seven Oclock in the
evening (7:00 pm) to Five Oclock in the morning (5:00
am), except those returning to or going out of their
houses or schools for legitimate purposes or unless they
are in company with their parents and guardians. Minors
who shall be caught will be referred to the Municipal
Social Welfare and Development Office (MSWDO) for
guidance and counseling, safekeeping for the night, and
disposition in accordance to the provisions of RA 9344.
The said ordinance is a revised edition of Ordinance
no.1-2003, section 15 which states that No person below
eighteen years shall loiter in the streets or public
places between 10:30 at Night. According to La Trinidad
vice mayor Romeo Salda Sr., the ordinance was revised to
match with Baguio City who earlier revised the same
ordinance in their locality. Reports said the senior
citizens federation asked municipalities in Benguet to
strictly impose the curfew for minors, in order to shun
them away from committing or becoming victims of crimes
(Balangen, 2011).
Curfews are credited by some with restoring and
maintaining order in lower crime neighborhoods, according
to the analysis. In addition to equipping law enforcement

with tools to keep youth off the streets, curfews provide
parents with a legitimate, legal basis for restricting
the activities of their children. It is easier for
parents to place boundaries on their children's
activities, proponents argue, when other youth in the
neighborhood are similarly restricted by a specific time
to return home. Nonetheless, there are still weaknesses
and problems it its implementation. (Ruefle and Reynolds,
1996)
Hence, it also expected that there are weaknesses
and problems in the implementation of curfew on minors in
La Trinidad, Benguet.
This study was carried out in La Trinidad, Benguet
to assess the implementation of curfew on minors and
provide recommendations in order to address and improve
these weaknesses and problems.
Statement of the Problem
The main purpose of the study was to assess the
operation of curfew on minors in La Trinidad, Benguet.
Specifically, it sought answers to the following:
1. What is the level of attainment of the objectives of
curfew on minors?
6
2.1 Are there significant differences on the

level of attainment of the objectives of curfew on minors
as perceived by the respondents?
2. What is the level of implementation of curfew on
minor?
2.1 Are there significant differences on the
level of implementation of curfew on minors as perceived
by the respondents?
3. What is the degree of seriousness of problems encountered
in the implementation of curfew hours?
Hypotheses of the Study
1. There are significant differences in the level
of attainment of the objectives of curfew on minors as
perceived by the groups of respondents.
2. There are significant differences in the level
of implementation of curfew on minors as perceived by the
groups of respondents.
Importance of the Study
This result of the study will benefit the police
officers, barangay officials, municipality of La
Trinidad, future researchers and the researcher himself.
For the Police officers, the result of the study
will help them to upgrade and enhance its capabilities of
implementing the PNP Strategic Action Plan in La

Trinidad, Benguet.
For the municipality of La Trinidad, the result of
the study will be one of the sources for making this town
a better place.
For the respondents, the outcome of the study would
serve as tools that will assist them to improve their
current techniques through the provision of significant
data imparted by the study.
For the future researchers, the result of this study
would help future researchers who would like to conduct a
similar study.
Finally, on the part of the researcher, during and
after the phase of the study, the researcher who is
currently teaching Criminology subjects will also be
benefitted. He would gain essential knowledge about
research and the implementation of curfew on minors which
is very relevant in his job.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
This study is focused on the assessment on the
ordinance of curfew on Minors in La Trinidad, Benguet.
The researcher confined his study at Barangay Balili,
Betag, Cruz, Poblacion, Puguis, wangal and Pico La
8
Trinidad Benguet. This study covered the perceptions of

Philippine National Police personnel, Barangay officials
and parents in the implementation of curfew for minors in
Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
The researcher was guided by the concept that if
curfew is imposed on minors, they can be prevented from
engaging crimes in the future.
Curfews are built upon the idea that restricting
the hours when young people may be in public should limit
their opportunities to commit crimes or become victims
(McDowall, 2000, p. 59). With this underlying motivation,
such policies can take a variety of forms, including
variations in targeted age groups, hours of operation,
exceptions to the policy, and sanctions for violations
(e.g., Ford, 1994, p.1679; Ruefle & Reynolds, 1995).
Typical curfew policies in larger cities are
directed at youth aged up to 17, and enforced between the
hours of 10:00PM midnight and 4:00 6:00 in the
morning (McDowall, 2000). Thus, it is generally believed
that juvenile curfew policies encompass a variety of
restricted activities and sanctions, implemented with the
intention of controlling delinquency and increasing

public safety.
Given that curfew laws reduce the amount of time
that teenagers spend out of their homes, curfew laws have
been marketed to have the strong potential to limit both
the rate of crimes, such as homicide both committed by
and inflicted on teenagers (McDowall, Loftin, & Wiersema,
2000). It has also been proposed that curfew laws have
the potential to strengthen parental control by making it
easier for parents to limit the amount of time that their
children are allowed to spend out of the house (McDowall
et al., 2000).
In the Philippines, the Department of Justice
Undersecretary Merceditas Gutierrez said times have
become especially dangerous due to the proliferation of
illegal drugs. Even the most remote barangays have been
penetrated by drug dealers and pushers, according to
police and military reports (Calica 2003).
"The curfew will help in protecting the minors
because most crimes happen at night. Im sure parents
will support that. I personally do not want young people
roaming around the streets when its already late. We can
no longer be certain of their safety because of illegal
10
drugs," Gutierrez said. There have been debates about the

measure but Gutierrez pointed out the public should only
be assured of a proper manner of apprehending minors
violating the curfew.
She said the government can always
quell abuses in imposing rules and regulations and thus

fears of stepping on the right of minors can be addressed
by a campaign on the advantages of a curfew.
Interior and Local Government Secretary Jose Lina
Jr. has likewise backed the plan to implement curfew
hours for minors in Metro Manila and the rest of the
country, saying the scheme would greatly reduce incidents
of street crimes.
Lina urged city and municipal mayors to seriously
consider imposing curfew in their respective localities
to prevent criminal elements from plying their illegal
activities at night.
In calling all city and municipal mayors outside
Metro Manila to impose their respective curfew hours for
minors, Lina said this could be done through an ordinance
passed by their respective local councils.
"There is great wisdom in the imposition of curfew
not only in Metro Manila but also nationwide as this
would greatly help the police in stopping the growing
11
number of street crimes, but this should be imposed only

on minors," Lina said.
Preventive enforcement falls under the heading of
protection, and involves the prevention of crime through
the noticeable presence of police vehicle and personnel.
Prevention of crime is the soundest of all criminological
philosophy. It is much easier to patch a crack in the
dike than it is to repair the wall after it has broken.
The old saw about an ounce of prevention being a worth a
pound of cure could not find a better example than in
the prevention of crime. The ultimate goal of crime
prevention is to reduce the risk of being a victim. In
order to accomplish this effectively, it is important to
remove opportunities for a criminal to take advantage of
you or your property. You are attempting to prevent
either victimization or criminalization by presenting an
unattractive target to the criminal. This effort at
removing opportunities is often referred to as target
hardening. Target hardening can be as complex as
installing a high tech alarm system or taking a selfdefense course to something as simple as locking your
door. Successful crime prevention efforts will promote a
safer community be enhancing the perception of safety and
12
the attitudes and behaviors that help people feel safe.

(Payton, 1971).
Crime prevention is the attempt to reduce
victimization and to deter crime and criminals. It is
applied specifically to efforts made by governments to
reduce crime, enforce the law, and maintain criminal
justice. Crime prevention is any initiative or policy
which reduces or eliminates the aggregate level of
victimization or the risk of individual criminal
participation. It includes government and community based
programs to reduce the incidents of risk factors
correlated with criminal participation and the rage of
victimization, as well as efforts to change perceptions.
One of the priority goals of the government is to
establish a harmonious, peaceful, and stable environment
conducive to attain over-all development here in our
county. For one, the impact of a sound and healthy
environment greatly affects the welfare of every
individual and the overall status of the economy in the
nation (Southern Illinois University, 2006).
Crime is a social disease that needs to be cured. A
conceptual framework or model for the purpose of crime
prevention is therefore needed. Having the knowledge on
13
the etiology of crime, all possible preventive and

suppressive method in combating crime can help deter
criminality (Manwong and Delizo, 2006).
In his article in Ang Tala on August 15 1978,
quoted that during the fifth United Nation Congress on
Prevention of Crimes and Treatment of Offenders held in
Geneva, Switzerland on September 1 -12, 1975, it was the
consensus of the participating nations to stress the
importance of community prevention action which
embraces a program of action planned and implemented at
both the local and national levels. Under these concepts
public participation was understood to encompass all the
ways in which a community group assist in the prevention
and control of crime and promote peace and order. (Ramos,
1975)
It is believed that an effective criminal justice
system call for the rationalization and socialization of
crime prevention policy and integrating them into
national development goals, for it has been pointed out
that most of the weaknesses of the system are traceable
to the failure of authorities to bridge the gap between
crime and social development. (Ramos, 1975)
14
The conceptual framework of the study was based on

the concepts of crime prevention, adhering to the archaic
saying stating that: An ounce of prevention is worth a
pound of crime. Much of the anguish, losses and damage
caused by crime can be simply avoided by preventing its
source (Tradio,1994).
It is one of the fundamental duties of the elected
officials to see to it that the society in their
jurisdiction should be a place conducive to stay, which
means peaceful society. So it is one duty of the elected
official to make and enact laws which help prevent the
commission of crimes so as to maintain peace and order in
their respective jurisdiction, one of which is the
implementation of curfew for minors in La Trinidad,
Benguet.
This study aimed to determine the level of
attainment of the objectives of curfew for minors, level
of implementation of curfew for minors and the degree of
seriousness in the implementation of curfew for minors in
the municipality of La Trinidad, Benguet. Thus, after the
root cause were properly identified, the necessary
measures were recommended and formulated to solve the
problems.
15
The paradigm of the study (figure 1) describes the

coverage and the direction of the study. Under the
independent variables, the following are determined. The
curfew operation on minors is dependent on the assessment
of the level of attainment of the objectives of curfew on
minors, the level of implementation of curfew on minors
and the problems encountered in the implementation of
curfew on minors. Differences in the perceptions among
PNP personnel, Barangay officials and parent may exists
any may affect the result of assessment.
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
1. Attainment of the
16
objectives of
curfew on minors
2. Implementation of
curfew on minors
3. Degree of
seriousness of
problems
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
encountered in the
implementation
of of attainment
1.
Level
curfew on
of minors
the objectives of
curfew on minors
2.
Level of
implementation of curfew
on minors
3.
Degree of
seriousness of problems
encountered
in the
Moderator
Variables
implementation of curfew
on a.
minors
La Trinidad, PNP personnel
c. Barangay officials
d. Parents
Figure 1. Paradigm of the study
17
Definition of Terms
Minor.
It refers to a juvenile who is under the age
of eighteen.
Curfew.
It is an order or law that requires people
to be indoors after a certain time at night. It is the

period of time when such an order or law is in effect.
Barangay Tanod. It refers to a community brigade
composed of civilian volunteers duly appointed by the
Punong Barangay upon recommendation of the Barangay Peace
and Order Committee (BPOC).
Juvenile delinquency. It refers to the habitual
committing of criminal acts or offenses by a young
person, especially one below the age at which ordinary
criminal prosecution is possible.
Business Establishment. It refers to businesses
offering liquors or any intoxicating beverages, those
which offer amusement services such as billiards,
internet caf and the like.
Patrol. This refers to an act done by police
personnel passing along a road, beat, etc., or around or
through a specified area in order to maintain order and
security.
18
CHAPTER 2
Design and Methodology
This section discussed the methods and procedures
used in this study. Specifically, it discusses the
research design, methodology, the population and locale
of the study, the data gathering tools and the treatment
of data.
Research Design
In this study, the descriptive survey method of
investigation was used in the presentation, analysis, and
interpretation of data. The descriptive method is the
collection, presentation, and description of data. It
described the curfew for minors in the Municipality of La
Trinidad, Benguet. Specifically, the study described the
level of implementation of curfew for minors, the level
of attainment of the objectives of curfew for minors and
the degree of seriousness of problems encountered in the
implementation of curfew for minors in the municipality
of La Trinidad, Benguet.
Locale and Population of the Study
This study was conducted to assess the Curfew on
Minors in the most urbanized Barangays in La Trinidad,
19
Benguet such as Betag, Balili, Pico, Puguis, Poblacion

and Cruz.
Population of the Study

The population of the study was comprised of the
members of the La Trinidad Police, Parents and Barangay
officials.
Table 1. Distribution of respondents

Area of Respondents
Number of respondents
_________________________________________________________
__
PNP Personnel
22
Barangay Officials
45
Parents
85
_________________________________________________________
__
Total
152
Data Gathering Tools

The study utilized the questionnaire-checklist with
Likert-type scale served as the main gathering tool. The
questionnaire was adopted from the unpublished Thesis
Curfew for Minors in Bontoc, Mountain Province by
Rommel Fedcha of University of Baguio. Thus, the
instrument is deemed valid and reliable.
20
Data Gathering Procedures

Prior to the gathering of data, the researcher
sought permission from the office of the Mayor, Chief of
Police, respective members of the PNP and Barangay
Chairman.
The researcher and his enumerators personally
administered the questionnaires and gave an overview,

explain briefly the purpose and importance of the study
to the respondents.
After retrieving the questionnaires, the
responses were tallied, tabulated and treated
statistically.
Treatment of Data
Data collected were evaluated and measured to
ensure their completeness, consistency, accuracy and
relevance. This is to enable data gathered to be
presented into tables for qualitative explanations and
analysis of curfew on minors.
All data were statistically treated by using
the 4 point scale to quantify the responses.
21
The following scales were used on the level of

attainment of objectives of curfew on minors as perceived
by the respondents:
Score
Numerical
Value
Descriptive
Equivalent
Symbols
3.25 4.00
Much Attained
MA
2.50 - 3.24
Moderately
Attained
MA
Slightly
Attained
SA
Not Attained
NA
2
1
1.75 2.49
1.00 1.74
On the determination of the level of

implementation of curfew on minors in La Trinidad,
Benguet as perceived by the respondents, the following
scales were used:
Score
Numerical
Value
Descriptive
Equivalent
Symbols
3.25 4.00
Much Implemented
MI
2.50 - 3.24
Moderately
Implemented
MI
Slightly
Implemented
SI
1.75 2.49
22
1.00 1.74
Not Implemented
NI
On the determination of the degree of

seriousness of problems encountered in the implementation
of curfew on minors in La Trinidad, Benguet as perceived
by the respondents, the following scales were used:
Score
Numerical
Value
Descriptive
Equivalent
Symbols
3.25 4.00
Highly Serious
HS
2.50 - 3.24
Moderately
Serious
MS
Slightly
Serious
SS
Not a Problem
NaP
1.75 2.49
1.00 1.74
In answering specific problems 1, 2, and 3

weighted mean was used. The formula (Oasan, 1995) is
X = fx
N
Where: X
f
X
N
=
=
=
=
=
weighted mean
summation
No. of respondents
scales
total number of respondents
23
Sub-problems 1.2, 2.1, and 3.1 were answered by ANOVA (Ftest) through Microsoft Excel Toolpak Analysis.
CHAPTER 3
Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data
This chapter presents and interprets the data
relative to the level of attainment of the objectives,
level of implementation and the degree of seriousness of
problems encountered in the implementation of curfew on
minors in the Municipality of La Trinidad.
The Level of Attainment of the objectives of curfew on
minors
Table 3 shows that the overall mean is 2.86,
which is interpreted as moderately attained. In the
overall analysis, the
24
Table 3. Level of Attainment of the objectives of curfew

for minors as perceived by the group
Descriptive
Ran
Indicators
W.M
Equivalent
k
1. Preventing the minors
from drinking liquor by not
allowing them to enter
inside any amusement
2.8
Moderately
establishment;
5
Attained
10
2. Arresting those persons
who are selling, using,
possessing, and
transporting dangerous
2.9
Moderately
drugs;
1
Attained
7.5
3. Imposing fines to
business establishments
which permit minors to
drink inside their bar or
2.5
Moderately
any amusement;
2
Attained
15
4. Closing business
establishments which
deliberately allows minors
to drink inside their bar,
2.4
Slightly
despite of warnings given;
5
Attained
16
5. Preventing minors from
loitering during night
2.7
Moderately
time;
5
Attained
13
6. Increasing police
visibility to prevent would
be minor violators to
2.9
Moderately
commit crime;
5
Attained
5.5
7. Educating and or
informing the community on
the modus operandi (mode of
operation) of the minors in
committing crimes
2.7
Moderately
particularly on robbery;
8
Attained
12
8. Safeguarding the people,
and preserving peace and
order in the community by
conducting patrol and
inspection in the
3.2
Moderately
community;
4
Attained
1
9. Strictly implementing
2.9
Moderately
4
curfew to protect the
8
Attained
minors from adults and
25
fellow minors;
10. Requiring minors to go
home earlier to avoid bad
influence from gang members
of the community;
11. Suppressing and or
abolishing any bad
fraternity or sorority;
12. Arresting gang members
who are bad influence to
the minors and giving them
proper counseling for them
to stop and be law-abiding
citizen;
13. Detaining minors who
violate curfew and
immediately informing the
parents then conducting
counseling before letting
them out;
14. Educating and informing
parents, guardians with
regard to supervision,
which helps them to be
responsible parent or
guardian;
15. Strengthening the
relationship between
enforcers and members of
the community, with regard
to counselling of minors;
and
16. Helping the economic
development of the
community.
Average
3.0
4
Moderately
Attained
2.8
8
Moderately
Attained
2.7
1
Moderately
Attained
14
2.8
1
Moderately
Attained
11
3.0
5
Moderately
Attained
2.9
5
Moderately
Attained
5.5
2.9
1
2.8
6
Moderately
Attained
7.5
Moderately Attained
respondents perceived that many of the objectives are

still to be attained. This is due to unforeseen factors
that affects the attainment of the objectives like
26
occurrence of emergencies, special holidays and events

such as Adivay where attention of law enforcers are
diverted, and also some minors are not aware that there
is such curfew on minors in La Trinidad thats why they
are loitering in public places.
Rank one is indicator 8 safeguarding the
people, and preserving peace and order in the community
by conducting patrol and inspection in the community
obtained the highest mean of 3.24, interpreted as
moderately attained. This means that majority of people
in the community feel that they are being protected by
authorities but there are still some who felt otherwise.
Result of the interview made by GreenGarage
says that having curfew means that those under 18 get as
much adult supervision as possible. This lessens the
chances of them getting involved in juvenile violence and
crime. Parents often feel assured and relieved having
their kids at home and not on the streets at a certain
time.
Driving and hanging out during late night hours puts
teenagers in a risky situation. Driving or traveling at
night poses greater dangers than traveling at daytime. In
addition, curfew keeps them away from temptations such as
27
drug use, violent acts, sexual risks, heavy partying, and

alcohol intake.
Palberas (2016) in a personal interview said
that I can say that at least the law enforcers and
barangay officials are doing their job because once in a
while I can see them going around our community to render
service (Personal Interview)
Second in rank is Educating and informing
parents, guardians with regard to supervision, which
helps them to be responsible parent or guardian garnered
the second highest mean of 3.05 interpreted as moderately
attained. This means that there is high awareness on the
part of the parents but the information campaign is
limited due to financial assistance and it further
implies that the implementers of the curfew for minors
were able to help many to be more responsible parents.
Superintendent Leon Taleo of the Baguio City Police
Office (BCPO) operations division revealed that from
January to the middle of June this year, there were
around 225 minors who were rounded up and either given
counselling by social workers prior to the turnover to
their parents or were immediately fetched by their
28
parents at the city social welfare and development office

or at the BCPO women and childrens desk located in
Burnham Park.
Joseph Mangiben member of Barangay Tanod of Wangal
said that when minor is caught and brought to the
Barangay hall, some qualified Barangay officials and
Tanod are giving advice and guidance to the parents which
is good because not all parents are well educated to
manage children. (Personal Interview 2016)
Rank three is requiring minors to go home
earlier to avoid bad influence from gang members of the
community obtained the third highest mean of 3.04, which
is interpreted as moderately attained. This means that
majority of the minors were going home earlier because
they are required by the implementers of the curfew for
minors.
However, there are still minors who go home late because
they enjoy playing in the computer shops and parks.
Association of Private Schools president Ann Marie
Caguioa said since the passage of Ordinance 50, series of
2009 prescribing the rules and regulations for curfew for
minors in the city, reported crimes against children have
29
been minimized and private and public schools had been

complying with the guidelines in the ordinance.
She further said that it is still best for the city
to maintain the 7 pm to 5 am curfew for minors in order
to make sure children will be home right after dismissal
of classes so that their parents will not always worry
about their safety.
During special occasions of schools, Caguioa
informed members of the City Council that schools comply
with the guidelines wherein they issue the concerned
children with a certification that there will be a
school-based activity that will end beyond 7 pm in order
to be used by the minors once apprehended or investigated
by the law enforcers, aside from their respective
identification cards and class schedules.
First lowest indicator is closing business

establishments which deliberately allows minors to drink
inside their bar, despite warnings given which obtained a
mean of 2.45, interpreted as slightly attained. The
result implies that very few business establishments were
closed in compliance with curfew on minors because there
30
is no enough man power to process legal documents and

work on technical areas to close a certain business. This
also happens due to poor cooperation of the owners of the
different business establishment.
In La Trinidad, Benguet, the Women and Childrens
Protection Desk (WCPD) recorded 112 cases of CICL in 2014
and 94 in 2015. Petty theft and physical injury ranked
the top most juvenile offenses. Petty thefts are usually
committed through snatching or pickpocketing of
valuables. Most were arrested for physical injury due to
their involvement in bars or street fights.
(Personal Interview 2016) P03 Ruben Balanoy said
that it is difficult for them to ensure that all
businesses will be closed as required by the Ordinance
because they cannot be in the same place all the time
since La Trinidad is a very wide place and PNP personnel
are not enough. When Police officers have move to other
place, business owners will open their business
establishment.
Second lowest indicator, is imposing fines to
business establishments which permit minors to drink
inside their bar or any amusement garnered a weighted
mean of 2.52 interpreted as moderately attained. It
31
implies that there are still policies which are not clear
and fully informed to the violators of the ordinance. One
of the reasons of this result is no clear cut policy in
imposing fines to business establishments and the fines
is not clearly identified in the ordinance.
A business owner in Pico said that some of the
business owners are haggling and negotiating immediately
to the authorities whenever they violate a certain
ordinance particularly offering liquor to minors even it
is within curfew hours. Their defense is that they dont
know that their customers are minors.
Another factor for the difficulty in imposing fines
is that some people do not agree with the ordinance, an
example for this is the petition letter submitted by the
members of the La Trinidad Bar and Restaurant Owners
Association Inc. they said that the early curfew is
laudable as it protects the welfare of minors, but it
will seriously affect thousands of individuals involved
in the business, as well as the income the town derives
from these establishments.
The third lowest indicator is arresting gang members
who are bad influence to the minors and giving them
proper counseling for them to stop and be law-abiding
32
citizen with a weighted mean of 2.71 interpreted as

moderately attained. This means that there are still many
minors loitering in public places even if it is already
within curfew hours.
The difficulty is that these activities are
historically part of the amenities of life as we have
known them. They are not mentioned in the Constitution or
in the Bill of Rights. These unwritten amenities have
been, in part, responsible for giving our people the
feeling of independence and self-confidence, the feeling
of creativity. These amenities have dignified the right
of dissent, and have honored the right to be
nonconformists and the right to defy submissiveness. They
have encouraged lives of high spirits, rather than
hushed, suffocating silence.
Difference in the level of attainment
of the objectives of curfew on
minors according to group
Table 2.1 presents the differences in the level of
attainment of the objectives of curfew for minors
according to group. As exhibited in the table, the PNP
and Barangay officials perceived higher level of
perception on the level of attainment of the objectives
of curfew for minors compared to Parents on the ground
33
that members of the PNP themselves and Barangay officials

are the prime enforcers of the ordinance. As such they
are much confident that they have done their part
particularly when it comes to the attainment of the
objectives of curfew. On the other hand, parents got the
lowest perception because many of them are focused on
their work making them unaware that law enforcers are
conducting patrol.
In relation to this, a resident of Puguis says that
seldom they see law enforcers conducting patrol in their
barangay. Fedcha (2011) asserted that the obvious reason
why the parents have a lower level of perception is on
the ground that they are only the recipients of these
services. Kiblasan (1999) stressed also that perceptions
differ especially if it is between doers and observers.
In his study, the BCPO personnel perceived that purposes
of the Anti-Vice Campaign were fully attained however
barangay officials perceived it as moderately attained
only.
Table 2.1 Differences in the level of attainment of the
objectives of curfew for minors according to group
Barangay
PNP
Official Personne Parent
s
l
s
1. Preventing the minors from
3.43
2.70
2.55
drinking liquor by not
allowing them to enter inside
34
any amusement establishment;

2. Arresting those persons who
are selling, using,
possessing, and transporting
dangerous drugs;
3. Imposing fines to business
establishments which permit
minors to drink inside their
bar or any amusements;
4. Closing business
deliberately allows minors to
drink inside their bar,
despite
loitering during night time;
visibility to prevent would be
minor violators to commit
crime;
7. Educating and or informing
the community on the modus
operandi (Mode of Operation)
of the minors in committing
crimes particularly on
robbery;
and preserving peace and order
in the community by conducting
patrol and inspection in the
community;
curfew to protect the minors
from adults and fellow
minors;
influence from gang members of
the community;
abolishing any bad fraternity
or sorority;
12. Arresting gang members who
are bad influence to the
minors and giving them proper
counseling for them to stop
35
3.49
2.57
2.70
3.17
2.00
2.32
3.09
1.78
2.32
3.41
2.26
2.55
3.63
3.09
2.50
3.44
3.35
2.25
3.86
3.43
2.77
3.43
3.39
2.58
3.57
3.48
2.54
3.32
3.15
3.30
3.00
2.48
2.32
and be law-abiding citizen;

violate curfew and immediately
informing the parents then
conducting counseling before
letting them out;
3.29
parents, guardians with regard
to supervision, which helps
them to be responsible parent
or guardian;
3.47
relationship between enforcers
and members of the community,
with regard to counselling of
minors; and
3.62
development of the community.
3.43
Average
3.42
Fcomp= 29.559
p-value= 0.00 F.05= 3.204
3.22
2.34
3.41
2.64
3.41
2.36
3.26
2.42
2.98
2.48
significant
Statistical analysis shows that the p-value of 0.00

is less than the alpha value of 0.05 level of
significance which means that there are significant
differences in the level of attainment of the objectives
of curfew for minors according to group. Hence, there is
enough evidence to accept the hypothesis that there is
significant difference in the level of attainment of the
objectives of curfew on minors as perceived by the groups
of respondents.
This finding implies that perception of the
respondents vary because they have different level of
36
exposure and observation on level of attainment of

objectives.
Level of Implementation of curfew for Minors as perceived

by the group
Table 3 presents the level of implementation of curfew on

minors in La Trinidad, Benguet.
Table 3. Level of implementation of curfew on minors in
La Trinidad, Benguet as perceived by the respondents
Descriptive
Indicators
W.M
Equivalent
Rank
drinking liquor by no allowing
them to enter inside any
2.7
Moderately
amusement establishment;
7
Implemented
10
are selling, using, possessing,
and transporting dangerous
2.7
Moderately
drugs;
3
Implemented
13
minors to drink inside their bar
2.3
Slightly
or any amusements;
8
Implemented
15
4. Closing business
drink inside their bar, despite
2.3
Slightly
of warnings given;
7
Implemented
16
2.7
Moderately
8
Implemented
11
6. Increasing police visibility
to prevent would be minor
3.0
Moderately
violators to commit crime;
7
Implemented
1.5
operandi (Mode of Operation) of
the minors in committing crimes
2.8
Moderately
particularly on robbery;
9
Implemented
7
37
8. Safeguarding the people, and

preserving peace and order in
the community by conducting
community;
9. Strictly implementing curfew
to protect the minors from
adults and fellow minors;
10. Requiring minors to go home
earlier to avoid bad influence
from gang members of the
community;
abolishing any bad fraternity or
sorority;
are bad influence to the minors
and giving them proper
counseling for them to stop and
be law-abiding citizen;
13. Detaining minors who violate
curfew and immediately informing
the parents then conducting
counseling before letting them
out;
to supervision, which helps them
to be responsible parent or
guardian;
minors; and
Average
3.0
4
Moderately
Implemented
2.9
9
Moderately
Implemented
3.0
7
Moderately
Implemented
1.5
2.8
3
Moderately
Implemented
2.6
6
Moderately
Implemented
14
2.7
5
Moderately
Implemented
12
2.9
3
Moderately
Implemented
2.8
8
3.0
6
2.8
3
Moderately
Implemented
8
Moderately
Implemented
3
Moderately
Implemented
Based on the results, the respondents perceived that

the curfew on minors in La Trinidad, Benguet is
38
moderately implemented as reflected by the average mean

of 2.83.
This implies that the respondents perceived some
needed improvement in the implementation of the curfew
for minors such the strict imposition of fines and
immediate closures of business establishments violating
curfew on minors ordinance. The findings is attributed to
inevitable factors such a as lack of manpower,
insufficient budget and uncooperative parents.
This is supported by the research conducted by
Balangen (2011). In her research she said that though
most complied with the ordinance, the compliance was not
greatly influenced by the strategies applied by the
implementing group. Respondents top reason for their
compliance is parental guidance while influence of
friends was the most reason for the respondents
noncompliance to the ordinance. Weak communication
strategies applied in the implementing of the ordinance
and not strict and inconsistent/irregular implementation
of the ordinance and the ronda system were the top
problems of the respondents regarding the ordinance while
the implementers faced problems such as insufficient
budget, lack of manpower, uncooperative
39
parents/guardians, non-compliance of business owners,

lack of discipline of minors and non-existent support
system of the government.
(Personal Interview 2016)SPO1 Chris Haidle Tumingeb
said that in his 14 years service going around the
country dealing with different kinds of people, rules or
laws cannot be 100 percent implemented because of two
factors one is that the implementers are just human being
where they usually give consideration to those who are
violating simples rules like curfew for minors where
there are no victims, second is that not all people
especially young people support this particular ordinance
for they believe it is violating their rights to travel
or to enjoy life.
The two indicators such as increasing police
visibility to prevent would be minor violators to commit
crime and requiring minors to go home earlier to avoid
bad influence from gang members of the community both
garnered a mean of 3.07 interpreted as moderately
attained. This implies that the respondents perceived
that implementers of curfew for minors are visible to the
public and that they are indeed requiring minors to go
home once they are caught loitering in public places. The
40
result is moderately attained is due to the limited

number of PNP personnel and Barangay officials.
This is supported by the study of Balangen (2011).
Her findings states that the ronda system was the actual
foot patrol of the barangay officials or barangay tanods
and police officers around the barangay to apprehend
violators. The ronda system included securing of computer
shops and establishments serving liquors around the area
while at the same time informing the residents regarding
the ordinances. Curfew for minors, computer shops and
liquor establishments were successive, thus, the ronda
system was not only for the latter but extended to the
other two ordinances. According to the key informants,
most of the minors were caught at the computer shops and
establishments serving alcoholic beverages, and in dark
areas. Thus, most of them concentrated on these areas.
Minors who shall be caught by Barangay Tanods after 7PM
should either be sent home or referred to the police
officers. The police officers will either send the
children home or refer them to the MSWDO for guidance and
counseling. The MSWDO then will send the children home
after the guidance and counseling with the parents.
41
However, this procedure was modified by some of the

barangay officials where they apply case-to-case basis.
Barangay Kagawad and Chairman for Peace and Order of
Barangay Puguis Tyrone T. Diaz said that during foot
patrols, they exempted residents who loitered later than
7PM as long as they were not doing anything wrong. Most
of those who were caught were those drunk and those who
were committing crimes. They referred these violators to
the police officers and to MSWDO for proper intervention
or sanction. Those who were just seen loitering late were
assisted home after being informed and asked regarding
the curfew ordinance.
Barangay officials or tanods talked to the parents
for advises for those who were immediately sent home.
Since some parents were not aware of the said ordinance,
they were likewise informed of the ordinance.
Ranked two, is helping the economic development of
the community got an overall mean of 3.06, which is
interpreted as moderately implemented. This implies that
observance of the provisions of the ordinance of curfew
for minors has greatly influenced economic growth in the
community because a peaceful community grows rapidly.
42
Generally, there is a decline of minor offenses when

curfew was implemented.
(Personal interview 2016) Dimsy Yap, a business
owner who were interviewed said that customers will go
away if the place is not peaceful, he cited his
experience some time ago in Betag when many bystanders
are loitering in their business establishment, their
sales decrease.
Ranked four, is safeguarding the people, and
preserving peace and order in the community by conducting
patrol and inspection in the community obtained a
weighted mean of 3.04 which is interpreted as moderately
implemented. This means that the majority of respondents
perceived that people feel safe and peace is still
preserved. Nevertheless, some are not feeling secure
despite presence of law enforcers in the community.
An old city ordinance on curfew for minors thats
not been enforced for years has been revived in the past
weeks with policemen rounding up minors especially those
having a drinking session at the sidewalks.
The move follows an earlier statement of PresidentElect
Rodrigo
Duterte
that
43
he
is
eyeing
the
strict
enforcement of the curfew which he had set in Davao City

as mayor.
In Pasay City yesterday police rounded up 80 minors
for violating the citys existing curfew hour which is
from 10 p.m. until 4 a.m. under Oplan Rody or Rid the
Streets of Drinkers and Youth, while in Mandaluyong City,
police arrested 30 minors spotted along the streets from
10p.m. to 1:45 a.m.
The minors said they were just playing with friends
a few blocks from their residence. Others were singing
with a karaoke at a street corner in Barangay Addition
Hills.
According to Pasay City police chief, Sr. Supt. Joel
Doria, the minors were first detained at the Pasay City
detention cell in the presence of some personnel of the
local
Department
of
Social
Welfare
and
Development
(DSWD).
Meanwhile,
Chief
Insp.
Jacqueline
Ta-a,
of
the
Libertad Police Station (PS-4), said that the minors were

rounded up from Tuesday evening until early yesterday
morning by roving officers.
44
The minors, who were caught either loitering on the

streets, inside computer shops, and hanging out, were
assisted
by
personnel
from
the
citys
Department
of
Social Welfare and Development (DSWD).

The existing ordinance on curfew hours which was
first implemented in 1993 imposes penalties up to three
violations. Penalty for the first violation is a record
on
the
police
blotter,
second
violation
is
community
service, and third offense is a fine of P500.

Meanwhile, the parents and guardians of the arrested
minors said they werent aware that there is such an
ordinance being implemented.
The city police told the parents of the arrested
minors of the city ordinance imposing curfew hours for
minors aging 18 years old and below from 10 p.m. to 4
a.m. since 1996.
The minors were released around 1 a.m. after their
parents and guardians presented identification cards.
A few days ago, the Las Pinas City police under Sr.
Supt.
Jemar
Modequillo,
rounded
45
up
over
about
100
persons, 70 of them minors and 30 adults who were caught

drinking along the streets and walking around half naked.
Modequillo
immediately
released
the
70
minors
together with their parents after he informed them of the

existing
city
ordinance
and
the
dangers
of
allowing
minors to roam the streets late at night.

Meanwhile, the 30 adults were ordered to do 40 pushups as punishment.
Rank 16. Closing business establishments which
deliberately allows minors to drink inside their bar,
despite of warnings given obtained the lowest mean of
2.37 interpreted as slightly implemented. The findings
implies that the implementers are not strictly enforcing
the provisions of the ordinance on curfew for minors.
Buya-an asserted that some Barangay officials are
giving favor to business owners especially if they knew
each other.
In corroboration to this, Fedcha (2011) found out
that the enforcement of closure of business establishment
is being implemented with bias. According to one of the
Kagawads of Poblacion Bontoc, Mountain Province, it is
true some of the business establishments are being warned
46
but it just stops there. When it comes to closure of

repeated violators, sometimes it is not being carried
out.
Ranked fifteen, is imposing fines to business
establishments which permit minors to drink inside their
bar or any amusements garnered the second lowest with a
weighted mean of 2.38 interpreted as slightly
implemented. This means that there is difficulty in
collecting fines from business establishments that
violates curfew for minors.
One of the Barangay kagawads in Pico said that the
procedure is too complicated and laborious, we have so
many jobs to do thats why we prefer to avoid conflicts
with the resident because it is additional burden for us.
Rank fourteen is arresting gang members who are bad

influence to the minors and giving them proper counseling
for them to stop and be law-abiding citizen obtained the
third lowest with weighted mean of 2.66 interpreted as
moderately implemented. This means that there is also
difficulty in putting minors under arrest.
47
Barangay Kagawad in Balili asserted that it is

difficult to arrest gang members who are minors because
of RA 9344 (juvenile justice and welfare act) states that
a minor cannot be arrested and penalized. They will just
be invited to the Barangay then turn over to the DSWD.
Differences in the level of implementation

of curfew for minors according to group
As gleaned from table 3.1, the Barangay officials
and the PNP have a higher level of perception on the
level of implementation of curfew for minors for the
reason that they are the prime movers and are the persons
responsible and accountable in implementing the curfew
for minors and who are directly involved in observing
what is really happening in the community. As such, the
members of the PNP
Table 3.1 The comparison of the level of implementation
of curfew for minors as perceived by the group
Barangay
PNP
Official Personne Parent
s
l
s
drinking liquor by no allowing
them to enter inside any
amusement establishment;
3.34
2.77
2.41
are selling, using,
possessing, and transporting
dangerous drugs;
3.37
2.05
2.61
2.91
1.86
2.25
48
minors to drink inside their

bar or any amusements;
4. Closing business
drink inside their bar,
despite of warnings given;
visibility to prevent would be
minor violators to commit
crime;
operandi (Mode of Operation)
of the minors in committing
crimes particularly on
robbery;
and preserving peace and order
in the community by conducting
community;
curfew to protect the minors
from adults and fellow
minors;
influence from gang members of
the community;
abolishing any bad fraternity
or sorority;
are bad influence to the
minors and giving them proper
counseling for them to stop
and be law-abiding citizen;
violate curfew and immediately
informing the parents then
conducting counseling before
letting them out;
49
3.03
1.82
2.18
3.44
2.45
2.54
3.62
3.18
2.69
3.35
3.18
2.55
3.69
3.36
2.55
3.31
3.41
2.63
3.44
3.59
2.64
3.26
3.14
2.48
3.29
2.91
2.16
2.88
3.24
3.14
3.32
2.50
2.58

to supervision, which helps
them to be responsible parent
or guardian;
minors; and
Average
Fcomp= 20.898
p-value= 0.00
3.47
3.09
2.48
3.58
3.11
3.18
3.07
2.71
2.89
F.05= 3.204
significant
are very much confident on their performance when it

comes to the implementation of curfew for minors, this is
evident in the overall mean of 3.11 and 3.07, interpreted
as very much implemented respectively.
However, the other group of respondent which is the
parents have a lower level of perception garnered only
2.89 weighted mean, this implies that the community is
expecting for more from the implementers of the
ordinance.
Statistical analysis shows that the p-value of 0.00
is less than the alpha value of 0.05 level of
significance which means that there are significant
differences in the level of implementation of curfew on
minors according to group. Therefore, there is enough
evidence to accept the hypothesis that there is
50
significant differences in the level of implementation of

curfew on minors as perceived by the groups of
respondents.
The finding implies that respondents perceived that
there is different level of implementation of curfew on
minors La Trinidad, Benguet. This is the reason why one
of the residents in Buyagan, Poblacion stated that Law
enforcers imposed the law according to the status in life
of the violators.
Degree of Seriousness of the problems encountered in the

implementation of curfew on minors as perceived by the
group.
The degree of seriousness of the problems
encountered in the implementation of curfew on minors
were shown in Table 4. It was shown that the overall mean
is 2.96 which is interpreted as moderately serious.
Table 4. Degree of seriousness of problems encountered in
the implementation of curfew on minors
Descriptive Ran
Indicators
W.M
Equivalent
k
1. Public apathy, allowing minors
2.9
Moderately
to stay out in a public place;
5
Serious
10
2. Business owners allow minors to
Highly
drink inside any amusement place;
3.3
Serious
2
3. The public does not care even
if the enforcers are around to
2.9
Moderately
implement the curfew program;
6
Serious
9
4. Number of police officers who
3.3
Highly
1
51
are directly involved in the

implementation of curfew is not
enough to cover the whole
municipality;
5. Police cars are unavailable for
transportation;
6. Lack of gas allocation for
vehicles;
7. There are still minors present
in public places during curfew is
not being implemented;
8. Sometimes curfew is not being
implemented;
9. There are those elective
officials and enforcers of curfew
who does not support the program;
10. Theres lack of discipline of
minors;
11. Enforcers abuse their
authority in implementing the
curfew;
12. Public does not divulge
information to the enforcers;
13. The minors are armed;
14. Violators are in the influence
of drugs and or intoxicating
liquor;
15. Violators are mentally
deranged;
16. There are many bad influences,
fraternities/Sororities within the
community; and
17. Parents/Guardians permit, or
insufficient control allow the
minor to remain at any public
place or on the premises of any
establishment within the
municipality during curfew hours.
Average
52
3
2.8
8
2.7
8
Serious
Moderately
Serious
Moderately
Serious
3.1
2
3.1
1
Moderately
Serious
Moderately
Serious
2.8
3.0
9
Moderately
Serious
Moderately
Serious
2.5
2
2.7
7
2.7
9
Moderately
Serious
Moderately
Serious
Moderately
Serious
3.1
2
2.7
4
Moderately
Serious
Moderately
Serious
3.0
4
Moderately
Serious
3.0
6
2.9
6
Moderately
Serious
Moderately
Serious
10
14
3.5
5
11
6
17
15
12
3.5
16
8
This implies that there are many problems still

being encountered by the implementers of curfew for
minors as perceived by the respondents.
PO3 Balanoy revealed that there is lack of full
cooperation of different government agencies concern,
lack of facilities to cater to the needs of the curfew
for minors and financial and logistics need is
insufficient such as mobile car.
Ranked one, is number of police officers who are
directly involved in the implementation of curfew is not
enough to cover the whole municipality garnered the
highest mean of 3.33 interpreted as highly serious
because violators tend to thrive when PNP personnel and
Barangay officials are not visible to the public. The
finding implies that the most common problem perceived by
the respondents is the absence of police officer in the
neighborhood.
SPO1 Tumingeb said that one of the reasons why this
is identified as highly serious is because people are
already accustomed with the presence of police officer.
Whatever problems the community had such as fire or
broken lights the first agency this problem will be
53
referred to is the police, although it is the job of fire

department or BENECO.
The police are the first line of defense against
crime. It has been concluded that crime will be reduced
if the number of police will be increased. The PNP has
targeted a 1:700 police-to-population ratio in 2010;
1:600 in 2020; and 1:500 in 2030. The actual police-to
population ratio for 2010 was registered at 1:662, better
than the target. With the hiring of additional police
officers, the ratio has further improved to 1:620 as of
March 2013.
However, the Philippines still fares
poorly compared to its Asian neighbors

In contrast, Margaret Weigel (2011) said that A
curfews impact is not dependent on the number of police
officers enforcing it. Parents appear to be the primary
curfew enforcers, and that municipal curfews act as
focal point in the establishment of household policies.
Business owners allow minors to drink inside any
amusement place rank number 2 with a weighted mean of 3.3
which is interpreted as highly serious. This implies that
despite of many laws being enforced many Business owners
remain opened for minors.
54
(Personal Interview) Batoyong (2016)I have to do

violate some rules because I am paying high rentals and
taxes and my collection for groceries is never enough to
sustain my liabilities. So I secretly offer liquor to
minors since they are my common customer revealed by a
semi-bar owner. (Personal interview)
Ranked three, is there are still minors present in
public places during curfew is not being implemented and
violators are in the influence of drugs and or
intoxicating liquor both garnered a weighted mean of 3.12
Which is interpreted as moderately serious.
This means that minors are still loitering in public
places because entrance is free such as in public parks,
computer shops and bars and it also mean that majority of
violators are under influence of drugs and liquor.
In relation to this, According to Fedcha (2011) it
is not only here in the Philippines that experience
problems on minors who indulge in alcohol drinking.
According to the International Institute for Alcohol
Awareness (IIAA), underage drinking is a serious national
problem that costs the United States $62.6 billion each
year in deaths, injuries, property damage, and related
economic and productivity losses. Tragically, illegal
55
consumption of alcohol by minors led to 3, 212 deaths and

2.4 million other harmful events in the lives in American
families in 2001. In fact, underage drinkers account for
about 16 percent of all alcohol consumed in the United
States annually.
Summary of Findings
The major findings are the following:
1. The objectives of the curfew on minors in La Trinidad,
Benguet is moderately attained. Safeguarding the people,
and preserving peace and order in the community by
conducting patrol and inspection in the community
obtained the highest mean while closing establishments
which deliberately allows minors to drink inside their
bar, despite warnings given have the lowest mean.
1.1 There is a significant difference on the
perception of the respondents as to the level of
attainment of the objectives of curfew for minors in La
Trinidad, Benguet.
2. The perceptions of the respondents as to the level of
implementation of curfew for minors is moderately
implemented. Increasing police visibility to prevent
56
would be minor violators to commit crime and requiring

minors to go home earlier to avoid bad influence from
gang members of the community have the highest rank while
closing business establishments which deliberately allows
minors to drink inside their bar, despite of warnings
given earned the lowest mean.
2.1 There is significant difference on the
perception of respondents as to the level of
implementation of curfew for minors.
3. The perceptions of the respondents as to the degree of
seriousness of the problems encountered in the
implementation of curfew for minors is moderately
implemented. The following problems garnered the highest
rank respectively:
Rank 1. Number of police officers who are
directly involved in the implementation of curfew is not
enough to cover the whole municipality
Rank 2. Business owners allow minors to drink
inside any amusement place;
Rank 3. There are still minors present in
public places during curfew is not being implemented.
57
CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the conclusions and
recommendations as regards the curfew on minors in La
Trinidad, Benguet.
Conclusions
The study deduced the following conclusions in
relation to the specific problems of the study:
1. The moderate attainment of the objectives of
curfew on minors is attributed to the unforeseen factors
that affects the attainment of the objectives like
occurrence of emergencies, special holidays and events
such as Adivay where attention of law enforcers are
diverted, and also some minors are not aware that there
is such curfew on minors in La Trinidad thats why they
are loitering in public places.
2. The implementation of curfew on minors is
moderate due to inevitable factors such as lack of
58
manpower, insufficient budget and uncooperative parents.

Moreover, some young people are unwilling to cooperate
for they believe it is a violation of their rights to
travel.
3. Lack of full cooperation of different government
agencies concern, lack of facilities to cater to the
needs of the curfew for minors and financial and
logistics need is insufficient such as mobile car are the
reasons why the problems encountered in the
implementation of curfew on minors is highly serious.
Recommendations
In view of the findings and conclusions derived
from the study, the following are recommended:
1. The Law Enforcers and the Barangay officials must
endeavor to strictly enforce the law especially closing
business establishments which deliberately allows minors
to drink inside their bar by filing corresponding case
to court immediately. Thus, other would be violator will
hesitate to do the same.
2. The law enforcers and Barangay officials must make sure
that business establishments which permit minors to
drink inside their bar or amusement will be sued in
court.
59
3. The PNP and other law enforcement bodies must endeavor

to arrest gang members so that they will not influence
more minors to join them and must initiate strong
coordination with DSWD for more productive intervention
such as professional counselling.
4. The PNP, Barangay officials and the community members
must endeavor to request the authorities concerned for
more PNP personnel to be deployed in the different
Barangays.
5. The law enforcement bodies must initiate partnership
with the parents in preventing minors from loitering in
public places with in curfew hours.
6. Funded researches on the responsiveness and
implementation of curfew on minors must be initiated and
carried out for further development.
7. Further researches are encouraged to be conducted in
order to make assessments on the strategies currently
employed by the authorities for a more productive curfew
on minors.
8. There should be a clear cut policies in imposing fines
to business establishment who are coddling minors.
60
REFERENCES
Adams. K. (2003) The effectiveness of juvenile curfews
at crime prevention. Retrieved on Dec.13, 2015 from
http://www.nyclu.org/files/gv
_curfew_study-(9th
Ed.). U. S. A: Thomson Wadsworth.

Araneta, S. (2012) Manila to enforce curfew for minors
during summer break. Retrieved on January 15, 2016
from http://www.philstar.com/.../manila-enforcecurfew-minors-during-summer-bre...
Asuncion, W. (2016) Review of Curfew edict up.
Retrrieved on June 30, 2016 from
http://www.baguiomidlandcourier.com. ph/city.asp?
mode=%20archives/2016/june/6-26-2016/city4-Reviewof-curfew-edict-up.txt
Balangen, C. (2011) Young Lurkers at Night: Awareness
and Compliance of Selected La Trinidad High School
Students on Curfew Ordinance. Retrieved on August 6,
2016 from
61
http://digilib.bsu.edu.ph/greenstone/collect/undergr
a/index/assoc/HASH017f.dir/doc.pdf
Brannen, S. (2002). Thresholds mentoring juvenile
justice ministry in the Archdiocese of Santa Fe.
Retrieved on February 12, 2016 from
http://yvj.sagepub.com/content/6/4323.full.pdf
Caleca, A. (2003) DOJ backs nationwide curfew proposal
for minors. Retrieved on April 8 2016 from
http://www.philstar.com/headlines/199871/doj-backsnationwide-curfew-proposal-minors
Cochran, T. (1997) U.S. Conference of Mayors. A Status
Report on Youth curfews in Americas Cities.
Retrieved on May 15, 2016 from
usmayors.org/publications/curfew.htm
Fedcha, R., (2011) Curfew for minors in the Municipality
of Bontoc, Moutain Province. Unpublished Masters
Thesis, University of Baguio, Baguio City.
Find Law, (2013). Juvenile Curfew Laws-The Basics.
Retrieved on August 4, 2016 from
http://criminal.findlaw.com/criminalcharges/juvenile-curfew-laws-the-basics.html
Kiglasan, H.A., (1999) The anti-vice campaign of the
Baguio City Police office, 1998. Unpublished
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Masters thesis, Baguio Central University, Baguio

City.
Kline, P. (2011). The Impact of Juvenile Curfew Laws on
Arrests of Youth and Adults. Retrieved on August 2,
2016 from NBER pkline@econ.berkeley.edu.
http://eml.berkeley.edu/~pkline/papers/curfews_resu
bmit.pdf
Manwong, R. and Delizo D., (2006). Law Enforcement
Administration: A textbook in Criminology.
Philippines: RK Manwong Publications.
Manwong, R. K. (2008). Fundamentals of criminology.
Philippines: Wisemans Books Trading, Inc.
Ramos, F. V., (1975). Ang tala. Philippine Daily Express,
6.
Regalado, E. (2016) Nationwide curfew, liquor ban eyed.
Retrieved on July 20, 2016 from
http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/06/28/1597392
/nationwide-curfew-liquor-ban-eyed
Seigel, L. (2004). Criminology, theories, patterns and
typologies (8th ed.). Massachusetts: Thomson
Wadsworth.
Seigel, L., Welsh, B., & Senna J. (2007). Juvenile
Deliquency
63
Shatz, Zhang, and McGrath (1999) Effect of a curfew law

on juvenile trauma.
Retrieved on July 20, 2016 from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10608527
Solmerin, F. (2013) Curfew for minors to be enforced.
Retrieved on June 12, 2016 from
http://www.manilastandardtoday.com/2013/04/12/curfew
-of-minors-to-be-enforced/
Southern Illinois University, (2006). What is crime
prevention. Retrieved on June 23, 2016 from
http://www.dps.siu.edu/cp_what_is_cp.htm
Tradio, C. (1994). Introduction to criminology. Revised
edition: 92 Quezon Avenue, Q.C. Law Book publishing.
Wests encyclopedia of American law, (2nd ed.). (2008).
Retrieved on June 26, 2016 from
http://www.encyclopedia.com/toopic/Ku_Klux_Klan.asp
x
Youth Protection Ordinance, (2013). Curfew hours for
minors. Retrieved on February 13, 2016 from
http://www.haywardca.gov/CITY.../CITY.../CurfewHoursforMinors.pdf
64
APPENDICES
Appendix A
Communication Letters
July 7, 2016
PCI RADINO S. BELLY
Chief of Police
La Trinidad, Benguet
Dear SIR:
Greetings!
The undersigned student of Cordillera Career
Development College is conducting a study entitled Curfew
for Minors in the Municipality of La Trinidad, Benguet in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of
Master of Science in Public Administration.
In this regard, may he find favor in your good office
to allow him administer his questionnaire and conduct
informal interviews among the personnel of La Trinidad
Municipal Police Office.
Rest assured that whatever data and/ or information
gathered will be treated with utmost confidentiality and
be taken and analyzed in an objective manner.
65
He is looking forward to your favorable response and

may you find his request worthy of your approval.
Thank you very much and God bless!
Respectfully yours,
LOURENCE B. MIGUEL
Researcher
Noted by
DR. ABELLO K. FERNANDO
Adviser
DR. MARINA SAGANDOY
Dean, Graduate School
July 7, 2016
ROMEO K. SALDA
Mayor
La Trinidad, Benguet
Dear SIR:
Greetings!
informal interviews among the Barangay officials and some
parents in your Barangay.
He is looking forward to you favorable response and
66

Respectfully yours,
LOURENCE B. MIGUEL
Researcher
Noted by
Adviser
DR. MARINA SAGANDOY
PETER D. COMILAY
Punong Barangay
Betag, La Trinidad, Benguet
Dear SIR:
Greetings!
informal interviews among the Barangay officials and some
parents in your Barangay.
He is looking forward to you favorable response and
67
Respectfully yours,
LOURENCE B. MIGUEL
Researcher
Noted by
Adviser
DR. MARINA SAGANDOY
Appendix B
Questionnaire
CORDILLERA CAREER DEVELOPMENT COLLEGE
Poblacion La Trinidad, Benguet
GRADUATE SCHOOL
Dear Respondent:
Development College is conducting a research entitled
Curfew on Minors in the Municipality of La Trinidad,
Benguet in partial fulfillment of requirements for the
Degree of Master of Public Administration.
In this regard, my he request your assistance by
answering the attached survey questionnaire. Honest
response to each item is needed so as to obtain reliable
data relative to the said study.
68
Rest assured that all information that will be gathered

shall be treated with utmost confidentiality.
Thank you so much and God bless!
Respectfully yours,
Lourence B. Miguel
Researcher
Name (optional):_____________________________
Group:
____PNP Personnel
____Barangay Official
_____Parent
I. The level of attainment of the objectives of curfew on

minors.
Direction: Please put a check mark ( ) on the box that
corresponds to your perception with regards to the level
of attainment of the objectives of curfew for minors in
Use the following scale:
4 Much Implemented (MI)
3 Moderately implemented (MI)
2 Slightly implemented (SI)
1 Not implemented (NI)
Indicators
1. Preventing the minors from drinking
69
MI
4
MI
3
SI
2
NI
1
liquor by no allowing them to enter

inside any amusement establishment;
2. Arresting those persons who are selling,
using, possessing, and transporting
dangerous drugs;
establishments which permit minors to
drink inside their bar or any
amusements;
4. Closing business establishments which
deliberately allows minors to drink
inside their bar, despite of warnings
given;
5. Preventing minors from loitering during
night time;
6. Increasing police visibility to prevent
would be minor violators to commit
crime;
7. Educating and or informing the community
on the modus operandi (Mode of
Operation) of the minors in committing
crimes particularly on robbery;
8. Safeguarding the people, and preserving
peace and order in the community by
conducting patrol and inspection in the
community;
9. Strictly implementing curfew to protect
the minors from adults and fellow
minors;
10. Requiring minors to go home earlier to
avoid bad influence from gang members of
the community;
11. Suppressing and or abolishing any bad
12. Arresting gang members who are bad
influence to the minors and giving them
proper counseling for them to stop and
be law-abiding citizen;
13.Detaining minors who violate curfew and
immediately informing the parents then
conducting counseling before letting
70
them out;
14. Educating and informing parents,
guardians with regard to supervision,
which helps them to be responsible
parent or guardian.
15. Strengthening the relationship between
enforcers and members of the community,
with regard to counselling of minors;
and
16. Helping the economic development of the
community.
II. The level of implementation of curfew on minors in La
Trinidad, Benguet.
corresponds to your perception with regards to the level
of attainment of the objectives of curfew for minors in
4 Much Attained (MA)
3 Moderately Attained (MA)
2 Slightly Attained (SA)
1 Not Attained (NA)
Indicators
1. Preventing the minors from drinking liquor by no
allowing them to enter inside any amusement
establishment;
2. Arresting those persons who are selling, using,
possessing, and transporting dangerous drugs;
3. Imposing fines to business establishments which
permit minors to drink inside their bar or any
amusements;
4. Closing business establishments which
deliberately allows minors to drink inside their
bar, despite of warnings given;
71
MA
4
MA
3
SA
2
NA
1
5. Preventing minors from loitering during night

time;
6. Increasing police visibility to prevent would be
minor violators to commit crime;
7. Educating and or informing the community on the
modus operandi (Mode of Operation) of the minors
in committing crimes particularly on robbery;
8. Safeguarding the people, and preserving peace and
order in the community by conducting patrol and
inspection in the community;
9. Strictly implementing curfew to protect the
minors from adults and fellow minors;
10. Requiring minors to go home earlier to avoid
bad influence from gang members of the
community;
11. Suppressing and or abolishing any bad
12. Arresting gang members who are bad influence to
the minors and giving them proper counseling for
them to stop and be law-abiding citizen;
13. Detaining minors who violate curfew and
immediately informing the parents then
conducting counseling before letting them out;
14. Educating and informing parents, guardians with
regard to supervision, which helps them to be
responsible parent or guardian.
15. Strengthening the relationship between
enforcers and members of the community, with
regard to counselling of minors; and
16. Helping the economic development of the
community.
III. Degree of seriousness of Problems Encountered in the

implementation curfew on minors in La Trinidad, Benguet.
corresponds to your perception with regards to the degree
of seriousness encountered in the implementation of
curfew for minors in La Trinidad, Benguet.
Degree of seriousness of Problems Encountered in the

implementation curfew for minors in La Trinidad, Benguet.
4 Highly Serious (VS)
72
3 Moderately Serious (MS)

2 Slightly Serious (SS)
1 Not a Problem (NaP)
Indicators
What is the degree of seriousness of problems
in the following:
1. Public apathy, allowing minors to stay out in a
public place;
2. Business owners allow minors to drink inside any
amusement place;
3. The public does not care even if the enforcers
are around to implement the curfew program;
4. Number of police officers who are directly
involved in the implementation of curfew is not
enough to cover the whole municipality;
5. Police cars are unavailable for transportation;
6. Lack of gas allocation for vehicles;
7. There are still minors present in public places
during curfew is not being implemented;
8. Sometimes curfew is not being implemented;
9. There are those elective officials and enforcers
of curfew who does not support the program;
10. Theres lack of discipline of minors;
11. Enforcers abuse their authority in implementing
the curfew;
12. Public does not divulge information to the
enforcers;
13. The minors are armed;
14. Violators are in the influence of drugs and or
intoxicating liquor;
15. Violators are mentally deranged;
16. There are many bad influences,
fraternities/Sororities within the community;
and
17. Parents/Guardians permit, or insufficient
control allow the minor to remain at any public
place or on the premises of any establishment
within the municipality during curfew hours.
73
HS
4
MS
3
SS
2
NaP
1
CURRICULLUM VITAE
LOURENCE BUASEN MIGUEL

Dupax del Norte, Nueva Viscaya
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of Birth
January 12, 1978
Place of Birth
Atok, Benguet
74
Citizenship
Filipino
Civil Status
Married
Provincial Address
Nueva Viscaya
Name of Spouse
Rosebel Buya-an Miguel
Name of Children
Hezekiah B. Miguel
Jeshurun B. Miguel
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Graduate Studies
Masters in Public
Administration
Tertiary
Bachelor of Science in
Criminology
Cordillera Career
Development College (CCDC)
April 2000
Secondary
Lamo National Highschool

Dupax del Norte, Nueva
Viscaya
March 1995
Elementary
Bitnong Elementary School

Dupax del Norte, Nueva
Viscaya
March 1990
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE
Instructor 4
Cordillera Career
Development College (CCDC)
June 2001 present
TEST TAKEN/ELIGIBILITIES
Criminologist Licensure Examination
Baguio City
October 2000
75
Civil Service Professional

September 2000
Civil Service Eligibility for Police Officer
August 2000
76

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CHAPTER 1

The use of curfews on minors can help to protect

Delinquency prevention efforts are considered by

address delinquency, teenage gang violence, and other

person below eighteen years old shall loiter in the

to the analysis. In addition to equipping law enforcement

2.1 Are there significant differences on the

implementing the PNP Strategic Action Plan in La

Trinidad Benguet. This study covered the perceptions of

intention of controlling delinquency and increasing

drugs," Gutierrez said. There have been debates about the

She said the government can always

quell abuses in imposing rules and regulations and thus

number of street crimes, but this should be imposed only

the attitudes and behaviors that help people feel safe.

the etiology of crime, all possible preventive and

The conceptual framework of the study was based on

The paradigm of the study (figure 1) describes the

Figure 1. Paradigm of the study

It refers to a juvenile who is under the age

It is an order or law that requires people

to be indoors after a certain time at night. It is the

Benguet such as Betag, Balili, Pico, Puguis, Poblacion

Population of the Study

Table 1. Distribution of respondents

Data Gathering Tools

Data Gathering Procedures

The researcher and his enumerators personally

administered the questionnaires and gave an overview,

The following scales were used on the level of

On the determination of the level of

On the determination of the degree of

In answering specific problems 1, 2, and 3

Table 3. Level of Attainment of the objectives of curfew

respondents perceived that many of the objectives are

occurrence of emergencies, special holidays and events

drug use, violent acts, sexual risks, heavy partying, and

parents at the city social welfare and development office

been minimized and private and public schools had been

First lowest indicator is closing business

is no enough man power to process legal documents and

citizen with a weighted mean of 2.71 interpreted as

that members of the PNP themselves and Barangay officials

any amusement establishment;

and be law-abiding citizen;

Statistical analysis shows that the p-value of 0.00

exposure and observation on level of attainment of

Level of Implementation of curfew for Minors as perceived

Table 3 presents the level of implementation of curfew on

8. Safeguarding the people, and

Based on the results, the respondents perceived that

moderately implemented as reflected by the average mean

parents/guardians, non-compliance of business owners,

result is moderately attained is due to the limited

However, this procedure was modified by some of the

Generally, there is a decline of minor offenses when

enforcement of the curfew which he had set in Davao City

Libertad Police Station (PS-4), said that the minors were

The minors, who were caught either loitering on the

Social Welfare and Development (DSWD).

service, and third offense is a fine of P500.

persons, 70 of them minors and 30 adults who were caught