Frequency Response
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
Introduction
Transfer Function
Series Resonance
Parallel Resonance
Passive Filters
R.Ramaprabha, AP/EEE, SSNCE
2 2
Introduction
What is FrequencyResponse of a Circuit?
3 3
Transfer Function
The transfer function H() of a circuit is the frequencydependent ratio of a phasor output Y() (an element voltage
or current ) to a phasor input X() (source voltage or current).
H( ) =
Y( )
= | H( ) |
X( )
4 4
Transfer Function
Four possible transfer functions:
H( ) = Voltage gain =
Vo ( )
Vi ( )
H( ) =
H( ) = Current gain =
I o ( )
I i ( )
H( ) = Transfer Impedance =
Vo ( )
I i ( )
Y( )
= | H( ) |
X( )
H( ) = Transfer Admittance =
I o ( )
Vi ( )
5 5
Transfer Function
Example 1
For the RC circuit shown below, obtain the transfer
function Vo/Vs and its frequency response.
Let vs = Vmcost.
6 6
Transfer Function
Solution:
The transfer function is
1
V
1
jC
H( ) = o =
=
Vs R + 1/ j C 1 + j RC
The magnitude is
H, ( ) =
1
1 + ( / o ) 2
o = 1/RC
7 7
Transfer Function
Example 2
Obtain the transfer function Vo/Vs of the RL circuit
shown below, assuming vs = Vmcost. Sketch its
frequency response.
8 8
Transfer Function
Solution:
Vo
j L
1
H( ) =
=
=
Vs R + j L 1 + R
j L
The magnitude is
H (, ) =
= R/L
1+ (
o 2
)
o
R.Ramaprabha,
AP/EEE, SSNCE
9 9
Series Resonance
Resonance is a condition in an RLC circuit in which
the capacitive and inductive reactance are equal
in magnitude, thereby resulting in purely resistive
impedance.
Resonance frequency:
1
rad/s
LC
1
fo =
Hz
2 LC
o =
1
Z = R + j ( L
)
C
or
1010
Series Resonance
The features of series resonance:
Z = R + j ( L
1
)
C
11
Series Resonance
Bandwidth B
The frequency response of the
resonance circuit current is
Vm
I =| I |=
R 2 + ( L 1 / C) 2
The average power absorbed
by the RLC circuit is
P( ) =
Z = R + j ( L
1
)
C
1 2
IR
2
1 Vm2
P(o ) =
2 R
1212
Series Resonance
Half-power frequencies 1 and 2 are frequencies at which the
dissipated power is half the maximum value:
1 (Vm / 2 ) 2 Vm2
=
P(1 ) = P(2 ) =
2
R
4R
The half-power frequencies can be obtained by setting Z
equal to 2 R.
1 =
R
R
1
+ ( )2 +
2L
2L
LC
Bandwidth B
2 =
R
R
1
+ ( )2 +
2L
2L
LC
o = 1 2
B = 2 1
1313
Series Resonance
Quality factor,
Q =
The relationship
between the B, Q
and o:
B=
R o
=
= o2 CR
L Q
1414
Series Resonance
Example 3
A series-connected circuit has R = 4
and L = 25 mH.
a. Calculate the value of C that will produce a
quality factor of 50.
b. Find 1 and 2, and B.
c. Determine the average power dissipated at
= o, 1, 2. Take Vm= 100V.
1515
Parallel Resonance
It occurs when imaginary part of Y is zero
1
1
Y = + j ( C
)
R
L
Resonance frequency:
1
1
rad/s or f o =
Hz
o =
LC
2 LC
R.Ramaprabha, AP/EEE, SSNCE
1616
Parallel Resonance
Summary of series and parallel resonance circuits:
characteristic
Series circuit
Parallel circuit
1
LC
1
LC
o L
1
or
R
o RC
R
or o RC
o L
o
Q
B
1, 2
Q 10, 1, 2
o 1 + (
1 2
) o
2Q
2Q
o 1 + (
B
2
1 2 o
)
2Q
2Q
B
2
1717
Parallel Resonance
Example 4
1818
In Detail
19
SERIES RESONANCE
Resonance is a condition in an RLC circuit in which the
20
Vs ( )
1
1
= R + j L +
= R + j L
I ( )
j C
C
Z ( ) = H ( ) =
Im( Z ) = L
1
1
= 0 o L =
C
o C
o =
o =
1
LC
1
,
LC
Resonance Frequency
fo =
1
2 LC
21
22
24
SERIES RESONANCE
Vm
VL = o L = QVm
R
Vm 1
VC =
= QVm
R oC
o L
1
Q=
=
R
oCR
25
I=I =
Vm
R 2 + ( L 1
)2
Z (1 ) = Z (2 ) = R 2 + ( L 1
Vm
P (1 ) = P(2 ) =
2R
)2 = 2 R
R
1
R
1
R
R
1 =
,
+
+
=
+
+
+
2
2L
2L
2 L LC
2 L LC
26
Selectivity
The frequencies corresponding to 0.707 of the maximum current are called the band
frequencies, cutoff frequencies, or half-power frequencies (1, 2).
Half-power frequencies are those frequencies at which the power delivered is onehalf that delivered at resonant frequency.
The range of frequencies between the two are referred to as bandwidth (abbreviated
BW) of the resonant circuit.
Since the resonant circuit is adjusted to select a band of frequencies it is called a
selectivity curve.
The shape of the curve depends on each element of the series R-L-C circuit.
If resistance is made smaller with a fixed inductance and capacitance, the bandwidth
decreases and the selectivity increases.
If the ratio L/C increases with fixed resistance, the bandwidth again decreases with
an increase in selectivity.
R.Ramaprabha, AP/EEE, SSNCE
27
BANDWIDTH OF SERIES
RESONANCE
The width of the response is measured by the BANDWIDTH.
BANDWIDTH is the difference between the half-power
frequencies.
B = 2 1
Resonance frequency can be obtained from the half-power
frequencies.
o = 1 2 , B = 2 1
o
B
Q=
o L
R
1
o RC
R o
=
L Q
B
B
1 o , 2 o +
2
2
B=
29
Effect of R on
selectivity
Effect of L and C on
selectivity
30
31
PARALLEL RESONANCE
Resonance is a condition in an RLC circuit in which the capacitive and inductive
reactances are equal in magnitude, resulting in a purely resistive impedance.
Parallel resonance circuit behaves similarly but in opposite fashion compared to
series resonant circuit.
The admitance is minimum at resonance or impedance is maximum.
o =
1
LC
Y = H ( ) = = + jC +
= + j C
j L R
V R
L
Im(Y ) = L
1
1
= 0 o L =
C
oC
o =
1
rad/sec
LC
32
PARALLEL RESONANCE
At Resonance frequency:
1) Admitance is purely resistive.
2) The voltage and current are in phase.
3) The transfer function H()= Y() is Minimum.
4) Inductor and capacitor currents can be much more than the source current.
IL =
Im R
= QI m
o L
I C = o CI m R = QVm
33
PARALLEL RESONANCE
Im
V=V =
1
2
1
+ ( C L)
R
1
1
1
1 =
+
+
2 RC
LC
2 RC
2
1
1
1
+
+
2 = +
2 RC
LC
2 RC
1
o = 1 2 , B = 2 1 =
RC
R.Ramaprabha, AP/EEE, SSNCE
34
Series circuit
Parallel circuit
1
LC
1
LC
o L
1
or
R
o RC
B
1, 2
Q 10, 1, 2
R
or o RC
o L
1 + (
o
1 2
)
2Q
2Q
B
2
1 + (
1 2
) o
2Q
2Q
B
2
35
36