Technical Guide Wavin PVC Pressure Pipe Systems

Waste water drainage
TECHNICAL MANUAL
Wavin PVC Pressure

Pipe systems
PVC Pressure Pipe systems Product and Technical Guide
Contents
page 4
1.
Materials for water distribution
1.1
Classification of plastics for piping systems
page 4
1.2
Standard Dimension Ratio SDR
page 5
2.
General material properties
page 6
2.1
Polyvinylchloride PVC-U
page 6
2.2
Chemical resistance
page
2.3
Technical data
page 7
2.4
Features & Benefits
page
3.
Apollo bi-axial PVC-O
page 9
4.
Standards & Regulations
page 11
5.
Product range
page 13
6.
Installation
page
6.1
Rubber ring jointing
page 15
6.2
Solvent cement jointing
page 17
6.3
Connections
page 21
6.4
Flange type connection
page 22
6.5
Threaded or adapter joints
page 23
6.6
Fixing
6.7
Installation of Apollo
6
8
15
page 27
page 28
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7.
Design of water supply pipelines
page 31
7.1
Piping design, pipe arrangement, linear expansion calculation
page 33
7.2
Longitudal expansion and contracting of plastic pipes
page 35
7.3
Hydraulic flow:Frictional losses
page 36
7.4
Water flow diagram
page 37
7.5
Pressure variations
page 38
8.
Laying instructions
page 39
8.1
Pressure testing
page 40
9.
Anchorage
page 42
10.
Handling & Storage
page
11.
Notes
page 47
45
1. Materials for water distribution

1.1 Classification of plastics for
piping systems
example, common PE pipe materials.
Procedure
At
different
internal
temperatures,
pressures
(=
different
They have a MRS of 10 MPa. They are
circumferen
therefore called PE 100 in accordance
The development of plastics used in gas
tial stress in the pipe wall) are applied
and water distribution is continuous. In
to the specimens. The (load) duration
recent years outstanding progress has
until break is determined. The respec-
Unlike the existing classification methods
been achieved.
tive breaking stress is applied over the
based upon the dimensional stress and
appropriate load time. This results in the
the safety coefficients (sometimes dif-
load duration graph.
ferent in each nation), the new system
The creation of new material types with

increased strength, higher property con-
with the new system.
refers to a uniformly determined mate-
sistency and at the same time good
The circumferential stress values for
rial parameter. This eliminates earlier
or better processability are paramount.
20C are extrapolated to 50 years accor-
misunderstandings due to the different
Moreover, European standardisation
ding to ISO/DIS 9080 and lead to
starting points.
already shows the first conceivable

effects in as far as classification systems
come into use today, with subsequent
lasting influences on pipe construction
with plastics (prEN 1555, prEN 12201,
LTHS anticipated value, 50 years

the
(Long Term Hydrostatic Strength),

the
97.5 % LCL (Lower Confidence
Limit).
EN1452).
From classification to
application
The MRS value represents the long-term
circumferential stress in the pipe where
This LCL value is categorised in accor-
the break may occur after 50 years at
The starting point for the new classifica-
dance with the Renard series of numbers
the earliest. The calculation stress ss is
tion system according to ISO 12162 and
(R10 or R20 in accordance with ISO 3
applied for dimensioning of the piping
EN 32162 is the long-term behaviour of
and ISO 497). The calculated LCL value
network. This is calculated from:
the respective material under internal
is reduced to the next lower Renard
pressure. For this purpose, values are
number. This results in the required MRS
obtained with a pipe-type specimen fil-
(Minimum Required Strength).
s = ----------
and evaluated by means of the Standard
This MRS value in MPa is the basis
with C= total operating coefficient.
Extrapolation Method in accordance
for the classification. The MRS value
with ISO/DIS 9080.
multiplied
led with water at different temperatures
MRS
C
the
The total operating coefficient replaces
classification of the material. As
by
10
results
in
the classical safety coefficient and

considers the facts of application, the
installation conditions etc.
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Within the course of harmonisation of
1.2 Standard Dimension Ratio SDR
standards in Europe, uniform guideli-
The relation between the SDR geometrical
code
and
the
maximum
nes were also created by defining the
In the relevant regulations for plastic
permitted internal pressure in the pipes
minimum
operating
pipes for distribution, specific pipe
important for the user is produced from
coefficient. For PE materials primarily
applied
total
dimensions have been fixed based on
the equations:
used in the distribution industry, the
the pipe outer diameter and the pipe
minimum values for C are as follows:
wall thickness in accordance with the
u= p x (da e) / (20 x e)
respective pipe series. At the same time,
and
each pipe series is geometrically defined
by the SDR code = Standard Dimension
v = u zul.
PVC-U <--> PVC 250
Material
2.0
Ratio, whereby:
The following equation:
PVC 315
1.6
PVC 355
1.6
SDR = d / e
PVC 400
1.6
SDR = 20 x (zul./p) + 1
If one defines, based on the PE tensile
PVC 410
1.4
or
properties for the life span of 50 years
PVC 500
1.4
PVC-O <-->
for example,
SDR = 2[s] +1
The responsibility of selecting the C
zul.= MRS/C
factor to be applied lies with the plan-
to calculate [s]:
ning engineer, who can/must also apply
higher values after taking into conside-
ration all relevant operating and ambient
[s] =
conditions.
The following relation is produced:
outside diameter - wall thickness

2 x wall thickness
The essential pipe series used for gas
SDR = (( 20/p) x (MRS/C)) + 1
and water distribution are described by

the pipe outer diameter d and the pipe
As alternate you can use
wall thickness e.

outside diameter
SDR =

wall thickness
or

OD
SDR =

2. General material properties

2.1 Polyvinylchloride PVC-U
From 2006 onwards Wavin replaced the
nated hydrocarbons, nitro compounds,
tin stabilizers by a biological stabilizer
some petrol/benzine mixtures, and simi-
Polyvinylchloride is more commonly
to further improve the efforts in enviro-
lar solvents which lead to a marked
known by its abbreviated name PVC. It
mental care.
swelling and softening of the material.
is the oldest and most common plastic,

being used in many branches of the
Consideration should also be given to

2.2 Chemical resistance
industry as well as in daily life. Contrary
the effect of the fluid on the rubber

ring. Unless otherwise specified, rings
to popular belief, this plastic that comes
PVC-U is resistant against most acids
of natural rubber will be supplied. Rings
from the thermoplastic group is easily
and alkalis. As a result, it is also used
compounded in neoprene and styrene
cementable, fusible, repeatedly reshape-
for storage and transport of aggressive
butadiene are also available.
able under heat, and highly recyclable.
media. That is why, PVC-U is preferred
Scrap PVC may be recycled.
in pipe constructions like:
Natural rubber gaskets are generally

resistant to most inorganic chemicals,
PVC is made by polymerising vinylchloride, a gas-like monomer.

Wavin pipes, fittings and valves for buried
pipelines and for installations of drinking water systems are manufactured
from PVC-U (PVC unplasticized) without

Drinking
water main lines
Drinking
water supply lines

Discharge
lines

Irrigation
lines

Plant
construction

Piping
systems for the industry

including acids, alkalis including salts,

together with organic acids, alcohols,
ketones and aldehydes. They can
be attacked by ozone, strong acids,
oils, greases and many hydrocarbons
however.
softener and without fillers. For indu-
Plastic pipe systems are ideal for trans-
strial applications, besides PVC-U, even
porting a wide variety of chemicals and
Where soil conditions are unknown or
PVC-C (PVC rechlorinated) is used.
are widely used in industries where con-
known to be harmful, a soils analysis
PVC-C is distinguished by a higher
veyance of highly corrosive liquids and
should be carried out to determine any
temperature resistance and is exclusi-
gases require products with excellent
likely contaminents or talk directly to
vely solvent cemented.
corrosion resistance.
Wavin.
To enable working on extruding, calan
PVC pipe systems have outstanding
Wavin provides extensive technical sup-
dering and injection moulding machines,
resistance to a wide range of chemical
port and will be pleased to assist when
additives should be added to the PVC-
reagents at temperatures up to 50 C.
doubt exists over a products suitability.
U. They are lubricants and stabilizers;

moreover, if the product should be dyed,
In general PVC is suitable to convey
then pigments should be added. The
most strong acids, alkalies and aque-
total of all additives is below 5 %.
ous solutions (except those which are

strongly oxidising), aliphatic hydrocar-
PVC-U fittings and valves are dark grey
bons, fluorides, photographic and pla-
in color, in accordance with RAL 7011.
ting solutions, brine, mireral oils, fats

and alcohols. The suitability of a PVC
pipeline for conveying a given chemical
Additives
will depend on such factors as: the conMetal stabilizers are used for protection
centration of the chemical in the fluid to
against thermal decomposition during
be conveyed, flow rates, the presence of
treatment and against the effects of UV
pockets or dead spots in the pipeline
radiation. Wavin uses tin stabilized PVC
and other factors.
for manufacturing fittings and valves.
This ensures that the products can be
PVC should not normally be used with
used worldwide in the food industry,
aldehydes and ketones, ethers, cyclic
for example, drinking water applications.
ethers, esters and aromatic and chlori-
Phone. +31(0)38 42 94 951
2.3 Technical data

Wavin PVC-U pressure pipes are in
Identification
PVC dimensions
Wavin pressure pipes bear the following
In the pipe industry there are two dif-
signs:
ferent ways to indicate the dimension.
accordance with EN 1452. The pipes
One is the DN size (nominal diame-
are manufactured from unplasticized
Wavin, material, nominal size, nomi-
ter), which is used for iron pipes. The
PVC and are subject to the technical
nal pressure, date of manufacture (day,
second one is used for the plastics
delivery conditions for PVC-U pipes of
week, year), quality mark, standard num-
industry which is OD (outside diameter).
the Gtegemeinschaft Kunststoffrohre
ber, machine number.
The next table indicates the OD sizes
e.V., Bonn.
against the DN size for PVC pipes.

Example:
Colour:
Dark grey in accordance with RAL
7011.
Wavin, PVC, DN100, PN 10, 1.14.06,
DN
OD
EN 1542, 57
40
50
50
63
In accordance with the DVGW (=DIN)
65
75
agrment certificate Wavin pipes bear
70
the following register numbers:
80
90
100
110
K 026 up to DN 40
K 027 from DN 50 up to DN 150
K 028 from DN 200 up to DN 400
Technical data for PVC pipes:
Designation: PVC
Density 1410
125
125
PN 10 and PN 16
125
140
PN 10 and PN 16
150
160
PN 10 and PN 16 (up to DN 300)
150
180
200
200
Typical Values
200
225
Unit
250
250
250
280
kg/m
ISO 1183
3000
MPa
Test Method:
300
315
ISO 527
350
355
ISO 1133 cond. 18
400
400
400
450
Modulus of elasticity
(1 mm/min.)
Melt index
g/10 min
Linear coefficient of
thermal expansion
0.7x10
VDE 0304
500
500
Specific heat
1.0
J/g K
Calorimetric at 23 C
500
560
DIN 52 612 at 23 C
600
630
-4
-1
Thermal conductivity
0.15
W/m K
Min. radius of curvature
300 x dy *
at 20C
Environmental technical properties Wavins pressure pipes and fittings are tested
and approved according to The Environmental
Agencys demands and found suitable for conducting potable water in water supply systems.
Chemical resistance Refer to DS/ISO DATA 7 Unplasticized
polyvinyl chloride pipes and fittings. Chemical
resistance with respect to fluids.
*dy = outside diameter of plastic pipe
2.4 Features & Benefits
Features and benefits
Meeting all requirements

Wavin PVC-U pipes and fittings meet
all the major European standards like
manufactured from unplasticised poly-

High
reliability and proven service
performance
vinyl chloride polymer which is a ther-
PVC-U pipes and fittings are the
Product and material certificates offer
moplastic material commonly used for
preferred piping material world-wide
the customer the highest level of qua-
potable water distribution, irrigation
for potable water supply and
lity and reliability. (See 5. Standards
systems and sewer mains.
distribution pipes.
&Regulations.)
The high strength to weight ratio, toge-

Complete
plastic system
Extensive range of pipes and fit-
Special projects
ther with exceptional resistance to cor-
tings.
A specialised team within Wavin is dedi-
rosion makes these pipes ideal for major

Smooth
bore, free from
incrustations
cated to supplying all required pro-
PVC-U pressure pipes and fittings are
infrastructure applications.
DIN8061/62, ISO4422, EN1452, etc.
ducts for large-scale pipe projects;
Maintaining a smooth internal
Wavins own products can be com-
Range
surface, preventing the build-up of
bined with those of other manufacturers
The lightweight pipes and fittings are
deposits. Minimum maintenance
to supply a complete package to the
available in diameters from 16 mm -
required.
customer. This team is experienced
630 mm and in pressure classes ran-

Corrosion
resistant
Durable and complete plastic
in arranging very large quantities of
ging from PN 6 to PN 16. Also unique

tensile resistant couplers are available
system with smooth internal bore.
construction projects. Upon request
(up to 630 mm). The PVC-U pressure
technical advice and training can be
pipes are available in socketed and plain

Light
weight
Which makes it easy to handle and
ended lengths. They can be jointed in
install, resulting in reduced laying
these projects.
various ways. (See installation).
costs.
product right on time to complex
offered by Wavin experts to assist in

Reliable
and durable
Both, the easy rubber ring push-fit
system and solvent cement ensure
a tight and durable connection.

Safe
for potable water supply
PVC-U is proven to be one of the
most reliable and safe piping
materials for potable water.

Effective
rubber ring seal joint
Reduced jointing effort and
improved reliability.
Fields of application

High
chemical resistance
Wavin PVC-U pressure pipes and
The PVC-U pressure pipes and fittings
fittings are resistant to a great
from Wavin are suitable for the following
number of chemical agents.
applications:

potable
water distribution systems
industrial
process pipelines

pressure
sewer
effluent
pipelines

slurry
pipelines
irrigation
and watering systems

Phone. +31(0)38 42 94 951
3. Apollo bi-axial PVC-O

Features and benefits

High
burst strength
Increased material strength allows
Meeting all requirements

Published standards on Bi-axially
oriented PVC-U are:
reduced wall thickness and therefore a reduced pipe weight per metre.
- British specification WIS 4-31-08

High
impact strength
Provides better protection against
- Dutch water industry specification
damage during storage, handling
(1991)
BRL-K 565/01 (1998)
The Apollo pressure pipe is the result
and installation than conventional
- ISO Standard ISO 16422
of several years of research by Wavin
PVC-U pipes.
- ASTM F1483
to develop a fully Bi-axial oriented PVC
- Draft AZ/NZS 4441
pipe based on the proven properties of
esistance to low temperatures

R
The increased toughness allows
PVC-U. Apollo not only offers a pipe-
pipe installation at temperatures
Absolutely superior!
line material with increased strength
down
The Apollo pipe from Wavin is produced
and increased toughness over standard
to -20 C.
by an unique patented in-line process.
PVC-U and polyethylene, but also a
Apollo is the first pipe to be successfully
much-improved ductility and therefore

Resistance
to point loading
The layered wall structure of Apollo
pipe performance. This new material
reduces the chance of premature
axial direction manufactured by a conti-
provides a water distribution pipe that
failure under point loading conditi-
nuous process.
is substantially tougher and lighter in
ons.
weight. Apollo has been developed spe-
The orientation process is based on the
cifically for potable water pressure distri-

Light
weight
As less material is used, Apollo
bution systems.
pipes are not only lighter than the
duce a true laminated wall structure, sig-
equivalent PVC-U pipes but are
nificantly increasing mechanical strength
Range
seven times lighter than ductile iron.
and material toughness. (See figure 1).
Apollo is available in 10 bar, 12.5 bar and
Thus an absolute winner in ease of
16 bar from 110 mm to 400 mm in diame-
handling and installation.
ter. The pipes are coloured blue or cream

and Apollo is also available in black for

Improved
flow performance
The reduced wall thickness of
buried non-potable applications. Apollo
Apollo pipes results in a larger bore
pipes are produced plain ended or
compared to an equivalent PVC-U
with integral sockets. The Apollo pipes
pipe.
have an effective length of 6 metres.
The flow capacity is improved by
Other lengths are available on request.
approximately 5%.
A full range of standard PVC-U and

Joint
integrity
The Apollo on-line consistent
The increased strenght of Apollo is a
ductile iron fittings is available to com-
socketing process with factory fit-
direct result of the fact that oriented
plement the Apollo pipes.
ted ring seal, eliminates the risk of
molecules can take more load.
oriented in line, in both the hoop and the
concept of stretching molecules to pro-
Figure 1. Mono-axial and Bi-axial

Orientation
ring
Fields of application
displacement during jointing.
Apollo is applicable for potable water

pressure distribution systems. Apollo

Excellent
hydraulic characteristics
The non-corrosive smooth bore
can also be used for buried non-potable
maintains the excellent flow
applications such as grey water, irriga-
properties.
tion and sewer pumping mains.
Improved properties against

surge and fatigue
Figure 2. Increased Strenght of Apollo
Product details
Apollo has been designed as a 10 bar
pressure pipe system operating with a
safety factor of 1.6 and a 16 bar pressure pipe system operating with a safety
factor of 1.4.
As a thin walled pipe system, pipe stiff
ness is an important design consideration. Plastic pressure pipes must have
a minimum stiffness of 4kPa. Stiffness is
calculated using the following information:

S=
Et3
12D3
E modulus
t wall thickness
Apollo socket
Apollo ring
Apollo sockets are manufactured on-
The Apollo ring seal, shown below, has
Therefore to achieve 4kPa, a minimum
line by a process which supports the
been specifically designed for use with
wall thickness equivalent to SDR41 is
socket internally, preserving hoop as
molecular oriented PVC-O, providing
required.
well as axial orientation in the socket.
a combined lip and compression seal
This method ensures the consistency of
which is firmly locked inside the pipe
socket size and eliminates the risk of ring
socket (see below).
D mean diameter
PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
Diameter
Wall Thickness
SDR
displacement during pipe jointing.
(mm)
(mm)
110
2,7
37
The Apollo process allows optimum
the rubber sealing element is designed
160
3.9
41
balance
axial
to deform, creating a sealing pressure
200
4.9
41
stretching to maintain wall thickness
acting on both the socket and spigot.
250
6.1
41
throughout the socket.
315
7.7
41
400
9,8
41
When two pipes are pushed together,

between
hoop
and
Figure 3: Product specifications.
Sealing Element
Reinforcement Element
The flexible EPDM section acts
The polypropylene rein-
on both spigot and socket for
forcement bonded to the
maximum joint security.
EPDM section holds the

seal firmly in place.
Figure 4: The Apollo ring seal.

Figure 5: The Apollo sealing and reinforcement
elements.
10
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4. Standards &Regulations
Wavin products meet the requirements
AII European product standards have a
The Wavin range of products is designed
of the relevant international and national
uniform structure. They consist of 7 parts
in such a way that they comply with these
standards and regulations with regard to
with the following structure:
standards. Our commitment to quality
dimensions, identification, materials and

mechanical and physical properties.
and the knowledge that standards only

Part 1: General
include the minimum requirements, have
Part 2: Pipes
resulted in internal quality standards at
The relevant standards can primarily be
Part 3: Fittings
Wavin, which are more or less above the
divided into three main groups, as shown
Part 4: Valves
Norm level.
below,
Part 5: Fitness for purpose

Part 6: Recommended practice for
Norms Committees
ISO International Organisation for
installation
Part 7: Assessment of conformity
Standardisation. Organisation
Internationale de Normalisation
EN Europisches Komitee fr
ISO certification
Wavin Overseas operates under a Quality
Management System, which is accredited to EN ISO 9001:2000 by the Dutch
Plastic products that are used for under-
Council for Accreditation. We constantly
ground piping for gas and water distributi-
strive to enhance this QA-system in order
on, are subject to the following standards:
to improve customer satisfaction.
Normung. Comit Europen

de Normalisation. European
prEN 1452: PVC in water distribution
Committee for Standardisation
prEN 12201: PE in water distribution

prEN 1555: PE in gas distribution
SN,DS, National Committees for Norms

UNI,
DIN,
BS, NF,
O Norm,
DVGW etc.
European product standards

The harmonisation of European standards
is one of the key achievements of the
common European market. Technical
regulations and national standards are
no longer allowed to restrict the free
exchange of goods and services.
In the CEN (Comit Europen de Nor
malisation) committees, users national
associations/ organisations and manufacturers have come together to create
uniform European standards. These CEN
Standards will become imperative for all
members of the European Community as
well as for the EFTA States who voted in
its favour. They may then not be overruled
by a national standard.
11
List of relevant standards PVC-U pressure pipe systems

ISO 2045
Minimum insertion depth for push-fit sockets
ISO 2536
Flange dimensions
ISO 3460
PVC adapter for backing flange
ISO 3603
Leak test under internal pressure
ISO/DIN 4422
PVC pipes and fittings for water supply
EN 1452
Plastic pipelines for water supply (PVC-U)
EN 1456
Buried pressure drainage and sewage pressure lines (PVC-U)
EN 1295-1
Structural design of burried pipelines undervarious conditions of loading
DIN 2501 Part 1
Flange, connection dimensions
DIN 3441 Part 1
PVC valves; requirements and testing
DIN 3543
PVC tapping valves, dimensions
DIN 4279 Part 7
Internal pressure test of PVC pressure pipelines for water
DIN 8061 Part I
PVC pipes; general quality requirements
DIN 8062
PVC pipes; dimensions
DIN 8063 Part 4 Pipe joints and piping components for PVC pressure pipelines; adapters, flanges,
seals, dimensions
DIN 8063 Part 5 Pipe joints and piping components for PVC pressure pipes; general quality
requirements, tests
DIN 16450
Fittings for PVC pressure pipes; designations, symbols
DIN 16929
Chemical resistance of PVC
DIN 19532
PVC pipelines for drinking water supply
KRV A 1.1.2
Push-fit joints on PVC pressure pipes and fittings, dimensions, requirements, test
KIWA BRL K 603
Plastic gate valves of nominal sizes from 25 mm through 150 mm
KIWA Quality Specification No. 53
Couplings and fittings of unplasticized polyvinylchlorid for water pipes
KIWA Criteria Nr. 23
Injection moulded PVC-fittings with flange connections
KIWA BRLK 2013
Rubber rings and flange gaskets for potable and foul water pipe connections
EN 681
Seals (water)
WIS 4-31-07 Specification for emplasticized PVC pressure fittings and assemblies for
cold potable water (underground use)
12
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5. Product range
PVC-U pipes PN 10 - PN 16 (EN 1452)
Nominal (minimum wall thickness)
Pipe series S

S 12,5
S 10
S 8
S 6,3
(SDR 26)
(SDR 21)
(SDR 17)
(SDR 13,6)
PVC-U solvent cement
Nominal pressure PN based on service (design) coefficient C=2,5

DN
PN 10
PN 12,5
PN 16
12
16
20
1,5
25
1,5
1,9
32
1,6
1,9
2,4
40
1,9
2,4
50
2,4
3,7
63
3,8
4,7
75
3,6
4,5
5,6
90
4,3
5,4
6,7
PVC-U rubber-ring joint

Nominal pressure PN based on service (design) coefficient C=2,0
DN
PN 10
PN 12,5
PN 16
PN 20
110
4,2
5,3
6,6
8,1
125
4,8
7,4
9,2
140
5,4
6,7
8,3
10,3
160
6,2
7,7
9,5
11,8
180
6,9
8,6
10,7
13,3
200
7,7
9,6
11,9
14,7
225
8,6
10,8
13,4
16,6
250
9,6
11,9
14,8
18,4
280
10,7
13,4
16,6
20,6
315
12,1
15
18,7
23,2
355
13,6
16,9
21,1
26,1
400
15,3
19,1
23,7
29,4
450
17,2
21,5
26,7
33,1
500
19,1
23,9
29,7
36,8
560
21,4
26,7
630
24,1
30

Note 1: The nominal wall thicknesses conform to ISO 4065:1996 / EN 1452-2
Note 2: To apply an overall service (design) coefficient of 2,5 (instead of 2,0)
for pipes with nominal diameters above 90 mm, the next higher
pressure rating, PN, shall be chosen.

Note 3: The dimensions are in millimetres
Note 4: DN = Nominal Diameter

Note 5: Other pipe sizes are available on request.

13
APOLLO Pipe Range

Nominal
Bore
Pressure
Weight per
Pipes per Bundles
Size (mm)
(mm)
Rating (Bar)
Metre (Kg)
Bundle
per Load
90
84.0
10
1.28
116
12
110
104.0
10
1.57
77
12
160
152.0
10
3.05
30
12
200
190.2
10
4.7
20
12
250
237.6
10
7.5
12
12
315
299.6
10
11.84
12
Note: All Apollo pipe has an effective length of 6 metres.
Wavin is able to provide you with a full range of PVC-U and/or ductile iron fittings like tees,
bends and all other assecories which can be requested in PN 10 and PN 16.
14
Phone. +31(0)38 42 94 951
6. Installation
The jointing possibilities of Wavin PVC-U
long service life with unchanging pro-
Insert the spigot end into the socket pipe
pressure pipes and fittings are various.
perties. The push-fit connection is not
end. Chamfering is not necessary with
The possible assembly solutions are:
longitudinal force-connected. It enables
the sealing system. Jointing is easy as
connecting PVC pipes and fittings.
the rubber ring is of the low-compression

Rubber
ring / push-fit jointing
Solvent
cement jointing

Installation is above ground and only
type.

Mechanical
jointing
Flanged
connections

sure pipelines should be installed with
possible without pressure. Buried presabutment (for instance, according to

DVGW GW 310) or with appropriate
protection
against
longitudinal
movement.
PVC push-fit connections are used in the
following applications:

Water
distribution
Service
water systems

Figure 6.

Irrigation
Pressure
and vacuum

Remove the protective sealing cap both

Drainage
from the socket end of the pipe already

laid and from the spigot end of the next
All sizes of Wavin PVC pressure pipes
pipe.
and fittings are supplied with a rubberring sealing system in order to make
jointing as easy and secure as possible.
The system is based on factory fitted,
fixed rubber rings.
The rubber rings on the pipes are preIubricated at the factory with a special
long lasting silicone lubricant, which
offers the following advantages:
For underground applications the solvent
cement joint is NOT recommended! The
rubber ring seal joint is by far the prefer-

Correct
consistency, both at high and
low temperatures

Waterproof
No
noxious substances
Figure 7.
applications.
The factory fitted rubber ring is pre-lubri-
Selection of the appropriate installation

Approved
for usage in drinking water
lines
red jointing technique for underground
method must be based on local circumstances.
cated with long lasting silicone lubricant.

NB: When jointing to fittings do not forget
To ensure that the pipes remain internally
to apply lubricant to the rubber ring.
clean - even in the pipe trench - both pipe

6.1 Rubber ring jointing
ends are sealed by special tightly fitting

plastic caps. The sealing system makes
The rubber ring push-fit connection for
jointing of both pipes and fittings easier.
PVC piping systems is distinguished by

its simple and quick installation and a
15
In case of pipes laid in pits the expansion and the support regulations must
be taken into account.
Bends, elbows, end pieces, valves,
hydrants, branches etc. installed in
non-positive axial pipelines must be
adequately supported and anchored.
The figures below indicate the necessary support. See chapter 10 Anchorage.
Figure 8.
Figure 11.
Centre pipe and socket end. Ensure
or a jack, with the bucket of the
that the spigot end is inserted in the
excavator as back bracing.
socket at the correct angle. Chamfering

is unnecessary. If pipes need to be cut,
NB:
the pipe ends must be chamfered and
Never use the bucket of the excavator to
be de-burred using a rasp or scraper.
push the pipes together.

The integral rubber ring joint is a nonpositive axial joint. Pipe component
parts incorporating integral rubber ring
joints may be laid into any soil - with the
exception of not bearing soil to ground
category 2.22 of DIN 18300.
If the pipeline is to carry liquids of a
temperature exceeding 15C, ensure
Figure 9.
there is free thermal movement of the
Push the spigot into the socket until it
pipe within the socket.
reaches the depth of entry mark, do not

over insert. This must be done manually.
Use a steel crowbar if necessary. Protect
the pipe end with a block of wood.
Figure 10.
D1)
A in meters for pipe
A in meters for pipe
DN
mm
lengths of 6 m
lengths of 12 m
50
63
18,9
0,94
3,69
65
75
22,5
0,80
3,13
80
90
27,0
0,66
2,63
100
110
33,0
0,54
2,16
125
140
42,0
0,43
1,70
150
160
48,0
0,38
1,49
200
225
67,5
0,27
1,07
250
280
84,0
0,22
0,86
300
315
94,5
0,19
0,76
400
450
135,0
0,13
0,54
1) Outside pipe diameter

If a crowbar does not give sufficient
leverage, special jointing tackle (straps
and hoist) can be used
16
Phone. +31(0)38 42 94 951
6.2 Solvent cement jointing
Tools and accessories
Solvent cement jointing calls for ade-
The following materials and tools are required for connecting pipes and fittings:
quate technical knowledge that can be

acquired from appropriate training cour-
THF adhesive
Basis tetrahydrofurane
ses. We will gladly provide information
Cleaner
Basis methylene chloride
about our training sessions.

Adhesive and cleaner consumption for 100 joints:
The dimensions of Wavin fittings and
DN
Adhesive kg
Cleaner Litres
pipes generally correspond to the most
25
ca. 0,7
ca. 0,35
diverse national standards as well as
32
ca. 1,0
ca. 0,50
to the ISO 727. These fittings can be
40
ca. 1,3
ca. 0,65
connected with all PVC-U pipes whose
50
ca. 1,5
ca. 0,75
outer diameter tolerances conform to
65
ca. 2,0
ca. 1,00
ISO 11922-1.
80
4,0 5,0
2,0 2,50
100
6,0 8,0
3,00 4,00
The solvent cement joint is a positive
125
12,0 13,0
6,0 6,50
axial joint.
150
16,0 19,0
8,0 9,50
It is particularly recommended for:
200
23,0 26,0
11,5 13,0
250
34,0 37,0
17,0 18,50

Not
bearing soils (ground category
2.22 to DIN 18300).
Lubricant consumption
Paint brush (unlacquered, natural bristles)
DN
Lubricant
DN
mm brush
50
50 joints 1 kg
Up to 25
8 mm round brush
65 + 80
30 joints 1 kg
From 32
25/3 mm flat brush
The adhesive employed is on the basis
100
25 joints 1 kg
From 65
50/10 mm flat brush
of te-trahydrofurane (THF) to DIN 16970
125
20 joints 1 kg
From 200
65/20 mm flat brush
and rule R 1.1.7 of the Gtegemeinschaft
150
15 joints 1 kg
Kunststoffrohre e.V.
200 250
10 joints 1 kg
In case of drinking water pipelines, the
Lubricant in tubes of 150 g, 250 g, 500 g, 1000 g.

Pipes
laid in ducts and pits.
Underwater
and bridge pipelines.

adhesive must also be in accordance

with DIN 19532. The adhesive supplied
Absorbent, non-fibering, uncoloured paper
by Wavin meets these requirements.
Brush socket
Plastic pipe cutter or saw
Chamfering device or file
cut 2, medium
Shaver
Soft pencil
Jointing tackle
from DN 150 recommendable
from DN 200 required
Note: for larger pipe dimensions, please contact Wavin for the
consumption of adhesive, lubricant and cleaner.
17
Preparations
a perfect seal, should never exceed 0,6
Pipe must be cut off at right angles.
mm with a dense-type adhesive and 0,3
Cut by means of a fine toothed saw or a
mm with a fluid-type adhesive. In order
suitable plastic pipe cutter. Utilise ade-
to obtain a perfect joint, it is recommen-
quate devices to make certain that the
ded that the adhesive manufacturers
pipe end is square to the pipe axis.
instructions be strictly followed.
Remove any burr or unevenness from
Wipe the pipe end and the socket with
the sawn-ends by means of a shaver
a clean cloth. Clean the outside of the
or an arm file. Carefully chamfer the cut

pipe ends prior to jointing, as illustrated
pipe end and the inside of the socCutting the pipe to length.
in the sketch below.
ket thoroughly with PVC-U cleaner and

absorbent paper. Use a fresh piece of
paper each time. Cleaned areas must
be dry before the cement is applied.
Remove any condensation, which may
have formed on the parts. The cleaner
should dissolve the pipe surface. Check
if the PVC-U is actually dissolved. If not,
then roughen the surface using abrasive
cloth k 80 and clean again.
Chamfering the pipe.

Storage
Pipe outer diameter mm B
Adhesive and cleaner must be stored in
6-16 mm
1-2 mm
a cool and dry place. Pay attention to the
20-50 mm
2-4 mm
maximum storage time of the adhesive
63 mm <=
4-6 mm
(approximately 2 years). THF-adhesive

(solvent cement) is supplied ready to
Important: Well-chamfered and rounded
use. The viscous structure is to ensure
pipe ends prevent the layer of solvent
perfect cementing, therefore do not dilu-
cement from being removed as the pipe
te. Adhesive of the correct consistency
is inserted into the fitting.
will run down evenly from a wooden spa-
Note: Pipe end and fitting socket must
tula held in an inclined position in form
be dry and free from grease and dirt.
Note: If necessary, mark the desired
of a flag. Adhesive running off lumpy
position of the fitting on both the pipe
is unsuitable and must be disposed of.
Stir the adhesive thoroughly prior to
and fitting before cementing. Marking
Seal the tin and the brush during the
usage. To ensure that both jointing
the jointing length on the pipe end
cementing breaks or else the adhesive
surfaces are completely covered with
makes it possible to check whether the
will dry up and be useless (note protec-
a smooth, even layer of cement, the
pipe has been inserted to the full extent
tive measures). Prior to every usage, the
brush should be generously coated with
of the socket. Close tolerances do not
adhesive is to be stirred. Should there
solvent cement. Start with applying a
always allow the spigot to be pushed
be a film on the adhesive or the brush, it
normal layer of cement to the inside of
into a socket in dry condition, but only
must be removed prior to stirring.
the fitting socket from the inside to the
after the adhesive has been applied. In
outside and then a thicker one to the
such cases the depth of entry should
Cementing
pipe end with firm brush pressure. Work
also be marked.
A strong, dense-type glue is recom-
in well. The brush strokes over the pipe
mended, especially for coupling large
end should always be in an axial direc-
diameters, where the clearance may be
tion. Apply the adhesive evenly. Replace
high due to the ovalisation effect: such
the lid of the solvent cement tin after use
clearance, anyhow, in order to guarantee
18
Phone. +31(0)38 42 94 951
to prevent the solvent from evaporating.
Minimum cementing lengths
Close the tin of solvent cement during
work intervals.
As the solvent cement sets quickly, the
parts should be slid together within one
minute starting from the application of
solvent cement. Push the chamfered
pipe end into the socket immediately to
depth of entry mark without twisting and
bring them to correct alignment. Hold
them in this position for a short while,
Solvent cement coat at d 110 mm.
until initial bonding has taken place.

In case of temperatures above 20C
Note: Insert the pipe to the full depth of
and/or windy conditions the open time
tR*
the socket and ensure that the outlet of
of the adhesive is reduced. This applies
DN
mm
mm
the fitting is in the correct position.
also to pipe surfaces heated by the sun.
50
63
37.5
Avoid overheating when cementing at
65
70
43.5
The process of applying the adhesive
summer temperatures by protecting
80
79
51.0
to the parts and their assembly must
the jointing area from direct sunlight. If
100
91
61.0
be effected within 3 minutes. Remove
necessary, cool the pipe end with water
125
109
76.0
any surplus cement immediately using
before cementing.
150
121
86.0
200
160
absorbent paper, otherwise the outer

skin of the pipe would be dissolved too
Special protective measures must be
250
193
much.
taken at temperatures below + 5 C.
300
214
Do not move the cemented parts during
At temperatures near freezing point pipe
* to DIN 19532
the first five minutes. Completed joints
ends and fittings should be warmed to
must be held at 20-30 C for approx. 10
bring them to hand temperature. Next,
minutes. At temperatures below 10C
remove any condensation or ice. Solvent
this time in increased to 15 minutes.
cement and cleaner should be stored at
Solvent-cemented pipes must not be
room temperature prior to cementing.
Chamfering
lowered into the trench before 10-12

hours have elapsed.
Note: Both solvent cement and cleaner

dissolve PVC-U. Therefore pipes and
The solvent cement manufacturers
fittings must not be laid on or allowed
instructions concerning how long to wait
to come into contact with spilled sol-
before handling, and concerning stic-
vent cement or paper containing cement
king and pressure testing the system
residues.
should be carefully followed. Generally

speaking, none of these operations
Outside pipe diameter b
should take place within the first 24
mm
mm
hours after making the joint.
6 16
20 50
35
The joints can be made single handed for
63 110
pipes with diameters up to 90 mm. For
125 200
11 18
110 mm and larger pipes, two people are
225 315
20 26
needed to apply the solvent cement on

the fitting socket and pipe end simultaneously in order to avoid exceeding the
maximum handling time.
The pipe pit should not be used as a
A jointing tackle eases the assembly of
garbage dump.
pipes above DN 125.
19
or for the removal of surplus cement
Do not close the cement pipelines during
in closed containers to minimise the
the drying process. This is particularly
amount of solvent fumes in the air.
important at temperatures below + 5C,

where there is a danger of damaging the
Solvent cement and cleaner are inflam-
material.
mable. Thus all open fires and any

sparking must be avoided, before com-
Because of the danger of explosion,
mencing work. Switch off unprotected
do not perform any welding near pipes,
electrical equipment, electric heaters,
which have been cemented but are not
etc. Smoking is prohibited! Furthermore,
yet filled. Danger of explosion!
observe all instructions issued by the

solvent cement manufacturers (for
Remove the solvent vapours from pipe-
Outside pipe diameter
example, on the tin label and in any
lines, working rooms and pits prior to
mm
mm
supplementary documentation).
welding.
6-16
20-50
Just before welding fill water into the
63-315
pipeline, flush and blow through in order

to remove flammable mixtures. Fill water
Drying time and pressure test
into finished pipelines even if they are not
The drying time, before the joint may be
put into operation immediately.
subjected to testing or operating pressures, depends on the ambient tempe-
Always obey the safety regulations
rature and the tolerances.
issued by the authorities responsible.
As a general rule, allow at least:
No naked flames when cementing
Application limits
1 hour waiting time per bar operating
No smoking.
For the chemical resistance of solvent
pressure
cement joints and other technical tips,

Protect pipes and fittings from spilled
please refer the appropriate specificati-
solvent cement, cleaner and absorbent
ons of the solvent cement manufacturer.
Nominal Test pressure* Waiting time
paper, which has been used to wipe
PN 10
15 bar
15 h
off solvent cement. Do not dispose of
PN 16
21 bar
24 h
surplus solvent cement or cleaner in
*1,5 x PN, max (PN + 5) bar
drainage systems.
Cleaning of the tools
Use hand gloves for protection to avoid
Clean the brush with dry absorbent
the skin from coming into contact with
paper after use. Brushes must be dry
the solvent cement and cleaner. Rub
before being re-used. Cleaner that has
protective cream on the hands before
been used for washing the brush must
commencing work. Use a skin protective
not be applied to the mating surfaces.
cream after cleaning and after completion of work.
Safety precautions
Solvent cement and cleaner contain
Wash eyes with water thoroughly, if the
highly volatile solvents. This makes good
solvent cement comes in contact with
ventilation or adequate fume extrac-
the eye. Visit the doctor! Immediately
tion essential in closed spaces. Since
change clothes soiled with solvent
the solvent fumes are heavier than air,
cement.
extraction must occur at floor level, or at

least below the working level. Dispose of
paper, which has been used for cleaning
20
Phone. +31(0)38 42 94 951
6.3 Connections
Welding
lamps
The following connections can be utilised
torches
are
and
unsuitable.
soldering
Then
tigh-
ten the screws evenly and crosswise.
for connecting PVC-U-piping systems to

metal pipes or fittings:
- Flanged sockets and flanged spigots
to DIN 16451 sheets 6 and 7, to connect integral rubber ring joint pipes to
flanges.
Support the pipe as shown below by
means of stonefree, tampered soil in
order to prevent the spigot from being
angled in the socket when bending the
pipe.
- A special union rubber ring with green

edge to connect to union sockets. It
compensates for the diameter difference of PVC-U and cast-iron pipes.
Use unions to DIN 8063, sheet 3, to connect to male and female threaded parts.
Support cast-iron and heavy fittings so
that their weight does not affect the
- Flanged connections (conical flanged
pipeline.
bush or special flanged sockets or

spigots) for solvent weld socket pipes.
Pipe bends are used for changing the

direction of the pipeline. To a limited
The screws must not be tightened for
extent advantage can be taken of the
30 minutes, at ambient temperatures
elasticity of the pipe material and the
near the freezing point for 45 minutes,
pipe bent without being warmed. The a
after the last joint has been made.
figures of the table are not to be exceeded.
If pipe component parts are misaligned

then warm the pipe over a length of
approximately 50 cm at a distance of
approximately 1 m from the flanged joint
prior to tightening these screws. Use a
warm air device or a propane gas flame
to apply even gentle heat to the pipe,
warming it to approximately 120-140
C. Take care not to overheat the pipe.
Heat marks are brown and/or bubbles.
21
House service connections
Corrosion proofing of metallic

accessories
6.4 Flange type connection
For taking service connections from the

mains, branches or tapping fittings can
If it is necessary to protect metallic com-
Pipes can be connected by means of
be used.
ponent parts or fittings against corrosion
the following detachable or rigid types
then hot or solvent masses must not
of joints:
For tapping only crown drills incorpora-
come into contact with the PVC-U pipe.
Flange adaptors to DIN 8063, sheet 4
ting sufficiently dimensioned flutes may
Prevent the pipe from coming into
be utilised.
direct contact with sealing or protec-
Plastic material or metal.
ting materials attacking PVC-U (see

The drill must be designed in such way
DIN 16929). Normally joints should
that the cut disk cannot fall into the
only be protected after the hydraulic
pipe. The drilling diameters and the bow
test.
widths of the tapping fittings are to be in

accordance with the following table.

Outside Minimum Maximum
pipe
diameter width
DN
mm
80
100
bow
tapping
Or conical flange type bushes to DIN
diameter
8063, sheet 4
mm
mm
Cast iron.
90
62
32
110
70
40
125
140
70
40
150
160
70
40
200
225
80
50
250
280
80
50
300
315
80
50
400
450
80
50
Flange adaptors to DIN 8063, sheet 4,
Install a protection sleeve into the wall
are utilised for connections to metal
duct in case of drinking water pipes in
flanges.
accordance with DIN 1988.
Hydraulic testing
In order to prevent the pipeline from
moving back, fill the line to a height of
approximately 80 cm prior to pressure
testing, leaving joints exposed. Use a
test pressure gauge of quality 1.0 having
a measuring range of 0-16 and 0-25 bars
Or conical flange type bushes to
respectively and a minimum diameter of
DIN 8063, sheet 4.
160 mm.
It is recommended to utilise additionally
a recording pressure gauge having an
adequate measuring range.
DIN 4279, sheets 1and 7, describe how
to carry out the hydraulic tests.
Maximum test pressure 1.5 x PN
22
Phone. +31(0)38 42 94 951
6.5 Threaded or adapter joints
Wall disk according to DIN 8063, sheet
6.6 Fixing
10. PVC-U pipe and wall disk represent

Adaptor joints must be detachable but
Type of pipe bracket
a rigid joint.
when fitted rigid. Use metal joints only
The inside diameter of the pipe brac-
when connecting to metal pipes or
kets (plastic material or metal) must be
fittings.
bigger than the outside pipe diameter

when fixed. Smooth off the inside edges
in order to prevent the pipe from being
damaged. If pipe brackets incorporating
a tape are utilised then this tape should
be of the PE-profile type.
Tapes made from plasticized PVC are
unsuitable. Characteristic features when
fire-testing: PE smells of wax, PVC-U
has a sharp odour.
Male or female type of union fabricated
Connections to PVC-U
threaded fittings
from malleable cast-iron or brass in
For the connection of PVC-U pipes to
Composite union to DIN 8063, sheet 3.
Take care not to use pipe hooks.
appliances or fittings made of plastic

material which have a male or female
thread, PVC-U threaded fittings according to DIN 8063, sheets 6 to 9, can be
utilised. For sealing the thread use only
PTFE tape. Customary sealing material
can contain substances detrimental to
PVC-U. Therefore usage is not allowed.
Changes of direction
accordance with DIN 8063, sheet 3.
In case of changes of direction, as for
Pendulous brackets, suspension arran-
Male or female thread type of adaptor
instance minor centre locations (swan-
gements or pipe brackets with welded
socket to DIN 8063, sheet 11. PVC-U
neck bends), the changes may not
guide shoes are recommended if it is
pipe and adaptor socket represent a
be carried out in a cold condition but
necessary to accommodate important
rigid joint.
only after warming the pipe section to
expansion or contraction. Take care that
approximately 100 C. For supplying
loose brackets do not interfere with the
gentle heat to the pipe use a warm air
linear expansion of the pipes.
device or a propane gas flame. Take

care not to overheat the pipe.
Heat marks are brown and/or bubbles.
Welding torches and soldering lamps are
unsuitable and may not be utilised.
23
Fixed points
Installing and fixing fittings
Fixed brackets can be obtained by
Discharge and flush fittings

Utilise adapter sockets to DIN 8063,
cementing limit stops on one or both
General
sheet 11, for the connection of discharge
sides of the pipe.
Install those fittings only which do not
and flush fittings. Connect discharge
increase the flow pressure by more than
valves by means of wall disks to DIN
The limit collars can be manufactured
2 bar after quick action closing (see also
8063, sheet 10. Take care to fix the wall
from a pipe of the same dimension. Their
DIN 1988).
disks well.
length is 20-30 mm. Cut out approximately 1/3 of the circumference (see
The fluid contact gasket must be fabri-
drawing).
cated from a material suitable for this

fluid. Generally loose joints should be
selected for installing fittings into a pipe
system.
A limit stop is also obtained by fixing
If possible the fittings should be installed
Hydraulic testing
the pipe brackets near a fitting. A fixed
directly so that the actuation forces do
Leave the system unconvered and expel
point can only be operative if the pipe
not affect the pipe system. Special fitting
all air in it. For the purpose of a leak test
bracket is well fitted in a sturdy way. A
supports or those supports already fixed
subject the system to a water test pres-
pendulous bracket is unable to serve as
to the fitting are very suitable. Generally
sure of 1.5 times the highest operating
a fixed point.
brackets must be placed on both sides
pressure, measured at the distributing
of metal fittings. Flanged fittings can also
main, during one hour.
be supported at the flange.

Hydraulic testing may only be carried out
Take care to support heavy fittings by
after joints have been allowed to dry for
means of a special support or a console.
at least 15 hours.
Provide elastic pipe joints. Insert for

instance a rubber bellow in order to
Painting
prevent vibrations or distortions from
Painting the line is unnecessary and is to
being transmitted to the system when
be avoided. In case it is absolutely neces-
connecting pipes to booster, circulation
sary to change the line appearance,
or similar plants.
take care to utilise only those colouring

matters which do not contain agents to
which PVC-U is not resistant (see DIN
16929). Nitro dyes are therefore not
allowed. Lime, oil or latex paints are
however generally recognised as safe.
Colour tapes may be utilised for marking
different lines.
24
Phone. +31(0)38 42 94 951
Subsequent installation of pipe

component parts
One or two flanged connections or split
Repair of a damaged line
couplings if the line is hardly or not axi-
If the pipe has been damaged on one
In case it is necessary to install fittings
ally moveable.
side and in a non-splintered way, e.g.
or mountings into an existing system or
by a nail or by in-advertent boring,
to replace a pipe section, this can be
the damaged section can be repaired
effected by means of couplers, unions
without removing the pipe. First debur
or flanged connections.
using a shaver or a bastard file. For

the repair, a pipe of the same diame-
Two solvent cement sockets if the line is
ter and of a length I=3 x d is required.
axially moveable.
Approximately one third of the circumfeBranches up to DN 50 can also be made
rence is cut out of the pipe section lon-
by means of PVC-U or metal tapping or
gitudinally. Debur all cut edges. Solvent
adaptor brackets.
weld the new section to the pipe and

secure with two hose clamps. At least
one hour drying time must be allowed
before applying working pressure. Take
One or two unions if the line is hardly or
care that the hose clamps are not remo-
not axially moveable.
ved before 24 hours have elapsed after

solvent welding.
25
Connection of Combiflange - Standard for PVC Non-tensile resistant

Combiflanges are used to connect two pipes or one pipe
to valves and fittings with flanges drilled to take
PN 10 (or PN 16).
The Combiflange consists of two parts: a cast-iron flange
and a rubber gasket. Its area of application is water and
neutral liquids at temperatures not exceeding 70C. The
tolerance is 1 mm.
1) Cut the PVC pipe at right angles using
a fine-toothed saw.
2) Remove swarf, soil and other impurities from the pipe
end. Do not chamfer.
3) Place the cast-iron flange on the pipe with the small end
facing away from the pipe end.
4) Locate the rubber gasket on the pipe so that the large
end is flush with the PVC pipe end, i.e. with small end of
rubber gasket facing inwards.
5) Apply a thin layer of lubricant to the outer surface of
the rubber gasket. Place the pipe end with the flange
and rubber gasket in position against the valve or fitting
flange.
6) Push the cast-iron flange by hand over the rubber gasket
as far as it will go.
7) Locate the bolts and tighten by hand until the parts connect.
8) Ensure that the assembly is correctly aligned.
9) Tighten the bolts using a spanner. Cross-tighten to
ensure that the bolts are evenly tightened.
Figure 12: Diagram showing connection of non-tensile resistant

Combiflange for PVC.
26
Phone. +31(0)38 42 94 951
Connection of Combiflange - Tensile

resistant for PVC
Tensile resistant Combiflanges are used to connect two
PVC pipes or one PVC pipe to valves and fittings with flanges drilled to take PN 10 (or PN 16).
The Combiflange consists of three parts: a cast-iron flange,
a red brass grip ring and a rubber gasket.
Its area of application is water and neutral liquids at temperatures not exceeding 70C. The tolerance is 1 mm.
1) Cut the PVC pipe at right angles using a fine-toothed
saw.
2) Remove swarf, soil and other impurities from the pipe
end. Do not chamfer.
3) Place the cast-iron flange on the pipe with the small end
facing away from the pipe end.
4) Place the red brass grip ring on the pipe with the small
end facing away from the pipe end.
5) Locate the rubber gasket on the pipe so that the large
end is flush with the PVC pipe end, i.e. with small end of
rubber gasket facing inwards.
6) Slide the red brass grip ring back until it connects with
the rubber gasket.
7) Apply a thin layer of lubricant to the outer surface of the
rubber gasket. Place the pipe end with the flange and
rubber gasket in position against the valve or fitting
flange.
8) Push the cast-iron flange by hand over the grip ring and
rubber gasket as far as it will go.
9) Locate the bolts and tighten by hand until the parts
connect.
10) Ensure that the assembly is correctly aligned.
11) Tighten the bolts using a spanner. Cross-tighten to
ensure that the bolts are evenly tightened.
Figure 13: Diagram showing connection of tensile resistant flange
NB: The same procedure should be followed when
for PVC.
connecting two tensile-resistant Combiflanges. When

tightening, two extra-Iong auxiliary bolts will be needed.
27
1. Clearly mark the cutting position on
6.7 Installation of Apollo
the pipe, ensuring the cut will be

Pipe Cutting & Chamfering
square to the axis of the pipe. A
All pipe installation work will involve pipe
piece of paper with square edges
cutting at some stage. Apollo pipe is
can be used for this.
simple and easy to cut following a few

straightforward guidelines. It is important that a square cut is made to ensure
jointing is successful.
2. Use a fine toothed wood saw to cut
the pipe in an even and gradual cut.
The cut waste pipe should be supported at all times.
2
3. Remove all swarf and burs from the
cut end and chamfer the pipe with
a fine to medium file, providing a
chamfer of minimum 15 for half of
the pipe wall thickness.
3
Figure 14: Cutting and Chamfering.
Pipe Jointing
Figure 15: Pipe Jointing.

1. Remove the protective cap and lubricate the sealing ring with an appro-
2. Note the depth of entry mark. Align

the spigot and socket.
3. Using a crowbar with a piece of

wood across the mouth of the oppo-
priate lubricant (Wavin Medlube).
sing socket push the spigot home,
Check the pipe spigot is chamfered
leaving the depth of entry mark just
and clean.
visible.
NB: The natural flexibility of Apollo PVC-O allows Apollo to be jointed above ground and snaked into a narrow trench.
28
Phone. +31(0)38 42 94 951
Water mains are generally laid with a
A full concrete surround should be
The usual method of accommodating
minimum 900 mm cover and installed
avoided.
If it is unavoidable the pipe
thrust in a buried pipeline is by pla-
with a granular bed and backfill.
should be wrapped a number of times
cing concrete between the pipe and
with polythene sheeting for protection.
the undisturbed trench wall. The pipe
Pea gravel is the ideal bedding mate-
should preferably be cradled in con-
rial as it is free flowing and self-com-
Cyclic Fatigue
crete rather than surrounded and the
pacting. Washed sand, crushed stone,
Apollo has been successfully tested
pipe should be protected by using poly-
sintered pulverised fly ash or air-dried
against cyclic fatigue. However, field
ethylene sheeting or a compressible
furnace slag are suitable alternatives.
conditions vary for applications involving
membrane.
continuous cyclic loading. For speci-
of movement due to creep and pre-
Backfill material above the initial 100
fic installation recommendations under
vent abrasion and stress concentrations.
mm of granular material can be either
these conditions please contact Wavin.
selected as-dug material, providing it can
Thrust
This will allow a degree
block
design
has
to
take
be compacted or, if in the case of a road
Water Mains in the UK should be laid in
account of factors such as the pipe
situation, imported granular material.
accordance with BS CP 312 Parts 1 & 2
diameter and maximum internal pres-
Alternatively foamed concrete can be used.
and also the WRc PVC-U Manual (1994).
sure to calculate the maximum thrust
No
Anchorage
the surrounding soil has also to be
be undertaken until there is at least
The Apollo joint is not designed to resist
accounted for in design calculations.
300 mm cover to the pipe, sub-
axial loads and therefore any such load
sequent
compac-
needs to be transferred to the surroun-
For further information on design and
ted in layers not exceeding 300 mm.
ding undisturbed ground by means of a
anchorage of PVC-O pipeline structure
thrust block. Thrust blocks are required
please contact Wavin.
generated.
mechanical
layers
compaction
can
be
should
If the depth of cover to the pipe crown is
at all:
less than 600 mm and the pipe is to be

subjected to traffic loading, protection
can be provided by a concrete raft which
cushion of granular fill should be placed
between the pipe and concrete raft.

Closed
Valves
A 300 mm thick
01.

Changes
of direction
Reduction
of diameters

Tees
Blank
Ends

bridges the trench.
The bearing capacity of
02.
03.
04.
05.
05.
06.
Anchor Blocks Placed at:

01.
Gate Valve Using Puddle
Flange
02.
Equal Tee
03.
Blank End
04.
Reducer
05 & 06. Bends

Figure 16: Recommended Trench Construction
Figure 17.
Please note: If narrow trenching, a minimum 50 mm either side of the pipe.
29
Pipe Flexibility
Under Pressure Service Connection
The maximum permissible joint deflec-
The standard service connection is made
tion is 5. Bending should only be carried
using a gunmetal mechanical ferrule
out manually and not attempted below
which is simply bolted around the main.
5C. Where greater bending is required,
The ferrule has an integral cutter which
the appropriate pre-formed bend should
is used to drill through the Apollo main
always be used.
pipe system whilst under pressure. The
not fit a service connection

Do
on a main that is under significant
not overtighten the ferrule

Do
strap on the main.
not try and cut the hole in the
Do
main too quickly.
construction of the ferrule strap system
bending.
Pressure Testing
is designed to minimise the stress on
The recommended test pressure is 1.5
the pipe, however, it is important to take

Take
extra care at a low ambient
temperature.
times the actual working pressure of
account of the following factors:
the pipeline at the lowest point. Higher

test pressures are unnecessary and
necessitate more expensive anchorage.
Ideally all joints and fittings should be left
exposed for examination during testing,
and the bulk of the pipe should be backfilled to prevent movement of the pipe
lines during testing. The basic procedure
requires pressuring the main at the test
pressure for one hour followed by a
further period of one hour with all valves
closed and the test pump disconnected.
The success of the test is determined by
the amount of water required to restore
the original test procedure, dependent
on the diameter and length of pipeline.
Full testing details are available from
Figure 19: Under Pressure Service Connection.
Wavin.
Figure 18: Pipe Flexibility.
30
Phone. +31(0)38 42 94 951
7. D
esign of water
supply pipelines
For fewer than 200 housing units
For a normal single-family house with
Here the design water flow (q ) is deter-
tour occupants this gives a design water
mined using DS 439, the DIF (Danish
flow qmax of:
Calculations
Water consumption/house:
qmax = 167l / hour = 0,046 l/s
Association of Engineers) code of practice for water installations. DS 439 states
400 l/24 hours/pe x 4 (pe) x 2.5
that the sum of the predicted water flows
max
can be set at 1.6 I/s per housing unit,
Water quantity is calculated for each
24
pipe section for instance:
= 167 l/hour = 0.046 l/s
which gives a (qd) of 0.36 I/s per unit.
For more than 200 housing units

Here the design water flow (qmax) is deter-
A - B: (10 + 15 + 8) houses x
Example of design of water

supply pipeline
0,046 l/s = 1,52 l/s
mined using DS 442, the DIF code of
Pressure loss is found by means of the
practice for public water supply systems.
The example is based upon the follo-
water flow diagram for PE 80 pressure
DS 442 states that qmax can be deter-
wing data:
pipes PN 10, diagram on the next page.
mined from the following formula:

Formula 1

Qmax x ft
max
qmax =

24
factor [fd]
max
80 pipes PN 10 are used as

PE
pipeline material
the consumer in station D:

Maximum
daily water consumption
(Qmax )= 400 l/24 hours/pe
35 m Wat.Col. 13 m Wat.Col. = 22 m
following pressure will be available at
Wat.Col. > 20 m Wat.Col. OK

Necessary
pressure at consumer: 2
bars (20 m Wat.Col.)
[Qm] x 24-hour
ft
Using the pipe dimensions below the

Maximum
consumption per hour =
2,5 x Qmax
where Qmax = avarage daily consumption

Pressure
at station A is measured at
3.5 bars (35 m Wat.Col.)
persons per household

4
= hour factor
Where normal types of housing are

hours/pe and fd at 2. This gives a Q
max
Main line
involved, Qmax can be set at 200 I/24

of
200 x 2 = 400 l / 24 hours/pe. For normal

types of housing ft
max
is set at 2.5.
10
houses
8
houses
D
15
houses
500 m
50 m
650 m
200 m
Figure 20: Diagram of pipeline in example.
Section
Pressure loss
Pressure loss of
Quantity of water (l/s)
Length (m)
Pipe-dimension (mm)
M Wat.Col./km)
section (m Wat.Col.)
A-B
1,52
500
63
15
7,5
B-C
1,06
650
63
4,6
C-D
0,37
250
63
3,7
0,9
Sum
13
Table: Example of dimensioning diagram for calculation of pressure loss.
31
32
Phone. +31(0)38 42 94 951
Determination of the required spring
Because of the pipe elasticity the linear
arrangement, linear
leg length in case of a linear
expansion I can be cushioned by sprin-
expansion calculation
expansion of I.
ging of pipe section a.
When laying PVC-U pipes, the following
Base your determination of the spring
The values given in the table for the
have to be taken into account:
leg length (a) on the higher figure, in this
springing resulting from the linear expan-
instance 4 mm. The required spring leg
sion I must not be exceeded.
7.1 Piping design, pipe
- linear expansion
length (a) de-pends on the outside pipe
- pipe clip or bracket arrangement
diameter (d) and on the linear expansion
- wall and ceiling transition
I.
- installed pipe protection

- connection of water heaters
If in our example the outside pipe diameter (d) is 50 mm, the required spring
Linear expansion
leg length (a) is 500 mm in case of the
When calculating linear expansion consi-
maximum linear expansion of I = 4 mm
der the following conditions:
as can be seen from the table below.
1. The ambient temperature

2. The lowest and highest pipe wall
temperature to be expected
Linear expansion is 0.08 mm per m and
per K (Kelvin) change in temperature and
can be calculated as follows:
Springing pipeline
Linear expansion
DN
Linear expansion (mm) = pipe length (m)
I (mm)
x temperature difference (K) x coefficient
10
16
14
31
55
86
of linear expansion (0.08).
15
20
11
25
44
69
I = L x T x 0.08
20
25
20
35
55
25
32
15
28
43
62
32
40
12
22
34
50
Example of calculation:
40
50
10
18
27
40
70
Pipe length: 5m
50
63
14
22
32
55
Lowest pipe wall temperature
65
75
12
18
27
47
to be expected: +5C
80
90
10
15
22
40
100
110
12
18
32
Ambient temperature
125
140
14
25
whilst
150
160
12
22
installing: + 10C
200
225
15
Temperature difference = 5 K
Spring leg length
a (mm)
1000
1250
1500
2000
500
750
Highest wall temperature

to be expected: + 20C
Temperature difference = 10 K
Maximum shortening to be expected:
I1 = 5 m x 5 K x 0.08 mm/mK = 2 mm
Maximum elongation to be expected:
I2= 5 m x 10 K x 0.08 mm/mK = 4 mm
33
Intermediate data can be seen from the
Between two fixed points linear expan-
the following table in order to prevent
following diagram.
sion can be absorbed by changes of
the pipeline comprising bellow expan-
direction, expansion bends or bellow
sion joints from buckling.
expansion joints.
It may be necessary to provide contiClip or bracket arrangement in case of
nuos pipe support if the ambient tempe-
changes of direction.
ratures or the temperatures of the liquids
Pipe installation between two fixed
are high.
points.
Steel or aluminium angles or U-profiles
as well as sheet metal semi-shells are
suitable.
Clip and bracket
Splitting up the linear expansion

By providing fixed points in case of
arrangement
Fix the pipeline in such a way that linear
Use only bellow expansion joints the
longer pipe sections linear expansion
expansion is not interfered with. Arrange
inherent resistance of which is low.
can be split up and thus - related to the
the pipe clips, brackets and fittings in
single sections - better absorbed.
such a way that it is possible for the pipe

to spring.
Clip or bracket arrangement in case of
branches.
Arrangement of fittings in case of
To give an example: rubber bellow
branches.
expansion joints are suitable. The bellow

expansion joint position is dependent
on the linear expansion worked out.
Observe the clip and bracket centres of
Clip and bracket centres in cm for horizontal and vertical installations at

temperatures of 20 to 60 C.

34
Horizontal
DN
20 C
30 C
40 C
10
16
75
60
40
Continuous
80
15
20
85
70
50
support
90
20
25
90
75
55
45
30
100
25
32
100
85
65
50
35
120
32
40
110
100
80
60
40
140
40
50
125
115
95
70
45
160
50
63
140
130
110
85
55
180
65
75
150
140
120
95
60
200
80
90
165
155
135
105
70
220
100
110
185
175
155
120
80
240
125
140
215
205
185
160
110
250
150
160
225
215
200
170
130
250
200
225
250
240
225
200
160
250
50 C
60 C
vertical
Phone. +31(0)38 42 94 951
Wall and ceiling ducts
Not upholstered pipes
Pay attention to DIN 1988.
Immediate bedding of the pipe is allo-
7.2 Longitudinal expansion and

contraction of plastic pipes
wed if the change of temperature during

Well laying
service does not exceed 10 K.
In case of rising mains passing through
Plastics have a comparatively high coefficient of linear heat expansion, which
wells take care to allow for the branch
Take care that the pipe is well bedded
should be taken into account when lay-
pipe of floor branches to spring suffi-
and that hollow spaces are avoided. The
ing plastic pipes.
ciently. This can be ensured by suitably
mortar must not be too lean (cement
placing the rising mains in the well (1),
mortar mixture 1:3 to 1:4) so that forces
Pipe with socket joints do not normally
by providing a sufficiently di-mensioned
occurring due to temperature changes
require special measures to be taken
branch liner (2) or by installing a spring
can be led off into the wall without
regarding expansion caused by tempe-
leg (3).
causing plaster gaps. The people in
rature changes, as each socket acts as
charge of the bedding should be instruc-
an expansion piece.
ted accordingly. Examine whether this

method of installation is feasible within
However, in the case of a long section of
housing spaces for reasons of noise
adhesive-jointed PVC pipes, the whole
control (DIN 4109).
section will behave as a single long pipe.

Expansion or contraction will thus be
Installed pipe protection
concentrated and the whole section will
Protect exposed pipes from impact and
expand or contract.
shocks. When installing potable water

pipes ensure that the pipe wall tempe-
Formula 2
rature does not exceed 30 C. This is

particularly important if there are parallel
or crossing warm water or heating pipes.
= t x L x
where L = longitudinal expansion/con-
Industrial pipes are to be protected from
traction [m]
out-side heat. If welding, burning or soldering works are being carried out near
= T1 - T2 [C]
the pipe system, protect it by means of

asbestos sheet, for example.
T1
= stable soil temperature
T2
= temperature of pipe when laid
Connection to water heaters
= length of section [m]
A thermal resistant pipe of a minimum
= coefficient
length of 0.5 m must be fitted to the
of
linear
heat
expansion
water heater safety group.

Installation of buried floor pipes
Upholstered pipes
Wrap a felt or similar strip around the
entire pipe length. Put elastic materials
(glass wool, rock wool, cellular or similar materials) around fittings and spring
legs at tees, angles and other changes
of direction in order to allow free linear
expansion.
35
Use of plastic pipes at

temperatures exceeding 20C
Q = water discharge [m3/s ]
7.3 Hydraulic Flow:
Di = internal pipe diameter [m]
Frictional Losses
I = frictional loss [m/m] [number]

Where circumstances require that the
Formula
normal maximum operating temperature
Water
of a pipe be exceeded, the reduction in
ted according to the Colebrook-White
k = 0.00001 m
pressure necessary to obtain the same
formula:
for diameter > 200 mm
flow
k = frictional resistance [m]

diagrams
are
calcula-
service life as at a 20C operating tem-
k = 0.00005 m
perature can be calculated from the
Formula 4
diagram below.
The curves are designated by trade

0.74 k
Formula 3
PNt
= PN x Ct
for diameter 200 mm
name (external diameter) but calculated
Q = -6.95 x log ( + ) x Di 2 x Di x I
according to the internal pipe diameter
making it possible to read the capa-
Di x Di x I x 106
3.71 x Di
city of the pipes direct without having to

interpolate between the curves.
From the diagrams the frictional loss of
the plastic pipe itself appears. Individual
resistances such as bends, valves, reducers, tees, inlet and outlet taps etc. are
not taken into account.
For most water supply projects the different individual resistances will normally
not be calculated. In such a case 2 - 5%
is added to the frictional loss of the
pipeline.
High Water Velocity
For projects with much higher water
velocity or projects for which a detailed
calculation of different individual resistances is desirable the following formula can be used:
Formula 5

v2
H = x

2g
where H = pressure head loss(m)

= resistance (number)
v = velocity (m/s)
g = gravity = (9.81 m/s2)
If the -values of our products are

Diagram Permissible operating pressure at temperatures exceeding 20C
36
required please contact Wavin.
Phone. +31(0)38 42 94 951
7.4 Water Flow Diagram for Wavin PVC Pressure Pipes PN10
The curves are calculated according to the inside diameter of the PVC pipes.
37
7.5 Pressure Variations
Rapid filling of a pressure pipe line and
Where pressure rises occur infrequently,
variations between trapped air masses
e.g. pressure testing, power failure etc.,
Water Hammer
may also cause sharp rises in pressure.
the permissible maximum pressure may
Each time the rate of flow in a pipe
Pipe lines should therefore be designed
exceed the nominal pressure by 50%.
system changes, a pressure wave is
to allow bleeding wherever required and
created. This can result in such large
filling speeds should be kept low.
variations in pressure as to cause a
For PVC pipes it furthermore applies that

where pressure rises occur frequently
water hammer, which may exceed the
The speed of the pressure wave depends
(maximum 106 instances in a 50-year
permissible load on the pipes (force
on the pipe material, wall thickness and
period) the permissible maximum pres-
acting upon it).
the substance carried by the pipe.
sure may exceed the nominal pressure
In pump systems changes in the rate of
Pressure class
PVC
not result in a pressure amplitude higher
flow can occur in the case of e.g. power
PN
a [m/s]
than 30%.
cut, sudden blockages, rapid closing of
16
444
valves etc. If this takes place at one end
10
362
of a long pipe line, the pressure waves
327
will rebound from the other end and
6.3
may cause damage when they return to
288
their point of origin - particularly if this
263
end is completely shut off and the incre-
237
by 25%, but such pressure rises must
In case of doubt please contact Wavin.
ased pressure cannot escape. The risk

of water hammer may necessitate the
The following pressure wave speed
installation of devices to minimize
values a [m/s] apply for water carrying
the effect of the pressure waves and
(incl. waste water) Wavin pipes:
will often require special operating

nstructions.
All known materials show to a varying

degree a tendency to suffer fatigue when
There is ample technical literature
subjected to dynamic forces. Incidences
available on the subject. Comprehen
of water hammer will therefore reduce
sive guidance is given on calculation
the service life of the pipes - the extent
methods but these are both complica-
of such reduction depending upon the
ted and time-consuming. However, data
composition of the dynamic forces i.e.:
Figure 21: Example of variation in

pressure.
programs have been produced which

plicated problems. In compiling these

The
duration of the pressure rise
The maximum value of the above
programs, information concerning the
compared with the level of the static
special characteristics of the pump,
mean stress
pressure head and torque, the valve clo-

The
time interval between rises in
pressure (frequency) etc.
are able to solve even the most com-
sure, the air valves and various designs

of the longitudinal profile etc. has been
included. As a result there is a risk of
The following permissible pressure rises
pressure variations, rates of flow, vibra-
apply for pressure pipes used in water
tion frequencies, volumes of air valve
supply systems:
and pressure changes along the pipe

line as a function of time.
38
Phone. +31(0)38 42 94 951
8. L
aying instructions
European standard EN 1452-6 Plastic
The back fill must conform with the
In case of descending gradients the
piping systems for water supplygui-
requirements placed upon it by the type
stonefree layer must be prevented from
dance for installation applies for the lay-
of construction (road, pavement or the
being washed away by concrete or clay
ing of pressure pipes.
like) above the pipeline.
stoppers. Drainage might also be advisable.
The standard lays down that a pipeline
The standard states that the soil cove-
should be located at such a distance
ring (hd) must not be less than 0.6 m
from other pipelines and installations that
where the pipeline will be exposed to
it causes no damage to these and allows
traffic load, unless special measures
the repair of other installations. Reference
are taken. In view of the requirement
should be made to the standard for the
that pipelines are laid in frost-free soil,
distances in question. Requirements are
pipelines carrying, e.g. potable water,
also attached to the design of the pipe
are normally laid with a 1.1 m soil cover.
Concrete stoppers
trench. The levelling layer must be laid or

loosened and subsequently levelled so
Pipe trench
that the pipes are evenly supported.
The depth of pipe trench should be such
In case of changing layers and conse-
that all pipe component parts can be
quently changing soil bearing capacity of
The side fill layer must provide ade-
perfectly laid below the frost line (mini-
the trench bottom, provide an adequate
quate side support for the pipes and it is
mum depth of cover 1.0-1.8 m accor-
fine gravel or sand filling (approximately
therefore important that this layer is
ding to climate and soil conditions). It
10xd) at the points of transition. Should
compacted, e.g. by stamping with the
the ground is rocky or stony the trench
there be parallel or crossing other pipe
foot.
bottom should be lowered by at least
conveying warm liquids, then care must
0.15 m and the excavated earth replaced
be taken that the PVC-U pipes surface
by a stonefree layer (sand, fine gravel).
temperature does not rise above 20C.
The pipe trench is to be in accordance
Back-filling
with DIN 18300, DIN 18303, DIN 4124
Filling of the trench is to be done in lay-

The
particle size must not exceed
16 mm
sheet 1 and DIN 19630.
ers up to a depth of approximately 0.30
In case of stony or rocky ground: provide
m above the top of the pipe, utilising
he content of particles of between

T
8 and 16 mm must not exceed 10%
a stonefree layer of 0.15m.
stonefree soil and stamping carefully by
The materials employed for the levelling

layer and the side tilt must meet the
following criteria:
hand. If necessary, suitable soil must be

The
material must not be frozen
Sharp flints or other crushed
procured.
material must not be employed
Figure 22. Diagram of trench design
D1)
a in m for pipe
lengths of
DN
(mm) M
6 m
12 m
50
63
18,9
0,94
3,69
65
75
22,5
0,80
3,13
80
90
27,0
0,66
2,63
100
110
33,0
0,54
2,16
125
140
42,0
0,43
1,70
150
160
48,0
0,38
1,49
200
225
67,5
0,27
1,07
250
280
84,0
0,22
0,86
300
315
94,5
0,19
0,76
400
450
135,0
0,13
0,54
1) Outside pipe diameter.
39
If the pipe temperature is considerably
4) It should be possible to connect a
Procedure for Pressure Testing of
higher than the trench temperature due
filter socket in the lowest point and
Pipe Systems
to solar radiation, then put first a thin
ventilation (air escape) in the summit
Below is the procedure for pressure tes-
layer of stonefree soil on to the pipe prior
to the starting and end points of the
ting of pipe systems. The procedure is
to final back-filling in order to achieve
line respectively.
in accordance with the standard of the
stressfree laying. Pay attention to pipe
5) Bends, tees, reducers, valves, end
Danish Engineers Union: Tightness of
movement resulting from temperature
caps etc. should be anchored for the
underground sewer systems DS 455,
differences.
increased testing pressure.
1st edition, January 1985.
6) The demands placed by the owner on

Final back-filling is then to be effected.
possible pressure testing should
Before pressure testing the following
Mechanical rammers can be used after
appear from the project description
must be observed:
the prescribed dumping height has been
enabling the contractor to take the
1) End caps are mounted on all ends of
reached.
necessary measures for pressure
the system. The end cap can be an
testing.
end socket or a blank flange. A 90C
Special measures
7) Choice of pipe and fitting material
bend, a ball valve and a 32 mm
If district heating pipelines are crossed,
should be made under reference to
tensile resistant coupler are mounted
the PVC-U pipes must be protected from
EN1555/12201/1452
on the end cap, for mounting of a
heat. DIN 19630 refers.
32 mm PE pipe.
When the above conditions have been
2) AII end caps must be anchored.
fulfilled the next step is the practical
3) The system must be filled with water
accomplishment of the job, and here
at least 24 hours prior to the start
Pressure Testing of PVC-U
the following points may contribute to
of the pressure test. Ensure that the
Pressure Lines
problem-free pressure testing:
8.1 Pressure Testing
It is possible to pressure test a PVC-U
system is entirely ventilated.

4) During the first 6 hours the pressure in the system must be 1.3 x the
(taken over by the client).

Correct
transport, storage and
handling of pipes and fittings
important in order that the result of
Pressure testing is carried out accor-

Correct
excavation, laying, filling
and compaction

Correctly
used jointing components
and methods
the test must be documentable to the
pressure line, before it is put into service
ding to DS 455. It pressure testing is

requested, it should form part of the project, and here the following conditions
should be observed:
the test is not misleading. This part of

inspection authorities.
5) There must be access to water on
It is highly important that above mentioned rules are observed as they will
1) The longitudinal profile should be
nominal pressure class. This is very
influence the final result of the project.
the testing site.

6) Pressure testing against a valve is at
your own risk.
projected with a slight upward incline

for ventilation purposes.
2) A form of ventilation (manual
- automatic) should be installed in
all summits - correct installation of
ventilation: In the direction of flow a
little below exact summit.
3) Barring procedures should be
established enabling pressure testing
of the line by stages.
During pressure testing the following is

to be observed:
1) The actual pressure is measured and
water is added to the system if
required.
2) The system is exposed to a pressure
corresponding to 1.3 x the nominal
pressure class (testing pressure).
3) This pressure is maintained for 2
hours. Supplementary filling of water
is allowed.
40
Phone. +31(0)38 42 94 951
4) During the following 60 minutes water

must not be added.
The following table takes into account the test pressure of 1.5x nominal pressure.
Axial forces P and resultant forces R for 10 bar working pressure pipelines.
5) After 60 minutes the pressure is

D1)
the pressure is again 1.3 x the
DN
(mm)
(N)
nominal pressure class
50
63
(testing pressure).
65
75
80
of water added must not exceed the

following limits:
measured and water is added until
R(N)
11
22
30
45
90
4579
882
1765
2353
3530
6472
6492
1225
2500
3383
4952
9218
90
9365
1765
3579
4854
7207
13238
100
110
13974
2696
5393
7256
10787
19809
125
140
22653
4364
8678
11767
17455
31969
150
160
29518
5687
11277
15396
22653
41776
200
225
58447
11179
22359
30302
44718
82375
250
280
90515
17357
34617
46973
69627
128467
a) pressure drop in percentage of initial
300
315
114541
21966
43737
59428
87769
162790
pressure = 2%
400
450
233888
45895
91201
121602
179461
331464
b) water quantity in litres/metres =
6) The fall in pressure and the amount
Formula 6
0.02di - 0.001 + V
Axial forces P and resultant forces R for 16 bar working pressure pipelines.
V = 0.05 x d2 for PVC pipes

D1)
di = inside diameter
DN
(mm)
50
After pressure testing the end caps are
65
demounted.
V = 0.08 X d2 for PE pipes
R(N)
(N)
11
22
30
45
90
63
7325
1412
2824
3765
5648
10355
75
10385
1961
4001
5413
7923
14749
80
90
14984
2824
5727
7766
11532
21182
100
110
22359
4314
8629
11611
17259
31695
125
140
36245
6982
13886
18828
27929
51151
150
160
47228
9100
18044
24634
36245
66842
200
225
93516
17887
35774
48484
71549
131801
250
280
144824
27772
55387
75158
111403
205547
300
315
183266
35147
69980
95085
140431
260464
400
450
374221
73432
145922
194563
287138
530343
Figure 23. Diagram of pressure testing of pipeline.
41
9. Anchorage
The size of the axial force depends on
Formula 8
Anchorage of bends
the dimension and working pressure

(testing pressure) of the pipe line and is
The resulting force for bends can be

N = p x N1
calculated as follows:
where N1 = axial force at 1 bar [kN]
Formula 9

R = 2 x N1 x p x sin
Formula 7

x dy2 x p
p = max. pressure occurring
N =
in pipeline [bar] possibly
testing pressure
104 x 4
where N1 = axial force at 1 bar [kN]

(table 7)
where N = axial force [kN]

dy = external pipe diameter [mm]
p = max. pressure occurring in
p = max. pressure occurring

in pipeline [bar] possibly
pipeline [bar] possibly testing
testing pressure
pressure

Anchorage of tees, end caps and
PE
valves
= angle of bend [degrees]
R = resulting force [kN]
Fittings exposed to shearing forces

caused by internal water pressure, e.g.
bands, tees, end caps, reducers and
Figure 24: Diagram showing
valves must be anchored. The shearing
anchorage of tee.
Angle 11 22 30 45 60 90
k
0.19 0.38 0.52 0.77 1.00 1.41
force which the anchorage is intended

Table of angle constants.
to withstand can be easily calculated by

using the figures in the below table in the
following simplified formula:
The resulting shearing force which the

anchorage is intended to withstand can
Outside
42
Axial force at 1
be easily calculated by using the figures
diameter [mm]
bar N1 [kN]
40
0.13
50
0.20
63
0.32
75
0.45
90
0.64
110
0.95
125
1.23
140
1.54
160
2.00
200
3.15
225
4.00
250
4.90
pipeline [bar] possibly
280
6.16
testing pressure
315
7.80
400
12.60
500
19.60
630
31.20
in the tables in the following simplified

formula:
Formula 10
Figure 25: Diagram showing anchorage
of tee.
R = k x p x N1
Where k = constant for resulting force
(see table of angle
constants)
p = max. pressure occurring in
N1 = axial force at 1 bar [kN]
Phone. +31(0)38 42 94 951
Anchorage block
Formula 11
Now the size of the concrete block can
be calculated by using formula 11:
b=

h/
earth
where b = width of anchorage [m]

b=
hx
earth
h = height of anchorage [m]
earth is estimated at [kN/m ]

2
The height is estimated at:

R = resulting force [kN]
h = 0.2 (height of pipe)
earth = permissible earth
The minimum width must then be:
pressure [200 kN/m2]
Figure 26: Diagram of anchorage of

bend.

It is a condition for the strength of the
21.83
b =
= 0.55 m
anchorage that the concrete is cast

0.2 x 200
against a solid wall of the pipe trench. It

may, however, sometimes be necessary
to cast against carefully compacted fill.
Anchorage of reducer
In such case account should be taken

in the calculations of the lower strength
The axial force for reducer is found by
of the fill. The fitting in question must
means of formula 12:
be protected from the damage by the

concrete by an intermediate layer of e.g.
Formula 12
plastic film before casting takes place.
bend.
x (dy21 x dy22) x p
N=
Example of anchorage of bend
104 x 4
Conditions:
where dy21 = the outside diameter [mm]
paid to the permissible earth pressure,
- 200 x 45 PVC pressure pipe bend
which in each individual case has to be
- Testing pressure (maximum pressure)
When calculating the area necessary

for the determination of the size of the
anchorage, due consideration has to be
of the largest pipe
determined by geotechnical surveys. In
dy22 = the outside diameter

[mm] of the smallest pipe
9 bar
most cases it is sufficient to use the

following formula:
Formula 10 is applied as follows:
earth
R = k x p x N1
= 200 (kN/m2)
The person in charge of the project

should always make an appraisal of the
where k = 0.77 according to table of
relevance of this value.
angle constants

This width of an anchorage can then be
calculated by means of the following
formula:
p = 9 bar
N1 = 3.15 according to table of
the previous page

reducer.
The resulting force will then be:

R = 0.77 x 9 x 3.15 = 21.83 kN
43
Example of anchorage of reducer

Conditions:
- 200/110 PVC reducer
- Testing pressure (maximum pressure)
9 bar
which is inserted in formula 12:
x (2002 - 1102) x 9
N=

104 x 4
N = 19.72 kN
The anchorage (concrete block) is
h = (is estimated at) 0.2m

earth

= (is estimated at) 200kN/m2
b=
hx
earth
19.72
b=
0.2 x 200
b = 0.49 m
Figure 29. Diagram of anchorage of

reducer.
44
Phone. +31(0)38 42 94 951
10. Handling and Storage

Handling plastic piping
systems
Figure 31
Bearers must be placed on the truck
body.
Wavin pressure pipes are supplied in
Support the full length of the load.
pre-packed bundles to ensure adequate
Always load and unload properly.
protection during transport and storage.
Do not tip or throw the pipes from
The pipes are supplied with end caps
the carrier.
protecting the pipes effectively from dirt

entering the pipes.
Handling on site
Figure 32
Small-diameter pipes can easily be
carried without the use of auxiliary
equipment.
Figure 33
Figure 30: Pipes should be handled and
stored in bundles as delive-
Do not drag the pipes across the

ground and avoid sharp edges.
red from Wavin for as long as

possible.
Transport
Vehicles for transporting pipes should
Figure 34
be selected in such a way that the
Small-diameter pipes can be
pipes lie completely on the floor of
manually placed in the trench.
the vehicle, without jutting out of the

vehicle. Sagging is to be prevented.
Impacts are to be avoided under all
circumstances, particularly at temperatures near the freezing point. To protect
the pipes and fittings from damage,
Figure 35
they should not grind against the load
Pipes in larger diameter may
area of the vehicle or against the floor
necessitate slings. Always use at
of the vehicle during transportation.
least 2 slings.
Pipes and fittings should be loaded

and unloaded with extreme caution and
care. If hoists are used, then pipe components may not be thrown from the
vehicle into the storage area.
Figure 36
Larger diameters may necessitate a
special lifting bar.
45
Storage
pletely protected from the effects of oil,
Storage areas for pipes should be
solvents and other chemical substances
without gravel and plain. Storage and
during the storage period. The area
stock heights should be selected in
where the pipes are to be placed should
such a way, as to avoid damages or
be covered with sheeting or cardboard
permanent deformations. Pipes with
(including the side supports) in order
large diameters and small wall thickness
to avoid damage caused by protruding
should be equipped with circular stif-
rivets and nails.
feners. Point and line supports for the

pipes should be avoided.
The influence of weather on stored pipe

components should be kept to a mini-
The recommendation for the permitted
mum, i.e. the pipe components should
stacking height for PE pipes not stored
be kept in a warehouse. If the pipes
on pallets is 1 m. Pipes should be
are stored in the open (construction
stacked in layers with sockets placed
sites), then they should be covered with
at alternate ends of the stack to ensure
coloured or black sheeting to protect
their support along the entire length.
them from the influence of weather (for

example, UV rays). Wavin PE fittings and
valves are packed in PE plastic bags to
protect them from ultraviolet radiation
and dust. We recommend removing the
pipes from the packing only shortly
before installation.
Moreover, one-sided heat exposure
caused
Figure 37. Loose pipes with sockets
by
sunshine
can
lead
to
deformations in the pipes.
must be stored socket end/

spigot end alternately to
Maximum permitted storage periods
prevent pipes from resting on
should be adhered to (for example,
the sockets.
DVGW). The pipe components should

be used in the order of their manufacture
If the pipes are stacked on pallets
and delivery to ensure appropriate stock
and are secured against lateral move-
turnover.
ments, the stacking height can be

increased to 1.5 m. When spacing the
pipes the bearing width of the supports and timbers respectively must be
at least 7.5 cm. The distance between
the supports and timbers respective-
Note 1: PE pipes should read PVC pipes.
ly should be 1-2 m. The outer sup-
Note 2: Rubber rings will be supplied in plastic bags
ports and timbers respectively are to be
The area where pipe components are

stored should provide as much protec-
1,50 m
arranged 0.5-1.0 m from the stack end.
tion as possible. Pipes should be com-
46
Phone. +31(0)38 42 94 951
11. Notes
This document gives units of the interna-
Dimensions and units
tional system (SI), e.g. the unit for force

Newton (N) instead of pond (p) and the
Dimensions are indicated in mm and/or
unit of power Watt (W) instead of kcal/h.
inches and are specified as nominal or

standard sizes.
Conversion:
1 kp

1 Mp
d, d1, d2, d3, d4 Diameter
= 9.80665 N
or 1 kp 10 N
= 9806.65 N
or 1 Mp 10 kN
and 1 Mp/m = 10 kN/m
DN Nominal diameter
SC Size of hexagonal bolts
AL
Number of screw holes
s Width across flats of hexagonal

bolts
1 kp/cm2 = 9.80665 N/cm2 =
Weight in grams
0.0980665 N/mm2 =
SP Quantity per standard pack
0.0980665 Mpa or
GP Quantity per large pack
1 kp/cm2 0.1 N/mm2
Pipe wall thickness
1 m of water column
PN Nominal pressure
Rp Parallel internal pipe thread to
= 0.0980665 bar or 1 m of
water column 0.1 bar
1 kcal/m h degree

ISO 7-1
R Conical external pipe thread to
= 1.16 W/mK (Thermal
ISO 7-1
conductivity) or 1 kcal/m h
ppm Parts per million
degree 1.2 W/mK
1 bar = 0.1 N/mm2

= 0.1 Mpa (Megapascal)
The thermal conductivity is given in W/
= 14.504 psi
mK. One gets here identical figures for
Design factor
K and C respectively as it is a matter of
Pipe series
temperature differences. In this sense,
SDR Standard Dimension Ratio
1 W/m C is identical to 1 W/mK.
MFR Melt Flow Rate

According to ISO 4440
K (Kelvin) is the SI unit for the temperature.

The Celsius temperature (t) differs from
SDR
the Kelvin temperature (T) by 273.15 K.

SDR Standard Dimension Ratio:
t (C) = T To = T 273.15 K.
OD / SDR = WT
OD / WT = SDR
In this document, g is supposed to be

10 m/s, the fault of approximately 2%
OD = Outside Diameter
being neglected. DN means nominal
WT= Wall Thickness
diameter, PN is nominal pressure.
47
Pressure system dimensions
Explanations of
abbreviations
DN = Nominal Diameter
OD = Outside Diameter

DIN
DN
48
DIN/ISO/EN
versus OD versus
Polybutylene
PE
Polyethylene
PE-X
Cross-linked polyethylene
PP
Polypropylene
PVC
Polyvinylchloride
10
PVC-C Rechlorinated polyvinylchlori-
12
1/4
de (increased chloride content)
10
16
3/8
PVC-U Unplasticised polyvinylchloride
15
20
1/2
PVC-O Oriented polyvinylchloride
20
25
3/4
25
32
32
40
1 1/4
40
50
1 1/2
50
63
65
75
2 1/2
80
90
100
110
125
125
125
140
150
160
150
180
GAS
200
200
200
225
250
250
10
250
280
10
300
315
12
350
355
14
400
400
16
400
450
500
500
20
500
560
22
600
630
DIN
DIN
DIN

DIN
DIN
Inch
PB
18
24
PSI
BAR (PN)
Mpa
Kpa
87,08
0,6
600
91,44
6,3
0,63
630
108,85
7,5
0,75
750
116,11
0,8
800
145,14
10
1000
181,42
12,5
1,25
1250
232,22
16
1,6
1600
290,28
20
2000
Phone. +31(0)38 42 94 951
49
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www.wavinoverseas.com or
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Wavin operates a programme of continuous product development, and therefore reserves the right to
modify or amend the specification of their products without notice. All information in this publication is
given in good faith, and believed to be correct at the time of going to press. However, no responsibility
can be accepted for any errors, omissions or incorrect assumptions. Users should satisfy themselves
that products are suitable for the purpose and application intended.
1507 15-305 - July 2015
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Technical Guide Wavin PVC Pressure Pipe Systems

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Technical Guide Wavin PVC Pressure Pipe Systems

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Waste water drainage

Wavin PVC Pressure

PVC Pressure Pipe systems Product and Technical Guide

Materials for water distribution

Classification of plastics for piping systems

Standard Dimension Ratio SDR

General material properties

Features & Benefits

Apollo bi-axial PVC-O

Standards & Regulations

Rubber ring jointing

Solvent cement jointing

Flange type connection

Threaded or adapter joints

PVC Pressure Pipe systems Product and Technical Guide

Phone. +31(0)38 42 94 951

Design of water supply pipelines

Piping design, pipe arrangement, linear expansion calculation

Longitudal expansion and contracting of plastic pipes

Hydraulic flow:Frictional losses

Water flow diagram

Handling & Storage

PVC Pressure Pipe systems Product and Technical Guide

1. Materials for water distribution

example, common PE pipe materials.

They have a MRS of 10 MPa. They are

therefore called PE 100 in accordance

The development of plastics used in gas

tial stress in the pipe wall) are applied

and water distribution is continuous. In

to the specimens. The (load) duration

recent years outstanding progress has

until break is determined. The respec-

Unlike the existing classification methods

tive breaking stress is applied over the

based upon the dimensional stress and

appropriate load time. This results in the

the safety coefficients (sometimes dif-

load duration graph.

ferent in each nation), the new system

The creation of new material types with

with the new system.

refers to a uniformly determined mate-

sistency and at the same time good

The circumferential stress values for

rial parameter. This eliminates earlier

or better processability are paramount.

20C are extrapolated to 50 years accor-

misunderstandings due to the different

Moreover, European standardisation

ding to ISO/DIS 9080 and lead to

already shows the first conceivable

 LTHS anticipated value, 50 years

This LCL value is categorised in accor-

the break may occur after 50 years at

The starting point for the new classifica-

dance with the Renard series of numbers

the earliest. The calculation stress ss is

tion system according to ISO 12162 and

(R10 or R20 in accordance with ISO 3

applied for dimensioning of the piping

EN 32162 is the long-term behaviour of

and ISO 497). The calculated LCL value

LTHS anticipated value, 50 years

1.2 Standard Dimension Ratio SDR