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Proclus
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

ProclusLycaeus(/prklslasis/8February41217April
485AD),calledtheSuccessor(Greek,
PrkloshoDidokhos),wasaGreekNeoplatonistphilosopher,
oneofthelastmajorClassicalphilosophers(seeDamascius).Heset
forthoneofthemostelaborateandfullydevelopedsystemsof
Neoplatonism.Hestandsneartheendoftheclassicaldevelopment
ofphilosophy,andwasveryinfluentialonWesternmedieval
philosophy(GreekandLatin).[1]

Contents
1 Biography
2 Works
3 System
3.1 TheOne
3.2 Intellect
3.3 Soul
4 Influence
5 Bibliography
5.1 Proclus'sworks
5.2 Secondarysources
6 Seealso
7 Notesandreferences
8 Externallinks

ProclusLycaeus
Born

8February412
Constantinople

Died

17April485(aged73)
Athens

Othernames

"TheSuccessor"

Era

Ancientphilosophy

Region

Westernphilosophy

School

Neoplatonism

Influences
Influenced

Biography
ProcluswasbornFebruary8,412AD(hisbirthdateisdeducedfromahoroscopecastbyadisciple,Marinus),in
ConstantinopletoafamilyofhighsocialstatusinLycia(hisfatherPatriciuswasahighlegalofficial,veryimportantinthe
ByzantineEmpire'scourtsystem)andraisedinXanthus.Hestudiedrhetoric,philosophyandmathematicsinAlexandria,
withtheintentofpursuingajudicialpositionlikehisfather.Beforecompletinghisstudies,hereturnedtoConstantinople
whenhisrector,hisprincipalinstructor(oneLeonas),hadbusinessthere.
Proclusbecameasuccessfulpracticinglawyer.However,theexperienceofthepracticeoflawmadeProclusrealizethathe
trulypreferredphilosophy.HereturnedtoAlexandria,andbegandeterminedlystudyingtheworksofAristotleunder
OlympiodorustheElder.HealsobeganstudyingmathematicsduringthisperiodaswellwithateachernamedHeron(no
relationtoHeroofAlexandria,whowasalsoknownasHeron).Asagiftedstudent,heeventuallybecamedissatisfiedwith
thelevelofphilosophicalinstructionavailableinAlexandria,andwenttoAthens,thepreeminentphilosophicalcenterofthe
day,in431tostudyattheNeoplatonicsuccessorofthefamousAcademyfounded800yearsearlier(in387BC)byPlato
therehewastaughtbyPlutarchofAthens(nottobeconfusedwithPlutarchofChaeronea),Syrianus,andAsclepigeniahe
succeededSyrianusasheadoftheAcademy,andwouldinturnbesucceededonhisdeathbyMarinusofNeapolis.

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HelivedinAthensasavegetarianbachelor,prosperousandgeneroustohisfriends,untiltheendofhislife,exceptfora
voluntaryoneyearexile,whichwasdesignedtolessenthepressureputonhimbyhispoliticalphilosophicalactivity,little
appreciatedbytheChristianrulershespenttheexiletravelingandbeinginitiatedintovariousmysterycults.Hewasalso
instructedinthe"theurgic"Neoplatonism,asderivedfromtheOrphicandChaldeanOracles.Hishousehasbeen
discoveredrecentlyinAthens,underthepavementofDionysiouAreopagitouStreet,southofAcropolis,oppositethe
theaterofDionysus.HehadagreatdevotiontotheGoddessAthena,whohebelievedguidedhimatkeymomentsinhis
life.MarinusreportsthatwhenChristiansremovedthestatueoftheGoddessfromtheParthenon,abeautifulwoman
appearedtoProclusinadreamandannouncedthatthe"AthenianLady"wishedtostayathishome.[2]Proclusdiedaged
73,andwasburiednearMountLycabettusinatomb.Itisreportedthathewaswriting700lineseachday.

Works
ThemajorityofProclus'sworksarecommentariesondialoguesofPlato(Alcibiades,Cratylus,Parmenides,Republic,
Timaeus).InthesecommentarieshepresentshisownphilosophicalsystemasafaithfulinterpretationofPlato,andinthis
hedidnotdifferfromotherNeoplatonists,asheconsideredthePlatonictextstobedivinelyinspired(ho
theiosPlatonthedivinePlato,inspiredbytheGods)andthereforethattheyspokeoftenofthingsunderaveil,hidingthe
truthfromthephilosophicallyuninitiate.ProcluswashoweveraclosereaderofPlato,andquiteoftenmakesveryastute
pointsabouthisPlatonicsources.AnumberofhisPlatoniccommentariesarelost.
Proclus,thescholiasttoEuclid,knewEudemusofRhodes'HistoryofGeometrywell,andgaveashortsketchoftheearly
historyofgeometry,whichappearedtobefoundedontheolder,lostbookofEudemus.Thepassagehasbeenreferredto
as"theEudemiansummary,"anddeterminessomeapproximatedates,whichotherwisemighthaveremainedunknown.[3]
TheinfluentialcommentaryonthefirstbookofEuclid'sElementsofGeometryisoneofthemostvaluablesourceswe
haveforthehistoryofancientmathematics,[4]anditsPlatonicaccountofthestatusofmathematicalobjectswasinfluential.
Inthiswork,ProclusalsolistedthefirstmathematiciansassociatedwithPlato:amaturesetofmathematicians(Leodamas
ofThasos,ArchytasofTaras,andTheaetetus),asecondsetofyoungermathematicians(Neoclides,EudoxusofCnidus),
andathirdyetyoungerset(Amyntas,MenaechmusandhisbrotherDinostratus,TheudiusofMagnesia,Hermotimusof
ColophonandPhilipofOpus).SomeofthesemathematicianswereinfluentialinarrangingtheElementsthatEuclidlater
published.
Inadditiontohiscommentaries,Procluswrotetwomajorsystematicworks.TheElementsofTheology(
),whichconsistsof211propositions,eachfollowedbyaproof,beginningfromtheexistenceoftheOne(divine
Unity)andendingwiththedescentofindividualsoulsintothematerialworld.ThePlatonicTheology(
)isasystematisationofmaterialfromPlatonicdialogues,showingfromthemthecharacteristicsofthe
divineorders,thepartoftheuniversewhichisclosesttotheOne.
Wealsohavethreeessays,extantonlyinLatintranslation:Tendoubtsconcerningprovidence(Dedecemdubitationibus
circaprovidentiam)Onprovidenceandfate(Deprovidentiaetfato)Ontheexistenceofevils(Demalorum
subsistentia).
Healsowroteanumberofminorworks,whicharelistedinthebibliographybelow.

System
Proclus'ssystem,likethatoftheotherNeoplatonists,isacombinationofPlatonic,Aristotelian,andStoicelements.Inits
broadoutlines,Proclus'ssystemagreeswiththatofPlotinus.However,followingIamblichus,PlutarchofAthens,andhis
masterSyrianus,ProcluspresentsamuchmoreelaborateuniversethanPlotinus,subdividingtheelementsofPlotinus's
systemintotheirlogicallydistinctparts,andpositingthesepartsasindividualthings.Thismultiplicationofentitiesis
balancedbythemonismwhichiscommontoallNeoplatonists.Whatthismeansisthat,ontheonehandtheuniverseis
composedofhierarchicallydistinctthings,butontheotherallthingsarepartofasinglecontinuousemanationofpower
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fromtheOne.Fromthislatterperspective,themanydistinctionstobefoundintheuniversearearesultofthedivided
perspectiveofthehumansoul,whichneedstomakedistinctionsinitsownthoughtinordertounderstandunifiedrealities.
TheidealisttendencyistakenfurtherinJohnScotusEriugena
ThereisadoublemotivationfoundinNeoplatonicsystems.Thefirstisaneedtoaccountfortheoriginandcharacterofall
thingsintheuniverse.Thesecondisaneedtoaccountforhowwecanknowthisoriginandcharacterofthings.Thesetwo
aimsarerelated:theybeginfromtheassumptionthatwecanknowreality,andthenaskthequestionofwhatrealitymustbe
like,initsoriginandunfolding,sothatwecanknowit.AnimportantelementintheNeoplatonicanswertothesequestions
isitsreactiontoScepticism.Inresponsetothescepticalpositionthatweonlyknowtheappearancespresentedbyour
senses,andnottheworldasitis,Plotinusplacedtheobjectofknowledgeinsidethesoulitself,andaccountedforthis
interiortruththroughthesoul'skinshipwithitsownproductiveprinciples.

TheOne
ThefirstprincipleinNeoplatonismistheOne(Greek:toHen).BeingproceedsfromtheOne.TheOnecannotitselfbea
being.Ifitwereabeing,itwouldhaveaparticularnature,andsocouldnotbeuniversallyproductive.Becauseitisbeyond
being(epekeinatesousias,aphrasefromPlato'sRepublic509b),itisalsobeyondthought,becausethinkingrequiresthe
determinationswhichbelongtobeing:thedivisionbetweensubjectandobject,andthedistinctionofonethingfrom
another.Forthisreason,eventhenameTheOneisn'tapositivename,butratherthemostnonmultiplenamepossible,a
namederivedfromourowninadequateconceptionofthesimplicityofthefirstprinciple.TheOnecausesallthingsby
conferringunity,intheformofindividuality,onthem,andinNeoplatonismexistence,unity,andformtendtobecome
equivalent.TheOnecausesthingstoexistbydonatingunity,andtheparticularmannerinwhichathingisoneisitsform(a
dogandahouseareindividualindifferentmanners,forexample).BecausetheOnemakesthingsexistbygivingthemthe
individualitywhichmakesthemwhattheyareasdistinctandseparatebeings,theNeoplatoniststhoughtofitalsoasthe
sourceofthegoodofeverything.SotheothernamefortheOneistheGood.Despiteappearances,thefirstprincipleisnot
doubleallthingshaveadoublerelationtoit,ascomingfromthem(One)andthenbeingorientedbacktowardsthemto
receivetheirperfectionorcompletion(Good).
TheparticularcharacteristicofProclus'ssystemishiselaborationofalevelofindividualones,calledhenads,betweenthe
Onewhichisbeforebeingandintelligibledivinity.Thehenadsexist"superabundantly",alsobeyondbeing,buttheystandat
theheadofchainsofcausation(seirai)andinsomemannergivetothesechainstheirparticularcharacter.Heidentifies
themwiththeGreekGods,soonehenadmightbeApolloandbethecauseofallthingsapollonian,whileanothermightbe
Heliosandbethecauseofallsunnythings.Eachhenadparticipatesineveryotherhenad,accordingtoitscharacter.What
appearstobemultiplicityisnotmultiplicityatall,becauseanyhenadmayrightlybeconsideredthecenterofthepolycentric
system.

Intellect
TheprinciplewhichisproducedbelowtheleveloftheOneandtheHenadsisthedivineIntellect(Nous).TheOnecannot
haveadeterminatenatureifitistobethesourceofalldeterminatenatures,sowhatitproducesisthetotalityofall
determinatenatures,orBeing.Bydeterminationismeantexistencewithinboundaries,abeingthisandnotthat.Themost
importantdeterminatenaturesaretheGreatestKindsfromPlato'sSophist(Being,Same,Other,Rest,Motion)and
Aristotle'stencategories(Quantity,Quality,etc.).Inotherwords,theOneproduceswhatPlatocalledtheForms,andthe
Formsareunderstoodtobethefirstdeterminationsintowhichallthingsfall.TheOneproducestheFormsthroughthe
activityofthinking.TheOneitselfdoesnotthink,butinsteadproducesadivinemind,Intellect,whosethoughtsare
themselvestheForms.IntellectisbothThinkingandBeing.Itisamindwhichhasitsowncontentsasitsobject.Allthings
relatetothefirstprincipleasbothOneandGood.AsBeing,IntellectistheproductoftheOne.Butitalsoseekstoreturn
toitscause,andsoinThinkingitattemptstograsptheOneasitsGood.ButbecausethesimplicityoftheOne/Gooddoes
notallowIntellecttograspit,whatIntellectdoesisgenerateasuccessionofperspectivesarounditssimplesource.Eachof
theseperspectivesisitselfaForm,andishowIntellectgeneratesforitselfitsowncontent.
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PlotinusspeaksaboutthegenerationofIntellectfromtheOne,andIntellect'sattempttoreturntotheOneinathinking
whichisalsoadesiring.Proclussystematisesthisproductionthroughathreefoldmovementofremaining,procession,and
return(mone,proodos,epistrophe).IntellectremainsintheOne,whichmeansthatithastheOneasitsorigin.Itproceeds
fromtheOne,whichmeansthatitcomestobeasaseparateentity.ButitreturnstotheOne,whichmeansthatitdoesn't
cutitselfofffromitssource,butreceivesthegoodwhichisitsidentityfromtheOne.Thisthreefoldmotionisusedby
ProclustostructurealllevelsofhissystembelowtheOneandabovematerialreality,sothatallthingsexceptthose
mentionedremain,proceed,andreturn.
ProclusalsogivesamuchmoreelaborateaccountofIntellectthandoesPlotinus.InPlotinuswefindthedistinction
betweenBeingandThinkinginIntellect.Proclus,inkeepingwithhistriadicstructureofremaining,procession,andreturn,
distinguishesthreemomentsinIntellect:Intelligible,IntelligibleIntellectual,andIntellectual.Theycorrespondtotheobject
ofthought,thepoweroftheobjecttobegraspedbythesubject,andthethinkingsubject.Thesethreedivisionsare
elaboratedfurther,sothattheintelligiblemomentconsistsofthreetriads(Being,Eternity,andtheLivingBeingorParadigm
fromPlato'sTimaeus).Theintelligibleintellectualmomentalsoconsistsofthreetriads,andtheintellectualmomentisa
hebdomad(sevenelements),amongwhichisnumberedtheDemiurgefromPlato'sTimaeusandalsothemonadofTime
(whichisbeforetemporalthings).InthiselaborationofIntellectasawhole,Proclusisattemptingtogiveahierarchical
orderingtothevariousmetaphysicalelementsandprinciplesthatotherphilosophershavediscussed,bycontainingthem
withinasingletriadiclogicofunfolding.
Proclus'suniverseunfoldsaccordingtothesmalleststepspossible,fromunitytomultiplicity.WithIntellectemergesthe
multiplicitywhichallowsonebeingtobedifferentfromanotherbeing.Butasadivinemind,Intellecthasacompletegrasp
ofallitsmomentsinoneactofthought.Forthisreason,IntellectisoutsideofTime.
Intellectasthesecondprinciplealsogivesrisetoindividualintellects,whichholdvariousplaceswithinProclus'scosmos.
Intermsofhissources,IntellectisliketakingthePlatonicFormsandplacingthemintheselfthinkingthoughtwhichis
Aristotle'sUnmovedMover.

Soul
Soul(Psyche)isproducedbyIntellect,andsoisthethirdprincipleintheNeoplatonicsystem.Itisamind,likeIntellect,
butitdoesnotgraspallofitsowncontentasone.ThereforewithSoul,Timecomestobe,asameasureofSoul's
movementfromoneobjectofthoughttoanother.IntellecttriestograsptheOne,andendsupproducingitsownideasas
itscontent.SoulattemptstograspIntellectinitsreturn,andendsupproducingitsownsecondaryunfoldingsoftheForms
inIntellect.Soul,inturn,producesBody,thematerialworld.
InhiscommentaryonPlato'sTimaeusProclusexplainstheroletheSoulasaprinciplehasinmediatingtheFormsin
Intellecttothebodyofthematerialworldasawhole.TheSoulisconstructedthroughcertainproportions,described
mathematicallyintheTimaeus,whichallowittomakeBodyasadividedimageofitsownarithmeticalandgeometrical
ideas.
IndividualsoulshavethesameoverallstructureastheprincipleofSoul,buttheyareweaker.Theyhaveatendencytobe
fascinatedwiththematerialworld,andbeoverpoweredbyit.Itisatthispointthatindividualsoulsareunitedwitha
materialbody(i.e.whentheyareborn).Onceinthebody,ourpassionshaveatendencytooverwhelmourreason.
AccordingtoProclus,philosophyistheactivitywhichcanliberatethesoulfromasubjectiontobodilypassions,remindit
ofitsorigininSoul,Intellect,andtheOne,andprepareitnotonlytoascendtothehigherlevelswhilestillinthislife,butto
avoidfallingimmediatelybackintoanewbodyafterdeath.
Becausethesoul'sattention,whileinhabitingabody,isturnedsofarawayfromitsoriginintheintelligibleworld,Proclus
thinksthatweneedtomakeuseofbodilyremindersofourspiritualorigin.Inthisheagreeswiththedoctrinesoftheurgy
putforwardbyIamblichus.Theurgyispossiblebecausethepowersofthegods(thehenads)extendthroughtheirseriesof
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causationevendowntothematerialworld.Andbycertainpowerladenwords,acts,andobjects,thesoulcanbedrawn
backuptheseries,sotospeak.ProclushimselfwasadevoteeofmanyofthereligionsinAthens,consideringthatthe
powerofthegodscouldbepresentinthesevariousapproaches.
ForProclus,philosophyisimportantbecauseitisoneoftheprimarywaystorescuethesoulfromafascinationwiththe
bodyandrestoreittoitsstation.However,beyonditsownstation,thesoulhasIntellectasitsgoal,andultimatelyhas
unificationwiththeOneasitgoal.SohigherthanphilosophyisthenondiscursivereasonofIntellect,andthepre
intellectualunityoftheOne.Philosophyisthereforeameansofitsownovercoming,inthatitpointsthesoulbeyonditself.

Influence
ProcluscanbeconsideredasthespokesmanofmatureNeoplatonism.Hisworkshadagreatinfluenceonthehistoryof
westernphilosophy.Theextentofthisinfluence,however,isobscuredbythechannelsthroughwhichitwasexercised.An
importantsourceofProclineideaswasthroughthePseudoDionysius.[5]Thislate5thorearly6thcenturyChristian
GreekauthorwroteunderthepseudonymDionysiustheAreopagite,thefigureconvertedbySt.PaulinAthens.Becauseof
thisfiction,hiswritingsweretakentohavealmostapostolicauthority.HeisanoriginalChristianwriter,andinhisworks
canbefoundagreatnumberofProclus'smetaphysicalprinciples.
AnotherimportantsourcefortheinfluenceofProclusontheMiddleAgesisBoethius'sConsolationofPhilosophy,which
hasanumberofProclusprinciplesandmotifs.ThecentralpoemofBookIIIisasummaryofProclus'sCommentaryon
theTimaeus,andBookVcontainstheimportantprincipleofProclusthatthingsareknownnotaccordingtotheirown
nature,butaccordingtothecharacteroftheknowingsubject.
AsummaryofProclus'sElementsofTheologycirculatedunderthenameLiberdeCausis(theBookofCauses).This
bookisofuncertainorigin,butcirculatedintheArabicworldasaworkofAristotle,andwastranslatedintoLatinassuch.
IthadgreatauthoritybecauseofitssupposedAristotelianorigin,anditwasonlywhenProclus'sElementsweretranslated
intoLatinthatThomasAquinasrealiseditstrueorigin.
Proclus'sworksalsoexercisedaninfluenceduringtheRenaissancethroughfiguressuchasGeorgiusGemistusPlethoand
MarsilioFicino.Beforethecontemporaryperiod,themostsignificantscholarofProclusintheEnglishspeakingworldwas
ThomasTaylor,whoproducedEnglishtranslationsofmostofhisworks,withcommentaries.
HisworkinspiredtheNewEnglandTranscendentalists,includingRalphWaldoEmerson,whodeclaredin1843that,in
readingProclus,"Iamfilledwithhilarity&spring,myheartdances,mysightisquickened,Ibeholdshiningrelations
betweenallbeings,andamimpelledtowriteandalmosttosing."
ModernscholarshiponProclusessentiallybeginswithE.R.Dodd'seditionoftheElementsofTheologyin1933.Since
thenhehasattractedconsiderableattention,especiallyintheFrenchspeakingworld.Proclinescholarship,however,still
(2006)fallsfarshortoftheattentionpaidtoPlotinus.
ThefollowingepigramisengravedonthetombwhichhousesProclusandhismasterSyrianus:
"IamProclus,
LycianwhomSyrianusbroughtuptoteachhisdoctrineafterhim.
Thistombreunitesbothourbodies.
Mayanidenticalsojournbereservedtoourbothsouls!"
ThecraterProclusontheMoonisnamedafterhim.

Bibliography
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Proclus'sworks
PlatonicTheology:Along(sixvolumesintheBudedition)systematicwork,usingevidencefromPlato'sdialogues
todescribethecharacterofthevariousdivineorders
ElementsofTheology:Asystematicwork,with211propositionsandproofs,describingtheuniversefromthefirst
principle,theOne,tothedescentofsoulsintobodies
ElementsofPhysics
CommentaryonPlato's"AlcibiadesI"(itisdisputedwhetherornotthisdialoguewaswrittenbyPlato,butthe
Neoplatoniststhoughtitwas)
CommentaryonPlato's"Cratylus"
CommentaryonPlato's"Parmenides"
CommentaryonPlato's"Republic"
CommentaryonPlato's"Timaeus"
ACommentaryontheFirstBookofEuclid's"Elements"
Threesmallworks:TendoubtsconcerningprovidenceOnprovidenceandfateOntheexistenceofevils
VariousHymns(fragments)
CommentaryontheChaldaeanOracles(fragments)
ThelifeofProclus,orOnHappiness:writtenbyhispupil,Marinus
Anumberofotherminorworksorfragmentsofworkssurvive.Anumberofmajorcommentarieshavebeenlost.
TheLiberdeCausis(BookofCauses)isnotaworkbyProclus,butasummaryofhisworktheElementsofTheology,
likelywrittenbyanArabicinterpreter.ItwasmistakenlythoughtintheMiddleAgestobeaworkofAristotle,butwas
recognisedbyAquinasnottobeso.
Alistofmoderneditionsandtranslationsofhissurvivingworksisavailableat:
"EditionsandTranslations:Proclus(after1900)".DeWulfMansionCentreforAncient,Medievaland
RenaissancePhilosophy.

Secondarysources
Monographs
Proklos:GrundzgeseinerMetaphysik,byWernerBeierwaltes
L'UnetL'meselonProclos,byJeanTrouillard
LamystagogiedeProclos,byJeanTrouillard
KINESISAKINETOS:AstudyofspiritualmotioninthephilosophyofProclus,byStephenGersh
FromIamblichustoEriugena.AninvestigationoftheprehistoryandevolutionofthePseudoDionysius
tradition,byStephenGersh
L'architecturedudivin.MathmatiqueetPhilosophiechezPlotinetProclus,byAnnickCharlesSaget
Proclus:Neoplatonicphilosophyandscience,byLucasSiorvanes
ThePhilosophyofProclustheFinalPhaseofAncientThought,byLJRosan
TheLogicalPrinciplesofProclus'StoicheisisTheologikasSystematicGroundoftheCosmos,byJames
Lowry
Collectionsofessays
Proclusetsoninfluence,actesduColloquedeNeuchatel,Juin,1985.Zrich:ditionsduGrandMidi,1987.
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Procluslecteuretinterprtedesanciens.ActesduColloqueinternationaleduC.N.R.S.,Paris24October
1985.J.PpinetH.D.Saffrey.Paris:C.N.R.S.,1987.
OnProclusandhisInfluenceinMedievalPhilosophy,ed.byE.P.BosandP.A.Meijer(Philosophiaantiqua53),
LeidenKlnNewYork:Brill,1992.
Theperennialtraditionofneoplatonism,ed.byJ.Cleary(Ancientandmedievalphilosophy,SeriesI,24),
Leuven:LeuvenUniversityPress,1997.
ProclusetlaThologieplatonicienne:actesducolloqueinternationaldeLouvain(1316mai1998)en
l'honneurdeH.D.SaffreyetL.G.Westerink,d.parA.Ph.SegondsetC.Steel(Ancientandmedieval
philosophy,SeriesI26),LeuvenParis:LeuvenUniversityPress/LesBellesLettres,2000.
StephenGersh(ed.),InterpretingProclusfromAntiquitytotheRenaissance,Cambridge:CambridgeUniversity
Press,2014.
Bibliographicresources
Proclo,negliultimiquarant'anni.Bibliografiaragionatadelleletteraturaprimariaesecondariariguardante
ilpensieroproclianoeisuoiinflussistorici(anni19491992),byNicolettaScottiMuth
"ProclusBibliography(coveringtheyears19902016)".

Seealso
AllegoricalinterpretationsofPlato

Notesandreferences
1.Rosan,Laurence(1981).NeoplatonismandIndianThought(Editor:RBaineHarris).StateUniversityofNewYorkPress.
pp.4549.ISBN9780873955461.
2.MarinusofSamaria,"TheLifeofProclusorConcerningHappiness"(http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/marinus_01_life_of
_proclus.htm),TranslatedbyKennethS.GUTHRIE(1925),pp.1555:30,retrieved21May2007.
3.JamesGow,AShortHistoryofGreekMathematics(https://books.google.com/books?id=9d8DAAAAMAAJ)(1884)
4.Heath(1908)."ProclusandHisSources".TheThirteenBooksofEuclid'sElementsVol.1.p.29."Itiswellknownthatthe
commentaryofProclusonEucl.BookIisoneofthetwomainsourcesofinformationastothehistoryofGreekgeometry
whichwepossess,theotherbeingtheCollectionofPappus"
5.PseudoDionysius,theAreopagite,byPopeBenedictXVI,GeneralAudienceAddressforMay14,2008

Externallinks
WorkswrittenbyoraboutProclusatWikisource
Helmig,ChristophSteel,Carlos."Proclus".StanfordEncyclopediaofPhilosophy.
Helmig,ChristophSteel,Carlos."Proclus'CompleteWorks(extant,lost,andspurious)".StanfordEncyclopedia
ofPhilosophy.
Article(http://search.eb.com.ezproxy.rit.edu/eb/article9061472)byEncyclopdiaBritannica
O'Connor,JohnJ.Robertson,EdmundF.,"Proclus",MacTutorHistoryofMathematicsarchive,UniversityofSt
Andrews.
EditionsandTranslationsProclusHogerInstituutvoorWijsbegeerte(https://hiw.kuleuven.be/dwmc/ancientphiloso
phy/proclus/proclused.html)
Article(http://www.goddessathena.org/Encyclopedia/Friends/Proclus/)at"TheEncyclopediaofGoddessAthena"
TheSixBooksofProclus,thePlatonicSuccessor,ontheTheologyofPlatoThomasTaylortranslation.
FiveHymnsofProclusThomasTaylortranslation.

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FragmentsthatRemainoftheLostWritingsofProclus(http://www.sacredtexts.com/cla/flwp/index.htm)
ThomasTaylortranslation.
CommentariesofProclusontheTimaeusofPlato,inFiveBooks(http://www.masseiana.org/proclus_timaeus.ht
m)ThomasTaylortranslation.
TenDoubtsConcerningProvidenceandOntheExistenceofEvils(https://archive.org/details/ProclusTenDoubts
ConcerningProvidenceAndTheNatureOfEvil)ThomasTaylortranslation.
Proclus'sLifeandTeachings(http://www.kheper.net/topics/Neoplatonism/Procluslifeof.html)
Indexpage(http://www.hiw.kuleuven.ac.be/dwmc/plato/proclus/index.htm)oftheProclussectionforthe"Plato
Transformed(http://www.hiw.kuleuven.ac.be/dwmc/plato/about/theproject.htm)"projectattheUniversityLeuven,
Belgium.
CommentaryonPlato'sParmenides(http://www.lotophages.org/proclus/in_parm/)(Greektext,scansof
Cousin'sedition)
Catalogue(http://www.prometheustrust.co.uk/TTS_Catalogue/tts_catalogue.html)ofthePrometheusTrust"Thomas
TaylorSeries"whichincludestranslationsofmanyoftheworksofProclus.Thesitehaslengthyextractsofthese.
Proclus'sCommentaryonEuclid,BookI.PDFscansofFriedlein'sGreekedition,nowinthepublicdomain
(http://www.wilbourhall.org)(ClassicalGreek)
OntheSignsofDivinePossession(http://web.archive.org/web/20001210155000/http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/cht
honios/proclussigns.htm)(partialtranslationofProclus'swork)
OntheSacredArt(http://web.archive.org/web/20001210145900/http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/chthonios/procluss
acred.htm)(translationanddiscussionofthissurvivingextractfromalargerworkbyProclus)
OntheSacredArt(FrenchintroductionandGreektext)(http://www.lotophages.org/proclus/)
ProclusinEnglishandGreek,SelectOnlineResources(http://www.ellopos.com/blog/?p=56)
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