FOR ARCHITECTURE
Presented by:
Arch. Juanito Y. Sy, uap, aacep, same
MA Architecture
Scope of Instruction
Topics
Hours
Strategies
Activities
Introduction
and
overview
Research
definitions, types,
i
importance,
t
etc.
t
Research Design
3.0
3.0
Passion
for
excellence
S lf
Self
assessment/
quizzes
quizzes,
assignments
and research
works
Sampling Design
3.0
Data
Collection
Methods
Data
Processing
and Tabulation
3.0
Presentations
Video/Motion
Picture
Viewing
On-Site
Observation
and Analysis
Group
discussion
Project Case
Studies
3.0
30
3.0
Patriotic
Discuss locally
a ailable
available
research
materials on
architecture
Topics
Hours
Strategies
Activities
Basic Statistics
6.0
6.0
Presentations
Video/Motion
Picture
Viewing
On-Site
Observation
and Analysis
Group
discussion
Project Case
Studies
Passion
for
excellence
S lf
Self
assessment/
quizzes
quizzes,
assignments
and research
works
Preparation of
thesis proposal:
a
6.0
The research
bl
and
d
problems
objectives
Patriotic
Discuss locally
a ailable
available
research
materials on
architecture
Topics
Preparation of a
thesis proposal:
Hours
Strategies
Activities
9.0
Presentations
Video/Motion
Picture
Viewing
On-Site
Observation
and Analysis
Group
discussion
Project Case
Studies
Passion
for
excellence
S lf
Self
assessment/
quizzes
quizzes,
assignments
and research
works
9.0
Patriotic
Discuss locally
available
research
h
materials on
architecture
References
Wire Research:
http://wire.rutgers.edu/research_assignments_empirical_lin
k html
k.html
http://www.chssc.salford.ac.uk/healthSci/rem99/resmeth/pla
p
p
nning.htm
http://www.io.com/~hcexres/tcm1603/acchtml/otherep.html#
//
/
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/
#
primresch
WHAT IS RESEARCH?
WHAT IS SCIENCE?
the observation,
observation identification,
identification investigation,
investigation
theoretical explanation of natural phenomenon
and
WHAT IS THEORY?
a set of inter
inter-related
related constructs and propositions that
specify relations among variables to explain and predict
phenomena
with
observed
process or approach
trustworthy
y knowledge
g
to
generating
valid
and
WHAT IS RESEARCH?
Any honest attempt to study a problem systematically or to
add to mans
man s knowledge of a problem may be regarded as
research. (Theodorson and Theodorson 1969 cited in
Reber 1995, p.663)
The aim, as far as I can see, is the same in all sciences.
Put simply and cursorily
cursorily, the aim is to make known
something previously unknown to human beings. It is to
advance human knowledge, to make it more certain or
better fitting
. . . the aim is, as I have said, discovery. (Elias 1986, p.20)
WHAT IS RESEARCH?
The systematic investigation into and study of materials,
sources, etc, in order to establish facts and reach new
conclusions.
An endeavour to discover new or collate old facts etc by
the scientific study of a subject or by a course of critical
investigation.
[Oxford Concise Dictionary]
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
objective
bj ti
precise
verifiable
empirical
logical
g
time in research
variables
i bl
types of relationships
hypotheses
types of data
fallacies
structure or research
deduction and induction
ethics
thi
validity
time in research
crosssectionalvs.longitudinal
i
l
l
i di l
repeatedmeasures
timeseries
variables
variable
any observation that can take on different values
attribute
a specific value on a variable
EXAMPLES
Variable
age
Attribute
Variable
Attribute
age
Variable
Gender or sex
Attribute
Variable
Attribute
Gender or sex
Male, female
Variable
satisfaction
Attribute
Variable
satisfaction
Attribute
1 = very satisfied
2 = satisfied
3= somewhat satisfied
4 = not satisfied
5 = nott satisfied
ti fi d att allll
Types
yp of variables
independent variable (IV)
what
h t you (or
( nature)
t ) manipulates
i l t in
i some way
dependent variable (DV)
(DV)
what you presume to be influenced by the IV
EXAMPLES
IV
DV
health status
attitude
social support
intervention
exercise
participation
types of relationships
correlational vs. causal relationships
variables perform in a
synchronized
y
manner
correlationdoesnotimplycausation!
(itsnecessarybutnotsufficient)
patterns of relationships
+
fitness
no relationship
positive relationship
negative relationship
curvilinear relationship
p
vocabulary
patterns of relationships
+
fitne
ess
no relationship
positive relationship
negative relationship
curvilinear relationship
p
resting
ti HR
patterns of relationships
ex
xercise in
ntensity
no relationship
positive relationship
negative relationship
curvilinear relationship
p
HR
patterns of relationships
+
perform
mance
no relationship
positive relationship
negative relationship
curvilinear relationship
p
arousal
hypotheses
a specific statement of prediction of the expected
outcome in a g
given situation and is tested in an
experiment
types of hypotheses
alternative vs
vs. null
alternative hypothesis (HA)an effect (that you
predict or trying
p
y g to demonstrate))
null hypothesis (HO)null effect (any observed
changes in behaviour are due to chance)
one-tailed vs. two-tailed
EXAMPLES
hypothesis
HA
there is a relationship
HO
thisisatwo
this
is a twotailed
tailedhypothesisasno
hypothesis as no
directionispredicted
show that the different results
are statistically significant
hypothesis
HA
HO
tthisisaonetailedhypothesisasa
s s a o e ta ed ypot es s as a
specificdirectionispredicted
statistical significance means
expected result was found
types of data
Quantitative research
systematically observe changes in the phenomena of
interest while manipulating what are believed to be
causal influences
Qualitative research
may be
b more concerned
d with
ith the
th individuals
i di id l personall
experiences of the problem under study
fallacies
an error in reasoning (logic or premise)
structure or research
The"hourglass"notionofresearch
begin with broad questions
beginwithbroadquestions
narrowdown,focusin
operationalize
OBSERVE
analyzedata
reach conclusions
reachconclusions
generalizebacktoquestions
Deduction
Induction
ethics
validity
types
yp of validity
y
conclusion
internal
construct
t t
external
typesofvalidityarecumulative
In this study
Is there a relationship
p between
the cause and effect?
In this study
C
Conclusion
l i
Is there a relationship
p between
the cause and effect?
In theory
Internal
Conclusion
Can we g
generalize to
the constructs?
Is there a relationship
p between
the cause and effect?
In theor
theory
Can we generalize
to other persons,
persons
places, times?
Can we generalize to
C
Construc
t
the constructs?
t
Internal Is the relationship causal?
Conclusion
Is there a relationship
p between
the cause and effect?
Validity
External
Construct
C
t t
Internal
C
Conclusion
l i
Can we generalize
to other persons,
persons
places, times?
Can we generalize to
the constructs?
Is there a relationship
p between
the cause and effect?
TYPES OF RESEARCH
Exploratory research
Takes place where there is little or no prior knowledge of a
phenomenon.
This type of research attempts to gain some familiarity with
the appropriate concepts and looks for patterns or ideas
without any preconceived ideas or explanation.
Descriptive research
Describes
D
ib
a particular
ti l
phenomenon,
h
f
focusing
i
upon the
th
issue of what is happening, or how much of it has
happened rather than why it is happening.
happened,
happening
Explanatory research
This type of research is involved in explaining why
something happens,
happens and assessing causal relationships
between variables.
Predictive research
Forecasts
F
t future
f t
phenomena,
h
b
based
d on the
th interpretations
i t
t ti
suggested by explanatory research.
RESEARCH CLASSIFICATION
Pure research takes place to explore a particular concept,
or issue,
i
without
ith t regard
d for
f a specific
ifi problem,
bl
and
d may be
b
carried out to simply gain a better understanding of the
overall concepts.
concepts
Applied research is undertaken to solve a specific
problem or provide a solution to a practical question.
problem?
What was found?
What do the findings mean?
(Introduction to Technical Writing: Process & Practice, by
Lois Johnson Reid)
TITLE
The title is a concise summary of the empirical research
report The title should convey appropriate information
report.
about the study or studies presented in the report.
AUTHORS
People who make a major contribution to the study are
listed as authors. You might want to do a background
search on the authors in order to determine the expertise
the researchers have.
Questions that have to be answered here:
Who did the research?
Is there an established protocol for the order of the
authors names?
ABSTRACT
A report of an empirical study also includes an abstract.
The abstract is a brief but comprehensive summary of the
empirical research report. It includes a concise statement
of the g
goal of the research,, outlines the methods,, and
presents the essential results and conclusions.
Questions to be answered here:
Why
y did yyou do the study?
y
How was the study done?
What did y
you find?
Why are these findings important?
INTRODUCTION
The introduction sets the research in a context (it provides
the "big picture"), provides a review of related research,
and develops the hypotheses for the research.
The purpose of the introduction is to describe the problem,
de elop the theoretical and empirical background
develop
backgro nd for the
research questions, and elaborate a rationale for all parts
of the study.
study
LITERATURE REVIEW
Analyze published studies relevant to the
i
issue
under
d study.
t d
Synthesize to avoid simply listing studies and findings
findings.
Cite studies with author(s) and date.
Avoid plagiarism by constructing a comprehensive outline
outline.
State Your Objective: Purpose of the Study
State Your Research Questions
State Your Hypothesis: What you thought you'd find?
RESULTS
The results section contains the summaries and analyses
of the measures obtained in the study.
study This is where the
"answers" to the research questions are found.
The following questions will help you evaluate the results:
DISCUSSION
The discussion section contains the interpretations and
implications of the study. There may be more than one
study
t d in
i the
th report;
t in
i this
thi case, there
th
are usually
ll separate
t
Method and Results sections for each study followed by a
general discussion that ties all the research together.
The discussion section should start with a summaryy of the
most important results and then follow with a discussion of
how the results address the research questions.
Consider these questions as you write the discussion
section:
What conclusions do the researchers draw from their
results?
Are the conclusions important?
Why or why not?
REFERENCES
The references section cites all the literature reported in the
article.
ti l
Th reference
The
f
citations
it ti
are used
d to
t supportt
statements made in the article.
TIPS ON RESEARCH
1. Locate and read a few articles from within a field you are
comfortable
f t bl with.
ith
2. Read studies that are of interest to you.
3. Read the abstract first.
f
4. Identify the research question and objectives.
5. Why did the researcher(s) choose a particular setting or
sample?
6 What
6.
Wh t were the
th methods
th d chosen
h
t collect
to
ll t data?
d t ?
7. What were the most important findings?
8 Do
8.
D nott be
b over-concerned
d with
ith statistical
t ti ti l analysis.
l i
9. Be critical but objective.
Questions or Comments