OPEN ENDED PROJECT

In Circuit Theory LAB

on

ABCD characteristics of cascaded 2-port network

Submitted to

Amity School of Engineering and Technology

Guided By:

Submitted By:

AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH

GAUTAM BUDDHA NAGAR

SUMMARY
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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1. The Problem
3
1.1

Scope

3
1.2

Technical Review

1.3

3
Design Requirement

5
1.4

Apparatus Required

5
2. Design Description
6
2.1 Circuit Diagrams
6
3. Evaluation
3.1
Overview
3.2
Prototyping and Testing
7
3.3

Observation

8
3.4

Calculation

9
3.5

Result

10
4. Conclusion
5. References

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7
7

10
11

1. THE PROBLEM
To design a cascade connection of T and shaped two port network and to find its
ABCD parameters. Also to verify that the ABCD parameters of this cascaded network is the
product of ABCD parameters of the individual 2 port networks cascaded together.

1.1 SCOPE
A major section of power system engineering deals in the transmission of electrical power
from one particular place (eg. generating station) to another like substations or
distribution units with maximum efficiency. So its of substantial importance for power
system engineers to be thorough with its mathematical modelling. Thus the entire
transmission system can be simplified to a two port network for the sake of easier
calculations.

1.2 TECHNICAL REVIEW

A pair of terminals at which a signal (voltage or current) may enter or leave is called
a port. A network having only one such pair of terminals is called a one port network.
A two-port network (or four-terminal network, or quadripole) is an electrical circuit or
device with two pairs of
terminals.
Examples
include transistors,
filters and matching networks.

ABCD parameters or the transmission line parameters provide the link between the supply
and receiving end voltages and currents, considering the circuit elements to be linear in
nature. Thus the relation between the sending and receiving end specifications are given
using ABCD parameters by the equations below.

Now in order to determine the ABCD parameters of transmission line let us impose the
required circuit conditions in different cases.
ABCD Parameters, When Receiving End is Open Circuited
The receiving end is open circuited meaning receiving end current

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IR

= 0.
Applying this condition to equation (1) we get,

Thus its implies that on applying

open circuit condition
to ABCD parameters, we get
parameter A as the
ratio of sending end voltage to the open circuit receiving end voltage. Since dimension
wise A is a ratio of voltage to voltage, A is a dimension less parameter.
Applying the same open circuit condition i.e I R = 0 to equation (2)

Thus its implies that on applying open circuit condition to ABCD parameters of
transmission line, we get parameter C as the ratio of sending end current to the open
circuit receiving end voltage. Since dimension wise C is a ratio of current to voltage, its
unit is mho.
Thus C is the open circuit conductance and is given by
C = IS VR mho.

ABCD Parameters, When Receiving End is Short Circuited

Receiving end is short circuited meaning receiving end voltage VR = 0
Applying this condition to equation (1) we get,

Thus its implies that on applying short circuit condition to ABCD parameters, we get
parameter B as the ratio of sending end voltage to the short circuit receiving end current.
Since dimension wise B is a ratio of voltage to current, its unit is . Thus B is the short
circuit
resistance
and
is
given
by
B = VS IR .
Applying the same short circuit condition i.e V R = 0 to equation (2) we get

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Thus its implies that on applying short circuit condition to ABCD parameters, we get
parameter D as the ratio of sending end current to the short circuit receiving end current.
Since dimension wise D is a ratio of current to current, its a dimension less parameter.
the ABCD parameters of transmission line can be tabulated as:-

Parameter

Specification

Unit

A = VS / V R

Voltage ratio

Unit less

B = VS / IR

Short circuit resistance

C = IS / VR

Open circuit conductance

mho

D = IS / IR

Current ratio

Unit less

1.3 DESIGN REQUIREMENT

In order to study and solve the given problem a total of 3 networks are required to be
made and tested for ABCD parameters:
(a) A T network.
(b) A network.
(c) A cascaded network of T and .

1.4 APPARATUS REQUIRED

Sr.

Equipment

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Type

Rating

Make

No.
1.

Bread Board

840 pins

Elementz

2.

Power Supply

D.C.

6V

Eveready

2.

Multimeter

A.C./D.C.

10A max

UNITY

750V A.C. and 1000V D.C. max

3.

Resistors

1kOhm

1/4W

4.

Connecting

Wires

2. DESIGN

DESCRIPTION

Circuits are made

according to the
problem and different parameters are measured like input voltage and current and output
voltage and current to calculate the ABCD parameters.

2.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS

A T shaped 2 port network is as shown below:-

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A shaped 2 port network is as shown below:-

So the cascaded T and network will look like as shown below

3. EVALUATION
3.1 OVERVIEW
1.) Each of the networks were made according to the design description.
2.) Readings for each network were noted for both port 2 open and short cases.
3.) ABCD parameters were found out and the problem was solved and verified.

3.2 PROTOTYPING AND TESTING

The T network:
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The network:

The cascaded T and network:

3.3 OBSERVATIONS:

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S.No\Network

1. V1(Volt)
=
2. I1(mA)=
3. V2(Volt)
=
4. I2(mA)=

T Network

PI Network

Cascaded Network

Port 2
O.S.
6.62

Port 2 S.C.

Port 2 O.S.

Port 2 S.C.

Port 2 O.S.

Port 2 S.C.

6.62

6.62

6.62

6.62

6.62

3.36

4.47

9.89

13.09

4.11

4.17

3.31

3.3

0.5

2.23

6.53

0.82

3.4 CALCULATIONS:
FOR T NETWORK
PARAMETER CALCULATION
A=
B=
C=
D=
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MATRIX

FOR NETWORK
PARAMETER CALCULATION

MATRIX

A=
B=
C=
D=

FOR CASCADED NETWORK

PARAMETER CALCULATION

MATRIX

A=
B=
C=
D=

3.5 RESULT
ABCD parameters of cascaded network are:
A=
B=
C=
D=
And matrix multiplication of individual ABCD parameters of T and network is
equal to ABCD parameters of cascaded network.
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4. CONCLUSION
A cascaded T and two port network was made and the ABCD parameters were
found. Also it was verified that the ABCD parameters of cascaded network were
the product of the individual networks ABCD parameters.

5. REFERENCES

http://www.powerelectricalblog.com/2007/03/two-port-networks-z-y-h-g-abcd.html
http://www.electrical4u.com/abcd-parameters-of-transmission-line/

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