Course Notes
University of Waterloo
Civil Engineering
CIV. E. 205 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS II
COURSE OUTLINE
Instructor:
Office:
Ext.:
E-mail:
Dr. T. Hegazy
Lectures: MWF 9:30 - CPH 3385
CPH 2373G
2174
tarek@uwaterloo.ca Web: http://www.civil.uwaterloo.ca/tarek/hegazy205.html
T.A.s:
Textbook: - Hibbeler, 2002 Mechanics of Materials, 5th Edition, Prentice Hall.
- Course Notes Download
What is Covered:
1. - Introduction & Review
2. - Analysis of Stress
3. - Analysis of Strain
4. - Stress-Strain Relations
5. - Strain Energy
6. - Theories of Failure
7. - Deflection of Beams
8. - Energy Methods
9. - Principle of Virtual Work
10. - Influence Lines
11. - Reciprocal Theorem
12. - Buckling of Columns
13. - Special Beam Problems (Optional)
Marking:
4 Quizzes @ 10%
40% Held on dates announced in class
Final Examination: 60%
Bridge Competition: Bonus
Notes:
- Each week, a number of suggested problems will be given to serve as background study
for the quizzes. Solutions are not to be handed in.
- Teaching Assistants will provide one-to-one help and will prepare you for quizzes.
- Course notes, solutions to suggested problems, and solutions to quizzes will be posted
on the course web site.
Mechanics of Materials II
Mechanics of Materials
Objectives:
-
a)
Resultants of Forces
(i.e., one force equivalent to many)
Non-Concurrent
Forces
Concurrent
Forces
P1
P1
P2
P3
P2
Calculating the Resultant Analytically: The X and Y components of all forces are summed
X = (x components of all forces); Y = (y components of all forces);
Then,
b)
R = SQRT (X + Y );
tan = Y / X
Concurrent
Forces
R (resultant) = 0
Non-Concurrent
Forces
Three Equilibrium Conditions:
Note: It is possible to put a system in equilibrium by calculating the Resultant of all forces acting on it then
applying an opposite and equal force to that resultant.
Dr. Tarek Hegazy
Mechanics of Materials II
P2
P1
P1
Example: Find the resultant and introduce a new force to set the system in Equilibrium
P6
P5
P5
P4
P3
P4
P3
P5
P4
P6
P1
P3
P2
P1
P6
P2
Forces
P1
Resultant
P2
Equilibrium
P6
P7
- The resultant of forces P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, & P7 is ___________
P5
- The resultant of forces P4, P5, P6, P7, P1, & P2 is ___________
P4
P3
P1
P2
45
60
F1
F2
45o
60o
6 tons
6 tons
Mechanics of Materials II
X=0
F2 COS 60 F1 COS 45 = 0
Y=0
F2 SIN 60 + F1 SIN 45 -6 = 0
Solving both,
F1
F1 =
; F2 =
Example: In the following system of parallel forces, determine the reactions Ra, Rb
3
b
1.5
2.5
Ra
1.5
Rb
Analytically:
Y components of all forces = 0
M (moment at any point) = 0
+
=>
Ra + Rb 6 = 0
=>
=>
Ma =
Rb x
+ or, Rb x 7.5 = 18.5
Then, Ra + 2.47 = 6
c)
Ra + Rb = 6
=0
or Rb = 2.47 t
or Ra = 3.53 t
Three-Forces Theorem
Three non-parallel forces in Equilibrium must intersect in a common point. The force polygon of the triangle of
forces shows a continuous loop.
Ra
5m
4 tons
Rb
4m
Mechanics of Materials II
Example: Use the theorem of three forces to determine the reactions on the beam.
Polygon 2
for the
equilibrium
of the
beam
Polygon 1
for the
resultant of
Ra and Rc
6 tons
a
60
45o
d)
Rc
Ra
Resultant of
Ra and Rc
3m
Rb
3m
1m
Types of Supports
Supports exert reactions in the direction in which they restrain movement.
Roller
Support
(restricts in one
direction only and
allows rotation)
Rubber
Hinged or Pinned
Support (restricts in two
ways and allows rotation)
Fixed Support
(restricts in two directions
and also restricts rotation)
M Right = 0
M Left = 0
Force in
direction of
member
Examples:
_____________
Dr. Tarek Hegazy
_______
_______________ _______
4
__________
___________
Mechanics of Materials II
e)
Mechanics of Materials II
f)
A stable structure can resist a general force immediately at the moment of applying the force.
Unstable
Stable
A statically determinate structure is when the reactions can be determined using equilibrium equations.
1. Beams:
if r < c + 3
Unstable
r = unknown support reactions.
if r = c + 3
Statically determinate
c = additional conditions
if r > c + 3
Statically Indeterminate
r = 3 (two at hinge + one at roller)
c = 2 (two intermediate hinges), then,
r < c + 3 Unstable
r = _______
c = _______
r = _______, then____________________
r = 4 (three at fixed end + one at roller)
c = 0, then
r > c + 3 Stable & Statically Indeterminate
2. Frames:
j = No. of joints
m = No. of membrs
r = unknown support reactions
c = special conditions
if 3m + r < 3j + c
if 3m + r = 3j + c
if 3m + r > 3j + c
j = 3; m = 2; c = 0; r = 3
Then,
Stable & Statically determinate
3. Trusses:
j = No. of joints
m = No. of membrs
r = unknown support reactions
if m + r < 2j
if m + r = 2j
if m + r > 2j
j = __; m = __; r = __
Then,
m + r = ___, 2j = ___, or
________________________
Dr. Tarek Hegazy
Unstable
Statically determinate
Statically Indeterminate
Unstable
Statically determinate
Statically Indeterminate
j = 8; m = 12; r = 3
Then,
m + 3 = 15 < 2j, or Unstable
Mechanics of Materials II
2. Analysis of Forces
Forces and their effects at different points:
Distributed Load
Concentrated Load
Rotation (Couple)
M
W t/m
P1
L
Effect of a load on
another point
parallel to its axis
=
WxL
L
P1
P
b
M = P1 . L
Ma = 0
+
L
P
P
b
Ma = 0
+
Ma = 0
+
Effect of
loads
P
P
b
M=PxL
Forces:
V
M
Bending Moment =
Couple Normal to Plane
Torsion = Couple in
the X-Section Plane
Normal Force =
Perpendicular to X-Section
Example:
Calculate reactions without applying equilibrium equations
P
L/2
L/2
M = P.L /2
L/2
L/2
Mechanics of Materials II
M = 150x5
150 lb
150 lb
150 lb
750 lb.in
750 lb. in
150 lb
750 lb.in
10
A
800 lb
800 lb
Mx=800x10
T=800x14
y
14
500 lb
Mz=500x14
500 lb
10
A
800 lb
T=800x14
Mz=500x14
500 lb
800 lb
14
500 lb
Mechanics of Materials II
3.5
3.5
Mechanics of Materials II
+ ive
Equilibrium Conditions:
X Components of all forces = 0
+
+
Y Components of all forces = 0
M At any point = 0
+
Extra condition at intermediate Pin:
M right side only = 0 = M left side only
+
+
Analysis of Shear & Moment Equations:
F.B.D.: Between load changes, make a cut and put 3 (equal & opposite)
internal forces on each side.
P
Segment 1
M
X
Xa
X
V
Cut
Ya
Segment 2
Yb
Apply Equilibrium Equations to this
segment alone
Ma
4
3
2m
1m
6t
Xa
8t
4t
1m
1m
1m
Ya
= 0, then Xa 6 = 0, or Xa = 6 t
= 0, then Ya 4 8 = 0 , or Ya = 12 t
Ma = 0, then Ma 4 x 1 8 x 3 = 0 , or Ma = 28 m.t.
+
Dr. Tarek Hegazy
10
Check OK
Mechanics of Materials II
3t
2t/m
Step 1:
m = 5; r = 4; j = 6; c = 1
3m + 4 = 19 = 3j + 1 then,
Frame is stable and statically determinate
c
4m
6m
b
2m
Xb
Yb
Xa
Ya
Mb = 0, then 3 x 11 + 2 x 8 x 7 + 2 x Xa 9 x Ya = 0
2m
2m
+
Mc left only = 0 = 3 x 4 + Xa x 6 Ya x 2 + 2 t/m x 4 x 2 = 0
+
4m
3m
, then
= 0, then Ya + Yb - 3 - 16 = 0 , or Yb = 2.72t
Check OK
2t/m
4t
Mb = 0 =
+ =
Ma = 0 =
+ =
+
Y
Ya
. = 0 or Ya = 36 - Yb
=0=
Yb
4m
4m
4m
12 m
Ya = 16 t
; Xa = Xb = 0
Check OK
50 t
Mb = 0 =
+ = 50x5 - 4 Ya =0 , or Ya = 62.5 t
d
1m
+
Y = 0 = Ya + Yb - 50 = 0 or Yb = -12.5 t
Mc right side only = 0 = 4 Yb - 3 Xb or Xb = - 50/3 t
+
X = 0 = Xa - Xb = 0 or Xa = -50/3 t
+
3m
Check OK
Xa
1m
4m
Ya
11
Xb
Yb
Mechanics of Materials II
Reactions:
Reactions:
Sections:
Sections:
12
Mechanics of Materials II
Examples on Page 12
Rules:
1- Shear curve is one degree above load curve
2- Moment curve is one degree above shear curve
3- Moment is maximum at point with shear = 0
4- Between any two points: (look at table)
-
13
Mechanics of Materials II
+ ive
Load curve =
Shear curve =
Moment curve =
Area of shear =
= difference in shear =
= difference in moment =
-
Load curve =
Shear curve =
Moment curve =
Area of shear =
= difference in moment =
14
Mechanics of Materials II
+ ive
Examples: For the problems in page 12, draw the N.F.D., S.F.D., & the B.M.D.
50 t
2t/m
1m
4t
c
3m
0
20
50/3
50/3
1m
62.5
4m
4m
12 m
4m
16
12.5
15
Mechanics of Materials II
16
+ ive
Mechanics of Materials II
Moment
Shear
Torsion
M
M
P
Normal Force =
Perpendicular to X-Section
Stresses
Bending Moment =
Couple Normal to Plane
Torsion = Couple in
the X-Section Plane
A
Q = A . Y
max
17
= 1.5 V / A
Mechanics of Materials II
Example: Draw the S.F.D. and the B.M.D. for the beam below and then determine the maximum
normal stress due to bending.
Example: Draw the S.F.D. and the B.M.D. for the beam below and then determine the maximum
normal stress to the left and to the right of point D. The beam has a section modulus of 126 in3.
150 lb
2
5
750 lb.in
= +7.5 psi ;
18
C = - 150 / A - 750 x 5 / I
= -15.0 psi
Mechanics of Materials II
Example:
Calculate normal stresses at section d
and also at the section just below c.
First, we get the reactions.
VQ / It
= 0.5 MPa
D
A
C
V = 3 KN
T = 3 KN
My = 10.5 KN.m
T.c / J
= 15.3 MPa
D
C
A
M. x / I = 107 MPa
My = 10.5 lb .in
C
B
D
A
19
Mechanics of Materials II
Example:
Page 8 of notes
=
Example: The timber used in the beam below has an allowable stresses of 1800 psi (normal)
and 120 psi (shear). Determine the minimum required depth d of the beam.
20
Mechanics of Materials II
5. Transformation of Stresses
- Member under tension only (P) in one direction, i.e., a normal stress. But, lets consider an inclined plane.
= (P Cos ) / (A / Cos ) or
Very important conclusions:
- Under tension only, shear is automatically present at various planes.
- The plane of maximum shear is when Sin 2 = max or when = 45.
- Maximum shear = x /2 = P / 2A
- It is important to study stress transformation and shear failure.
= x Cos2
= x Sin 2
Positive Signes
y
y
xy
x
Questions:
Is this the maximum stress? If not, then
What is the value of max. normal stress & its orientation? and
What is the value of maximum shear stress & its orientation?
y'
x'
xy
General Equations:
75 MPa
60 MPa
Example:
For the given state of stress, determine the normal and shearing
stresses after an element has been rotated 40 degrees counter-clockwise.
x = +30 MPa ; y = -75 MPa ; xy = +60 MPa ; = + 40
30 MPa
y'
90.7
x'
41.3
45.7
40
21
Mechanics of Materials II
Important Observations:
1. x + y = x + y = Constant
Sum of normal stress is constant (90 degrees apart) for any orientation.
xy =
0 is when:
=0
or tan 2 = 2 xy / (x
3.
- y)
we get,
tan 2 p = 2 xy / (x - y) or, exactly at the principal planes, which has shear stress = 0.
The value of the principal normal stresses are:
max, min = x + y
2
4. Since
5.
x + y
(x -2 y)
2xy
xy is maximum when
max =
planes, d / d = 0, or when:
tan 2 s = - (x
xy
- y) / 2 xy
(x - y)
2
xy is:
2xy
Example:
Check rule 1 for the example in previous page.
In the general equations, even if the original
a value as a function of normal stresses.
xy
22
Mechanics of Materials II
Stresses at Point H:
Principal stresses:
Example: Determine the maximum normal and shear stresses at points H & K.
23
Mechanics of Materials II
Example: Determine the maximum normal and shear stresses at points H & K.
24
Mechanics of Materials II
xy
x
Step 3: Lets plot the x and y on a horizontal line then xy vertically at points 1 and 2 using signs.
xy
Y( ? , ? )
xy
0
?
?
?
xy
X( ? , ? )
Step 4: Draw a circle from the center to pass by points 1 and 2. Determine max , min , p , max , s
?
y
Y
x
0
? y
xy
X
25
Mechanics of Materials II
Example:
For the given state of stress, determine the normal and shearing
stresses after an element has been rotated 40 degrees counter-clockwise.
75 MPa
60 MPa
30 MPa
Y
(-75,60)
X
75
2
1
-75
80o
60
30
30
X (30, -60)
xy = R sin 2
= -41.3 MPa
max, min =
Average R
= -22.5 79.7 =
57.2, - 102.2
Example:
For the given state of stress, determine: a) principal planes; and b) principal stresses.
60 MPa
Analytically:
25 MPa
40 MPa
or at p1 = -13.28; p2 = 76.7
x + y
2
2
(x -2 y) + 2xy
65.9
= 10 55.9 MPa
x
13.28
45.9
Center =
R =
max, min =
Y
(60,25)
Average R
Y
2
65.9
60
25
13.28
Y
45.9
X
(-40, -25)
26
40
Mechanics of Materials II
Example:
You have a Mohr circle of stress as shown below for two
separate points. Draw the stresses on each element and
its orientation from principal planes.
A (50, ? )
R=?
40
A (50, y )
40
B ( ? , -40 )
R = 60
x = 50
100
B (100-X , 40 )
160
A (150, -y )
R = 60
y=
40
160
100
40
100
100-X
B (100 + X, -40 )
40
16.8
160
150
41.8
100+X
Special Cases:
1. Case of pure tension
A member under one directional stress
Lets use Mohrs circle.
x = P / A
and
y = 0
max
max = x / 2 = P/ 2A
Maximum shear is at 45 degrees.
y'
x'
max
45
x = 0
and
y = 0,
xy
Y
max
27
Mechanics of Materials II
= 90
2 = 180
Special case
Y (5,20)
20
Y
30
2 p
30
X
(30, -20)
Plane of principal
normal stress
Plane of maximum
shear stress
Y
Y
min = -6.1
max = 41.1
2 p
30
30
5
2s
5
20
30
X
17.5
23.6
17.5
28
Mechanics of Materials II
1 > 2 > 3 are principal normal stresses ( no shear), then lets draw Mohrs circle.
max
2
max
max
max
Examples
29
Mechanics of Materials II
Normal Strain
Shear Strain
=
+
Strain = = Unitless = L / L
Positive Signs
(elongation and angle)
Questions:
Is this the maximum strain? If not, then
What is the value of maximum normal strain and the plane in which it exists? and
What is the value of maximum shear strain and the plane in which it exists?
- General equations for strains on a plane at angle for a member under two dimensional strain. Notice that all
equations look the same as those of stress transformation, except that xy is resembled by
General Equations: Given the three constants
then,
Max. Value:
Max. Value:
30
Mechanics of Materials II
Positive Strains
at = 0
Negative Strains
at negative angle
Important Observations:
1. x
+ y = x + y
xy / 2 =
0 is when:
=0
or tan 2 = xy / (x
3.
tan 2 p = xy / (x
we get,
4.
- y)
xy is maximum when d / d
- y)
= 0, or when:
tan 2 s = - (x
- y) / xy
/2
(y, /2)
Y
2 p
(x, - /2)
31
Mechanics of Materials II
Example:
Given x = -200 x10-6, y = 1000 x10-6, xy = 900 x10-6. Find the strains associated with xy axes inclined at 30
degrees clockwise. Find principal strains and the maximum shear strain along with the orientation of elements.
Y
Solution
+
Shorter in X
Longer in Y
+ive shear strain.
/2 x10-6
Y (1000, 450)
R=750
-200
2 p
Principal Strains:
450
x10-6
600
400
-350 x10
1000
X
(-200, -450)
400 x10
-6
2s = 36.8 + 90 = 126.8
o
/2 x10-6
Y
= 60 - 36.8 = 23.2
Then
X
)
36.8 400
At 30 o Clockwise
R=750
x10-6
R=750
At Principal Planes
Y
,
+
+
X
=30o
Shorter in X
Longer in Y
-ive shear strain (clockwise rotation)
Dr. Tarek Hegazy
++
+
p=18.4o
Shorter in X
Longer in Y
No Shear strain
32
s=18.4+ 45o
X
Longer in X
Longer in Y
-ive shear strain
Mechanics of Materials II
-6
>
>
are principal normal strains (no shear), then lets draw Mohrs circle.
max/2
/2
/2
max/2 = 1 / 2
max/2
2
max/2
= (max -
min) / 2
max/2 = 2 / 2
max/2
Then,
max/2
= (1 - 2) / 2
/2 max/2
/2
33
Mechanics of Materials II
Readings:
At:
x = x cos2
y Sin2
x = a
y = (2b + 2c - a) / 3
xy= 2(b c) / Sqrt(3)
x = a
y = c
xy= 2b (a + c)
xy cos . Sin
x, y, xy
Unknowns:
or
a, b, c
a=0, b=60, c=120
Example:
Using the strain rosette shown, the measured values at each stain gauge is as follows:
/2 x10-4
16/2
x10-4
-4
8
2
16/2
Then:
y = a = 8 x 10-4 ;
x = c = -4 x 10-4 ; xy /2
C
= 16 x 10-4
1 = 12 x 10-4
2 = -8 x 10-4
/2 x10-4
A
-4
-6
1 = 2 + R = 12 x 10-4
Dr. Tarek Hegazy
2p
2p
d=?
-4
2 = 2 R = -8 x 10-4
x10-4
6
34
Mechanics of Materials II
Example:
Solution:
Strategy: We draw a Mohrs circle for strain and on it will find the strains at the
orientations of the strain gauges (45o apart).
Y
+
Longer in X
Shorter in Y
+ive shear strain.
?
?
35
Mechanics of Materials II
x = x / E
y = - . x / E
z = - . x / E
x = - . y / E
y = y / E
z = - . y / E
x =
y =
z =
- Assumptions: (1) has not correlation with x and y; (2) x and y have no relation with xy ; (3) principal strains
occur in directions parallel to principal stresses.
-General Equations:
E.x = x - (y + z);
G. xy = xy
E.y = y - (x + z);
G. yz = yz
E.z = z - (x + y);
G. zx = zx
- Relationship between E, , G:
y = 0,
xy/2
max
X
Principal stresses are: 1 = xy ;
max
2 = - xy
2 = - xy/2
xy . (1 + ) = G. xy . (1 + )
G = E / 2 (1 + )
36
K = E / 3 (1 - 2 )
Bulk Modulus
and K = E
Mechanics of Materials II
Example:
Notice the difference between Mohrs circles for stress & strain
Example:
Example:
Example:
37
Mechanics of Materials II
Example:
Example: Match each one of the following Mohrs circle for stress with a Mohrs circle for strain. Explain.
Example:
A 60 degree strain rosette is put at point A. The strain guage readings are:
a =
60x10-6
b =
135x10-6
c =
264x10
-6
38
Mechanics of Materials II
a) First, we determine the normal and shear strains at point A from rosette readings.
Accordingly,
Second, we determine principal strains using Mohrs circle.
-6
Center of circle = average normal strain = (60 + 246) / 2 = 153x10
-6
-6
Another Solution:
Approach: from strain rosette readings, we get strains at the point, then we convert them into stresses
and finally calculate principal stresses.
First, we calculate strains at point A, same as above. Then,
39
Mechanics of Materials II
We now can use Mohrs circle for stress to determine Principal stresses:
Example
Solution Approach: Since we are given the forces, lets calculate the
Stresses at point P, then, convert these stresses into strains.
Forces on Section at P.
Stresses at Point P:
Normal stresses
40
Mechanics of Materials II
Shear Stresses
Strains at Point P:
Example:
Stresses at point A:
Strains at point A:
41
Mechanics of Materials II
42
Mechanics of Materials II
8. Theories of Failure
All theories deal with
PRINCIPAL STRESSES
Ductile Material
(Yield Failure)
-
Brittle Material
(Fracture Failure)
Failure when:
Principal stresses
1
| 1| > y / F.S. or
| 2| > y / F.S.
where F.S. > 1
2
y
-y
-y
> y / (2 * F.S.)
Absolute
max. shear
(3-D analysis)
= | max min| /2
43
Mechanics of Materials II
Ud on element
U = .
< Ud yield
<
2 2yield
12G
or Simply,
(1 2)2 + (2 3)2 + (3 1)2
< 2 2yield
<
2yield
Rarely used
E max = 1 (2 + 3)
<
yield
44
Mechanics of Materials II
Example: A steel shaft (45 mm in diameter) is exposed to a tensile yield strength = yield = 250 MPa.
Determine P at which yield occurs using Von Mises and Tresca critera.
Solution
1) Principal Stresses
T = 1.7 KN.m
x = P / A = P / (0.0225)2
xy = T.c / J = 1.7 x (0.0225) / (0.0225)4 = 95.01
Mohr's circle:
P?
95.01
Center = x / 2
R = [(x/2) 2 + xy2]
1 = x / 2 + R; 2 = x / 2 - R
2) Using Von Mises
12 + 12 + 22 = yield 2
(x / 2 + R)2 + (x / 2 + R) (x / 2 - R) + (x / 2 - R)2 = yield2
(x/2)2 + 3 R2 = yield2 ,
substituting with R,
x2 + 3 xy2
= yield 2 ,
then,
Notice the force P under TRESCA (focuses on Shear) is smaller than Von Mises
45
Mechanics of Materials II
Terminology:
-
R
y
ds
Rd = ds dx
or
1/R = d/dx
+d
ds
dx
1
R
M
EI
d
dx
d2
dx2
Notes:
-
Recall relationships between load, shear, and bending moment. Now, we can expand it to:
EI d2/dx2 = M(x);
EI d3/dx3 = V(x);
EI d4/dx4 = -W(x)
46
Mechanics of Materials II
+
Y = 0,
M= 0
+
2. Get equation of B.M. at each beam segment with change in load or shape
1. Get beam reactions:
4. Integrate the moment a second time to get the deflection (elastic curve)
5. Substitute at points of special conditions (boundary conditions) to get the constants C1 & C2
6. Rewrite the slope and deflection equations using the constants
7. Put slope = 0 to determine the location (x) that has maximum deflection
Example:
For the part AB, determine the equation of the elastic curve and maximum deflection if:
P
Ya
Dr. Tarek Hegazy
47
Yb
Mechanics of Materials II
Solution
1. Reactions:
P
Ma =0
+
Yb . L - P . (L + a) = 0
or Yb = P (1 + a/L)
+
Y = 0 , then Ya + Yb P = 0 or
Ya = - P. a/L
P.a/L
P(1 +a/L)
P.a/L
x
0 to L
Mx
Fx
Fx
x = 0 to a
V
V
Mx = - P. x
Mx = - P.a.x / L
3. Integrate the moment to get the slope:
= - P.a.x2 / 2L + C1
= - P.x2 /2 + C3
(3)
= - P.x3 / 6 + C3. x + C4
.(4)
[x = 0 . y = 0]
Slope left = using equation (1), x=L
= -P.a.L/2 + P.a.L/6
also, at support B: [x = L , y = 0]
then, 0 = - P a L3 / 6L + C1. L
or
C1 = P.a.L/6
6. Final equations:
= - P.a.x2 / 2L + P.a.L /6
we get C3
(1)
[x = a , y = 0]
get x = 0.577L
48
Mechanics of Materials II
M
EI
= d
dx
XB
B/A = M dx
EI
XA
change in
area under
slope
M/EI diagram
Then,
dB
XB
M dx
dB .
EI
XA
tAB =
Note:
tBA
Case 1: Cantilever
Notice that tangent at point A is horizontal.
-Deflection at any point: _____________
-Slope at any point:
XB
M dx
B/A =
EI
XA
A = ___
= B - A = B
d
A
B
d
tBC
B/A =
Xd
M dx = D - C = D
EI
C = __
C = __
tdc
XC
49
Mechanics of Materials II
L1
L2
B
d
L1
A
L2
D
B
D/A =
tBA
tDA
A
D
Xd
M dx = D - A , both negative = |A| - |D|
EI
Xa
tBA
tDA
tBA / (L1+L2)
B =
tAB / L1
tCB
heavy load
= (c + |tCB| ) / L2
L2
tAB
tCA
tBA
= tBA . (L1+L2)/L1
L1
Then, c = |tCA| - | |
50
L2
heavy load
Mechanics of Materials II
B = tAB / L
B/C =
tBC
XB
M dx = B - C = B = tAB / L
EI
XC
tBA
C
C = 0
C = max
-b
a
+ive
-ive
-b
-a
Method of Superposition:
- Using Standard tables for various beam conditions and types of loads (Appendix C)
- Adding up deflections caused by individual loads
51
Mechanics of Materials II
150lb
300lb
600
B
D
24
250 lb
400 lb
-1800
600
M/EI
C = tDC / 24
= ( |A| + | tAC | ) / 4
-1800
600
tDC
B
A = tBA / L
D
wL/3
wL/6
= Moment of M/EI @ B / L
3rd
degree
wL2/12
B.M.D.
wL2/6
d = | tBA / 2| - | tDA |
3rd
degree
= 5 w.L4 / 768EI
d
tDA
-wL2/48
= 7 w.L3/720EI
2
L/5 -wL /6
L/2
tBA
52
Mechanics of Materials II
RB ?
1 + 2 =0
______ statically
indeterminate
MA ?
1 + 2 =0
First, we reduce the beam to a statically determinate, then
We compensate for the change in the deflection behavior.
Example:
12 Kips
Determine the reactions, then draw the S.F.D. & the B.M.D.
3 Kip/ft
C
B
12 ft
6 ft
6 ft
12 Kips
=
3 Kip/ft
tAC
tBC
RB
2
2 = - RB L3 / 48 EI
1 + 2 =0
53
Mechanics of Materials II
Example:
Solution:
54
Mechanics of Materials II
Energy Methods
-
For a structural element under load and deformation, External Work Ue = Internal Strain Energy Ui.
Ue = P.
-
Ui = . . V =
.V
2E
Strain Energy
per unit volume
Normal
Ui =
. dV
Shear
and
Ui =
2E
v
. dV
V=
v 2G
dV =
v
dA
A
when A is constant,
dx
0
V=A
dx
0
Strain Energy calculations for different loading conditions are shown in next page.
Ue = Ui
Ue = P.
&
Ui =
Ue = Mo .
&
Ui
Ue = P.
&
Ui
Limitations: Applies to single load only. Also, in case 2, only solpe is calculated not deflection.
Also, how to get deflection at a point at which no direct load is applied.
55
Mechanics of Materials II
Ui = . dV =
N
dA dx
2
2E v
2EA A
0
Example: Truss with varying axial loads on individual members.
(Cross section area A is constant, then V = A . L)
Normal
Stress
L
Bending
Moment
Ui = /2E
dV
or
Ui =
M . y
2 E I2
= M.y
dA
A
dx
0
=I
I
L
M2 dx
Ui =
2EI
0
L
Pure
Shear
Ui = . . dV = /2G
A. dx
0
= V.Q
I.t
Shear
Stress
L
fs V2 dx
Ui =
2GA
0
L
Torsion
Ui = . dV = /2G . dA . dx
A
= T.c
J
L
T2 dx
Ui =
0
2GJ
56
Mechanics of Materials II
Example: Determine the strain energy due to both shear and bending moment in the following cantilever.
The cross section is a square of length a, with EI being constant.
w
P
Example: Determine deflection at C, neglect shear strain energy.
.
57
2EI
EI
L/2
L/2
Mechanics of Materials II
Solution: Put a virtual load of 1.0 at the desired point of a virtual system. Then apply the principal of
conservation of virtual work, as follows:
Real Beam
1.0
Virtual Beam
?
External Virual WorK
Virtual load x Real displacement
1.0 x
V . R . V
L
=
V . R .
E
dA
A
dx
0
n N A dx = n N dx
A AE 0
0 AE
Axial
Load
m M dx
0 EI
L
Bending
fs v V dx
Shear
GA
0
L
Examples:
Real
t T dx
0 GJ
Virtual
Torsion
1.0
Real
Virtual
2. Determine horizontal
deflection at desired point
N
M
V
T
1.0
n
m
v
t
58
Mechanics of Materials II
A
L/2
59
L/2
Mechanics of Materials II
A
3 t/m
60
Mechanics of Materials II
2 KN / m
Calculate:
The horizontal displacement at point B.
Vertical displacement at point C.
Slopes at points A, C, and D.
Relative displacement between points E and F.
E
3m
4 KN / m
4 KN
EI = Constant
4m
A
2m
61
B
4m
4m
2m
Mechanics of Materials II
Suggested Problems
Calculate:
- The horizontal displacement at point b,
- The vertical displacement at point g
- The slope at point f
EI = 20,000 m2.t
EI = 15,000 m2.t
For the second problem, assume support B is hinged. In this case, draw the S.F.D. and the B.M.D. for the
frame.
62
Mechanics of Materials II
Important Use of the Virtual Work method: SOLVING statically indeterminate structures
w
C
B
L/2
L/2
=
w
Reduced
System
1 + RB 2 = 0
Compensation
RB .
1.0
Also,
w
L/2
L/2
=
w
Reduced
System
1 + MA 2 = 0
Compensation
MA .
+
1.0
Examples:
63
Mechanics of Materials II
Put an external load at the position of required deflection: external load (Q) either horizontal or
vertical to get horizontal or vertical deflection; or an external moment to get slope.
Deformation = first derivative of the Strain Energy with respect to the applied load.
= dU / dQ
, & substituting Q = 0
L
L
=
N dx
2EA
=
0
L
=
M2 dx
L
M dx
E I Q
Bending Moment
fs V V dx
G A Q
Shear
T
G J Q
Torsion
0
L
fs V2 dx
2GA
L
Q 0
0
=
N dx
EA Q
2EI
L
2
2GJ
dx
=
0
dx
Example:
Determine the horizontal deflection at point B. Cross-section area= 12 in2
6
E= 30.10 psi. AB = 48 in and BC = 36 in.
Solved Examples
Dr. Tarek Hegazy
64
Mechanics of Materials II
Example
Example:
65
Mechanics of Materials II
Buckling of Columns
- Slender columns under elastic compression buckle when the load exceeds a critical value.
- Buckling causes column instability.
- Short stocky columns do not buckle.
- W need to study the relation between P, , and shape of buckled column.
- Analysis (Euler 1707 1783):
M
P
M + P. = 0
M = d2
EI dx2
Recall,
d2
dx2
Then,
+ P. = 0
EI
= C1 Sin [(P/EI)0.5. x]
= 0 at x = L
or when,
or when,
C2 Cos [(P/EI)0.5. x]
= 0 at x = 0
Sin [(P/EI)0.5. L] = 0
C2 = 0
(P/EI)0.5. L = , 2, .
66
Mechanics of Materials II
Analysis:
Maximum axial load
before buckling:
P/A should be
within allowable
stresses.
Smaller of the
two directions
x & y.
A
Put,
r = I/A
= radius of gyration
OR
(L/r)2
Note that L/r is the Slenderness Ratio
used to classify columns as long, intermediate, or short.
Solved Examples
Dr. Tarek Hegazy
67
Mechanics of Materials II