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UNYAL
TECHNICAL REPORT NO, 2510

DICTIONARY Of EXPLOSIVES,
AMMUNITION AND WEAPONS
(GERMAN SECTION)

BASIL T. FEDOROFF
HENRY As AARONSON

CUFT
GEORGE D0

DOVER, NEW JERSEY


BEST AVAILABLE cOPY

1958

EARL F,REESE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGES

Forewordi

I - IV'

Lfist of German E~xplosives4, Ammunition and Weapons

1-- 264

Vocabulary of German Ordnance, etc.

List of Germaai Abbreviations of Ordnance


and Related Terms

-_____205

-308

309 - 345

r-FRMAN

V.

EXPLOSiVr.S. PROPIP..LANTS
APNi RELA.TED~ ITEMS

I .. lj U%&
'
11 0-" .'wrivans .,;ifek.*d gr,";ot ,.horltc If hadt.Ici rustort it, qud-stifutre xplosiv-.
A, I;.t.;t.c
;, of -e which in wrany cases aure it---vi'more e'l-%cenive than those usedI b% the Allie~s. Il' ;, ..c!, s %ii alboutr the preirell1ants.

.I

NI

Nt(

il. .!ivev!4Ifnknt of 6erman miilitary extplosives tttd proIi IIkill . 1~.v1


F N suhdliv'idld into the following:

IPeriod eforkr WWI. Iil.cl, p.owdler wan used as ;a pro1,11oilt in.! II.sn exr'osive up to :he eighties whien it wait
rI~ wt:.t for, .I sho'rt periodf by brown pcvuder aloof finally in
,!.1,1/e"i-`i
, -:,roielelon propellants invented by lDuttenhofer.
X-iiirle..hAse tubula~r prorenllant was .ido)pt(-, in 1897, under
I h, ilan'tI-I/f Rl"97 (Rohisrepulver U197n andl a~ Iouble-Kasse
iiiutlar Oropellant (Nitroglycerinpulvet) called P1`.'07 was
A i.o'*f-e' lin I n'~I. In aat,iirion to
rd Gefrmnan% rokdel
shea
a
I alk- ri/rlol-c-nt (ltlattcht-npulver) and1a disk or cube prorc11%nt/ 'V:.rftvlpu!vo.r). As .i filler f or proje~ctiles the black
I--Iv%%.&,tlpicedin 1888 for a sliort pecritsl by picric acid
(1' A .nd
a
then in 590)2 by rNT.
Pvriod of WWI. Dol~eto the %hort.g ir NC. the Germans
C forced either to use single-base propellants or to sub-

;ttit~uto tOil \(I In double-bacse propell.,nt-4 by seome other lIE,


.0is T%. I a'r lINT. Doring the I litter prtr of VWii',when
.1 1 hrag-.cotton di'vc loped tite to thie Alliedl blockade',
in the form o'S
thv Ivrrni.!ris ro'sorted cit-the use of vcoJ 1,11,~l~
k. p;I..-I lir nitraction to X(.
rin. .alsoi to the usec 03
Ic.oiljliesitiotie foot cootaining ainy %(.orNU. (Set- Ammonpulv'er)
A%.hithl-explo..sive'i for filling projectiles the G;ermains
Se.'l if, .d.li ion its' T'Ul DIIt, T"rk
and mixtures of these
"witth Ant nitraite. In tlu later rart cof the war, when these'
.utomutic nitroesonre'unk& became !.ckrce they began using
il'I'hA. TNN. lsN~D'h. *TNN\, IIND11hl sulfiude and their
mixtures with Am nitrate, l'b nitrate ant' K chlotrate. Lortr.e'rcial blawinpr~ explosives. such As Ilonalrit and T'esct.halit,
amn!other wore sensitive' explosives wkrr. used for proiectile's
which were subjected to little tw uuo setback, -such as trench
mortair ,Ilells, cerrs~aIdes and bombs. The Germans also started
it, incorra- cct AI1powliler in underwater explosives. All of
were fairly powerful and superior to the
%t
thse situte's
mixtwte,. which they were forced to u!,e during the later part
*~
C.Period Before WWII. Ilegi,,ningt in the mids;'lc 19 r,
_ie Germains fo'psv,a . war and began the development of
icx,-osives whichl coul-I be used to replace those prepei by
the nitration of aromatic hydrocairbons (derivec from coo; tat),
ofateutcthee
wichit as wold e ashotag. Te mst
Import inc of these explosives were Ilexogen (Cyclonite or,
or I ETN.
RIM)N and. Pcntrit (l'etitaerythritoltetranitrate
lhoth of these. explosives were derived from aliphatic comn'omnmls of which no shortage was expected dotring a wal. III
adda~irion. these explo~sives were mutch more powerful than
A.mi
ry, ht heywee co enstie t h
!t
Is~cnce
ificutywas
chrgs i shll. ris
~m-ml
urtin,lne'as
htowever, be cnrottiny the particles of these X'.
aovercw.m
j'l'sie10. ~~lu
.ainan
,l,,ca .,xartlie inthemolen

A04MUNITION

iigh it) pf' t' them. I,, he


%stiei
jadlook poessure st.. am.
hon it was esire,' -4, lead n1.1sl. *:.ycancing, the German-5I:IN.
I'EII !I with
-.. it
eqauii p~tcu of low-nwluing
-%lotsives
-s. :1. .)NII rv %r'.

In .ad.iticor. to these s. e
e pgI
- ives the Gertsoufi
the development of -some ratuoi inferinor explosive's
before VO.if. The'.v, were' callced l.satc-sprengstoffe (qv:
(stobstitu-Ie plnsi-es.
%s teerollants,ahrout 5 -*cars :%efore WV 11, the Germans..caizmd to develop *louble-bas~e propellants which containev.
l)(lN(in
lieu. of N*G) -it!
ir -t.*!heu XC; i'!.:a- -t-:!
superior teo NG powders btcaase being "cooler' they caused
mouchs
less erouio'n of the gust barrels. The .levoilopment of
these propellants was dlone untletr ther directions of General
17toe GaIllw.tx (See ProrpehlantsR).
l1.P%; led of WWII. At the roginaing of the w.%f-*-aheCiotmani. d.%'not experiencea shnotatase of aromatic nitrorompoo.LJdis
amndwe. - able tat use the fo;!owing eirploslvers for hcsmaei.g
'incusn: TNT, I)NB. Is A . cetryl, IINDPhA. rnme alone
and others In admixtures with other explosives:. For untre'wa-er explosives, the Germans incorporated a' a - IS- of
powdered Al in the high extplosives, as had already !een
aiso under Aluminized Explosives,
done by them in WaVI (S~ee
under A-.
Of the explosives mentioned above, all except l)NII may
he considered a' good military explosives. DNB is not as
good because it is less powerful And more toxic than TNt'.
It was used. however, to stretch the supply of TNTZ in amatnl
and ammonal-types of explosive mixtures. TLe comparatively
low mno of I)NR (ca 9e~) permitted its use with loading mixctures cantaining Am nitrate, Mowet. Such nixttnes diel not
e~xude even at tropical temperatures.
Armninr
bvteGrasbfr
T1
e
A
etoe
bvteGrasbfr
TI
e
s'elope'd two of the nloat powerful explosives. KI)X and PETN.
When theae explosi7es became available on an indu~trial
-scale they started to replace the aromatic hitrocompocidis
as bursting charges for various projectiles, as boosters and
as base charges for detonators. V'nen Al powder was inzorporsced in wiscures of RDX and PETN with other substances 'he resulting explosives were the most powerful
and brisant underwater explosives. Ir was by~ -:.a tameof these
;hcthe Germans sank many American and British ships.
The enormous demand for explosives and the shortage
tof raw materials created a situation, about 1943, which made
v necessary to use substitutes interior to TNT, thus lowering the efficiency of their ammunition. These mixtures Aft"
isted4 , and some of them described, under Ersatxpnsoffe
(q ")
The Germans used single-base propellants In small arms
and in somse smalle' Ltans, while double-base propellanats in
which pact or all tht NG was replaced by I)EGII)N (or some7
tifrsea TEVIoN), with or without N'Gu, were uised ;is 3 mm or
a
larger caliber cannon. A propellant of uua rnlto
used for guns, while either flake or disk type wits used in
Ixegan

vmiiiork
'4ch tplo'.iv.' mixtures could he aafely press'
Folloting ate sromefiguesfrnhcmnhlaroutin
cahectiinto' m'rnectilts, such as 2 0mas to: Umm shells -oloin
ar
oefgrsfrth
otl
rdcin
in metric cons of the prina-pal high explosives for the years
I~.laed incto botisters4 for various shell. These mixtures cou -"
1943 arnd 1944'
co r bec:',ise the mnI- 'a of RDX n-' I II-'TN are to
Pitt

,:Germany,
PD1Kept No US15 (a19 TchiclIl5)j,,a
I., ape, PHl Rept No 39,48U (1945). (Schmid -Mejasser Cons in .,ius Nitrators foe Liquid 1:xplosives Manufacture)
26.) 1.N. Donin & J. J. Donovan, Captured Enemy P'ropellants.
'
Div 3, Section If, Final Report Series P, No 10.2
: I'm
2'j.......anson, Manufacture of Phiegmatized PETN at
4 ofir -shausen , G~ermany, PBl Rept No 320 (1945)
281)
V'. Stickland et at, General Summary of Exrlt.sive
PIJ Rept No 925 (1945)
2~)I
Nutting, lDevu-Irinent and Manufacture of liexogen

J;' d
-'

1 1NI

P A'

)0

D14 li
Tetryl
tINIPhA

10
15
10000
RDN

.'1.400

I,!.i*~:"~ant,.
:vr.1mit, Veit & Co, 1.er~pZij

Ret.er,-r.ces!
NltrogJ.

i It.

I(19 H)')
A.~ ,,.
2,1 R. I %ctis
Lvs;?.ig (1,100))Xi
R
~alq2)

~))

zert~l.
1

P~o~e

Veri&

c*s,

Veit & C.", L~eipvlg

3-

&
.;-;- lsmireter, V-it X
(191n
4) R.' !.-:cafes, Nchw.arzpl~uverp \ .
fp. Ledpzig (1915)
Co, Leipz-ig (1914)
Vlavr'~
eit
S) It. Esc:le.:, Nitr..sprer~gstofft. Vcit
C~it. E-.qc:%Is & A. "%tetrl..tche. Initi.
X nd, N 'I (1919)
4'Co, _c ipz.ig (1917)
!iratinschweig
6'a) E.dela. liarnect. Eztolosive.-. Viao N.o..,
7.jndaoffe
pren. V~c.
6b; I.udKst,
\..1 % I (: 917),
(1920~
7) A. Marshall, Explosivest, Churchill. lo,
IkCrlin, v I
3 (193-1)
v?) (1-)
81) K. J. Cranz, Lechrbucrh der Ballistik. Spring- .\
2
\.-r, Berlin
(1925). v (1926), v 1(192-)
9)it. llrunswig. Da) t ..uchloase Pulves. T'. dr (irt.
\vf. re
(192")1
10) P1.Naioumi, Sch~ess- und Srrengstolfe, T. Steink '
.kcn (I,-. "ti"r
11) 1P. N~a'rim. Nitro,.ly~.rin. T~illii.mq & W'ilkins, :.\inle
12) F.LI1..ann Enzykiopidie der techninchen Chemie, %
V1.
ev Schwarzenhrrg, lcrl~n, v4 (1929)
1
13) A. Stett 'acher. Die Schiess. and Spremigatofie. j.A.TA\
,civzi*; (1933)
') C. l3cyling & K. Drekopf, Sprengstoffe und Zundmita
I
jSpringer, Berlin (1936)
1 -) it. Feuchtinger, Praxis der Sprengtechnik, Vien un *1
Lt .azig (1937)...4)
15' T. L.. Davis, The Chemistry of Powder and Explosives. ,
J. %,ife y. N Y (1943)
a1.rtbaclher, Protar 9, 33'.45 (1945)
16)
17) 1. J. Phillips, Picertinny Arsenstd Tech Repra Nos 1282
(194.') and 1456 (1944)
18) 1 -%on. Collective Data (,n Foreign Explosives, P11 Kept
No 11 544 (1944)
19) A. or, Physical and Chemical Investigations of T-Stoff
Solutio ', LcPt No 597 of the I r Farbenindustrie at Oppau,
144. (U S Office of Technical Services)
Ic,
Augur..
19a) IH. it - L. Metz, Chemische Utatersuchuag der Spirengund ZUno i~offe, Viewest, Draunschweij; (1944)
20) L. P'..jtring and W. Srhaurr, K*- --uanidine (Ger.nany),
PIJ ept1,, 16665(1951
21) L. Nt 'ing, Nirroccliulose Mr tufacture at thi. Kriinin *1
A-C ,PB16.66
Ie~~(945)
~
Plant of Di .amit A G
HRp 'o1,6
(95
22) D. D) 5 tier rand A. A. Siains. n, flexogen Manufacture at
FabIAiBobtr. ten,l'B Ktept No 4272 (1945)
;erman Vow-ie' Development
23) Nov Ord Kept No 43-45,
from 1918 to *942, P13 Kept Ne 47,059 (19,0) (Translation
uide thediationof
inus-auingof he hok y ~
uide thedit
Lnus tionofulin, ofthe ook y U
6.al1witz, "Dic Geschiitzitadunj '. which means "Propielling
C:oarge for Gun&", Derlin (1944)
24) C. If. (Inoo. et at, Hexar irodiplier.ylamine Manufacture

h i.rni 'ty, I'll Rept No 16,669 (1945)

Stickland et al, Survey of German Practice in

V..

~ ilir1I

I'Dl Rept No 1820 (1945)


'I) L.. Sh *ldnn, Propellants (Gerrmany), P14 Rept No 12,662
1945)
T. R. ',imlinson, Jr , Pijcatjn0 y Arsenal Tech Rept No
i Ms
11) Anon, A'verdeen Proving (tround, Allied and Iinemny ExA1%deen, Xid (1946)
rinsii-',
34) 6.. C. Ift- Army Urdn 30, 155, 218-19 (1946)
35) G. lkmer :.ie~oorts on Explosives (Germany), Pill. Rept
No 85. vo ( %19))
It. Ashcroi- et al, Investigation of German Commercial
'
t
Eplosives Ind -stry. ID10)S Final Rept 833, I eret Nj 2,
MIN
SO l.ondo. (1946)[PB Rept No 63,877 (1946)j
17) R. A. Coote , .Chemical Industries S8. 645-49, 759 (1946)
(Axis Manufacture of Explosives)
S8) Anon, Manufm ture of German Detonators and 'Uetonating
Compositions, PP! lept No 95,613 (19471) (Landsdowne H~ouse,
London)
lBerkeley Square, T'
311 L)I.E. Si-non, (h -maan Research in World War 11, J. Wiley,
N Y (1947)
40) II. Valter & HI.T ilter, German Development in Hight Expios~ves, F I A T Ft i31 Kept No 1035 (1947) [PH. Kept No
,

41) A. Ducrocq, Les Armes Secr~tes Allemarndes, BergerLevrault. Paris (1947)


42) A. Stettbacher,Spres ;- and Schiesatoffe, Rascher Verlag,
ZUrich (1948)
43) 1.. Midard, Mecm Artr Fr 22, 595-611 (1943) (Velocities
of Detonation and Trauz. 1 ear Values for Ezp~osives Containtng Al)
F. Ross, Jr . Guided lissiles, Rockets aid Torpedoes,
Lathrop, Let, Shepard Co , N Y (1951), pp 14.66
45) K. W. Gatland, Developt. ent of Guided Missiles, "Flighat"
Publication, London, (1952)
46) F. Weichelt, Hlandr-lp 'Cr Sewerblichen Spiengeechnik,
C. Nlarhold. Halle/Saale (1953)
47) Anon, German Eixplosive Orf ance, Department of the
Army Technical Manual, TM 9 M9L 2 and TM 9.19115-3, Gov"
(1953)
Office, Washiat.;ton, D
,Printingth
48) journals a) Zes'~.s'arift f rdas Sngeamte Schiess-und
Spcerigstolfwesen (s.br.-vostcd it this book so S S 1. b) Cel.
d) Protar (Switzerland),
'Ilulosechemse, c) Nitr~cellulose
c) Sptengtochilt anal f Extilosivar -Ife
by A. B. Schilling
eports
~)0 f'iestinny Arsenal Techrical I
inid others are listed undcr Ammu ition
1612etives bub-Committee)
:'C SOS (British Intelligence
'e,,a.- (P'"bers)
595, 6A4466, 683, 70,716, 833,
89, 9 P. 12-* 12-,
l14i., 1-,
1442, 14R7, 623, 16.31,
111633, 16%6, 1,.39, 16 , 104.
1.',
.
16132. 1720.
an! 1842
Numborai -. ant 24
BIOS Miscellaneous Keports
-51)
q'2) CIOS (Combined Intelligence 01, -ctivtii Suhf.fomw~rree)`
+.315
3
-,
leprts (Item Numbers) 2i-3, 22-4, _' .6, 2 2,
.14-4, 24-10, 24-12, 24-21, 2-1-2 . 25-7, 25-14, 5-16,
25-1:, 25-20, 25-22, 25-12, 25-13, 25-34, 25-338, 1-39,
7A44. 25-U2, 26411, 26-12? -6-32, '6-34, 26-51,
-

(Get III

.. .ti,:.

.*.-~,~
,

214,2~ ~,

38,Abbreviations

Usee in Reference+

28-1-,
2H-ii,, 286. ~.1*2~
28-01,
28-~
-6(., 24)-l0 29-12, 29.14, 29-17, 29-18, 29-26,
-921 P) 2.
"I- ', 29-2,
29-3(4, 29-3"): 29-44, Pi.l 5,
z')-s,
2016 'a , ii-zi,
'
101",5 1.2
301'i-8410,91-,, 3j 15:8
11-53, 3114 4!-S5,
I~,
41-V' i-.I-ofl
il-73.
1 .18 .II12,
12-131, 1221,21;Q011. Q-48. 12-6l, Q2-64, 32-60.
'.)-'l~1-u,'- I1'-! 0. 33-11.
i
~~~'.~li-1
1 211, 1;-.#, 11.43, 1-11 and 1(OColver
No)n. P~eft. ft'u.rwterke.rej. teschosszrinder, Reichs-i.,r ;erei, Berl in 19 1$)
54)
Krup.p
1Loreerbuch, l)eutrl,-l;ra..t-Ltsjch-Englipchs,
1. leil: Feld-, (,ellirgs- unu F luga wehritesch Utz, Essen

A 1.F
Anort

55) 6itto. *i reil: Eisenbahnairtillerie, Maschincn~aiffi.,


Iln:-erk'9. 11ifwlen, Blullistik, Sosideeser~ie, Ese
'(,) Anon, (;erarliste vom 1.7.41, Reichsodmtckerei, Berlin
( 9194)
57)
Anon.
Deutcurhe A bwurf munition, Ruichsdruckerei,
Berlin 0190)
58) Anon, Illustrated Record of Germlan Army Equipment
1939-19451, Lithographed boo, it. ". volumes issued by thme
British %1a, Office,,London (1947-1918)
Note: This book ,being classifid could not be used in
comiplatic,, of this dictionary
59) (,.M.Llminn, The %faciiin. Gun, U S Navy, Bureau of
Ordnance, Uashingtron, 1)C , v 1 (1952) (Unclassified),
v 3 (1953) (Confidential)
60) ll.Domberf~ef, V-2, Viking Press, N Y (1954)
61) U.II.B.Smzuth, Srfall Arms 0. the World. Military Service
Poibl~shing Co, ltArrisbu.-F, Penns (195 5)
62' k.S.Locke, Guidance, Van Nostrand, N Y (1955)
mV . of the book "Principles of Guided Missiles", edited
(;.y..;O Merrill) (See also under Warplanis, %e5poO5

FIA
Field %IntellgneAny ehia
F(19el42a)a
Ger
Gorgoni
GovTt
Government
(;t Br
Great Britain
MU
hsMjsysSatiu
Ofc
MOisiasy'Sttor
fic
Marshall
Marsliall. t..%plosives, tCfurciiiili, London, vI & 4
(191"), vi (1912)
Md
Maryland

.,)Private cnrmmunications from:


a) Dr t.. Rt. Littleton, V~
aahington D C
b) Dr A. Stettbac..er, Zuirich, Switzerland
c) D~r M. 11..Koust.vitela, Bucnos Airrca, Argentina
u) Was. H. Rinkembach, Allentown. PcmnsYlvania.
e) G. B. Jarrett and K. F. Kemnpf, ?dua.,um of
fiberdevn Proving Ground, Mcrylsad
* omne information and trchnrical assistance was oblaite..
!rom the folloiwing personnel of Picarinny Arsenaal. Dever
New Jersey: R. Frye, (..G.Dunkle, l).D.Sager, L.I1.lriksen.
j.f*..Capeil,
A. B.Schiling,
11.1f. Bullock,
IL.A. r'isch,
M.Kcsnick, (J.H.Rogers and D~rL..T.Snaarh.
Abboreviations for Ord'onc* Term%
American and British Abbreviation. *re $iv~et under individual items. whereas GCmmara Albrr-v lagoons are assenmbled in a scparare section at the en,! of this dictionarv.
Acknowledgemner'
The aut'.nra %%siv:o makoie #_r.tetiai ac~tosseltdgenent
f..,r the Xeger-nul; ansistance given by a number of people
At Picati.ir, Arsenal, D~over, New 3cr., , ani .. i-prifeen
l'r.inpGrondMarlan.
Secil danfa se ~ tothe
Nlrasum
personnel othSpet'ofcialitiens tind - to
m
hemr
of the following grroups At l'icatinny Arsenal: Foreig
Ammuitio
C~emcalUnt, eseach ectin, echncal
AmublictionsUi.C~mclRsac
Section, TerchnicalIfratose
PrbinatinCons
ctrol
Tfechntca
IhonhoogrmaphionSction,
sod orntrolh
Unit,
rn So.
htgrpicUi
ie
aeral b
hinme
oUpesnith.ele
The
technical assistancer, and those who by administrative
t cn~alte hework will
assstace
nad itposibe
Asslistaned
made
ith posenbera
etio nmet
istuhedTh
namises ofhindividu"leonet&itSection
tis
pGermanshecriThe
nares
note in~iv~
the refhierence.Scton
rbuor
ar note inuthes areferhence~.~tethirppc
I oauthors
li
wate,
%*nhowat l'icatinny Ahersealpe
tHnsWaler,
iito. o r ow t icainy Asealand
tihe
theno';rriptnthe fuorni"ain darin la% nInutfreadi wio
iniorn'nton.crp th un-igsatmnt
dina

Pt
flat or 1
PH)

:,i.
1,

Allied Epediti-3gory lorce


Anonymous
Sant
arn. %. Explnisivev%. Van PNn~trAind, N Y l9)
British Intelligence O)bjectives Sub-(ornmittee
British
obIne n:eIIi~ten-:e Objectives Sutr- ro,nit tee

Barnet
Rr
Cbos

Cnlvet, hligh Explosives. Van Nostrankl. N Y (1919)


Davis Chemistry of Powder and Explosives,
Wiley. N Vt f194 1)
District of Colitmbin
De~atsches ReiAs Paten~tiaerman Patent)

lnvi.
1) C
ripj

Writ Artil l-r Mi~onoial de l'Artillerie Franijaise


%e'm priud
Me~morial des poudres
XjV Ord
N\(

Naval Ordnance
ational Defense Research Council
Jersey
New York
Office of scientific Resaim~h And Dievelopmnent

',jNew

0SRI'
P

Pjic Ar~ll
kept
'..

I'M
I N1l

Pvnn..% lvain;A
'atent
P'ublica.tion Boa'.rd (tif ctic 11 Office' fi IcclhracAl
scrvice%)
flicarinnv Arsenal, Dtt,~cr, N
Ite-ort
eitschrif'(i kj dais gcsam:e
'%chieng- und -ifreng1
s-offwt-ere;
Technical Manual
nitertr'nuni',rfrad"
I njird hoat~es Patent
volume

,.Von

Remarks
This compilation has been made with t~he Otiject of
providJing a ceadv reference to the subject matter c-vered
bvmeans of an alphairetical arrangement. In general.
or.!y sufficient information is furnished for waderatsndina
of the principles, meaning of terms, Pfrieess, mechanica,
layout etc. Numertiou references to original sources are
provide
o
hs
ekn
oedrie
n~,ai
Classified informatioin has been carefully exciuderd. Howevert. a few classified references have been given to
permit further stu-y by those %vi+b asushorized access to
such sources. N.- attempt has bien made to ir.claide all
data and information available tn the Urdoanene Corls
I
hu'b
oe
htteueo
h
eilwt
abs.weviations, in the tablt% and at the end of 4sentences
was, in peneral, ornitteJ where this co.:.; !L nne withour causing any difficulty to the reader. However, a fiction
was used at the end of each dictionary ;,em ito indicate
the conclusion ci-he item.
by on, last minute changes and iiisertions were mada
byDlr Fedoroff and nor editcd. For faulty punctuation, poor
or irregular arrangements. he assumes th. responaibility ar.1 hopes that tie sense of the text is clear

ringlish

inorrnia

Dlue 'n t#.e sh. ralte of funds for this dictionary. vvor%
eafort wis maide to keep the tYPing and printing coasts qs
o- 1 .oaausibls.. For this rewton the lower cust varityping
'outside cntrotict) was used mn-..,d .fi the better but more
expensive linctip.rng

verywhere._
It i% hoped that the General and Analytical sections
of this project, "A Dictionary of Fitplosives, Arvaruniticon
and Weaporsa", will be linotypeul and present a better appearance than was possible to date.

NOTE
The General and Analytical Sections referred to in the body of
this Section have not vet been published. It is expected that preparation of the General and Analytical Sections will be started early
in 1958 with a publication target date sometime in 1960. Data undeeach letter of the alphabet will constltitte a separate report.
The General Section will cover American and British explosiven,
ordnance terms and a short resume of American and Britihl ammunition and weapons.
The Foreign Section will include explosives, ammunition and wealions of countries other than U S and British, i e, German (this ;ection).
French, Italian, Japanese, Belgian, Czech, Spanish, Swedish, Swiss,
and Russian. Only the Russian Section has been published to date
as Picatinny Arsenal Technical Report No. 2145, February 1956.
The Russian Section is classified Confidential.

1ST OF' GE RMAN IEXPLC'%IVES, AimmUNIT ION


APIfl REL. AT 10
ITEMS
Co'tpoi.0.o.6,

0? l,.i.,

"A"

'*

..

*.lt..V
fil- lti
.,js.f .1i. Sxl~l(,iit-. It a%
li eC!,. bye A. 'crtt)ibacher.
Splrenlr-in-l
ltsi~i

t..-rl
-rv~-,
.

Acetylens "Acetylet.

'i' -- a-

.eutri

.1 tc f~ilebl-s,,:s

sit- tis,..

sitt v%.;

t r

Raetei

~.rite-~.2,

lo.L4I *;-i-*-li
i, I ii
anImvrvVIActto..heIh
of%. ie..
angt
fititIinc)
'
Iter
trI:,lc 1iul 11.ii1
I'l
I %.eI
.;i tii r% r-E kv ( Ilt:
fiti. In
!~I op N(.%!Pt it,
.
r~Ic~lItitiz
ot I i~clwi
slS dae
for ri
'I
4.kllilad*s,
1.. 1 %14e
-t..
* . 1-,
I
!: ...... .e.ImIn tem
i !'ln
.- .s
:..out .
!
.
!,-d.
itW
t ictMttti.
4~
ofal" tst,:v ,-i,
.1 " ! I Il *t. (t
S -t%. 1
*1hei,
e,
t,it
*.ll r p. t
A-- di
"in-, on. Il I' tY 11;
fi x r-,ktt
f i I icsi
' Al,1 t ,Ic tV
*..I
wt1 '11 - . i Aft Iii i~ve:,1-. Actnivte
.init NC.kl
- ro
%lan, ra~tro v in A
pe l'it-arbnn,
-.
ii-sr

I .W
wn-i

~'

~it'.1

~ ~

lThe A-1
-()i II-. ift! was, .'5 It I.,i
in.! 2'
oin .iann*ttr.
f. t Let is I.: jet ly ii. sentwd, mqnlr
%'-.
Tim next A rorlhvt.
ha! w r,, det ye loc -I ati I 'It-n.
Itt
tnaewl Ie ,Iv1,4 A-S, A-C A- ', A. Mi,
A -1 and! A- M ., wi-ri- ,urt'lyex pieri mental~ . Aiwm.in- them
sthel, f thet UI A
A-"' and, A- Ii ,%%re tittmleiit' for In.ilirdIwen:
'I I
A.-" wa s initniL !,. it be'
.irr je.
ileft 1,% thil A- 1. i-r i'.v
fit Ic rtll
pul1.se
of t
tfafrtrs-At lainti if irll.
Retfereni C: 1. lIfi--aJr .(-ujidvJi
,ts~jivs, It~n-Lats, awl. icrpfe4t'ts. L othrol, k' t ....
S .M2..
A2-i
A-4

sI

I,.ittStt.is

iRt-ckit .
(H
''t**i~'

\-,

~ .1T~iiil--.*-t
Vk IN,,N
~(

l'%-)

.Cartri.pirg

,At
"AV' Fuseheads) werte low rtensin-n futelieads
att
.I- ski4titut-'s onrthe N; 3' fuusehead,. offer
.!i,i
i ttiu (called
c'ii btain ceniuqv - matf'ntsiut,.
!i.neIifficul
it
klist.hnet.0l). oine of ther essential ingredients of C; 3.
'llt' A6 fuselhcaidn we're nianuld by dippimip the tip oi -i
I-ri-lj~e %%irt- smictes-;ively into the following compoi-tions:
.)First dip composition consisted of dry Ill picrate
ill,. (iarrile
andsilkor
7J to
m~on I I
')1 iio
n
1atcesize
0to40(iuan)r
sultspirde.I in Abhout 7N nilof a 2-. soln of NC mn i.s.,' or
Ihutv..ice'tate. After the coating was dry, the br.id on the
was dreinoteI~iyrti
t'r i ,lgjvie
V. into
ire
the
dirr-.e
10-con.I lip composition which consistrd of dry Pit
ricratte Sog, Ill, chronmate I~g and silit.rtn (size 20 to
-it; miicrons)1Sg, suspended in About 75 ml of 3'c soln of
NC in tiny[, or butyl
7,c dried ' d4 was it p
into the
r) Third dip compostirior. which was. a lacquer -onsfilling
of A Is'. so~n of NC anl 75/25 - hutyl acetate/alt ohiil,
it, whichl wais Added 204f
Sipalin ASIi (methyl-ucyc lohexs'l
ester iof i.Iipic Aicid)I calculated on the dry iweight of thie
NU. Then ctil dried becad was- dlipped into the
Tiv-

d1) I olurnl. diip comrosition whit. Ii consistc-d o-f NC. lacquemi


8
Ats if,Cc) to whicl, was added 0. g of Sudan cirown (0.8g
lien 10 1 of lacquer).
I urth,-r operationct Are the more an describe.d under
Iuseht'aul Manufacture.
Reft'-cnce: IH. Ashcroft et al .111 0) q Final Rept Nl 833,
Its-n'. Noa2 (0Q46), p A- 3,,35.
A.9/A-lO. L~ong range guided missile, designed to have
A r~ange ofi 5.000i km is briefly describerd in TSM9-1981-2
11S4!
211.
Abbreviations for Or-inance Terms. See ordnance Terms anti
Abhreviations in this section.
AlAbC

alsc~ute of Abgangussura
Ansonachif

tsee Waste (or Spent) Acids.

.Satne aft 1111cr No `17.

Absolute Method of Mecsuremen~t Based on Impulse (Absolut


Messverf~ihren saul Grund de% Kraftstoom). A. 9chmi-It -level-

w.k- .,lter
4 lianyel cc) N6.twilh or
I.. rock -..all It *al Na bit arlionaite *'
..f %on.' oilier Act iv ,, he ihsp we'rr:

but thisi

She.athi
\f
Mt.
No.

NC

10,.6
21.01

I2.
10.4;

it

N J( .1 %A 1iiicarbolatini
151

tf
-

itigott n itropgly. .I I

t51

1heciiiott-i

kit%-ets

S .

,.,i

H8

-0

'1w shseathing -pt-ration wall*ar, e out *uia~rci~


i1t ?he :w~then plant o~f U A S A -(;. til A1 modified
i-nai
m-it~hine, permitting cartridges; weig~hing 7C. pr-lO
totbe ithcathr-l with $I rfams tif activ.~ %heathing, inatri~al.
Not-., According to Nteftbachur (Helf 3) ashceirl. (Ma~ntelptrume) I Smm in .1iaimtor And! I.Samm thick. c,,nftiscing,
NAi!,k~arbionaie t42 - 115 with NG I t' - IV*', rcduct lilth- -rt:
0
per~ture of the gases of detonarion fron. 2t.(0( 0 for *n itt..110'Ic/.
'ihiathe.! eton~v~i
Noite: liccording to T.I'rhAnski. Ilte.eitiyal Clmcmicz:nv 4.
.1h7. 0948i). tile Activie liver (.heath) -was nAde in its-, t act
of"A tube sliph !y larger than the t'.mrtridg.' of fill- Itt Til.,r
charge. The t.'artridgt' was then intstrtvl into till- tuh-i
11hen the, c.artridge AA%extploded4. tifm- cnvnihu.tiIle hritecti"t
wais Jispersed and vaporized, thus Gtriin,,
'It.0irthi
*
t f salt" %.h-icii
prevented the e,;ntitmnjr of fir..Jam:pi.
e"im]lust vwhich ,niixtr le vaIulted by the +'I.&r)L .iltni.
(Ie
als
'Shcathit lwdEilosivest
:,. the !7vutti'al
.iectltsi).
li Cerences:
I )(0. W. Stickland, I'll l't-;* No 925 (19-15)
2) R. Ask~,s)-f-, "ItI Repr No Win"a
V`' *:
A
A-1/I1
I I It
tettbachefNI-rcng- und Schierstoffe,..urp 32

Aerial

Burst Fuzes Are d~evices tesipjnva ito function A


while %till in flight. I-ollowing Geurman fuszes Are
l~rit~fly .Iescrilicd in TN! 9)-1985-2 (1953). pp 1U., 11-8, 171
I
1.1
jehnca
lckok-ub:a
ue n .;2
I(1)
ehailCokwrlui
asse!n'l
2
liutteifiy,
bamh
(pp
132-3)
2)(29) kMechanicial Aerial lIwo!s l'uze. used in thle LL 10f
sian NI
unit parcacute flare, consisted of A~ bakelite
housing containingt a closing cap, *ithdrawal lug,
uide, striker pellet
Safety sprins, striker pellet
striker letent pin, firing sprinjr, two ball detents, an
a striker return spring. The withdrawal lug oid the
closing car. were retained by a curd which wits .attacehtd
to tike fld:C laachirAC10.
As the fla~re' descended the
aeit .n
was extended until it was tenctioned
.ufficiently to withdraw the striker -detent- pin. Thlle
ball detente were then free to move inward, and the
striker pe~l.'t was forced by the 6nting spring to carry
the striker into the percussilon cap. At the end of ire
tt~vel, the striker Pelict compraf filed thP striker retrun
opting. The Clash from the cap ignite.1 the delay elemeitt
and, after the delay, fihe detonator initiated tile mair
chtirge of thei hosib (ppt 1691-9)
bwali

Balls

4p';

rj*r
'; Ito

StrSke
Fin-

.14
A and0
'r 09C()41

iSPrtehiAeilriis
50016~Ala
PC1Ml
rIM

'ande

0 091Mehanca
Arii itrstFue a/s ue

par/Achue'~rs

ad p-tfah

11)(SO
A tn

condaenersn

ior

1:1

bms(p 11
Ae

trvisIletacstIa.'Th

ia It

'rst Iue

EfZt M

bride IIanwere .h9

~al

*ateri
bustfnctioning
rThe Shomter M uch as fi. dj
teI
fromlC thd ACMtungeSr anlhelngrJea))o
plncr
I~flboth pnical% we,,rie charged thue
wshr dselay
the .
i9A p
6)IZ /

butt
itres
'2.n,I
.')
qis,*,lF.eti,

and),
%Astwli ce aomsln
asteig
l,.crci
A,.)j lU1i',
I~)
Au*
enialperson
Fuel
n
'Incen )ur s
twoatoa
firomt t
th
tvou lunge r wyha
ingthoee ignyintervinite
cofdenser
c oriv
resasltwo . Thtgier
brider th eA pI h
w-td in soona as
rsthen bom to givte le2ft thea .eircr.a
initiating~~uze
funvcthoed.
rho Ah
two

innters

174-15)
tdtc(pp

and (7)
dc
photoflash

dte5gue
Sj.tI)(1)

bobs restble
in
p 174-C
8)t
H)
n
8))Cok

atetchi
describe

wenreutonde
lonzer th bot plunges
frolth woro

folunwin

4ctia
i.1lw

F ze

andw arietinone
ok.

ra

us

orinppic1r7i5-7~
aend~

burs

tlry

aft delay
I
as plonpersett
requthd
were charged,.
t32'
shor
-e is..2,."y
b lunger
chsargedlthe
ifuncionge'deand ioivwas
* buts thze ('.9)
6 901,~l l9lecri An4W.E
lcrarial Hurst E~Y) F~s
us ex
inS.26bm
n
nsm
aaht
vaiu
obpna
lrs
ifrd(Pyrotechnic.
n used in

21~ 29
belwceaoonw)t~einieet
1
9 Fthtic p Aerial
(.9 Aerialbuand (79)cAlEluetia
s
i'
ue
5)
1*IcrclAr1)ely)
ur h
rtaTmecu.z lae s
n

wasins wuere acylitdionas t,Sh ive an eindc ofd delumn.


Th oreeaefother
plae.th
werdg
igniters
underc~
Ipu
er the
1q~~~~~~~ose
hsi
unintv
gtve% pyrtecnd 5c decony
dituelay
repctoivey.If
o
vtal
ghotvel)(,n
y
sreqtoirati d.
Nrthplngerfts w erecarg d.
Iflah
l
opstonrdeawand
n
he blary
cnk thwerI plungter e

M)(119).t89)l1
Aeria Hurs
(89D C
*cwrim
F.*is u rst
F.se ar ze sidescribed
on
l17
-7
t h )&.followin
96Eecrical
aodr
burst fl turse (Sre
Time
inze
used in~8(1942e paileut
fs
an.9 in VIC
aoois
obweec
in i.iifjhp
nd otad
ks
dixch.92,
tube.,3 tw c dese
areitace

~ ~~

~~

~~s

-140'i t~d

01 'ita,-till

I n~ r'n. 'I'h

third, smaller

heliev (
I,;i 1,
uscif for tetn
the s low
ulle. : 4vort,
t~1i,g the flare, the charge
11mo"tlitne paqed
)I ough the pluneter into the
.4.rgif-:n~ris
Il *
-h,%r,:e'
Own, b,,4owy leke

pln
I~'hfg

ws
ver

ir

to0
fiting condense. At t
V
-- t i5 built lip on one plate
I:'.trjge tube. When the char~ge,
and through the igii
J. ',%-~
aw,
'.'
*ther pslate nf the di,.chargc
t~hc
11
ut
ttlI of the gas, tie vurr,:rt
se
, 4 thlotigh the tul
..it,' igniter bridge whtich then
tI~ie the *Iuick-nmtcl, train s'hicli (irea the burster
4 1li.rte,,i t:e IIi
io
hotostat bomb. The function
the
'kAl3
flarw
(is
*'tm
of~
asmi
o. cnesr

Agaaild 2 -ne of the preAAX I dynamites- NGi 30.0, vegetable


-jelly 2.0, wonti meal 1.0, Am nitrate 16.0, K chloride 31.0"-,
oxysten blance + 5 0', Trai test '2'5c[No
,Nto
glcei
( 1.)18%m
Nitro1
lcrihe-)t),p1
Altardit (Acar-iite, or asym-IDiphenylurea). Decscibed in the

r
D11:
~~7 PO
BLACK

.,

PELLETIll,

geeral section. ktcardite was used by the Germans in some


smokeless propell..nt-. 'When used in small quantities (say
0.N'. it was as a strabilizer, while in larger quantities (e g
kfj, it was used 48 a moderator of the burning fate Aud as
afahrdcr
Note:. A.-cording to PD Rept No 11,544, foeith-r an anyn: nor
a svni I)PhU'exercizes any gelatinizing action on NC, esp.!cially if NC is of high nitrogen ccntent.
DuMring WWII, the Germans called asv~-i-hU Akardit 1,
because they developed two other derivat' tvs of urea: Aliardit
(11 CQhlN.CO.N(C II ),, and Akardit 111. (11 C )IIN.CO.N
tn the latter was better than Akardit I.For gelatinization

FLASH
COMPOI~tONthan

of NC Akardit lit was better than Akardit U, and UIwas better


I (See PP3Rept No 925 (1945) p 18].
Albit. See Gesteins-Albit.

Aldorfi t (Aldorfite). A Favier-type explosive invented in

DELAY MIXTURE

Switzerland and also user, in Germaiiy. Fur example: Am


nitrate 81, TNT 17 and rye flour 2n; velocity of detonation

Z..69C1914
IRASS WASHER

I'uJr/sec at d 1.17 for charges confined in 50mmr diameter


steel tubes.
References:
1) Marshall, 1(1 9 17 ),p 391
Swiss Explosives).

**under

A,

~either

0
If -

*and
-

41r

P/ , q ers

general section.

Alkalsit (Alcalsite). Atype of blasting explosive based on


perchlorates, such as Alkalsit 1: K chlorate 28, Am nitrate
25, K or Na nitrate 30, nitrobody (such as TNT) 11.5, wood
orcereal meal 2.5, resin (such as colophony) 2.5, and hydro-

and

(0 N0)CII 2 N(NO 2 )CII 2 N(N0 2 )ChI 2 N(N0 2 )Kill


2
10,2
2
2
(NO )CFI 2 (ONO ), to p 211
ste of particular interest
because they seem to be mote powerful than RDX, judged
by the Trauzl lead block test. Both nitramines were o6jtained as by-products in the m,.nufacture of ROX usialt
the E-Salz or the' IA-Salz process. rG.Rgmer, PUiL
Kept No 85,160 (1946), p 16
Notre: According to Mir L.Silberman of Picatinny Arsenal,
the above compounds are called:
1.7- Dinitroxy.- 2,4, 6 - trinitro- 2, 4, 6- triaza heptane
1.9 - Dinitroxy - 2, 4.6, 8 -tetrasmitro - 2, 4,6. 8tetrazanonane.
The description of these compounds is given in the
1550

mlcondenseri

(See also

Aliphatic Nitromines of WIN 11. Out (if a great number of


aliphatic nitramines examined in Germany during TW 11 from
the point of view of utilizing them as explosives or as
plasticizers for NC, R*Uniiet muentions that two of them:
to N.O)C11 2 N(N0 2 )CII N(N0 2 )CII 2N(N0 2 )CII 2 (ONO I, to a

IGNITER 3R0DG

2) Barnet%(!9l9),pl9 5

References:
1) F. Ullmann, !rnzyklop~die der technischen Chemie, Urban
& Schwarzenhberg, Berlin, v 4 (1929), p 788; 2) A. Pirex-Ara,
Tratakdo de Explosivos, Cultural, La Ifahana (Cuba) (1945)
p 218.

~Alley

Stools, especially high temperature, alloys, such


tromadur, Remanit, Sicromal 8, Thermanlt
as "~ilet alloy,
and Tetmax are described in CIOS Rept File No 29623 (1946)
Aluminlum (Aluminum) is described in the general section,
.,eGerman electrolytic method of manufacture of Al
IV bauxite indescribed In CIOS Kept File No 22-4 (1946)

,4*1
WI

4. *I.',

%%.Iim.p us,. aot1"'


s
f
.
%%t5(1I,?',%: .4'
Is A fli
.11

Note%.- .0n Arc *rding tit Bsef 1. Aritatol 39


WAS. .k.tclp
IVIt1NI
in I U 4.) at thi. IKrssionmel II.slril osf Di)vnamit A4-to
;anti Wo.I%
"-Vs.
.*.
i In till I. 1, 1,12, 1-% tie 4 "itii ,
5i
u.,... f,sr IW
tl
flirp,
t~f`9114-4tiE' .
4
.s,
-~ I
'**s At*coirIinpy to' I Is'eusi it c5555.l5td
.,) 44Sst- tit
the
s Ass,stol3 4'.) 55.%
tJ,
in uinder1,
!' niItrt.t4 -1 * *li't'.'.
% Anotlivif
..
ext~if~h.'f
st.
h AtI Ve .i,.krv..
!' s'ilrn-.
oo.t-d ..wd. .11 1 1. A... flitr.t5s* So .in-I
Ausatol 40. Thn,.
explsimive wait x~moctisnest usts... ssuranip
I'm- InI -.
W"'. 0 fo~rfilling floe ifaf hctd of V'.. Rocketos. It -ontilined
,1 .1
4i,I
.,. ill
lo~,s'.vt
1.1s, *s.,t sq.rv slcvsr until
I INAns. SO. Ant lsitrate 45 .ini RIi\ IsV. It could bes
1-vt.

(45
(il

I.
1,i

"

41

l'tri'l - .41S~in'

h1

't-

I s.4s , 4 (R . 2 ). %I
tcr it w a A
.it. I I I. %IIsri.e.snoto1
s,6i.41A i .Irictii~nlarnl
tIst.
's114'11
tisc-l in, usslect 1
s~ I...~. is
:.'riu.1sis~ ftc
-.I' tlseift underwteri~r
41
I'sAtls.isitsdpi~s '. ..
*~~~~~~~~~~~
.. ,~.
s i,,i~s~u.:IM'
45
'....IXINII
hA 2-.4l .and, Al.
liii'l.me idea. W.1%1sil ls.ed in
114
.- ,h)s I(,. VI'
ti Iss.
ki.dou
sre .11 isiss ttss.c is, thseir l4,,nit asnd \%,Vit'X
ploi . i. .s..s liri~isin ind tis. I S A4 .in-,v inicluded Al
i5, issdl-rS'. intt cx'losivv%, %ucs is. rs'r 1 .c. ."ssl *Irifossi-an
A:.
i..*~t-e
I Srini ii I. U Fts. [let- I tal iasn% sri. )a1 ntsptin
ils
sih iiivc.
.. ,.
,.. it,
.n~ilse
(.*ristnoo
1
ominp:
Sisictr
nthr(rnn
it)
sss.crs~te
dtII.%iv *.itsiit.h
tdI.. .. lIXI
A 2 10.

IAntother frooiuigHIinon, al~so known Ass Amei~l 40. itt

i R4

hs.5.

~ssn~

~t~s'~gtt
~

~~IhI

4.1I"P
4
sn
sss1
(sers.s inn IisTi'z.isxl''.sV...si..
*.r hrn'AI saI.
i
S "4.
-6 14--i
'-I
q.d 1), S,_'.7-.*
I-. V!4 ands.
F-e.lwsieoir,iptisitiow,.sar
ivtn usnder hr~s.szsrisstosflt (St'c. .0%4,s
As..rosn. lierc lavit It, .slNjtr4.l~attinlt *
4osr woeis...nf-irsinatiosi ,see Alumninivssl Exp~lo.sives. in thes
s'sSr
Iist e issnl.)'.

l4,'fsrvsirsez:
IsI A. '.ftsitl'.mhesr. I 'rtssr 9.
H Mlurassisr. i J'is, .2I.
I.
OwIs~.
st.': Art I r
5).. 'cs.'th-clsv'Ir,MSrressA.
I I.MIrIS91II

1.~I.(l~
22.

.II

.Jn~l ~ciss

Aluminum.Chloromethyl Mixtlure.
Aluminum Minel. Sct
OftTM~5'LI '8'2 093)

fii.s

)5i~
. A4ltissaimiz'es

Itf-.I4.MOUr. 1insich

Sev~cMt..'lsii *sI.

unde~r I.j.cssd:asins's

and .54..si
-Ii

Amatol (C41j.ss~lvser. :a!Irevjated Fr) (Amaeitcll.Tht conmpo~sitioin


a.(
,is~t .isas.so
wir TNT atrd ,irnsmsnium nitrate, bu the
Ie~sign-ition wait the reverse tof the Amerrican smnatols. lP.r
inotrance, G;ermain *t10irtU .ritstol or Fp 410-611, correspondekd
tit the Anmerican 6v.5 10 Ammatol (Am nitrate (0.42'NT 40). (S-.e

.linst, Filler No I *.. No l4a Antid Nil48.


Tlin,*e were .altio German amatols wl-ich tI..ntaineJ, no
TlNTr but scums..
other explo.sive for explos~ves. Theme amnatols
f\4v 4.'), .10 a,sJ 411) or? described below.
Amatcol 39. A mixture developed by Rt~mne, (Ref 2) as a
burstini charge for the V-I ;ocketx. It contained Ml)l
50, Ar, nitrate 15. KI)X 15and Wits Claimed to he all
porwserfui as Ft. 60,40 (TNT 60, Am nitrate 40). D~ue to
the tosxicity of MlNI, loading of the projectiles wsas
conducted in a special huilding provided with good
vess-,jl-ition. An it was difficsat to cast-load Amatol
49) unifornmly (without formatisn of cav~ties) in large
tal her projectiles, G. Remer (Ref !) usxed the so-called
"Iliscuit" loandingc martlsoo.
In this methodl, as projectile
wan' filled alternately with pirees (pell--ts) of so-called

"biscuit mixture A" (Am nitrate 501,technical Ca nitrate


25, l'ETN 10 and RI)X 15%) and molten Amatoll 39 si a
temperature of about 110". The ressulting mixture formed
a.., ravities on coolingt. Its density at room tenmperatusre
sA.i.s 1.58.' velocity of detronatini 46M0 rn/sec , rrauxl
It ;oiJ block expnnsicon text 350cc for an M g sample anti
.k crusher test value (StsuchproN.*) (Conipresstion of n

given airslet IViN~flvoprengstriffe ).


Amateal 41. in explosis.ve sugimar in conspo.shioni.tnto am* %%
nitrate ftech) toE,Hll-S. z I(5I
r5*t4.I
issoisori.s: Am nitrate 1-21
M(IX 10. mon,.sn wax S;. deflotii' o~f frar."Kments .1110
min l
It, ml; used! itbnelsnu's (144 41..
X .vtt : Arcesriing tsoRe 1(.1 Kanst. ;am #..alv -in 191%. Pts"POsesl
ther mixtsure of Am nitrate -14, Anti TNT Lfr, fser r t- loia.,log
(ict'mass prosjec-tile.%. flhe nanme mixture was fiise.saftet by
I.lo. hifis %h un~ler the name t41 iv, 9.45 Antstsosl Accoordini.
I rl..uisk.i (Rsef 4..An Ansatel 41f Vl'. 11Ic-ent-tiined r'r "0~,
H
R
-Iftsoldi Ant Nn
n itra4te nitrivanistsl,:
'-.
.rv~uss
DM5

~~~~~

ETH I'cnt~arrytlsrjtisl
umen
Innitrostol
rgv

RDX

teir.inittre.uo

lVinitrilbenzc.ne;
(cyismite;, TNT

Pleferenact's.,:

I ) A. Stetttlsachte. ;chicoo%. ton.1 %prengs~t.ffe, Btarth. leipzpig


l i.4p,'.I
21 Cs. llbs.t. I'+C. Rept Nil 85.11(4.1#111411. ppfI - A;2%
41 . % tickland et .inI. Generasrl Summsa.ry o~f lxrlo.l.iv.,
IPlants. I'l- K..,., No 0-1 0-is-s
I*.l'rhaisii, lifrzeniyor ('hemic'znr 4, i8P 11111
sprtn

proe".I-4
Ambeult ( Ainst rite ).C qe of lit~m coln 'splsns:tolslm colitf
C'OMM Is..
,unfcosttonf
I4,11A for K nitralte I14).prar~ffin

mosistcsre I .%. g.'Iatinizter


P ulver till",%p I4-1

~l~tunsswig.

,.05,

Dayi rauchlosse

I Ansilpciwder) ,wos A sunlfaullessn black powder


%ifubtttitute invented in INNS- by .:;llenoof IllArnurg. It hadl lthe
fs'llowins, cosmpos~ition: Am nitrate U91, K nitrate 40 and chsa,C41~
.. 1 '22. Itsc compostition wax niodified several times until

Amldpulvtr

.1 row~~'er wvhich was flas.hiesst; And almost -snwsleless wais


..ltainesl. The improved. ctimpositiorn; Am nitrate 4'. K nitrate

IH And cha.rcoal fI'f. was used dluringp VVI an a cannon


pr'opetllaint.
k~efserescess:
~rpp.~25.M.'I
p V) -1'
) bebir.
I1 Daii 1).ivj1c
.
Ammonals (Aluminumnn 1 akige ';pengstaoffe) are exrlosivexs
baised! on Am 'nitrate, Al, and TNT '.or other n rpAni c' Pubct-inces. Ammsncnaln have been ussed ftr many yftars, .n's only
i.n (vermausfy but' in eithe,' countrsest. andI for this. reason areill-is dencribes! isther general sIection.' SeIveral amninnalot were
uxes in ticrman for"military'purptone'S. They' fn~y be con.
sidered as subshtitute explosives (Krsatxsjsrengotasoffe), los~
example:.
Anmman.! I.Am 'nitrate '5.4 TNT 30 anti Al flakes Vil;
Amisofa fll,.Am nitrate 72, TNT 12 ani Al flakes 16";
Asmenaliii
6. Am' nitrate 93-93.5, charcoal.2.3i anti Al 2.1.Asmonamal Anmnitrate 91.13, TNT (1., Al .1.7 and pitch 6s.71%
This. conspositier!. required a Isniscier for initisation.
(V CCalso F iI lerst NOMsIQ. lI-UIl 3And I10().
.

References:

0) Davin., 1194.3) p 36H42) 1114Kept N's. 92%. 041)4.) 11)


Rept 814.160 (I94C) 0A~.Stetthischer. Spreng- und %chieastoffe
Rancher, 'Zairich (l')4H), p I1lE,
Amroncesliult %ct ei ter-Amnmoicsahllsit.

Ammont orbon it

f~
1

*,I

).3 irf-w,:t, A.

I,.

vi.3t.,
.J'3.

;-I:

Am,-.r.n
I-.. %1.1

pre-

il%:.

AlIlIt~I t

.iii0

C',

jo)itil

I
Ammimiuj3I

.lliImlI3

,T rims liItt

33%l
v

')13%

A.

Nitroglycei

in
.3%

A~lkali
'A

11.

.arg .'rof

A.'

\.itonil,

:,IJ,.ridt
()x

IIV

!I3lIll3.3e(See

.3113
i.

:'',.3
i

I rjuI~i

..

A-,frecs

A
1928), r

.
;-I

~ ~

3)

i~uI

ir)~3crn

I1)1.
1 l1nianse11.IFlez~o.11je.d.
r.

Coflidealet~k

?t
(l191).'1, -NC

.1yrifl.33te

iitraite.
.iI'133nierui!
ctillotIo~n Ci41tt333 _'.0. %%Ilqkf

.3fl,3Uflt

of

of1 detonation -(ItXi m. sec. heat -if explosion 1w.3rer v~t.

11300 kcal. fig. temperature Atfextiottion 2-00(.


'ri rtye of explosive w.as riot veryv popular in (.ermiun-'
1*
N.to~m. N.tro,
hut 1164s unc.t in France .eni -.he !'- A11.
glvcerin C-928). p 31') .
Asnmlongelatine

(Amenoingelatin)

Cotton

2: l)NT

13.333'4.s.33)

I.31l

Lnow
lni

3 Il.3fli

11un
#%3

v5

and4

Aiii

Insi
rs

susiirt,nit@-%,
u3,tetftF-

typ

"-S, Al

*lnc
-asse

Nchcli

k3*fl*
Li i'

'titi

f.*i

sl

.ii
s i

Ii**
I -U
l%.
else-3 n1311333333
Ii3%

1~3f
r53,

n twerml.i33y lq-f..rt

r~efl%t,3fte. ?-ctlf~l33tI

:)l.s.~tvttjjacIl
j'~
r, 'iehic's-. aii
i~)

(Jlrcylin,.

OIcden33

%prnrnFt~e. Malrchl. l.eipzi):.

& K.lDreLopI.%llt%3131
:19416), pp, 9).1-0

unit

,:ure.fInstif-.I

;ummarel tit ExrI-lsiveb,


u.enegal
o ().%stickl-inJ et a, ,
Planlits. I'll ICpt Nis 92% (19-11%),Appendlix ", Is
c IN'',.(P3*.
*- 3...;nfvr. Rvploft n I-Ixsplisive.~ ls.

Ami nitra3te (30.tA, MI, 1A.U.


_'p
2-4.
.1 I Tr.:uzl
d
meail 5.0':, oxygienl Ki.-ince - ~..censlity
tes't .a~ue i4icc. 1'1. blo3ck crushing. 21 .I1mn., veloci3Cty~A~oimNtae

dynamite, such all:


a) Ammongetlitine

S *~

srr*%'injt'f, llerlin
1

.1

Lee' .1.1-41 0

.'

-Is

Ammrsondynamit (AnmnitiniaclynaniettO .A type c3 %rstigh~t


cont.aill.n!

.,

'l~

Ie.!iss ra!.Vs .~.Vtef tif r.tIC


WW II. Ilo ntan13131ce. X .eur (R-4
ir% ling .33n.1Ielne,opf MRef 1' four types an. %4ti,jtllefI,.
table 2 on next page litaS. mantsioe. woed durinug VW
for failitarls putposes and sere also unemer Comaiere4aI
11

I) l.Naue'ri.

I'llefrI3.iI

A.

3l.*

%Less%1 pes fit trinioni3fitsri

I
0A
133,34114-

1) D~avi..,)I

ma
r

hve

I If l . 3Wt

Oxyswo11.hoie

Njtrc.j:I%t , fir I I

q
toy.13.,.rirt ie . I I.
A%
.. 1
'j
i~
l~ ii ! s-.

I3sit A

oeelra
%%3Og,~
Ii#
iej,
tn '1
oti.lan
01111141.1
stemsem3il.si
sv 3tif.t it,
it.~3ansi31.ac 1turl 1UP
tlf i
i~tO
4T
Arms i ...
4.11 1Hi.
.r
,.
ii1jcl
ifl.l1
-.l'1 -.i N-I, in.ISe*' LOS tI Rep
tiv
it3*
irt3.5 3
sfli.% %3f.no-iu
''nitI A3~i
3'
13 33fjT I limes
*%pl*ic lec,

3%-

fo -

3'

I~c

1.

4.t

I xj-i....so...
~~~~Vrsh~ahi.

A. "tt gill it ,.-r . '"prever - -e..

it

WII

3
I..332

.t.T
f I il

j 1mVi

t, .1
otra

tottol

33.o

.I,,,:0.1i,

Aar.gf111it

-a)

NIittds!lyoet i3i
3

Aii'r0i,3i

131113.1

313tT13t

'ml"1111111

ivy fle. K.1.sg 3,1 .,

Table1
mmic proprti

%441 av,,. bris .iitr t

lter

of

permflissible

1.5-2.5. *-,.llo.iion

initochlorh~flydlfif (l)CIII) 21-2k' . Ali


J.4.
.3313cdffbOyithyirtese
not) more utitan 1.5-7

nitrate 1.1-f'S
MRef I ).
Note: The Am nitraete may he repla~ced by Na nitrate to tlat
extenlt of H.V; of she, entire estplonive ant4 the DN~Clll mai%
Ibe replaced by NG to the extent o -1"; Allthe entire explos5ive.
h) Ammongelotine .Al explosive permitted after UV I for
use in P'russian miig I)NCIII (of which for, to ". of
ti ii.
the total extnlstive ma~y h~efetnIlacet by N'(0
collodiin cottonf I to 'I. Am nsitrate *1, to) 5)(, .tlkai nitfrite
tof3luene aodc,or~ nael.t'hnie~
I1)to 15t. it na~rocoempoundflll
and, or diphenylamine 6 to 12, vegetable meal 03 tit
(Ref 3).
c) Deuusche Aminongitatine ONCIII, colntaining l11-20"A
of NG (st-ch a mixture wasl called Nitrochlorin) 301,
collotdion rotton ' . mixture of I)NT .tnd TNT 10, Ant
nittate .15. Na nitrate 10, wood meal 2; deirsijty 1.45.
velocity of detonation ON0 an/mec31 Trauzi :est value
at NTI1 771 1/k$. L~eat of ex
4003 cc, Afol of gamse
plomion 1101 scul /kg, temp of explosfon 257(11l. specific

~3

3%l~~

Ansisloniumn Nitrate. SEplosives

~llt-erA~3najtr~e~th

rsovutirtExlies7vAminl-eesyfs4:ti

,
I

vwo
ermssbi
AtesnHlflt(mo-oeie
explosiv3ie used aifter V11 . suchas: al Am nitrate -HU
i..
h nitra3te~ '.1). Alll ehlolti-le 34.1. nwal1 ".t0. NG 4.1 le,
in 3. ltl At fl~t'iW
S2pce
61.'.Nanutrit 30 meaul t-svau.
13.t?
.1' alnceoolm
el,'sgyei
irie3o
011.N
Trau7.l
M.5
C.*1.(f;; oxy~w bt ic
a.iIlai chloride 2
Naou an.Xitrog~lycerin (10I28). rp 414*-5
tenst value 2,15%cc
Ami~npulver I.Amisnl,w.lnwet) 4 prorellant first manufActured
in 1839(0 in Austriai by inco~rpora.ting Anmnitrate NS with chatctu. 15" .nd co)mpressing the mixture intol l--e pellett.
to a1 densmity of about I.[. It was used Juristi IM1 hercthe
Austrians .and I'ermains as aunulstituter (fo XC propellant And
hlalixtite and wap, clainsed to 'w veryeffective and prActirAlly
smokelemss, flashle~ss. 3nd e'oesio,,lems. (In the other hand.
it waes found toehe difficult to ignite. pave ftirir~Iu
hallisitics nd had .i tendency to disintegrate ton stoelape Aluer
0
to allotropic change in the Am. nitrate at 32"s PY F I. In order
1 2 of the
1.3
to
only
tit,, nunimize irregular ballistics,
propeiters; charge consisted of1 Ammonpulver. the rest beint:
ItNC urfro.-llant. In order tot protect the Am nitrate atomse
mi.~spheric moisture the pl-lets .ere nomhetimetst enclosedl
in a3box made elf thin sheets (3f louble-bame propellant (Ref I)
Note: Accordling to D~avis (Ref ill, Ammonptulver contAineJ
%.mall amount of an aromatic nitretooenpowres in addlition
to the above listed components.
The Atpaonpulver descrit'eal by flerhat MRef 21)contaitnedi

Toble 2
I Pe, i,,nation o(

--

a.m'
.-

,,

VI

iA
1

.14

1,
.ra1ia Tli('%

".At

V,.

1;."

l(

nitr.att.
T.,.

1.afligraft'.

14.0J

I'r fg.g - l.iaa aiart

t;
: I< I z"-

NT

.
I.V

I.J

I.

-0..-

I~~~~2)(

t-I
I ut.ll

a,

aI

'..ale,

a .,tIing "1..,,iperamtur.
.? it i'r i. t' s
r'a-' g
.t
xM 1ii. E fi.ev

l~l

IIO

;11.01

*I

,%

lI.
g :
211,13

""

Uo.1

1..6.0

10.0
51(

..

-e

.
140

30.

30.0

1.0

15.0

,.1.m1,

1'm
-

Miv'.st tot till";e. mixtures. were mt.nitillhll.

htitIoa.llinv: ivonsit,

Am,,nitrate- ')00and! charcoal ILM. The mixture was compressed


i, tit,, (forsm ai I.roratel cylindrical pellets .1 t:. '`cm Iong
4
.and tl cIn, in diameter. I he ignition remp of the compound

wa.s 160,(-1(,', but if substances like iron rust ZatInO


or CuO
wearce pre.nt the temp wats Inwered to 80- 12(;J
Note: .-ording: to CI.GS 41-.08, p 7. the composition of
.Amna.arulver uaed .luring T' 11" was as follow,: An, nitrate
", I,'d:o.ellut,,
;I;M.;2' lt:lai
"2,
5 .,KJ 1enl11I(ef.ere.nc's;
1)M.r,r.all 3 1) ,1 pp 884 2)1)1. llerbst, Chem /tf
`1)
l)atvis 1I91). p 49.
(l1,1)

59. "44-5

Amanusalpeter (Anmnonium Nitrate) is described in dte


general xt'ction. Its mamnufacture in Germany at llDilcrleld
South .an. Wolfen plants it. debaribed in 1IO.1S Iinal Keptt
,)

Ammonsolpetersprengstaffe (AS) *der Sicheeheitsapreng.toffe


Saee Anmaanaum Nitrate Explosives in the general section.
"T!he German References on this subject include:
I) K. I':salen, Ammon.al.erersprengstrffe. Veit. I.eipzig.
(1909)
21 I. Naum, Shtiess-und Spreng.torffe,5teinkopf, I-.csden
(192"), pp 114
4) I'. Naoim, Nitroglycerin etc.. Williams & Wilkins. Bial.wvre (1921h), p 423
11 A. Stcnthacher.Schiess- und .prengstoffe, barth, Leipaig
(193])
r 245
5) C. Ilcyling & K. Drvkopf.. Spreng.tofir(e und Z.ilndmittel
Springer, Berlin (1936), p1' 1-96
6) A. Stettbachar,Srreng- und lchiess,soffe. Rascher. Ziich
01#14) pp 86.-*4.
AMMUNITION (uniti).e under
.bs,
ullet
rtridges
Fuz.s, (Greaiades, Minesa, Projectilesa, Rcke*#And Alsao inthe.ollowinp referencets:
1) Vohnsim, )r and C.T. Hlaven. A-nmunitionO. M4arrow, N Y
(1943)
t5)
2) Dept of the Army Tech AlAnuals, TMI 9-191IS2 and TM 9-

arelt.ltkdl'

11-2

O01

20.0

.I
I,

-.-

lm

10.0

*9

l ;10"
-

No .

55.01
1.1

O .S

I tc- 'oealosilion givei o.v"Kili:.cr MReIt ,


.I2' taotal.s I1ig
ill I 111i olnaal livadlng linte and itsnmanuf;acture
Anlhlonit iM(C..xplt,,'
,I .'N titi .ug.aridvve Il ,rilat- wer ugli,le'

.%a ;tiIig

No.

:%$-

11-

a-

10.0

-~,

f1%

.4 1I)P
I9.
I, ..
.14.4 11.111M.0

.
dll0
2n

.nmonit-e.No '
III

51 0

N.i01

112
. r

2`11.--0

*a.i
"X

-"

,
*

1105

.ati. di,contiant-J. It w.&S re.ported that Mixtures


m

shells.

I-015-1
)
1i- 3)
1) (,.M. Talinlerro., I'icatinny Arsenal Teclmakl Peport,91"2
(1949)) (2U mm Rheinmetall CRA)
i) V.11. Iwarn, ibid, IU53 (1940) (O mmn Soleahur (:RA)
5) A.B. g.-hilling. ibid. 11(11 (1912) (105 mm flow CRAP
G,) A.D. .%hilling. ibid .1221 (0964) (Omm
-AIC IIM CRA)
7$ A.IB. Schilling ibid. 1231 (1943) (50 mm AIII'1 SC CRA)
8) H..i. Dennis, ibid, 1242 (1943) (20 mm AIlIIV CRA)

R.M. IDennis, ibid. 12111 (19431 (47mm AI'(CCRA)


11943) (47 amn AI'IIVCRA
A. It. t.%hilling, ibid ,12-4
A.19. Schilling. ibid. 12-17 (MM13)(7i inuAlE lie CRA
R.M.
aennis, ibid. 12414 (1943) (Msmm Inc CRA)
A.ID. Schilling,
u9.1 o)uanm AlIII,'UL IIICRA;
OiN3,;:.u
CiA I
ibid. 1251 (1013) (37 mm Ahl2
H.M.I)ernia,
i
15) A.B.Schillinp, ibid, 1256 11943) (20 mm IIE 91) CRA)
161 A.lI.chillinje. ihid. 1259 (1913) (07 mm 11. CRA)
1) .1.Ilchilling, ibid, 12(3 (1943) (No4m Sm CRA fo" .air)
18) A.B.Schilling, ibid, 1267 (19.11 (50 mm AI.IIV SC CRA)
19) A.It.Schilling, ibid. 1270 (1944) (50 mm fie CRA tot Mor)
-20) R.M.lenmis. ibid. 1_`1 (190) (37 mm AI'IIV MB CRA)
21) R.M.Dai.nnis, MOi.', P"? (0043) (47 mm AP &lID CIA)
22) K.M.IOk-nnis, ibid, 1273 41943) (50 mm APIIE .llM
CRAi
-23) t.m,.I)enniig, ilhid. 1274 (1413) (50 mm AI'C.IIE I.C CRA)
24) A.1.Schilling, ibid, 1275 (1943) ( 2 0 mm A;P Inert Loaded
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)

CRA)

25) I.M.Deanis, ibid. 1276 (1943) (75 mm liE CRA)


26) A.l.Schilling, ibid, 1300 (1943) (18 mm liIE CRA)
27) R.AI.Denn;,, ibid, 1305 G943) (50 mm II' SC CRA)
28) R.M.)en-ais. ibid. 1314 (1943) (37 mm HiE CRA)
29) R.NI.I)ennis, ibid. 1318 (19441 (5O mm IIF L.C CRA)
30) R.M.ODennis, ibid, 1320 (1943) 07 mmeAPIIE ,IB CRA)
A31) K.M.Dennis,: ibid, 1326 41944) (42/28 mms AI'IIV CRAI
A.chiling. ibid, 1329 (1944) (282 m AIIV CA
of twat desi;.r.,. sinigle-piece body and two-.pivce Iody)
13) A.I.H.S.hilling. ibid, 1334 (1943) (75 mm Chem CRA)
34) R.M.I)enial,, Ibid, 1340 (1944) (90 mm liE.R
for 11A
er)
R.M.Denrai,
Ibid,
1343
1!9%4)
(75
min
IIK
CRA lot ['Ala
-10gun)

Utcr 7

ar
I

~.1 'l'n3'':

ft'I

Isae

~ *'.'.'lill,,..
3,T3 hI Ia it Y'lln
~'IAll)
S
* 3')A.3.)n-.aja~a~,,
i0)

fl.,i
I*

I''

(3~

1.I
32

39343 INS mil AI(

nIII:

I .3( *1 A
I(

(33A

~aizr

NoluNa1d

(9l
u
3:1ot:
HiI;jieI9
(TA)A
3.1 ;983 (19-1) (375 n...AlII3F
I3A
1.).S..rhii.mw 1)3.) 3422, 3.11)
1`il
7 mm AP.Ill ; I'ItAhr
\I..r)
1.1
tvA.mi~ il-d,
,2
N14 M ni I
IA(
Mtr

Ollotildng

deon~ating; CC(appivd; Chemn( sericjal; :P Concrete -piercing


CR A ( :)flpietc :oun~i ill ammunit ion; Nalln Gerrt i~i designation
Irotlo,
la 1 e
o
VIye
eoiy
ofAn~itittraft; HC flayb caipacity; HE l'igh exrlosive; HoC

t!".T

M Ltuvr gun)
I
Al).Sciinhg,

'I)l'Gl3ter.<,

.,3 14,78 It144) (23 met IlL Inc CRlA)


it-~;d , 3~ 33m
1i44) (R It'l
i
111%,
llo( .;(SO

RIM

rvlct-

"Amorce" (Toy Pistol Cap).I)uc to the s'hortage of fulm~nate


caps during X%')11, the Cermans used antorces as igntiers
for somel hand grenades. Amorces m~anufactured by lizerdinand
wike, 9.'upertaI-llarmen and by jilurnberg & Co. Lititorf
bvi I
.n..cldorf contained: K chlorate 67.5 to 80.6, phospleutus 12.3 to 83.0, sulfur 8.9 to 5.7 and chalk 11.3 to

354 03944) (7S mm Iii: 11(,C Cl.


1-1
3~ 33id,
Io o
9
I 43.cIlnibi,
3 3 ' (19.44) (75 mm11I:* 33A for Ilow)
!~
A%) A~li.Scliilliv::, ibid. I 4oS (141 0,~
Ui, mill Ili I.: ('RA)

I-A.JaI~verlaiI,

hr~;HwIlwt~;H

Inc Incrndiao*- KwX Coerman d3esirariator, of 'I anl Gun; LC


long vaise; LO6 Lonr, slgivv; W16 hionoblock; Mo, siortar; Pok
design..ion for Antitank, PoD liia.ltdctrntarilia: SC
S%bot case,; SD
Ief-dentro~ying: Sm Smnke;, SO Short ogive?
Tracer.

I G.Ilakvenlatk, ibid, 1-187 (I 1011 (7, mml IlL 1:,I(: CI)A


I3.
for r~ecril!h-% gun)
-I Il A.lIt.StI tIIing,
li
0-0d, I 14
is,945)
(I5t) imi III Hot. CIIA)
'al)
lP~krdlwibid, 1490 G19415) (7S min lIKIE1o(CIkA for

5*frne.IS
ia
et11
(14)
eec:31ISbn!Rp 33 14)

p24

p24

Anogon . One of the early aluminized explosives: Al 5.5,


Ant nitrate H4.5, X nitrate 1.5, charcoal 83.0, Ila nitratc
0. 51,1 L.. )l-lard, Nlem ArtriI Fir 22, 596 (1948)

Ansonitkopseln (Ansonir Gaps). Doae to the shortage of


brmss during Will1, the Germans used z~inc and zinc~ated iron
caps. They werc filled with TNT. as the base charge and
cattirressed silver fulminate as the primary charge. The
ensemble was called Ansopitikapsel.
I' Naoiin, Sclaiessund Sprengstoffc', Steinkopf, Dresden (15?)
8
S3) V.(i.llaverlak, ijqa,, 1501H11945) I11311mm AI'C Ill: (l'11A)
Antiaircraft Wind Gun. See Wind Gun
l.i~llvc
:5.3
lli Od, 1516 (19)451 4883min Al C lIE (:14
Antibroolt-up Fuze (Antinapriare Fuze), such as AZ (2411A
* e w.5and
Il'sI gyn3
was a mechanical impact fuze with a Safely arming period
Al)Sciling, 11,j
'.5
3?(1935) 1353)mm IlIE* CRlA,
of lo seconds provided by the clockwork gltar train. There
.wrnau
APShloaingwee
woruk
systems incorporated: an intatia, striker
4eprat liulig:system
to operate on imp.act snd an antirurtuare sutriker
5(.) A.I3.Schilling, 0f a, 3,529) (1945) (150 mmll- A,'C CH A
to function in case there was any distortion of bomb
or
'with 33l)fuze)
fuze poktpon timpact. The two
rie aymswe
* :53b~d1.(tliaerlk,
150 (945 (7 mmlIEl~cC CA
lcatedocteopposite ends of the fuze separated by A flash
for
sort arrltank t,
wK3)channel
iabout 200 arm long. Thisfueax
elsth
~~~~~~AZ
(241, are described in TM 91815)
p159
"ls)'.(0..laverlaS,* *.* iftid, 1551 (1945) (150 mm Ilow CRA)
They were used in bomb SC 2500 kg.
5,.:(;lvr
ihij,f 1552 (19415) (210 mm Ill: CRtk)
see illustration on next pagCo.
(.)A.11.S1chilliaag, iltid, 1559 (195) (838mm Ill', serr~att.'
Antidhaturbonce Fuze (Electrical) was a device designed
shell for 1:lak I1tgun)
to function if disturbed after the bomb, dropped (tomna
* crtdge
~vtrIihiid. 3175 (1945) (152 mm C11 shell and
plane had come to rest. One tysie, the 50, consisted o' a
Canewitt
o Rusianoriin)cylindrical
3toktllet
case containing an electrical circuit (two con:623iig care wcithng
pioelin, of' Russi5) o20rmigin el) it
densera, tso resisters, a super-sensitive ball-ttemblet
(2) ~
~~ ~ I()f4
~
~
~
l
~
.selnd
~
~
Aj.ailnN,17
~
sic
bridge wire of primer) and two ch uging plungers.
II'll at~d 111)fuze.%, eartj~dge case and propellant)
The base of the cylindrical cast was threadced to receive
Of1 A.lt..'qclailling, ibi'f; 15713 (19.35) (75/55 mmiIll: CRA for
a gaaine. Before dropping the bomb, an elecmcric
Charge
ta'ertl
11gn)f(orn bet' '.ak
the plant was conducted through the charging pluners
'tin' ibd 59(95 7~9m
:Afr
ut
h
ria
ill l ,579(1115)
RA or
sthefiringco
7515
mmAll odenser. During the flight Ithe charge
.'tapeted
,or l'f Pak).1
de)nset. if after the bomb had come to rest it was subsequent(is5)A.li.Schilling,
ifhiJ' hd
1582(1915) (100min Ill: CRA for Nfor)
diswtubed, the trembler switch caused the circuit to be
3t6)~
?~I~hlig
(04.n
65(96 15m
closed. This ignited the primer, initiated the booster and
roktA.sstd1I. hll
detonated the lHE charge of the bomb Thit ali1o p'.,k place
a)AaI.
ii,(46193318mmrocket
assistedHEsel
when one or both charrng plungers were eeptessed. In
ifiling
,
1(0(1,6(18mroktaste
this cace the current frmthe condenser .by-passed the
lEshell)
switch. ITM E9-19`83- (1942), file No 2325.01
* 6) iid.3(437
A13.chilin, 1633 nd 609(196) ISOmm
Another antidisturbanftce *fuzt, the 50hor Y was much
68)et~ A.P.ScistllIng shell)
,16nd10
A)(10m
more complicated. Its desacriptian is given in TM 9-1985-2
r(,cet
shll)(1953),
s~ited111
PP 1133-6.
Mid', 1610 31946) (153) mm rocket assisted
(See illustration rin next page).
1tt)) A.14 Sc'aiIlin,

!n -ill gunli
51) lA.(.llaverlak, ibid, 1418 03941) (10)5 tint Mi hot-Typi: C
1.0 -,hell CRA)
52
.. Iivcrlik-. ibid. 1503 (31045) (75 mm Ill" 11olf CRA
for kw K 10 un)

*71A~ll.she
ll) ig
Ibd390l (1954) (30 mm III: and Inc shell
f70th A.H'(: 1l1lfi~cng.~ C~f ',tajd
71) rinon, I(nemy tiomba and puzes, War Dept TtM-E9-1983
(1942)
72) Anon wJ,n
bmy '),nat
aterials inventory l.1st, Ammunition.
13ureaelladqamrsAF
(1945)
,)
Ainon
Rlecadq
ituara ladoo
Ammunition,
o
era
Supreme
lratlquartera
Handboo
(194rmn5).
:4 uremeleaduarersAF(I95).very
(ot:
A I'catnnyArsenal rotsexcept No 1903 are Uanel~slefwood)
-elrkcet
A Arofpiecini

Aitilllfting Igniter. See items I aad L -uder Igniter


Aia'lplttlihijindO
Devieea.
See pyrotechnic Antipathfinder
Deviceas.
tP00504-SeSne"ieiMisl
n~ea obr
e Sne'~etMsie
Anti-Ricochet Plates. Circular shapaed metallic devices
attached to the noses of some airciraft bombs inteonded to
prevent ricochet when strikting ait an angle of obiaquity against
resistant taergets (such as armor), or o Prevent excessive
penetration into less resistant targtera (such as cornctete or
whnsrkn

P Anti -to- rnraune:1;

.53t

!nangle

Clwto normal. (Seit-

ser

Ti-a
aldh

jii

Antwirhdoawal
dev0e

Puelatehnsl
Srtctv

fue obs
ro

to prvn

er
wihraao

heetps

fschfzs

(
aintoth ) e
gane wthichwas threade
hfewoul
An attempti eie toprvn withdrawa

esged

e r

eulr

a
tm

sWcri

rbae
ofsgna
ausZ
ceguserthemsee

b,11a (below Thedtyen spIn toube donisplaed, thuallowingrc


surfcetonfrashiwe
bohe stikrto
cetral
hi
dpetognatorheupr
bos,
ascn
and
th
an i the~4time fzwhch.it.protecthed
the bomb was exploded. To prevent the withdrawal of the
ZusZ 40 when the time fuze was removed, spring-loaded
knife edpes were placed in the upper part of the device.
(See illustration on next pa~ge).
-.. :!a Annie" or"Leapole
(See under W~eapons).
*

Armored Cars are described in the following referenc~es:


) G. B.JIarre tt,
"Acbtung Il~anier", Great Oaks, RID1
Aberdeen, Md (1948)
2) [).1:. von Senger u litterlin, 'Taschenbuch der Panzer:
Lehmtann, Mijnchen (1954) (See also utider Panizer).

)etr~
.:~

C(IL~r-

'80 mmnRailroad Gun, Model 5.

Art (Anite) .A minin;g explosive reported to be manufd by


VIAi~
Ill S'r engsctoffwerke, (inauschiwitvy. Its approximate corn
io:ti timn is N(;, 1,rox lii, sawdust, TNT knd inor an ic sa Its.

Arrowhead (Needle Point) Projectile, such as 5 cm PsgrPutt


40 fur 5 cm Pak, was a 50 mm AP proj which consisted of
'the
following components: a pointed tungsten carbide core
ncemented
to a steel body wI ch had forward and rearward
a plastic arroulhead shaped head covered with a
4J
12
Aflanpes,
shecet steel ballistic cap and a tracer assembly. The forwa.rd
flange acted as the rotating band, while the rear flange
3R~4~IIPacted as the bourrelft.r
The Pzgr 40 was fired from a normal gur.. On striking
the armor, the ballistic cap, the head and the body with

.aana~
MVIC~
vwcre* %IJ.artert.d desqig'vnj.
the
w ightfun.pNefa
Ithe farC~atu sheo.pn
Ily emPlnyinp the aarrowheaaldeanth
ila4,3)O
Witsa alsout halt the conventi
(IhI.Apy shell. l)ue
thnlighthnesr, it war ponsaible to
*levelul.
very
hi h velocitien and hsigh a'rm-n. isent.tiun ati uhbot rlniiies. 11aC
was, 11 exver, Very aaa1aC06rare
air fix~ru~sauu
h
penaetration taole wa in a.zahI ira comparison~
4 ii er (See OIno ITipereal. hore (Gtn fa mjttcri~c).with the Sun
cm PzpI'latr 40) anai 75 nn ('.5
cm~ I'z~r~atr 41)

vnijhi&a
care to I-icrt

J
LI$~oe,.
Gone(41.7

~ ~~~~pro!
..-. J

Iarrowhead
22!2)

1)

type All projectiles.

E'.Engleaaburg, 4 rdeaaoawsSergteaunt
%liay 1944,
Arnora,

Tecchnicall

APJE

P/as/i

filaauaal TMt 9-19Mt-3.

pap 311.12

pp 1.'3, 17-'

TILE

S/iee

(Core

AE/?0~D
W
A
W
H . / E C TI LA

Limee ana were


.
cenu
npnta~a
eeee
su seq e t u e w s c n i e o t e R s i n f o t

hi

AS.AH\I,rv.vi,ittior for .iin.l'trpngoe.(FxzplotVQ%


I ' 1
'P 1. pi
Wc ichle it 195
i tinmoni tint 01 gritw)
ased
AS-3 . oun of rith (icrnia. printing (aagni~insv.) crujositiori.
uu.,~tlcei
d %toring WWII1 ins same electric tusehetids. It contai~ned
..
upne n
9 N
rL.N cd~7 iio
1-i ses
iiupeddi.ctn,1
19
csio
si
lea
rs:

aa-/F
ULL:
A)M~k
1)

c rdyi~ir~txhen
l~mr ,rndr~itliewii

',chritren dci
ILt

co$naice
;,.iltaifer Oesbo
Ak.-Jvmie Ler 1.,iftf,kIirrforsdi1n1 ,.

Di
xur Enivictruieiur,

I.Kutrzwveg,

KI:tttt-t~u-itungtot

iDeutscheri

Hu
I
2)l.l ifltii 1~ti.t-ii ReserchiIitil

U
Qin) I11 J.

Noi' 95A6 k9) (1p0 ), Secio

A-Stoff (L~iquid Oxygen) is described in the gene~al section.


It was used in some liquid propellants for guidt-d missile.iReference: Gollin, Rockets and IDirected hlsMieles, cltIS
an Wasefa
I-il No 26- 6 (1946),
OS33-13, p 20, the AS-3, which
Note: According t
School composition 3 (Artillerieschule 3),
nnsAtley
an incendiary composition prepared by mixing 75 pa-ts
red lcad with 25 p of silicon made into a paste with
XC jelly.

.oha.tcaoe
n
&;UAcoin li ii.ilol
prjciew.t%-so vo~,clled a Moodie Shell. A projertilte
caliber ant, *ltout 7(-u min long (Cotmpare -srh ltlichling
*Anticonctete 11tojectilel.
Proectle)wasi
,Secalsot~.ssne
CesnerProjctie),of
AseeAls

Assisted Take-Off (ATO) Units. See under Rocket.

Arsenals and Explosives and Ammurniiion P'lants..~

*.

'11

ASN. see under Untetwossersrptengstoffe.

i.

i, th-pt o~i the Actoy Techi Manual, TM 9-l9h5-3 (1953). 1,


......

See undri (,ranate.

Ammunition (Comnplete. Rc,.-nd).

________________Artillery

Astrolit (Astralite). A tyre of mining exptlosive sirimilar in


to Anisonit and Donarit.
ite
-r in the following Table 3a.
T-picasI comostin

(Artillcty) A list of (,orrnan cannons etc niav le


foundsunder Vealloc-A. I1 fie ti.comoitifoniIf
'ttl~he
rtulletirten
Ali
(Seeti1o Iaschenshucfl fu

.*Artillarle

Table 3o
(.o~apos ition (I.) and

Astrul;r I

Astralit 2

Asrralit 3

Astralit .1

Astralit0N

somie properties
A..-.*mununitrate
TNT I DNT
Vegetable meal a
TNT 4 MNT 4 nilp170

*
-

7.0

1.0

Paraffin oil

2.5

Oxygen Hlslance,%
Trauzl Tesst, cc
Pitlblock Crushaing, mm
sensitiveness to
~~Initiation (requires)
Propa~zatiors in 30 cm

80.0

68.3

0079.0
12,:.0

1.0

(Ito -coal

Velocity of lDetonrn/sec
aOrion
De-nsity a. Cartridge
hetoflxplossion,
heal/ks
Temnperaturti of Fs-

11.

17.0

2 .700
2.72.

1.01

;~______+ 0.5

25
-375

-390

16 062

--

No I Cip

12.0cm

No 5 Cap
8c
-

4900

5400

1.0

1.09

1006

-957.

2170

-2220
______

plosion, 6C

See Ptopagation of Explosion in Cartridges, described in the general section.


Rirf~ri~at.Ausbouehungsprobse
1) A.Magshall, EXPlouIVes. I- (1917), p 9
*)P~ Ni troglycerin (1928), pp 423 & 426.
used asoan
7~~ypmyu~fi (Ethylpheflyurethene) was
of cmesmokeless propeiliants asgsiineInpeies
PeIatiftixei PR3Rept No 11,544 (1945)

Au
,Ingll.

See T-Stoff,

(Expansion Test).See Trauxl Lead Block


Test in the general section.
Ausschwitauflgsptobe (Sweating Teftt). See Eztudation Test
h eea etos
i hsdi
n nte eea etos
inti
.
Axeton (Acvtoisc).Sev general section.
(See
Asie Agides) are describe~d in the Seaeral section.
also thi section udrBcai)

(;er I I
Ato.'.d
St~l~tofwosw~s~of.*,,p

'ezw.,I

..

,g

iaii.

l~Ydra~oac Acid). See.

.3.4 A ve'vicl,* 12- tonx, 66* wide And 4' higli provided with
* .4w ,minder engine*(in the rear), a radio And a space forr
the-'dInver. Alter, Ioetdinij the vehicle with poso.te .engnhgtion
;,." Fes, thmedriver took the car Via:a speed 30 mph) asth
luse- .&.%Possible to the target naarllcd for 'iestrction
*sucha .as A bImvled wire, roo~d block, pihox, bridge. etc.).
1
' f"l'("l tile-' de*lm'mijtian Charges, met th ting fus and then
riasliad I'Act.. 'hehc
vehilerts were easy targets for the
AIes a~re'iw'
vrlep
e,,,I.1.
3,iS
I4.
-11o (Bochemn 349 Misseilvi. See Natter Ila 3.19A and

~3allistisc'te

Armored vehicle listed under I'Anze'r.

Sestiandigung (liallimmtic Staivility). See.

Berelavlter 5.According tip L. Wildard, Wtvto Artil h-r 22.


lrlve11ionoflcodraudvsJ
%li*telecmieBi
n
lseodr.lniie
explosives: Am nitrite, ?9..S I)NT 5. I.( 5, comllodlion coitton
0.%, Al J Aind cellulose 5**; power by the Fre~nch lead 1 w
expaunsioin

test

(nmodifiedi

1Tr.itI

test) in 125, tAkinr the

vaelue for rmicriv Acid Ans lOtU.

.Il.Bergem.Misdwung (ilerger %iixtufe).A smnoke-producing fiuixture

Sevelinlt. 'mine 0in the. inmimiimsge


m'xilmosive,4: Am nitrate 115 And
I
.
I.4 ..ive,
Ili) 1 . lExglosiv.'s 4 H
p) ii

"Boiler" See- 'hlet,.e'r

The Purpose of this round wait top indicate, the exact lorcatIon
f ahit y mans of a Puff of smoke (produced an igrnitio
tile Phosphtorus).
;f
Refervence:
A. J.Dere. Ordnanre Sergeant, lDec 1943. Pit ?!

ieeh

composed of 2 parts of zinc dust and 3 pts of hexmachloremetbaner


S 'Uar Dlept Tech ManuAal, TIM till-%6( (1944), J, 24
Bergmann-Junk Stability Test. Seer geuvral section
Stability Tests.
Bst
drVrame? general rmigo tnmng.e

under

section.
Rallintit or WPC/89 (lturfelpuilver,144)
(cube Pomwder of
hbhW1,)
(l.Alhistitvi.Iark grey propellant consisting of equal
razts. of %(. And collaodion cotton torether with UJ.56 ton1'. of
l)I'e:~
.nm
as ~'ameltm.'It
aoptd in188 by he erma
N Iv.t-b'~sercemive compositions were introduced in 1189".
sol %ko...
tel,. &*~itookun~etimet oil RIOC /W avid
%%herv HI' staunds fo~r Rohrenipulvt'r (tul't powder) ,Marshall.
viI11)
p 103
Bondivich Pulver was prepd I'v commpressingr the Schultze
P'ulver into #.rains o.f high density
I..Gody. *rrait4 dees
Matierevs Eixplosives, Nanmur. (1907). p 469.
ilangolore

Torpedo

(In

Rohrf Selullte Reihlenladungi.se


Se

general svction.

Bar (ilear?.tnv of the experimental tanks (See under P'anzer).

Beschpuesprobe fStimotiaig Teste. cAlleJ in the I. S A. Rifle


Bsullct Test). It is similar to the 1US test descril-ed in the
geerral section. The Germian to-at is conducted acceurding
toetahrS'eg
n
cistfe198.p
1b
fhta,
iring .A standairdl infain"trritle from, a dist~anic of 21)*iiatervs.
Blazzi Continuous Process for the Production of Nitro.
glycerin and Nifteglycol as used a~t the Dynamit A -C,,
Schlel'uch Fabrik is described -v firs W.D.Littlef
l).H.Clapp, BIOS Final Rept 1842 (1946) (Seer also under
general section).
Bichel Explosives. Several compositions were patented by
C;.E.1.ihal At the end of the las: century, amvong them: a)
IOUparts nmixed with 10 p of auhfureted turpentine, 12) %a
nitrate 9I~l-lo p mi~eJ with 5 r of nitrocumene and IHep of
sulfuretemi tar oil, c) Am nitrate 846 p mixed with 8 r of i NT
and 6 r~flour or starch.
Reference:. laniel,D3ictionnaire (1902), pp 67-&.

Snouted. See general section.

Barytique tl'oudie) . Under this title. W)aiel. I)ictionnaire.


(190W), p 57 gives t1mixture of 8 parts of black powder withf
2parts of Ila nitrate. It was used in the 1860's in larger
caliber guns,
8oumwolle (Cotton).See under Cellulose in the general seetion.
Behelfamine (Improvised or Makeshift Mine). Several land
mines used by the Germans during WW 11were made from
For instance
items not specially designed lot mines.
Behelismine W-1, A/P was improvised from captured 50mm
mortar shell. several improvised land mines are describeJ
onpp 279-843 of TIM 9-1985-2 (1953).
00for

Sailadlung.See Booster Charge and under Ignition,


Soulsi (liellite).One of the Sprengel type explosives. It was
also used in E~ngland and other countries (See in the general
Bent Barrel.
See Krumieerlauf.
Beoboachtun~gvgtchotliarposne (observation Round). Fixed
round with a projectile which had a Core of tIL, a fume In
the csntral portion and ai phosphorus filler in' the base,

Big Bertles Gun.See general section.


BlIkarbit (Bicarbeite) . A type of permissible explosive
containing large amounts of sodium bicarbonate: and smalU
amounts of NG, patented by W A S A -G before TV 11. These
explosives, although they contained a large amount of
NalICO, and asmall amount of NG, were very easy to
iniiat? Mxtuescontaining as much as 95% NaIICO and
as little vsa 5% NG could still be initiated by ordinary 6.lsstin& caops.
The~ followring are the composition and properties of
one of the bicarbites: NG 1S, NsI4CO 50 and NaCI 35%;
temp of explosion 4000, veloc of deia 2500 in/sec, heat
of explosion 162 kcal/Lg,1 d 1.35, Traul teast value 30 cem
a lOS sampler, specific prielsure 610 atmn x I/kg, $- isance
value (Kast) B a d x(sp press)x (vel of, det) x I.." a
2.06, gap test value (1)etoenationsu~beclasrunaprobe oider
Sehlagweiteprobe)l 40 cm, required for initiation at least
a, No 2 blastiag cap; volunie of gasoes evolved on explosion
of 1 k is 259 1at 2Or.mnJ 760 mmtJig (11 0 in vapor phase).
composition nf Bases: CO 46.1. 11.0"43.2. N. 9.2. and
02 1.5%.
22
Note: When a mriue lerisant explosive is destired, the amount
of %G is incteaseid. the amiuntsa(o NaCI and NaIICO5 are
decreased and sonic fuel And oxidizer aet incorporated.

Ger 112-

I lot

1I
%v11.iii,

Itq 110
I:

~\

'.1%

AN4

isIiI~l~(1121
..

.111 UX.1.sq* I,

Notes: Ac cord ing it) I..M.She don.

ofl itchi .1,


I

Manufacture nf init atin u

et27-5H p 3. the manufacture of


: plosivvs, net", CO
h ollratshausen I ltint ail 1)ynamit A' -C was
. Au at tit(

t
II.t:
.~~d
aN *
ti.0., sos
1. i, lra.~.z.I
ll-in0to,
ro4
till;
.irb.ki.p it-,t Value 31
l

cvliisrica) vessul, jacketed for circulation 3(


heatin., oir coolint- water (ir brine. Aptnation was conducted
oeterarall, located shaft havitil; 4 blades apt shown
li-s
.~
Noclslastnj
n the attached tlra wini:. *This firi ratoi could be raised
114
, r it's \ .rt. tomparat t 1% !X'150
b'ut ths'
ort lowered tar requited to provide the
most effective position for securin~g the
tor list, ill ,.ksvots tr dIusty coa.l
Iri-v~i' i.- Ic .. 'si~r%
dsired mixing. I or discharging the
::sits.
contents of the reaction vessel the
A~L
~
shaft was raised clear of the
~.iltitator
tr I
\d~',
troal wheel bactted an the stopporti ng
o
I tros *
It.Lithol,.rii-lred by~ I:.! wird
s, I. r r, brlii II )ll)
framework. Stock solutiones, 9 to
Ailo-.Micoi'r
10)"; by weight of lead nitrate and
7V
_. to 3.0!'. by we of sodium azide
.~
,.iutur A': v
Ijisuit
zn.~'r
Biscit
tn.Jr ~iqrp
Aato .":v
were kept in large vessels place4
S
higther than the reactor in order to
secure the flow of liquids by gravity.
6lack Powdei.r. st',. %;Iliolarli.11ilo'er.
*
preThe correct volume for each
cipitationf charge was ohtained by
use of calibrated glass bottles.
31oast nel Cap s st I 'i '~to .the
I lorw raiges we-re controlled by manually operated stopcocks.
the alkalinity of the
"rc
'iaion
lit-fore jpror.eeding with
pe.ktiw
'
Uoi."
Bleastint,
a~~iewv
iOn.
S' tIiit-t~ittl
%olliutri airide xaolution was chcked by titrating with normal
sulfuric aicid soli.. To be acceptable lor uae, 50 mil of azide
t
Nob,' llctuired 8 to 10 ml of acid to reach the phenolphdaualcin
3laittchenpulvair Oder *B' Pulver (L~eaf I owder or Hal~ke
v&'h,.'

2i

hioteri.,m

~~~~~t
I I ~
* ~ N..I,%,d
a

do *

rA roR

*I

ii*
W.s.tidt

endposnta. if the sotai was not ssafficienrly alkaline son


sodium hydroxide wsadded to the stock soln and
dlt
titratien repeated. oIrdinary tra water was used for
moaking the stock solutions.
precipitationi, the volume
u nidvda
arin
I
of haolution required ito give 4.5 kg of actual lead nitrate
(SU0 1 when using A o% solai) was drawn from the supply
taonk and measured in .i calibrated $lAss bottle front which
it was trani,-lure,, to tile reactor. (This aniount i0 le its nitrate
0. stil tick
aod
rsuling
rie. [tclaks (hichwer
2
is al'out 18" soi cxLess oif thar lleoretitally require.').
anadhail a surfaee Of V1! nlm ) were surface-treaited withi
onto about 51)0 solne dilute sodium.
h
Aftr hetn
lv'ierized graphite in order tol make
sndfin
ceot~slte
was added until the soln became neutral to
then ~vigr-.;iveburnnghydroxide
by a spot plate test. After
methyl
orne
sdetermined
fla
neutralizaio'15&0 g of potato dextrmn (which had previously
been dispersed in warm water) was added to the soln.
3ilobsbdtief Led Azido. (L. A ).See AzeneraiI -ection. under
The correct volume of sodiunm axide soln to give 1.5 kg
* Aziden. It %vits ulled in U;crmnrao in -ionic pim~ing aind iniriltof actual material (500 1 when using a 31'iisoln) was measured
hls
...
criilii
alibrated glass, bottle from which it was discharged
coioitn.i~~
tO~~~~
ishtouIt an adjustable stogoct ints: the reactor, while
Awas pretul in (~rimnany 41torirng UW 11 from sodium oxide
constantly stirfing the solon and mainrainine. it 4t 500. The
aind lead .sitratel in the presence of dextrin, in the following
rate of flow was controlletd so that the total quantity of
manacf
Na aiside soln was added at afairly uniform rate over a
eriod of about I hour.
.0
f.lieso
water containIirnn 1.5 kg; of a lu
After addition of the Na iaxide solo laid been completed,
lxas Wdded slowly to Olt)I of an aqueous solution
the a Itao was stopped, thr lead azide allowed to settle
tonlititiit.; 5 LA''of 11X,1. ;and 0.15 L), sf l.-ortrin, pr,!and. te mother liquor decanted by tilting the vessel. After
hsi.ited hIt 6011 .int stirred by air. After adding the first
flving ont, dilution wash directly in the reaction vessel,
5liters, th.erv, was a pause of( 5 minutes. Tile remaining
it was tilted and the precipitate transferred by means of
a je~t of water onto a barge cloth filter supported on a natural
the
and
.1iS . war. sadded during the nest .15 minutes,
lead aside with three
driaefle.Atrrnigthe
.4itirrnj 'was continued (for 15 minutes, while tile mixture
diaspbaccetr~tt type washes, the cloth was folded over the
secltdliv sest-arat of eubl- watr.r ..irculating through
and the ensemble placed in a plastic bucket which
.azide
.
*
was carried to tlne storage vrea. The yield was abnut 3.3 kgt
flt.- jail-er
lead azide.
of
dextrinated
filter
a
onto
.
W
.)1ollsurimiig this. the reactor was tipped
A sample of each batch wasssent tothe laboratory where
tile 1. A retained on a filter cloth made ilf horTse
an~md
crystals were examined microscopically and compared
Sutiunwaathe
hair
with acceptable standards. Then port of oxide was dried and
hi.Scinwsapplied
its loading density was determined.
.c)
After rinsing the 1. A with several portions of water,
iordsutonouwaedIAitasraedsc
it was placed on sheets of paper ;ittachoed to frames
r.'pt-bl.oit. :cordiiij! to 1Ssit-thilacttr,Spareng- und Scheb~iticste
3rs
~lilngamxueo
b o,,loiirn~
Is),iM , '.0 it W.Is Prel'
ni~trt f ~thti~
,4 ~ 5l0!~5II~-1
0 ke"oll)
of N constent maill muti I .1
.'*
.18id 1 p, of soluble NC fKo~lliliurnwolle) oif N contteiir,
ititur 05%ofth sablier(ll'.I
nt .~siig
Allt o~it
AfindPnofilutas-tinucis)r (Na oalt0')(I tile mss as~le Millsd
Itake (wichwer 03mut- tick
.ind rie.
* Itieresltig

dlone by Wlowing nit for 4U r

pt:

550thog

solto.

J) fte
t 2,coligte cntntsof ac shetwere
as
:rred :olmit propei cntrtbeowr dish. Theryeing
I rnsfe
lide toth smedish,
rid
. t ws
.lfflontof
plant.
auatrn
odeoao
a hnsn
whc

Ilfefferkorti in the 7.eirschrift for Naturfnirschung 3a, 364


a i.t
h:5nticcd:lnadan8
(1948).
Actorditsp. to :.Schneider, Sl-rcn#,tecbinik Noi Iti-l I,
IIp 115-190 (195') and lExplosivistoffe 'Not 1-2. Ipp1.10 (1953).

I.. A restaining in the mother liquor,


inorder to Jskestm o .
f nuns' .rid (04 lie) and about !, I of coned
5 liters IV(
Aboutes
per Isitch of 1. A.
Nat nitrite sohmiwe-re .id
I'l.
lRefere-nce. loilt 114-i" 95,611 (1947), Sections 01

edpesdi h odn
eoe
AadSrnklsll
Preisfaure exceedJs; abiout 900 Lg.!cn. (about 12."hollJpsi)
sttenconditions. Ilerfcl dry L A can stand
dependiet
higher pressurest wrbout leving duad-plresised, but 1. A Ton-

it mit 1, . . It .0- r, -i
i,toot I~I~
.c.. m. .iir.t.i'

it. -tif

~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~

~ ~.,r
~~~~1Ie
'c.L

141 i fitock ausbouchurat


Trautliscic
Protbe blatboeokorolbe
I.3l~. .l ...Jrori,~nuchTrozl
I..
i t
.terotrthe
r,. noch T.rst
t z e."I fa.-

teIl..L

,.,..i

mii.uitmiI4pnh

Bl~i block taauchung sprobef 1.4.0 1,Ilko k Intp.res;c~.%.on 'I ro


Stoctarob
C
iirs. I e..
n cw
scu~cn.

~c

Siou (Ili.1sr
lipobe

8106ccono xyd
Bleinitor'If

( L.inI

B!e~ooyd, rotesa itrle

iI

1--.t

1*a~\t~i

Olcioxfodul

`-iv

'

I,

.'t

the

It .

it11

vt

..

~~rs~r~I
)-rivrl

Iet'.

.1.

4-m-e!i~

ce-1".

d...j

C'11.6.A .I %etc~
Lt 66613.4

0~t.

I4 2*'..*t

finishinig the precipit~ation 4~ the I. 11 the


ve-4-totI '.lm,,tsI.l It. cle~anted beforev hcinp. used. .alcain l-v
toirriny with -I I tof 'toi nv nitric .c,.ia .And I61II Iof water.
N L.ote: Alter

1;

(,.Aslccrkdft

et

al

netpt-o

oi

isor

C m

rc

ItI til f Iino


mu Repowt No 8433. ItemnXt
Indura,
-. I..cnd~o. It M Statitim-rv I Office I4.
III; Kept %i 1.7
t~i
a''
l4.S~u'
)
x-imil.le~s

ec

Bleiosyduloxyd eL~.iIeiead

3lepeosy
r6..I.63I
.36*
lirldt.It

ill

e
.. 2 k-

-met abisut t.
p,.jrevide.1 withll.
061111.
3 r6. slien
%
liut unctt-rmal. Icy pto mni* 3WI I- it it fiune.
tc.dithr with .a rol,'jia .. tropr~er (.Abls~ut I
a ti an-Im
HAu,hlcinfto a vvluindrjcoal sieve. Ill
iArna 1-y to, Jt-i.,
provideda with .1 -.ilk cnc,.ve.1491oh, I'MO
IWft6461 per MCI
t no
"tIt6~tieItor
*~' fi'tt-Itc-11
4i stoppe'tre'd poll'i r. n,.mcls. 4.tt

~"..'1~ic~

Aici cblockprobe

tm~ I...
c~t
it'
;.pe-..c~
eld mit dlried moatermie! simiuhlm
IWe.About

aI.,'
'c%.tic

~tmw~al'.-1.me

I vetC'.idtt' S . V6. U%'.t't dut'hl


6.c.ak' I a% ,no

of te ll-

.') Anonll.
1 ;

tap Sol. 4,5,61l(47.Scto

BlelpIettenproeh..Sea.
Seltsolpettar

ItI(t.%,I

l.e4a.I Plate Teoit in thi, getneral sectiont.


atrate). !teCr g.neral

stoolion,

under

'~t.t5

~~~ ~
e~t65t615sc
~ ~ ~ ~6.i ~'It ~
h ~~~6
;.l
brin
ti~.th'cIt61
I frresoei not odor Blivlatyplanot fILead 1Trinitroc
t'.~~df~a
~ *E'
-reto-rn
ie. o-r Lea I %~typhiatite) tiL St ) Blel Sols dois Tallsins
~. .3. iV. ~t!~at i'tt.H ii),
Triltinat a-for Tricloof. Se. gener~al ectison unclet Styphnic
e

rt~
c~c~c.e~,
. '~im:'c'a.c:

*.i

ieiM..ilec

Bleipikrot 61.C.ad Pi'mr~atea it. 1- 1. smcI 'ivirates,; %%-o,


* cc..
ii. twr.i
m ite.~
ir
I.
i,
cra
rre:S e.
u'.erac.1.c mt'..ciceta.m
ttorv.
wSis oicjo' 1--r thiit Ti] ..,.iwi mi-.t
Iv.t

I.,Lit
liter

Ac.~id anti Alsts the references li-itet l em.w. One of the mnethodls
of prep?. userd in Gtiermeany during VA I %an An. fol!clwsi
-venr~aI oection under
Irinictr..reeorcinotte (T.NX). called Trizcima
72 logt - .At.
Irtp.,ractmin -1i ,-nit ion
ottirredii t
In.
'do I
I
,.-...ctm ning 12 L
.
~
fail hill1ouic ni not-thcoccI
until thol: TXR dissolved. n~en the solutioin was .
Ifit rate. 1-%the .Atitin'
fatied with wate~r until it contained 2A4 kg TXR for e~c It

,.I
I tri ua'ac'!;ift,
nirat
'I
csolutacclm It-I63lltifliga Im '. pe
'"'
...
:t,'tel vt1'.%6l (N'2.% '.tecl).
s.~i

?. I ,cI Ih clitratt.mt
mit,- .-. c~al

ct.ieefmecc.-

tosrcit
6,6.

to.sth.s

us.

nla

zd

1.

1 --1 ILL.t .Sltcr so,e thrait the terwicj ira time- ve'.'.l is.
.aI...it 6.". Iled in g-radu~all. (withmin i mccnutcraa) with
'.air-imc5 . I5 1 %.a;-iria. .Ac.id otluticon eiantaininy I0 Y
I %a 1-.ev lite~r. .Adde "-h I .- f 4,66 'A-ift
lo
f
.1614a.lallw to.
'.6:1 I. t.-r *P litcurs. D ecant the liq~uor. tr~anscfer time iclurat
tr,c a1 Lail,.- filter c. kth 11lte,.d. over a Nutscm or l~argec
'.'at alurm filter with sloping sidtcs. After allo4wpLorct-lalic
incg lit- slurry tat settle until the surf~ace ofl the 1. 11 .

jut isiij~ihelhrug temother liquor. *.gaft the


justJisiic.uihedthrughthe.aCIdified
VA~tumuc
I'utol, .AnJ let it run for 5-4 hours. L~it the calico
filter ancd tr~ansfr-r the13t.11 tit .i staicnle-ss steel v itlsing
p6.
I. Iut
6cmctiic~cc:
ct
et~an'
"6c~tum~ wth
ocf miehalramol, tocgetheir with 5W0 nit o
" aqueaau.
le~ad nitr~ate scclatic'n. After thoroughly ncmxing the in1-reientr. fGy ccie..rms of -a woccaen spitul~a , tr~ansfer the
,clurtv back it) thmeealieej filter cloth cmntime Nutoicl-.
a.llcw toa settle for .about 1, hour .And then oper~ate the
......

ahiic-etllsh

Nc'1tv.: Thmee~xtent cmlthe drying on the

I tat solution. The resulting mixture ctuntaane' t magcxium trinitroresicfcin~ale.


TPo 44t 1 of tht abcove misture. preheatedm to (.V63UIJ
stirred in a vessel, was acdded gradually (4c ring 2lu
mainutes) 12.% I of can maqsolution contatining .1 kg of
lea.# nitrite. This ,*.ave lead lityrhan~at.
'aifter .allowinli,
tctr nmixture tc, st~nl ndaoi otling it tic 200., th nmoctlher
icluoir w.as dceanted lt-aving the rpm of L St. AMsoc.mec
Sot remc,.men-..I in thme
mnotcer liq~uor, it half to k-e leatrm'c%
ll..th ,.gs done by .Adding stomei sodium c~Arl"'Oo,6.to
I..
usiicsr taoarisf~dolod time I. St into %a styphinAte .and
the lead as l'bCO3 .
Afiter renmoving the I'tbt,,. the remaining liquid was
with waste Acid .and the resulting styrhnic
Acid reduced to a non-explosive ItiAmine b me-.in of
irnflns(e
.
According to Stettixacher (Ref 3), L Sr mtay beib erdl Icy
mixing the boiling -- olns of trinitrorccorcinol 1: .eviounly ceu'tralized with NA carbmonate) arid lea%! nitr"Ite.
prec pit~ated

Acrigt

~u

Rf1.LS

a.be

sda

Acrigt
~om(e )
rhsbe
sda
an initiating explosive in Ckrcnany since about 1920 when
the so-called Trixinmatkrpseeln (q v ) were put on the market
by~* the

Spenai.of

-a.uc

govns-teAlicy theul
lmltS tienic-'cst1isb
ic. gcvsmoud
Seversl types of initiating compositions aused by
e.rimed Il.y-the f~act that lthe paste hcas to he soft enough to
Germans during VWiIf contained 1. St.
snit ir in .a fairly thcin layer cin papcr foar subsoiquent drying.
(eeaounr
imyadIittngC
potis)
tsprng Ctmoffsition),p
n
' r[rmrund
1)e alsNoWShsa
'l~ace tlic. c..tiito filter clcath cont~aininp the 1. 11 in ;i
l..iaernc~dctlcuks~
tiid ranferit o te dyin hose.
BVy neecan., of ;a wocoden spatula. smear the moist L 11
upomi A1 lituohl sheet of paper )' x 3' placed on the
cloth of a dry icingfrantce. D~ry the nmamerial for 4 hours.
starting at rAmni teimp And raising it to 400 and finally
to ('0.
.%,te: c:ak-ing usu~allv results, if the tenmperature is raised
[too r~apidly.

the
8

2) Ill; Rept 95.613 (1947). Section N


31 A1.Stcttlacher,Spreng- und Schiestatoffr (1948), p 9o.
Note: L..N.Sheldtcn, Manufacture of Initiating K plosives,
etc,
ClIOS Rept, File No 27-38 (19615). pp 9-111describes
the method of mawaufactast- of 1. St at Wolfratshausoen [Plant,
Ilynamit A -G:
a) 120 kg of TNR was dispersed an 350 1 ot water and

9999itii

19

99')

.91%9*

* W1it,

?-

wl99
ii ( i

list-999
te

Vt~tia
prt-c

mr

O Iw.99 vihen

ipitaion

r tit
w. v

-seii." wher
19 -f91,99
I9 id 99 Sitrtv. tf9.*

it9,) was
M oli
kd

99
'i ..the 999 :h i . Saif a99 (A99)". ] tirin
9
6In
l9.A99 so.o dcasnall of9 t .he 1,19%son
9

999i'i

9'j.

014.

1'-tI.19
'-!~i lilwr,9 ( !
*~~~~ue

andC
iith . 9'

1a ilt92C

Was
h

99.9
decantation [Cd l I~ ilu99.'

91olc

1218.
.
Lead
.1

toi

S.

9k

the

9t'ill

Slo
T

9)99'9

~~usonting a9999
~clot ~ wl91rt
~
the same19. tchninque

ion 1. 9 .9

n,9i99.9 sec(9,

281. i-t I of

9999,9,9

91

M,99

ininti .r 9

tw
,
*

ur inpv,

~In oti

*9199

)i.19
if i~t,
9

999

19.9..19'r9.!
1*

.9 In vam e

the

I92

999 iie

at

is
i

rcI
IBv hptrn
tIv

Boh

99S it

ni

02 I.9

en9 t

"I

nui.c

tl
..

99(

rI

fo

Nitro199o
sc1iIli

99 99.9I'ct

tinoer~rIit9

99

rl..i

99

-it Pa

02
9 99

t.he.99 tim

t
9

)959999

(or liisttraly

I9 for Mi9itar9
aeo
9J9*r
9

d.'ari

Iio
9

Drill9.

Ca09.. i~i
%o1999

it

99.e

V1ln

Itwsmifo
4.9919
pae
.irmw
hre
icric acid and ca lied
plcd.
as
.I, W99i.99,l
I A . '119.'- yieWs of1 I9St was' alou
099 K lig.
hrl~atrone H48 . ( .clvet, Iligh Ex'1.losive9s (19184). 1,' 3
A, 9. 'tIinr to~ .'Z. I.1' ewi.to 999 9.! .C109
4:t
t* No914-3,
thel fid,
off
(i 1, 44 war9 used at
Bohrpotrone 28 (D~rill
Ca'9r:dfc of 19.1").A l'l.ASting ca~t91,. 9,.tw.'
*Irk,i'.dotw I I.Int. * I vilami: A -(I
ridgec, .iescril ed under Ovimolition C:harge. According~ to
* Into a staii
'.'.
s-'969
kettle9
III
9
.1(91t
19
(British)
)9a11991i
9
(1'i95~3), p* 21' the ch~argel was used Also9 in9
TIM
agitator,
.90 -tit 9~.
liters), p'r99v1.)99l witll99 .111
c.9j'.91
19
5.999
5999i.9i.99Io
ater,
cd
aft)9n9nnel
-.rgbfoyini land mines such a9s Stockniine.
9. L9timenci
Ur
ox ide. Trhe formati on 99f
99,
9.91.
ti9
19' lorcil he.at, a~nd whienthe19.
wa.99t-it
sim
styp
e dit9'99p.r.99i9.
.b~u
'I"
9.,9C19'1
.,
shiun
o
1
Bomb Contolnert. See undler Con*ta(ine~rs.
.11 19.9*1llitraw9
ini I2.I. I of1 waiter %a.s run in. *flhe yield
'.9.9' i~J, , ..f I ISt.
II al
. l 11919.4 above
1,9
919,9.1..9*) 9I9.to9ii.c 9ure. of 1. "t tile
999%
i9 ed9.9 for tIhe 999999utict 199
9'
IN"Vitt.' 9 ini 1.9
Vessels9
.1

tho.9999*o9

99 %i

~999

o9f 1, .1.

~t~tlqo,~i

* Irtit
91t,
de%
99r9C.99
It
Stiah
'excess. In'( .999.iiUf hic.U19.9n.9wa -k'
fe
919j
:91moro99IjVi, ifr.9r filinjg'. fo9llowed9 by sulfuric acid were99Added.

OMBE (liomt,). Talolt' ii. 1 ivv-. liste 14csig~nations


G991.)ad
.erman i mi's, and 9)99.r EnlisI49l *9iuiv.ienvtS.

of some

Table 3b
Iil/.l1iitzlichtcylindirische

liomiben Tjorpedo
I.'.k~mnpftw&99~i91 , I'u. h
NbC.Nelilclcyindrisclhe
pc
l~ianzerdurcha;chla99cylin-irinche
* 911anzerdick
wand i ge
S.%
sit
Sprenr~mlclighorib
[;T

Splitterbeton

l'.ie.

* cSprengeylindiilsehe
*

SSD)
(kleia)
SI)

sip

Spre'igdickwantdiite (kleil')
sprengdickwsadige
.

ZC

splitter
ementcylindrische

\ote - The two principal German lIIf" bombs were S;C and
l9t. TIhe. SC* or !eneral purpose bombs. had loadini:m factors
'if
'J
'"' i ~11. -9.q
of, their AirrtfuNtruve, qual'ity were
ta9!eprimarily for general demiolition. These bhombs were
Uually o1 three niece steel tonstruction, with the Pose
be.injc weld...I to a * 4ular body and the sheet steel or alloy
tail being attached t. the bomb body by screws or rivets.
'The SC bombet were not streamlined. The SD lic~mhs, heis
had a load ing factor of about 35!; anT,
SAP,penetrative
tither All
bcause
of ortheir
qualities, were used primarily
.against. ships or fortifications. The bombs were streamlined
anor had thicker walls than them5C. They were usually
dIrawn ar forged in one piece.. A tail extens~ion with a dummy
mischtead wast sometimes attached to give the bomb a more
*streamlined appearance.
* Other bouibs RA, IM, Site, etc may he characterized
ats follows: The SA and SB bombs were thin walkc
with

Cylindrical photoflash bomb

lorpedo bomb
(:cm.cal cylindrical bomb
Cylinricall

smoke bomb

Armoir-piercing (AP) bomb


Armor-pierciag (AIl) bomnb~thick walled
Ilish capacity (1IC) bomb (Bomb of maxinmumhi")
exrlo~sive (Demolition bomb) of
high capaicity
Concrete fragmentation bomb
Il'rh-explosive cylindrical (General purrolle) bomb
Anti-personnel (Striall) bomb
Ifigh-explosive thick walled (Semni-armor piercirnj,
fragmentation) bomb
Fragmentation (Anti-personumel) bomb
Cement, cylindrical bomb.

loading factors as high as 80.. They were designed to


rive maximum blast effect. The SR& bombis had thick con9-rptp waitit itp,,feipA with Itirelt and their Inadinp factor
was about 20T.. They were fill1ed with:*low power ex losive
and were used otothe same purpose as SD) a. The PC bomb.
were AP' and used primarily against ships and fortifications.
They were slightly streamlined with a heavy nose (hardened
casat steel) and heavy walls (cast steel) with the thickness
decreasing 'toward the base of the bomb. Their loading
factor was about 20%. The PO bombs were thinner, longer,
had thicker walls than PC a and their loading factor was
about 15%. They were more penetrating than PC a. The ST
was designed -along lines similar to a itipedot excerit fot
the after section where there were three large tail fine.
The missile was put into productioa during the last two
months of the war, but was never lulled operationally. The
ZC bombs, such As Z'e 10 kg and '/C 50 kg were vtractice

4.1 ,

OF.

too

an tc

Laf

0 "0u'ft

pOem

*@ee

/0~t

-to* "IMKt,

.. os.t

-A

WIT,

,Nto

PCt

wee

USgm

*74.

..

TAP_.
Cole

'.CCS.1 M-AGI

IU
WAS07 A

-11-S@RSIOP

400 sC.,B..& IE.9.I Ef-Smo


Apeinsea'FRMW

tIOC
-. I

"

RO7

CAUTx

___________

IS AA

rule
VWCT

5,10151111411

CHAJ104SIOSS~

9lJ'f ,OCe11

[PICOWFOWGA
I/P,%St

InUR-MMl-SM*

FILLIONLIS

PLU

--

LU

Is1II

tm

'I,

t.

IAl.f

PC
SDI7O-K~'

~PCIO~

BOMB

ZtENYAL

~coKoPC 500 RS

cI'i

PCBOMB

1000EL-Kg

ROCKET
E'ro
Z 49)

rf

.Aq GING
0,/I j LEAD
-

bAN [

:MARGING
HEAD

EPLOSVE

CAVITY

PYROTECHNIC

SECAGUE

'JS~t4%'N, LUG

fCL J

IPA

tjG

LU

I~

BUSTING

S-0obsg

STEE~LA
PLUN

ILIN
PE-

3~8

II',,

-L

TYPE

F-PELLET
FjuZE

ARIGSP1NOLE

i-fPE

2-

afTN

-GAiNI

~ISINGS

1 AMING

SIDES

/'

5D - I k

MA'N I'l

"7.ION

GAIN

S D IFrz)

~ING

tPer I
i' iil
k
s, ed frino .oniretes. Tllh- BLZ. KC and NbC
, h , ut h a lfd ifelre n t
p e air~
a nc
e tlh e SC b onh
i o mttb s , % f -lj lhtd in a p~
fillitngs.. The SP , fragien nt aiton, A I, shimil s ftlodes'cribed
9) 1
in j1'I
9.1p ,-. 0(1954)
the
I lie hl'ihuinj: bominl's are des.cribed in the VI- l)-ptcf
Arniv "lt'l'ni.aiv l M.anuml T!M (1-19145-2. (,ernmr.[pliht ive
3r(4ui~na !n,
..
I.1,1itgt
I) (. 1 )051) p I to, 12.
I I Mt 5c kg Ili %as filled with " ..1 kgp ,I, *..ist "I'.T.
.i nartol or frilen (I' ci
Noltt:I ')-II)X%-' (I
As43it-e%
not give tile tierna.sr equiv.tleit
of Ihi -iit siml 1l sa,,v. that the 1,onml1had .i iue-piece cast
.tet I I,,,Iuy t,,atchinet; ,all the fittings were welded in place.
I !( 510 kg. ct.,adt I - Ja, I., And s.aso w-!rf file.! wilh
1
* I ito .:*
.c of vasst TNT, powdered dinatil air t.iIt
Is.ala.le
(I (gs
It,
j .Inil J,. were filled
I3) 5M ', kL t,r;de II - j)I,
of TNT, aimatol or tri.aen (p -)
with -'I to, 21,
2,
t. 4,
I., 1.2, It antd K
I) MC 25p kt - Types 1, 2. and
setr- filled with 2'14 Iibs of .amatol, TNT. TNT and wax
Or wood mle.al aondI Al powder .in naphth.alene anti Am
nitrale (pl Np
(
o kg e,ra.je III (K. I.. and j) were filled with
5) Sc.
ky of .aniartil, TNT or trm.alen. lioi,, recovered with
tr i. icvn fillit,: eont,tioPd also .p to 53oo cylinuiriclI
;,aper-wrapred pellets Compose.d ofl Ri)X/Al/wax (p ').
St.
SC3
ot kg"Iiermnann' (C., I., and 1.2) were filled with
.aiottut touw kg : .ata.atol, TNT.'A\Iwoo4d mea' :or trialen

"o2

9)

(1

")

S(: I 1ou kg was filled with 03l kgr of trialsen.


c. I14
I10 kg "Sat.an" wais filled with anatl,-, TNT
h)
lor trialen (p 11 )
C12).
93) ;(. 2-00 k'g was fill.-d with 975 kg a.mtnl (p
I)3 St. 25)0( kg.'IAX"was filled with irialen or .u mixture
of .matol with RI)X and Al powder (p 13)
Ill
Sli jt)') kg kugcl K - 'Kurt* Apparatus was filled
wilh tOo LS high explosive. It was a "sLip" bonmb design.. tat operate likt a skipping stone over a smtooth water
surface for use .Ag.ainst ship:, power plant., lock gates,
etc. (pp1 1.1-I6)
12) SIt 1000 kg was filled with 735 kL Rl)X/AlI/wax
matrix (p I-)
tiscuits in a Trialen 10(
13) Sit I10j(. kg lar.'chute was filled with biscuits cor16";'
V
sisting of Am nitrate 51. (.a nitrate 31 and RI)
in matrix of 1)514 4.1, RKLX I5,and Am nitrate 37,' (pl")
I-It 11iJ 25(10 kg was filled with 2.100 kg amatol or
Tralen 105 (111)
151 SD o0(1350, M)OD!)and 1)501.) were filled with 16.-4
kg TNT (p 19)

lU) SI) 250 kg (D)250.

I)250J!i, 1)2501. anJ D)250111.)

In the Instl

(1p JII)

till
L, I SIjP %
1, 1 i o
2c ,U 1I ) S .I.It s ., I%fill,- !
Ai
no.is , f ill ,: l ,r k ,.t
1 i.it d Will,
the ib't y.. .35 N iE
I't
2-) (o., kr A/1' P'arachlute l.onib tii, taine.t I
"tl'!tsive (l, '1
21
i. 14
44
il C.a t l':I
"11 1 k,: SI) I .ovtar Coni int.m
.itA
1otainel .anmiitol or j'rttiel.it I\I
-21) I ky SI) I P
44t+,
The 1;i/. war. . Frent hI s t.ihus,,l bI,+ it tierti sli,
04
%asju
t! t
o,.j) 2 kg Ilutterflv' SD 2A .anti M)1 .
o, of cant T`T surroun.ed by a laer vi I *tuntini"-t
7.5
complsiti-m (p
1I)
$1) Sit ; klg contained 4 lhs of .,,, eorltsiv. 'i 4'.
I s.ior
12) SI) I Lg Ill. (holalw , ls.-tgr; A.,I- and V f.s.+.c
rained 12 ox of cant TNT ocr it-, %I - TNTT MIX I Ui.t
)1)Il I R1. tiilt.aiioel ITNT
13) SI) 10A Type. 1. H And
or amatol (p 38)
'll.
'.
3-i) i) I((. contained Aboiut O."s kr .if .An txt.,,it
15) 12 kg SC Ii Ic:onereuceont-ained I..9 L,: TNI i 1 iFO
%h-il 3-0jo
36) Si) 15 C.otvett. Ptrojectile contained hI,,ii
charge exrlosive p .li)
sti
17) Site 50 kg Concrete in earlier slpecimenst'ni.a,
TXT. and, in .Ill l.ater lwanals .n naph.th.lene e's: .. ir.
mixture of low lrin.tun e 3:, .I
Mat a
11S) SIe -,%t kr (c tn'ri-t.ml.,tuinet- I. I i--!.-ts
1tt .,0mixture of An. nitrate a ith %ma.il .. ,munt.u t
an.i Al i,-oder ift it)
I()DX M! *.., it
o
t.1t.1nc.l bi.tuit.
og
of
119) SA. .1000 k4
.A matrix ol %, ,i5(o A ..atol I p 11)
k
'1, I.+.0:1;
19a.) IIT (liluii at Ttrl'pd.ill. .. 3, L, -wt, Lt..
141,1 kg (p .I.e0
w.V6N tilt;-,
wil!,
I .iriv.itt
111) 2 kg: AirCr.mft 1",,0Ulie l: .1,.)
Awl ".2 L.L I, .endtri tictim.ia,
aI
-11) 1 kg, 1.3 kg.. '
and .I Ili
.a. ILI. .hEr l:
theriiitc
.as the incnt'nliar
ch.sr.e irp 0(,-501
trl+
,n
51,1
(
.1-2) SO kg Incendiary iSprerng.l-r.atln
thermite is the incendiary .ini! TNT.as the itf'stt r a Ii.
(p 5(' 0
iI.AMI contained an oil in.11) 250 kg Incendiary

cendiary mixture and TNT as the burster cn.irgse Ip 1.1"


-1-i) SA. kg Incendiary (l-I.AM) aontained .a mixture. .1
I"T
"('. 40 - petrvleumnl-nzwme As the inrenudiary on.1'%
as the burster chafrge (p S,.
l,
iti At cotnsin.'. -of.
tI
45) 5( kgz Incendiary (itrand
i,
jt Ilbs of a mixture consisting of b'enzine Wt.. I..-;
-i a.tit pure rubber IV.' (p 541)
-i*,1 So kg- Incendiary (brand C. %#. It) con, ..... .

77 Ibs of white photsphorus 'p 'i)

were filled with 79 ktr TNT (p 20)


17) SD 50U kg, SI)500A and SI)5U00F were filled with
about 200 kg amatol or TNT/wax (p 22)
18) SD 1700 kg was filled w*th 730 kg of TNT or amatol
(p 23)
19) PC 500 kg, i) 500 E, and I) 500 1. were filled with
about 75 kg of TNT, TNT/wax or amatol (p 24)
20) PC 100u kg. FSAU was filled with 160 kg TNT/wax
(p 2.
21) PC 1400 kg, FRITZ was filled with 300 kg of TNT,
(p 25)
wax or trian

,.
,,o
17) 250 kg IncenJiary Irand +I."5$ A't TA
. I
contained a mixture of petroleum 87...lttrt
and phosphorus 0.5"; (1- its)
5(o) cmtaint.d .a liyltt ,:nv s.,
:%C
.-i)
50 kg Smoke
producing sul.itAnci. tsnelling stromgly of canio.lmlhr p .,
aunti
rmt.t
SI),:
s9; 50 kg Snmk.e Marker (NC i(, IU(C
an unidentified snitke priaaoducing conpositi-n (,- its,
50) 250 kg Smoke (NC; 250 .) contained a misor-t .it
.I
sulfur trioxide 4(, and chhltrtsulft.nic acid -toil:
51) Practice lhimus: SI1 I. SI) 2. ZC I(. Lt: ( ;itha, is
,,
S ENX. and /1.-4.
50 kg Concrete, IC( lutitst
/..

22) l'C 1600 kg was filled with 230 kg RDX/AI/TNT


mixture (p 26)
23) PCt 500 kg HS was filled with 14 kg TNT (p 28)
24) IPC 1000 kg IRS was filled with 54 kg TNT (p 29)
25) I'C iH"Ui kg IHS was filled with 360 kg o( TNT and

Concrete are described


52) Parachute Flares:
Single Candle. I.C Sou
Aus! U., I.C 50 F Ausi
Target Indicating. Mark

trialen. Otne specimen had 3 blocks; of NGu in the nose


and 10 !,ocks of 1RI)X/Al/wax in two ,ardlboard cylinders

are described on pp (6.79


53) Smoke Flares (orange were

ntt pp 5'W.i of l"'l 0-l1.4-2"S


I. I
1.(. 10 Singlh (.,n.:ih
I- Ausf C: Iour (..it.d.. I.
t,. Mark C S%, I A. Mark in, k
S r'pes I & *
., san 1.hko,,
used

as

%sid .or'"

I'ARACHigU

tA

~~7.,
-I - -1-

Al

du

1..;ri

SY~~

1 4N -t
Ai
04TE1

MA

it LES E PLT --- --

.3knt

SUSPENSIONI-

SONS

ACH. 4's
A4J

AIFAr~~

-OLIONATOR

10

.AptIj

c-AqG#

tI.TA

.11ma soby
v!

TYE

SUSPERS10OII

OK______

TIL UNIT

rlAZ

4",

MAIN CIIARIGC

-.

FUSE
IA,~

DAMEPLATE
'ICTUicAL.
10

MOD A

cow

LEADo
FUrL
full

STIT

CAVITY

moo 0S

S
LW.

dl.RC?

-OF

rA

INCENDIARY

v~..

BONS

ACZ

*FUZ

'TE

SSPENSION

LUG

iIJL

O,

4]

EOATRI

SAFETY

0ES

4-4(r.
ALUMI

-- BOOSTER

C(;(sIjr

KC 250 LAH BOMB

FILN

40*,.t** IAPI ICr

SUSPENWuI0J

EIR

LU6~HOUSING

iN

STRIAC

N"StWOCODLT
F

RNG

IUI*

PICRIC ACID
T~I~lt PiLUGOD

SA 4 000 -CEO

maLU

-N. OSE P-LUS

uz*
BRAND
ChI280FA

AIL FINS5

ri

rP1

-8718

C 500 Soe

1`07F

A
C 5um0

Bom
L'.)

ZLAN

1PNOFIDi

HEAD

INCENDIARY

SUST'NSO~JMATERIAL

IUG

C,

!~.T,~trT::tAIFUZE/

hB'T
P "L FIfLL.S

I'O~L

PILE~

-CENTRIAL

EXI'LOER TUBE

1.1

$1I

ol
.

MNB

`6

i. r

TV?.

S
t .74r

flit,4

tive]v.

~.'

.. in,,'.

-4.

.Pu'

A14

V J .- ; - T,1 ,

i~

44
.~4.

*4444-4.

7..

44

n;;~j
l;I4I.
4 f

4i44

1 '.

1*
I4 %.$1

%tilt.,rI,

*.s

.i
4'

~ Ick

,k .. ,ii..4*4.~ i.

.3'-111 1 W\
'Ij( 1
*-N 1I\ IN itVi
as

'.

4..."1'
flit
.

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.If,

..W.te
2

red4. lead44
ints -'i
til

It.

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I>Iluy

4
4

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111.44

,i4l

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,..,........42..,nu~iuIA.
nit
mi!

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'2

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to

tr

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N.( 21P.%ulfur

I..az.iidr. 4.4fl4itize4d with

'111a.ie'l~4

',~.

Sub,-hooster
I
A.-4

%4.I,,

I,44.4414'

4.4.4-tei

.t

11F.t

,ell.ge H IS mm., $Iolla

)mieIE

"I mniu All %bell

17 aim Al' .And HEI~shells.,

Pit. f'it

it .1

(.' ressr.lb

ant
10 nin Illl. %bell, ISSI.)
mmnanti-comcrer ahells.
hand grenuaea. flanzerwurtmine
I trewci mortar shelf)
'41~

r
4(Cused~I
'A.

*How
4,Detinatior

no

landu mine

14k

Ii~.)r tit ili:,r\ liver l'.r-

k"i.81dil.1
4
' C.IlI..d
the"gin,
" rile
1
urto4uv4led2 1. 4 pressed44
A' ring %ith the
the fuze4 pm Let4 filled with pres.sedI 1 A

tow

1m

'n
J
AYP
An6,ire4e~nc'.. A.'!
4
tntitink. HOC 2I12c11m;haped) chirjrc. HE fligh, explosive,
llowitzer, L A
l,"~J azide, L St Lead ;;tvrhInatv.
M F Mercuric eiminate, N4PSame &:a lqjTN, Is A l'gcric
acid, PAX A,, ha;.k, PETH I'enfaerythritot tetranitrate,
Itl

%4ti-t i ..,2: 11k~. k

~K'

-e

447..44

*X

iefit,,

%b
f

..

AK .1 h..nni., Lsn,f mnine


21 %hell. Kt44men44All
%bet.-..
hll. 1JIM nun flow rhell

m.t%0'.11T.*.-'A4

4,44144'4Si4!'7110f
4,41.
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v).,

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4

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1. 1';)

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vfs
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tillitfor, V6.1%in hr.gs.

I. iti .1 1
iS n

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4

RDX Cvclonite (fiezoiten).


The folloiwing t
4

irvig

404vf

aedsrie

nRf1

a
ose
A (Z 19 A) consite ..
f an
long tos.. .84, in dfianeter, closed at onetclne2.5
end and tilled

with ; press~ed lRlY:was..o?/81 pellet. density 1.61 and


w-ighinz 577 grains 'rte rt-Ifer w~ns tinted blue bythc. ad.

Best Available Copy

I4WI.

dit I till

,jsill all t: u;11


o f Ilt'V.
-I I~vtv
%,,,ti
d ::r
tts~
fillow~ri t111 trv't't'l''i th -lil tiit
r
orintindII
.1Itur
Ara~ins %if RI)X undler
g'
delt-trains %%,hi.
A I, ontine
-S .H
1.~ in aIn V'I.C
losvd Al tube. A d - 'of A
'ih
ietrll'r,,

iItol, ' Ill thit'(':oirator tube' firillv in


Its
c.he T~v ensenh'ehel by.1 eaher: Washe r an'l -n Al iring, 'om-.
I'ttd the' ClSUrt. by
('n.1 fole
-ver the. lip, :If tiltbody
10) Booster B (ZdIrj B) consisct'd iOf 1n Al cylinder *.,
long .and .811 intdiiniet('r, closed at oneit end onrd f i I elI
wVitI tlhree' RI N. Wax prt. s std pit I lets whiic 11were Uric las('!
a u~w,I
. TI c
s o 'dar~
h l two R "), kVa-%3
t)2,F
P e'lle ts. d ensity I9A t)
'tig'ii .
.
gr~iats .
hecontainetr was sealIed bv'
Presoing th li-oe
ics. The apeciitaie
held 3 single Is'Iiet of( R)X,,w.lx (weighing Q4. grains)
and t he detonator unit 'c'olt)y ,*6.)jrains
of RI)X undcr
g aini' %, I
.*I St
.8
t:
ll* coII
Ltntainer %%-I:
t losed
by a perfolrated Al di isc. Tits' two
containers
were slid into tht booster cyliinder,* .nd thli'whotle,
as-

~eA

sembly was retained 'in the 'boome:ir bovisy

a ettr

waher ndanAtseurtyrig,
I,
tif ' 1.I,
6v
A.
c,) Booster C/98Np (Zd~l, il'n8NIp c'nsisti'.h
of an Atl
c onta1in er filled] with a it ax
ptIs'lit':. 'it'!,'
were
*
twit sixes: at small s ize, 1.0' loig rokill*g in 'I tnieter,
tiesiignated
K:,/.dlg C,:/98" and a la rge six(e Ilk long
ank.
in diiamnete r, des ignatted (i dIgC/0 8"
first was u sed in smoke shells .1nt the second .in TIhe
Ill
shells.le
Therec
wert' also boosters: Zdlg C/98 (picri.
acht
ccha,%rge), grZdlg C/98tNp (large C/9R Np booster), ItIzldlq
34Np (shoirt PEITN diarge'-booster), Zdlg 36 fl'lE'N chIarge
n akin' Ior
iir)niZi
0(''Nincrbord
crntainer)

itiiil
Itiit

Bounding 'Mine.

Same Type Mort~ar as antipersonnel L~and

Mines. St'hrarint- llninen, such its


brief'i" tdiescribe.d unde'r L~antminen.

-Bounding

S-Mii

15

and

S-Nti 412,

Type Mortar Shell, 80 mm, HE. According to an

examination

conducted at

Ilicatini.y

Arsenal (R~ef 1),

this

shell wits constructed as follows:


rhe cointour of the shell was, in general, of conventional
design, u the shell itself was in two parts, the
tdivision being at the forward edge of the bourrelet. I., the
nose (3) of the shell was assembled the German Mtlortar

*-mortar

--

Ix

"III

tlt
l'lIritvr
Ico

I
I

rr

'

I:

s'

IiYs
t (ief shell was par:liil
over s,,ft terrain :.u.-Il .or sinp.jjq,jnk..s l'retn
lllt
lnll
I~t. jrt.,I I~rir o'eorjirti
'',y
15
, eolai,1
li
:)
she'll. if(ter Ic~i
I.,,
kliSt inl tilt- qir.
ht' composiftions of tilt' v''tpls iVt. on ....
oit'I.
l
r
fIroml Itu -1, .rr.' yi v'ibe
A ) i g iti o n v a r u ii dg pr i n te r : .aI u pIp
e r ( b r r pe: I . i . i1.I , I
. reeach.
a d I
nt a e S
5.a
e
e-. udldtatieI59;
iih:1.,
Wi lower charge: 1;a nitrate 'aC, 11 -;t%-lia'
.
silicidi'. -,(I*, we-igh: 0.634 F
it) lnitiiitio cartridge prolpellant: N( I% coit-i'tlI
I I. lxV

~n

iii

,,N

9IcnrI
unacJeutei~ltd

.0.1-

t
.i
Ut. .,we

:~i-i
i h

~*,I'
k
gSi

Iii.

oosi"tikwt

Iv

r;

1
al mit

egh i ie(.,
C-) Projectile lu.,t' prirner: K chlod~,r lii, NI, tris~iliji~
utalteS.;wiii
'a 1.n)I) i'oettIn,
a ae %"'Ist' i ol:
hai, gpii
ast,.ol : I
lI'retieealio
tl.re.senl
:aroor
cur, ti lied (,.I- - anid Cin si sted of t t l11iii
%%~lait;
i.
intit-it
h. 7;
W. i gn iir
we ighi'd (j.05, g arnd t 'iisi sted of k po-ren Itirate 50, Ill. tliiot'v.1iiia14 15 -lilt W. 5.:, C) Ilit-kpisr
,ele-tiand suffu

Cotal I_2.
kikeiglitti

H.71

0)

rahcosse

n
iiniv~;d~.xi-Ision
3.1 r aw *inilteh
con,
expulsion l'rtil'l..rIIAlt

I) ElXnglesiburg,

Ordnance Sergeant, May 1 94.4, pp, 1920:


2) W.Il .'l'amlinson, jr, I nicatinny Arsenal Technical
Report
wms li r~10.
9I-.5

d 'l'
lli.e
% l fua
it-5 Io
;ter

itinlt'

ofsitd
i NC

(N content

tfKntrt

l'rqI'''l.tnt: Atpi *llr


cel luloid willi N-11tiltit
Chirpe weil'li-'.
12.5
ntof

I39:)9.,c't~l~

graphite I .(; total VOIti~IleS 1 .2, d' pIeNiIVA.r.iilt3t,)and


acctounted
1 .0%~
;form:
o..tnI s 0'.1)352
tin)- and~
daEteruby:I

)Ieia-zoatrlttstr.'t'ill:.,.siortn
sistegh of peolfrnlliv'it.
detonaittr coinsisted of t.0.
lp

silicon

17.8 .ini hindetr,

ahc

till.1il

,n

i~l-reignanted hiaptr. h) hn'lav11cr


ue
h.krr!t : redl 14ad
of wthithli tre
ts~ts S.I; iii "A'

'Sage' phenol-Ittrinaldehyde coundetns~atiton prisiukt


finll2
of "I; 'stage prtoduct, C) ltower ch~argt' ttiiiistedl of l,.22
oif PI, chiromate 511.2, K l'erchi itrate 2a.,silIicon 2-.l. andi'
h ie
.8,t
la
eaaigtely(u
h oa i -in
sisted tif 0.U38 g \C 7(1 and N6 3U',. 0) deton~att'r coinsiste'd
of 0.35 g upper charge
I'l azide 'iiii
styphnate (PEiTN' 10"; and U.25 g lnETIN as lower charge

* Shell Fuze U'gr Z 38 and thle expulsion c~large assembly


(19). This was followed by the ignition tube (18). the detF) bur~sting charge oif the shell consisted of! .tlmtti
onator-boioster assemhl) (4) and the lit' filler (bursting
38U g ouf TINT or tif 6W/5 Aniatol (Am Initiate %.5, 'TNT V3 o.
*-charge).
IThe base of the shell was provided with 12 fins of
Wi A disc f'I
ser'in;' ats a Alas check- anti ctonsistinig
conventional design, an ignition cartridge and propellent
bfursting chage.yhoie
asiia
tth
otmo h
increments. The ,body and fuze of tire shell was 8
9/16', long
Refersenchre.:
and weighed 6.75 lbs when assembled. Tlhe length
of tie
RefeP.Wrdlw
nces:
eh et
421141
-complt round (including the fin assembuly) wns 11.1'
anil
2) E. F.WRdhw liel Arsn Tech Rep: 1.12 Il
-the
weight was 7.82 lb (See illustration on next page).
2 .1.ttt.e
tltA~.
'ci
~i etil:92IiF.,
The shell v.ab firfw from Mortar in the coriveational
manner but the functioning of thie shl"a
ifrna
Boo Pulver .5e,- l~littchenipulver.
can be seen from the short dencription given below.
The impact of the fus -, or a 'sudden slowing up of the
Brondbombe, An incendi.try bomb containing %%hiterhos;'iiirus
shell, resulted in the firing ef tile faze primler. The flash.-ete
ln ri
itrswt
ihycmutbei
tras
(jfoin the primer ignited tire igniter charge in the top of the
T.ef'twn
"tsardscidinT
)ibxusion charge assembly (19) in the forward end of the
pp 54-71:
of th
rpeln
iti
h
a) Brand C50A contained approx 30 lb of a r I itarre
shell, and caused the burning oftepoeln
ihnte
consisting of phosphorus 4, benzine 86, anti pure' aulliK'r
-capsule. This separated the shell body and nose by shearIWIC
(p 54)
ing the set'screws (16) which caused the body portion to
) Pr~and.!SA 'I11
yeo Iit antd Il~tt
cl'it in-I'it-,-i
(p
4
be thrown upward or to bounce along th.. ground. A slight
cr itre:s pfSti l'vi'it's I ntiytyrint- . aind
ti',o
I
I II...
delay was possibly obtained by the p.nses from the expulsion
'':i
charge (19) passing through the hole in the ignition tube (See also und-er lFlarmbomben, Incendiary
Iloinbs and Spreng
(18), thenr expanding in the cavity below. An additional delay
brandbomben;.
was obtained by means of the delay-detonator (1.2), the
birtndkissen (Seif-Igariting Cushion) consisted otl a " 2'
different elements -"in -the dclay-detonator being ignited in tublicr-inpregnateil
cheese-cloth pillow case filled will,
the order of ther air~anrement; Explosion of the detonator capsules containing ialuminum-chloroniethyl
maixture IN~ttl

Gvr

22

4n

II\k

/1

\k\

tr e 21iy st
suh t' us iji l2s WI sp lcel %In the
S't tt t I A nunibvr02 tit
of1ai landing
!
field. It Wa-is htoed that 2222Ian'din2g. -l Ir -S%
sureloLde
lithe Whce iOf
%
OTe Qlnem* h plane (in thc CUahi ons Woul d
"B"

Crushl solnt' ,( the( capsutle.,N TVoe libe~rated Al chloroimethyl


WOuld then igniite oin (ontact with the air and destroy the
the tire., and ptisihI, the plane. In practice the idea was
unsucceatfill its ignition wais too sm and the high landinlg
speed oft the pluanes usually carried them safeiy heyonid tIKe
ignterdre
cu'lons Rp 50 U4)
Reteenc:
518 14 5,COSp2
Iept2
5.ci~tusion

Branatofo
Bradbmhen
ud
Se
Branstofe
Bondombn-Sc
nd
an:d In~cendia~ry

lncnditry
Inendary

onuositons
ompsitons

220l212'.

Brank 1von Diranki) in lb'91-is9.2 patenlted several compositions


%uitablli for une ain prrpellanim. in sm.-ll arms, svrh
a25.
a)K chlorate 59.52 , K birhron,.e 341.53, cuurnauba wax
'5.95%, b) K chlorate 8o.%)Oresin
13.04, ,lDaniel, lDictionimlire
1
(I902),
p 790]*ablbe
Biconstolf
Brenni'tnder

und

SV-Stolf.

(Friction Type

See

SV-Stoff

Igniter)..

und Itenstff

See

under Igniter

Brenskatechin. See lPyrocatechol in thle general section.


~w as used by Oerman
nrdetofILIi
rplants,
Hsa
usually in colmbination with Visol 6(vinyiethiyIether), aniline
etc. Methods of analysis of such mixtures ar;. given in
I G larbenind A -( I'R~eport', Arel" Nr 110/2(; g, Mettioden
ZUtr Untersuchun'g von llrolizkatcc,.. i-lirenlnstoffen nit Visol
6, 20 March (19441).
BrionzBrianc.
ee
n te gne~ilsetti~~.C-2.
B* snt~iac'.Se
ntegnrlscin
Brison.2srilsser(Apfparaius for Measuring ltrisunce) .'Nee under
BrisaneeI Tests in the general section

Brisonzxploflenbeschuis fI-iterally lBrisancc Plate Shooting).


The plate 'test for brisance was conducted by -exploding
charge of an explosive on the surf~ace of a metallic plate
such as of lead, steel, or aluminum). 'rhe e.tent of the
damage produced iwars compared with that caused b'y the
same weight of a standard explosive, such as TrNT. The
tests are briefly deicribed in the general section and also
in A.Stettbacher, Spreng. und Schiesstoffe, ZUrich (19.48)
pp 110.11
BrIsanzwert (8) (Brisance Value) is calculated by the method
developed by Kast, as described in the general section.
Brilzko Kapsel (lBriskla Detonator). According to Stettbacher
(Ref 1), Briska Kapsiel No 8 contained a primary charge 0.30g
of 4/6 mist L A /L St (compressed at 400-500 atm) and as
base charge 0,85 g tetryl, compressed st 2000 atrn. Widard
~Ref 2) !gives f of ik tbtonator .2sofLA.
S
mixture 'and .0.70 g ftty.The
detonator case was made
'of aluminum because copper and btass are attacked by
LA
.Colcinit
Refereces
.charcoal
1) A.Stettbacher, Schiess. und Sprengatoffe, ].A . Barth,
Leipzis (1933) p 348
2) L.Mdard,Mlim poud 33, 3390(951).
Br~k~niin~r Brige-ir~Capor
lecricBlatin C~p).
Variousi systems of German electric caps using resistance
bridge-wire are described in lBeyling-Drekopf, Sprengstoffe
and 2.1indmittel, Sprinper. Berlin, (1936) lpP 179-216.
p Brumfmbiir (Grizzly Beat). A self-propelled m unt coasisting
*of 150 mm howitzer or heavy infantry gun on PzKpfw WV

oif (I'

lo

ne

aa:e
in.,r

Stabmie
no Sce under
9- 985-2 ( 1953).

amimuinann *ind al so (22 pl' 27''(-'

B.St-off (I.11-Stoff;. A mixture c onsisting of hydrazine hydrate


9` and water 8",.Sp gr 1. 032 at 200. When mixed wit),
T-Stoff (hydrogen per~oxide) and K cuprocynnide; as at rat.
aivst the liutignites a aontaneously. Since the heat uf
hyeaznehydrate in very l ow .a new mixture
knwna
(-tof
it
roposed
30-115, pp 13& 10:.
(See also (:-Staff, NI-Stoff and *r-StoffO.
'Bucki" (Z/under). Chemical, crush-actuated type igniti-r. It
is briefly described under Igniter.
Bullet (Gesclioss oider Kugel).
Bumble Bee. ScL Hummel.

See Small Arms Ammunnition

Bursting Charrqe (Sprcngiajuung.Sorengstoffgehaxlt, Sprengsatzj


5, given onl nextt two pages, lists Germanllirtn
charges described in Pica tinny Arsenal Trech Rept 1555, pip 3-8.
"Busy Lizzie". See under hligh Pressure [lump.
1. 2, 4 - Butanetrioltrinitrote. See general section under
luanti.Acoin
to tikade
,11
ep92
(19-15), p 15,the substance was tried bly the Germans d~uring~
k'Wll as an explosive plasticizer for NC to rep~lace NGi.but
alpparently it was not adopted. Its properties were reported
ats follows: stable, less volatile thani NG, calorific value
l.4,u cal/g with 11 0 in liquid phase. It proved to 1-4 only
a mnedium good gelAtinizer for NC.
Same as Wasserfoll (Waterfall Guided Missile)
TMl
')-1%-2 (19531, fip 219-23
"W. A5 mixture tieveloped in Germany during %''IIits ony'
of the substitutes for TNT: NMan-Salz 50, Na.tN(
35 aind
lOIN 15!%. Its density of fragments was 39 mnf'l T '42 fti).
Itwssi~hefrlaigsel
n
~m~
, -mflet.
.~~
It
Ressutal foo (19.16$
lo5,1 ngpn
xm
Cak~ait (Caltuesite,. A type of blasting explosive such as:
a)
nitrate 70, wood meal 10, charcoal 1, and sulfur 12
(RfI;I)Knrae(1,lmpac
7.,sfu
2)an
wood) pulp 17.01, and iron sulfate added 1.5*; (Ref 2). T'hese
exusvswrmafctedb
teDusne
a.ui
Werke A -G , Gnaschwitz. (See also Werterammoncahilsit
under Wettersprengstoffe)
References:
1) Wllisann. Enzykloplidie, v 4 (1929), p7li0
2 hresDcinrv*
11) 2 13
Cacnt(acnt)
yp fmnn
xlsv
antg large
amountsof technical calcuim nitrate L Ca(NO I.411
such an:
32
2
Calclnit 1. NG 15-10, Ca nitrate 32-36, Am nitrate 32-3-1,
wood meal 13-176 liquid hiydrocarbon (with flash point
not lower tvian 30 6) 0-21" (Ref 2).
2. NG 15-20, Ca nitrate 60-70, Am nitrate 0-15,
and/or vegetable meal 6-1%, Ii 'id hydrocarbon
(ihfahpitntle
hn3008
Rf2
Marshall (Ref 1) gives for a ('alcinke: NG 20, Ca nitrate
66 and charcoal 14%. Stickland (Ref 3) lives for Calcinit I
mat.ufactured at the KfU~mmel Fabrik ot D A -G. tile follow
ing composition: NGc (nitroglycol) 6.0, DNT 4.8, TNT 7._
Ca nitrate (tech) 38.0, Am nitrate 35.5, wood meal 8.0, caput
morturni dye (Fe 2 0 ) 0.5%.
References:23
1) Marshallt Explosives, v 3 (1952), p 109
2) Beyling-aDrekopf, Sprengstoffe (1936), p 99
3) Stickland, PB Rept 925 (1945), p 69.

(,r24
Table 5
Charges

________________________________Bursting

Charge
TNI (pressed)

TNT (cast)

85/1 5-TNT/was
TNT with 5-10% wax

90/10-TNT/Al
Picric acid (pressed)
EDDN (Etbylenediaimine din jtrate)
RDX (Hekogen)
88/124'ETN/wax
02/18-PETN/wax
87/13-PETN/wat
85/15-PETN/was
90/10-PETN/wax
91.5/8.5-PETN/was
PETN/wax/Al
90/10-RDX/waz

Uses
317-,im Ill. shell with PElI*N as a detonator base charge,
40) mm lllF shell with * 10/60-tetryl/pres-ied TNT booster,
417min All shell with 145/15-PEiTN/piessed TNT booster and
150 mm h~oC (shaped charge) rocket
17 mmnlHE shell with PElTN/wax booster,
417mmnAl' IF lHE shells wth pressed TNT boosters and
50) mm lHE shell with l31'.TN/wax booster;
50 rmi Trench~ Mortar shell with 92/8-PETN/wax booster,
15mm All and IlE shells with PETN/wax boosters;
76.2 mm All shell with IJETN/wax booster Used in c.c~ured
as.2i IlF shhll with, tettyl booster
jRussian guns
80 mm lHE shell with PE'TN/wax or pressed TNT booster,
88l mmnIIi shell and 105 mm AP shell and 105 mmnlIE shell
with pressed P A or Ill.TN/wax boosters;
105 mm 110w shell wvith 92/8-PETN/wax booster,
150 iam HE shell with Pt.TN/wax booster,
150 mmn
and 210 mmnA/C shells with PETN/wax boosters,
170 mmnand 203 mm Ill: shells with PETN/wax boosters,
210 mm A/C and HE shells with PETN/wax boosters and
240 mm and 280 mir, lE shells with PETN/wax boosters
500 kg; and 1000 kg AP bombs;
I kg, 2 kg, 10 kg, 250 kg and 500 kg Frag bombs and
10 kg, 50 kg, 250 kg, 500 kig, 1000 kg and 1800 kg GP bombs;
50 kg lIE Inc bomb, Butterfly bomb and 5v kg A/C bomb,
50 mm, 80 mm and 105 mm Mortar shells;
27.5 lb and 110 lb D~emolition charges, E.gp, and Stick hand
grenades, Panzerwiurlminc,
A/P and A/T mines, and A/T
and HOC rifle grenades
500 kg Frag bomb
88 mmnAP shell with 92/8-PiiTN/wax booster, 47 mmnHE
shell and 150 mm A/C shell with P A booster, 500 kg, 1000
kg and 1400 kg bombs
250 kg GP boinbl and 75 mmnlE Inc shell
75 mm lIE shell with PET'N/wax booster
105 mm AP shell with RDX/wax booster
42 mm HE shell
20 mm AP and HIE shells with PETN detonator base charges,
28/20 mm lIE shell and A/T rifle grenade
37 mm AP shell
50 mm AP shell with PETN/wax booster
20 mm lIE shell and 37 mm AP shell
27 mmnanti 37 mmnlE shells with PETN detonator base
charges and 140 mmnlE shell with 40/60-tetryi/pressed TNT
booster
20 min HE shell, 50 mmnAP shell, 80 mmnChem Mortar shell
HE Inc shell
20 mmP
75 mm AP shell with. 94/6-PETN/wax detonator base charge and
RBlmm'AP shell with RDX or 96.5/3.5-RDX/wax detonator

base charge
94/6-RDX/waz1
EDDN/RDX

33/3/64-RDX/wax/Zn
75/1/19/5..RDX/wa:t/powd Al/solid

Al
tint pellet
30/70-PETN/TNT (pressed)
30/70-PETN/TNT (cast)
62135.5/2.5-RDX/TNT/waz (pressed)
57.5/40/2.5-RDX/TNT/wax

5V/40/3-RDX/TNT/wsx
'5l/48/1-RDX/TNT/waz
48, 5/4S. 5/3..RDX/TNT/waz

TNT/KCI/waz
?6/4/20-RDX/wa /Al wit NGu nose

pad

75 mmnHOC shell with 90/10-PETN/was booster

105 mim AP shell with RDX/wvax booster


20rmm lIE Inc shell with PETN detonatot base charge
20 mmnHE Inc shell with PETN detonator base charge
37
37
37
75

mm AP shell with PETN detonator base charge


mim AP shell
mm HoC shell with 90/10-PETN/wax booster
mmnHOC shell with 89/ 1 1-PETN/wax booster

105, mmn HoC shell with PETN/wax booster


75 mm HE shell
150 mm Hoc shell with 90/10-PETN/wax booster
210 mmi A/C shell with P A booster
1800 kg AP bomb

Table 5 itiiiifj
s(3-iu~i~il'hil

II)

'6S-Sin~r:,,I

Ill *.t
%%.
it" l<IUTN Wa 15Istiter, 76.2 aim III,., No 111m,
f0till,I o' "I'l, I 2(3a
IM r13
m, 150 rim and 210 mimshells,
0 11111m
arnd 1001111
mmt
lik4-14 Illrnzerfarusr with 90/103iTj'/W~pX boroster
inoon
Ill' -dit-H with 94,'(,-l'ETIN 'wax boo. ter; H mmra hl
arnd lanld 11011'.
2(100
mm Morttar shllt I with iJ l:TN /waxr boostecr
75 mimIlii shelf with 89/1I-PF 'N/wax booster
mmiIll:~ tt..ll~ with 8'7/!1-I1I:TN/wax booster and 5n0 klg AP'
b~trimhi; I kg, 2 kg, 'r0 kg and 500 kcgFrag bombs, 1,0 krg, 250 kg,
10)00 Ikg, 1700 kg, 1800 kg- ant 2000 kg Giy arimbs
501kg, 250 ki, anti 500 kg- GP biombs; A/1 mine, land mine, wood
land mine arid 80 moil Mortar shell
ILand minein
1:,g hanrd grenade, rifle grenade
1400 kg and 1800 kg Al,' b~ombs; 250 kig, 500 kg, iuOu kg, 1200 kg,
1800 kg and 2500 kg GP' Loiiib,

~S

OS, i S-Amtilltr
113/2O-Almatol

(#! if-Aniato!88
'r0/50-Arnariil
IS'S
'3
5Arrat
80 '2(3-Arawil
Tririr', C

RM "YX I.
3Al)

i1u

2.-N;I Nt)

kuvr 25

'id

SO( kg~ A/C blimot, 250 ki: GP hobri


5

irieri Ai
ji Si iCX"
3.iubi
V)"50/ 35-Mi) 4. 0 3 /l)NI(/lRX, with noses
I t Iilit,
'43 17-:% 1 NO?//ti
mtitii
1 ,, it
r~l . and 'rim topj wtIlirl

73)kj, Fioa), bnim arid 250 kg 613i boiiil.,


S00 kgFrrA(inh, to kg GP bomb, 250 lkg GP bomb and
1000 kg Para~chiute bomb

RI)X/( mill t%_


7v.2." 10-,1411 M) 3 /INT A!

133(1(10k

~),'~i-l~l1XlN
I1

PAK 44. brim)' with 90o/lr-1IETN


5

wax booster

.5i kg D~emolit ion charge, Pl' .eerwurfmirle.

sMagnectic grenade and rifle cread


60n/40o-PDX/TNT
l'anzcrfauqt: with PJETN/wirx booster
Landl mines
i9/! 7./Il /1-NC/NG;/w-ix,'M9 salts%
.1.NT/DNAniline
Rifle grenadles
llexanite/TNT/AI
srea mines
Abbevitios:
A Atiarcrft;A/CAnrr~otrec; AP Armo-piercing; A/P antipersonnel; A/T Antitank;
GP (;enirral purpose; HE iligh-'explosive; HoC hiollow charge, How Howitzer; NGu Nitrrcguanidine, P A Picric
arid; PETM Penracrytbritol tetranitrate; Inc Incendiary; Camp Composition; Frog l'raymentaticm.
Note: According to M).Giua et a[, lDizionario di ChimicrtUT-ET Torinn, Q2 (!949), p. 166 so r -German hand
grenades were filled with a mixture of blackL owder 83, K perchlorate 12 and Al (powder) 5"..

Calciumkarbonot (Calcium Carbonate). See general section.


Calciumnitrat (Calcium NitrateN,.See general section.. under
Nitrates.
Calciumsilizld

(Calcium

Su~icide). See

general section.

Calorific Value oif a propellant was determined by firing a


charge of 1.2 g in .. calorimeter bomb of 12 cc capacity,
the charge being ignited by means oft a hot wire and a
piece of uncolloided gun-votton. The valucu obtained by this
method were higher than thoser obtained toyi calculation.
Reference: CIOS 31-68, p 8.
Cannon-See Kanione and'under 'Ueapons.
Caroni
te) A(arbn
yp ofpemisibl eploiv whch
(caonsidered
a typ
f ptaihernmitsbe exith sihe temper
Maybe
,.&:aonsderd
tragh Jyamie wth-hetemeratures of explosion' lowered by the excess of carbon it contain. Aarbnirs
a cass megt hrouh te aroncarbnrs.
withc th ans'mrtoniuesmnit
traecssofg texplosies
carbnits
te aamoiiu
wth
nitateclas ofexposies.
* Tire first carbr'nure appeared in 188,5 (Ilichel and Schmidt
inventors) and since then thre cisrbonitea Ilave been modified
wichpased he oolich
tims.
seveal
he ompsiton
sit o n w ic h p ass d th Wo l wic
t pmes
co m
sehvee al
T
Test in England contained,' according to* Marshall (Ref 1):
NG 26, K and B Ia'nitrate 33, wood meal 40.5, sulfuretted
may be

henteene 0.25, Ca and Na carbonate 0.25%.


The composition of four German carbonites used after
WW I given in Table 6 were described by Naoum (Ref 2)
and 1iavjs (Ref 3).
'See Table 6 on next page;.
(See also Kohlen Carbionit under Kohlen-Spirengstoffe
Extra-Carboinit).

and

Rerncs
1) Marshall, 1 (1917) pp 375 & 492 2) Naoum,.Nitroglycerin.
Baltimore (1928), pp 401-2 3) Davis (1943), pp 35:-353.
Cartridge (Patrone in fixed ammunition; Kartusche ini semifixed ammunition); Cartridge Case (Patronenhulre; IKartuachhulse). Ger.aan cartridge case. for small arms ammunitior'
were of conventional design and drawn either from sheet
bras11s (Cu 72, Zn 28% or from sheet steel, cooper-piatee
on both sides (Ref 1,s 357). German artilletry cartitdge casest
ofpre4'W 11were ma e of brass but since 192te majority
of castes were made of sheet steel, copper-plated on both
sides, Lauter in the war the so-called wrapped steel cartridges,
were produced. Cartridge ease. were employed in all
German artillery ammunition (fixed and semi-lized) and there
was no ammunition corresponding to the American "separatelaig".
The case was chiefly employed to reinforce the
breec block and to sea! the gaust gtenerated by the prope lan t. A lth o u g h in fix ed a m m u n itio n th e c a rtrid ge case
sred the purpose of protectinR the toropehient charge, lIn
imany of the heni-fixed rounds the propellent charge wax

Getr 26
Table 6
iiI~~ii'~I~ttaiiI)
..

Carbon;,.

--

_________________
________________

2502S.0

"(tlodioll

Cotton

K iltirate
N~anaitrate
I ii.taitftv

arh~ota, l~xtra

10.0

15.0
0.
0. 1

30.5
w524.5

4.0

* S~c'' an kric

'*'

-4

K hlchruan~at,.

V%c.ttlsanlatt*
Ileat (if 1:' xlosion,
Ica/kg
Temnperature (itIEx
plosiuon .0c
Velocity aif Ietnnat ion ,n/ ser
ITrauzi Test (log
sample)

0.5

5.0

5.0

1.1.7 (t~an maeal)


-

(15
S-16

.S
536

002-

I11174

I1006

1039

211'

30-42

1850

35 cc

240 cc

larger than the cartridge case and ther.!fore the case did
not give complete protection to the charge (Ref 2)d)9nm
hefollowing cartridges, both Ge:-man and
fronm conquered countries, are briefly descrihed incaptured
Ref 3:
A . Fixed Artillery' Ammunition include:-oe
a)
'*!:..a
,iu'ar amndOerlikon; used on various 2 cm
guns and 'some- nmachaine gunstiebencniedasrilrymuiio
Ia)
0 tm;cai uedin
SloturnAirraf Canon
W) 37 traint; used in 37 cna Solohur A.7rcmrak,3. Cann30

*e)

_____________

(.arlsanit If

(Naval) and 3.7 can PolishPkgn


dln 40
4 fan;
cmFla
ued 28(Railroad
47 tamm:
used in 4.7 crn Czech and 4.7 mm Austrian
B~hle
gunsGun);
f) 750 min; used inva
cm
n
m K K 3
us
g)7ma;uein various 7.5 cm guns
Ia) i.2 caturd
itt usd Rssin 762 na uns
i)70.5 mm; used in 7.65 cm captured Austrian, Czech
nd Yugoslav guns
j) 88 mmi; used in 8.8 cm Flak 18, Flak 36, Flak 37 and
Fla!. 41 a-~ well as various 8.8 cm Pak guns
hc) 100 mm; used in 10 cm K 17, and K IS guns and
various 10 cma 11:11

.1070

258cc

c) 7.92 min rifle and otaclaine gun cartridges


aciegnarigs
0 3Iaint Soltanhn.urn cartridges
e 3m
uatuncrrd~
f) 15 mamMauser cartridge
oeo h
3alnad15titaaauiinhv oe
ties Soen constderedin as
artIry
d
an ammunition haesm
Designations: C Construction (Pattern),
WE liisenbahn
(Railroad); F Feld (Field); PH Feldlaaubitze (Field Ilowitzed;
FK Feldkanone (l'ield Cannon); Fiok Antiaircraft; H Ilaubitze
(Howitzer); K Kanone ~'Uttinno); KIE) Kaaioat lEisenbalan
Gun); KiMasLaf Kanone ins M6re Lafette (Gun
in
ota
Mutn);K
Kseatnkon.(snae
KwK Kampfwagenikanone (Tank Gun); I leicht (light);
I taang (long); IFH light Fie~d Hlowitzer; IgMrs Long Mortar;
M Mark or Model; Wrster (Mortar); Pok Antitank; s schwer
(heavy); sK Ileavy Gun; ThBrK(E) Theodor Bruno Kanone,
Eisenbalin (Thaeodor Bruno butn. Railroad).
(See also Ammunition, Bullet, Granitate
nition and Steel Ammunition).
(Reference- .are given on the next page).

B. sernifixcd Amiun'ition includes:

75nin; used in 7.5 cm FK and 7.5 cm Fit


b) 105 tint; used in 10'cn'i K 17, K 19 and various F~it
c) 22 anin; used in some 12.2 cm captured Russiangan
d) 129 mina; us.-J in 12.8 cm Flak 40 and Pak 44 guns
le) 150 minta;
used in 15 cm K 18t,K 39, sF11 i:13,s~al 18 and

10.11

nt

other wetapons

1) 152 nanaused
g15tan;use
10) 170 amm;us.ed
i0 10.1 mmn used
j)203 minm;use-d
k) 21(0 mm; used

in' 15.2 cnmcaptured Rutasimn guns


in1.5 can captured French and Polish gutns
in .17cm Ki~irs Laf
19.4 cm Frencha Riailway Gun
in 20 cmi K (h)~St~,
in 21 cm Mrs 18 and lgMrs lB

f) 2410 mam, is ed in 24 cm Th BrK(E)

anti Czech sK

m)280 mm-; used in KS5(E) and other suris


mn)353 mm; ur~ed in 35.3 can IfIMI
C. Small Arms Ammunition includes:
a) 6.35 mm pistol cartridges
b117.6a5 mnatpistol cartridges

Smlal Armm aaa


m u

CIA 4.6 40

V
.4

.SM-IED".-

CARTI-FXDGEC S
CRDE
CS

f~

10OsC"L a"HI

vit 27

7.5 GM PAN 40

FIXED
CART RI DGE

CASE
- -

CNitb II iliv I centira I te) X-NictityI


Central it
IT!
vt Ity I-N.N'. d ipheny 1v-ure.t
Aill ilirve tcenntra iies ,itt *IescriLedino hew g~eneiral itect ~il. Thiifir.st two cLnpomp'iidt were atedt in (wermnany and
n ts.
o ttitr v- untiri v - primatrilIy as mtabi Ilizers for prtop IL&
((ta it
aniounts etieeedi ng the requtire ment
Ut lie a set. ini

~vr

, kihi~tsl
%tabili
g littin izers for
I

~ ~:t'

itlimit

alsive,

)!'),

centrillir*5

uct

NC and probablly, ut least in I..rtr,

also0
Lits

under i'ropielliiiits).
(Set A~s-41
Ri~erittnes:

40..
K.C

I I A.StviittI~ciur, Slije~ss und Spreng'stoffe, Ilarti, Leipzig

schweig

1t r uc u g

C197s he

pe z

),
(l21Kis

i we

, B a

'19414), p 165.

Table 7
Cartridge Case Percussion Primer Compositions.
Comlpo s itio 1)

79

41 '2-i~a
48

..

Uses

45,37./2l~/69-K.I'
Si

7.92/1

ni~trate/l. St

S N1)

mit1m shell

20 tom AP Inert ('h1 e Ovlpl,


20 rom iIE -;hell. 50 nint APi'&

,,rsv

AP' liv sliell, R8 min HF and


NkLcli timte luze shell
Iti/it
.1 /?i2'/Q~
M I./ altrasivit.
2.,'
It) 1%/

~~
itetrtaes:2ti/Il/216/I
rip 357-01
IA.I.Oiere-, (ednane'- Serteant, lec 1-9-13,
21) Ii.lingles burg. Ordnance Serge~int, Nta% 19)44, pp 321-2
11 Anon, .1cchnical Manual! INI 0)-1985-11 (I 953), Vp i4o-44.
CAztridgje Cup 'Comrositions exaimin~d at Ilicattintiy Arsenal
in, tht Pa:As ~cilr SSI14)~Itt
andlisedl
as5 follows
5, K tchloirate 31,SI, trisulfide 2)(, abirasive 5%
i15i
1~~
5, k (:hlornite 37, SI, trisulfide 30, glass H''

:'K
()
/1-Mi

/
,'

17 mmiA13 and lIIF shells and


II Hiow i ter bsiteII
105 matin
17 flint Ill -hell

23

1*W1

'k.l1:

47 min AI',AP lIV and


H.sls

,-K(:lO
bave

"3

50 mm AP,AP lIV and

I./ 11-1. St / N( lacquer

liE shellsanLI 75 mm AP'


nd 1; shells
2H/14J/12/(r-k F /KC)1
S S / glass

3/

50 ram )IF. shell

2 3

Cartridge Case Percussion Primer (LwEpoieTan


:or propellant Train) (/Aindia~tronienstitz). l'The' conirositions
in Table 7 were take tro li jicatlitny Arsenatl Technical
Report 1555, 1,I~
Cartridge 2Cases, Steel Il'itronenhdlse Stahl). Div to the
mas' yrc of ermn crtrtlg caes
shorsj~of
Were madej o..t~l. l'-rief descriptions of their methods
of manufawtur' tire. given in the following Clog Reports:
16-74, 27-36, 1.1-53 and 31 -5.1.
:Cascade Flare Bomb (Slark 50 Kaslcade) is briefly described
under P~yrotechnic Anti-i'athfinder Devices.
:Celludol (Celludin or' Camphrosal). See ilastol
of organic derivative of NT
Centralit (CentrAlit ,C is at tyoVPe
* N-dciphe~nylurej developed bieginning in 1906 ait the (.entralUntersuchunien
fudr wissenschat~lich-technische
stelle
:zu Neah,ahelslierg. Following are conipounds suiabale for
"use a.,; gtahilisers:
Centralit I. (ollit 1) (E-*thyl centralite) N,N'-Dliethyl
Nw- diphenyl-urcu.
Cenrtralit It (Moulit 11) (Methyl centralite) N,N'-Dimethyl-

22/40'.18-MI 1: /KCIO /S 2S

73 2tmA'st1

ke23
Ii.i l,icrnte/NC/chnrcoall/KNO '150 mm and 210 mm Rocet
Wifttaet
Abbreviations: AP Armor piercing; HE llign-explosive;
V Ilyper-velocity; L A Lead azide; L St Litad
7iMFMrui
umnt;tCNtoellulse;
uc
tphacMF Ifuiflmne,1CNro
Chge charge; Mech Mechanical.
(See also Primers).
Centralstelle fuir etc.
Untersuchungen.

See Zentralstelle f 'r wissensch-techn

Centrifugal Casting of Gun Barrels ist described in CIOS


Repts.: 29- 39 and 31- 40.
Choddit (Cheddire). Chlorate and Perchlorate explosives
invented in France but also used in Germony and othet
countries (see under French P.xplosives and in the general
section).

Cl ennile a Wag
tore l lien
.iii
Chiemi cal Warfare

SCtier

Agent

Kr iT,

If :t

, skanpf.
i i.che.r K

as
tI-r

`-1

*.4-)

'I

oriq iid ' dt


tlITii. AV\' I oi s :1mevd id 'uin
ITmg WVit 1, quitue a1
ktiltifle r of 5lich %uhiiist-inces.itd
Ai' somelRof themui es tremfltIY
6, % erv g'rvvid
idamle "i : i?.
1hte iuost daing~eromus
.mii'thetwiweie lie Triions!'
vt
* I At.U.1kateit-11i,
inl CIC RSIept 12-1 3 (01)15), 1,1 20-2,
di trlegsvrltciia
a ieWeapons manufd by the

ZUnder.

See

Chioratsprengstoff.
oiii chiioraites,

Cheia-Mechanical

Explosives.Sce Chrtarntof

Chioratit ((.hloratite).A ty~'ie of chlorate blasting explobive.


such its listed in the Table 8
8

* Compionents 'arid some

**" prperies hloati I Clortit2 Ciloati 31


prprte
chloratet an1o
orti - 2lrti
Na7 ch3-75an/o
8-1 ,
K chlorate
Vegetable meal
1-2
1-2
0-4
'I N'l ard ilNi'
18-20
18-20
-Cold
l.rfiu3..4
3-4
Nitrigiycern 34-manufacture
5;12
Liqud
hdr ocrbos
i~iqaidhydocarons
-5121948
flash point not
* less than 10 0)

(Isyewi
+30%
alane
+.9%development
l~ead Bock
90 cc
Expnsion20 cc
-was
L~ead Bflock Cruish~ng
20 mm
19.5 rmm
* Sensitivity to labtiaNo I Cap
No ICar,
* t lest)The
tin
(equies
tion(reqiresat
last)smokes
Gap Tvst (using 25 mm
9 cm
8 cmi
cartri'dges)
*Dctnatom
Veociy o OO~/sec430m/sc
-2)
venocity of IChoarge
m
1570ie
143
6/se
Iheat of Explosion
Temperature of'
* Ekplosion

1253 o;l/8
YAl"

1?R0 cai/g
37000

sul~d

lulorate

E~xp~losives). Mixtures

IiiaiG';eu-

bt

haseti
etis

invented in trance atnd

H.1Vsc:les, Chioratsprengstoffe, Vvit, Lecipzig (1910)


2) l'.Naoulni St~hicssx- und SprL'ngstoffc', Steinkopf, D~resdeni
(12) PIN124-132
3) A .Stetthachcr, St~iziss- und Sprengstofle, Barth, Leipzig
(93,pi39~l
1) C. hieyiing-K.lDrekopf,
Sprenga.toffe und '/i'Nidmittel,
Springer, Berlin (1936), p 96
5) A.Stetthacher, Spreng- und Schiesstotfe, Rascher, Z~irich
:1948), PpN
90-i.
Clilorabromomethone. 14ve FetierlItschmittel C13.

loaedi
eri
nddvte
oprbes ftesre
Fhorces (Viehrmacht). Its work included research on ammu* nition, -explosives, liquid fuel, military equipment etc.
'l'iw
Reiclisanstalt, before TW 1, published the journal
callI Ied,
Jairesllwricht'd~er Chemi sch-technisc hen Reichsan% it'
.eeene
Ir !tWAi,
iain
rea;Piaecm
*munication (195-1).

*Table

I wasc IItdGscii-KooI
as
CisiII~
~li
e Gestein
-K oronit

Korci, it ant; Miicd?,L.


'The chlorate expli -ves were
Lsdui(rtenm
fC~dt

Cheisc,.Tchnsch
Rechsnstit(TR)voroisMiit~rer!suchsamt(Goveirnmcnt Chemical -Technical Institution, formier
1)
ly
fice of Military Risesarihi). A scientific institution

Chiorol't

Reft' tinues
Meialk
1) I .N.tmiiii,
Scii it- ss.
unit Spi engntumffe (1927), INIII1
'Il Mar -Ii~
mH. 3 fIt) 2 1, 1, 112
) A.Stert htbaher T it) IN) 3 14
lvim in-t re kitl
Iq
1916)
9' 1) I-.Wie uheIri
i
i i i i i S~
4c ipiI , 1 iiik,
(.iri
d
ia I nndI
,S'
c c
(I
pwe ichii11
gvhiCMkgl,;al/al

\Ni1iOlinvn Fitirik i'eterstin, Oldcniburjg. Soine oif the weapons


wi-tt. fiilli1 Witt, toxic piiitures based on D)M(Adamsite),
is
orinta~e
P *3 2, A
rhliirate
28.5 and tirea
it-s in svi up 28.3".. This minxture was initially liquid but
bvit'CLie sotlid 21hours afre b-.hiag prepared. Another mixture
* kuiaon a% A.Puiv'er couisis'ed of D)M, NC tint] diphenylamine
invrosProportions. Several other mixtures, sucb its
A 11M 30, AtPM 44) and Q 192 are mnentioned by Blatemian,
but Itre CinP~siions
ot gven.1)
Che iiischo Bestihndigkeitsroblen tthcinieal Staliilitv 'e-sts).
\irii'us tests used for, cxplos ives and priipLllaiits tike tie-'
sIcri'ed I in the, book of Kas:-Metz, ('leinisc'hc tnterschung
~reng.
,pr
und .Z'indstoiffe,, \'iewi'.g, liraminshwi (19-14)
aind also in thle genleral section.
ChmlckrZindr"Suck" . See Chemical Igniter :inder
* igniter
ne
Chemisch-mechanlscher
* Igniter under Ignite~r.

0: 4 of~ the
wchli rU Iii s
n
fii
li
i'

-(include

Chrom-Ammonit sChrome-ammonite). A type of coafl mining


explosive used before WW I: a) Am nitrate 70.0, k nitrate
10., 0 'TNT12.5, vaseline, or paraffin 0.5, chronte-alum 7.0!'.b) Lni nitrate 63.25, K nitrate 17.5, collodion cotton 9.25,
vaseline or paraffin 0.5, chronie-alumn 9.5%. [See Thorpe's
iioayv4(10)P54.
Diinrv
14)
5J
Chrome Plating of Gun Barrels. Experiments on the plating
of tubes up to 88 mm caliber were conducted during 9.1 If
by the firm of Hleinrich Reining Gmhli, Enger (Westfalen).
Thc thickness of plating ranged between 0.012 and 0.035mm.
No information is available as to outcome of the experiments
CIS3-.
Closed Cycle Diesel. See tinder U-Boat W'alter.
Closed Vessel Testing. According to CIOS 31-68, PpN12-16,
closed vessels were used for the following purposes:
a) The developme .nt of ne .w propiellants
b) Studies of particular rprperties of propellants
0c
for ballistic
Tests Obtainind
designed fata
for the first two calculations.
purposes were carried out
mainly at the Dhneberg factory of Dynamit A -G , while
those for the 3rd purpose were madea h
se
atr
of Krupp. A cettain amount of closed vessel testing of small
arms propellants was done in the DWI' (Deutsche W4affenund Mlunitionsfabriken) research laboratory aLiibeck.
Extrusion Process (Kaltspritzen) (literally coldsquirting) as used during %1 11 by the Germiatkiis in the
of ammunition and weapons is briefly described
in the following PB Report prepared in the period 1945by the Heintz Manufacturing Cot Philadelphia Pennsylvania: Nos 39371, 96704 and 96704s (See also Cold
Extrusiona in the general section).
Colored Smoke (Buntrauch). The bulk of the work on the
of dyes suitable for use In colored smckes
done by the IG Farbenindustrie. The ~rplr"C
187r" of the office of Technical Services gives a list of
these dyes.
following references describe some German colored
and snr~oke signals:
1) W.T.Anaxovich & E.C.Stawick, "German Smoke Signals",
PB Rept 49467 (1944)
H.J.Eppig, "Chemical Composition of .German Pyrotechnic Smoke Signals", PB Rept 16728 (1945)
3) J.aei,"Colored Smokes", PBRet1,50(9)
are several tables of colored smoke compositions
and some references)
(See also Colored Sniottes in the general section).-

Colwvoreci S~ioce
v
Aivkxi' io.St
utili
ih..of~ti~t

tl

rSg

cv c it

t~t

clot"'ercia: 'Industrial or Mining) Explosives (Gewerblicht.


sprerigstoffo
odor Zivil s~ren~gstoffo) Predating WW 3,
* Itol flst. a.p i'ict'iiion of Vxpl s iyes (b laick potwder) in
lkii
%%,%,w
Il.
itti'.,
Avtor,rtinit l~titI1cylIing~ and I rek opil in 164;'
t
'xvitt'inli
tiisri.1n, ( *tsasir Uielittl, bilistvd sernetore at ( ier10vrtolv

i~lungry:Te
ex mne

latig

asdtne

ili:1,Qner ( .Iamathld. aud then in .160. near 1.reil-urg.


I. Uilty
lt'I
ns ilait iltg iilli~lit
ciokIljt n 6'i
rum
te hu
lI~ittitj~.11co~l
iiie tn
.ntlore
speaddry
to ottor
toutttries. lilack ltiwdc'rs of vairious cttntfsititins
t
%te're tlist: exclusively utttil abotut I18-o5 W
viet
A.NoI'el intro4it vJ NO~ dyniamittes (e.undecr
Swedish Explosives.),
Aliteiiit t~n he tin'i
4vx'lives
I
usedi in (Peicniatty rrittr
to WT II, the fotllowinig m4a [it listed: sininionil, Ainntoncllir~,
iiitiigl~cii,
Aiiintit
ti rii ,
:kh~,
ltb i tiit, ChIvirat it. li)e on it, I oitar it, I yrant it, melot ir,
(icstt'iitt-Alhtit.tetit-Krod, (Iesteiiis-I'ersalit, t6uhrLltvittt,
llttit, M;Ii(dink:,
etretni,'.'trincit
Utetttrnttbt-lit, Uetcitrsalic, \..'etterwasigit, 'aetterwestfalit,
'ct terze lilt antd otherlls.
TItl(
evlil6%iive.i are tiesrie'd briefly in this ((serman)
i ettitlt of tite hoolk .ucccrdiitg to their alphabetical order.
Somtte of the typical explos4ives used duiring VA. 2 are given
it Tall'eb 9. undler Commerciail IExplosiv's of UVs 11.
It is interesting~ tot note that some of the commercial
texplosi'ves used before '94 U uere mtanufaictured fromt surplus
;i~r'txplotsives
e
.:nd I'rols Ihants. Amiong these e~xplosives
were:
9~~riNtolcrnPwesN
n
o2 iki
(or Sily it), l'
N1
11i and Not 2 aind Triwestfatlit.
leferences:
R
I) i.Natownt
Nitrotglyceriit and Nitroglycerin Explosives
*(tranislatedi froit thle Gerriam by F.M.Symntes), 'Willianis &
u*
Willtis, lAIatinijore (1928)
2)
A.'tewctblicher,
Schiess- und Sprengstitffr'.
I.A.Halrth,
l~eipzig (19;1)
3) 'C-leyling & K.LDre opf, Sprengscoffe und Ztiutdalrtel,
J.Sv-ringer, Betrlint (10)36)
.'1) A.Stettbacher, Sprc'njg 'und Scltiessttoffe, Hascher. '/.dich.
i9.ii4~~0
* COMMERCIAL (INDUSTRIAL OR MINING) EXPL 'OSIVES
* (GEWERBLICHESPRENGSTOFFE)
OF WW 11. Antong the
Germtan industrial (mining) explosives, c'te most important
:wIere dynatnice-cy'pe explosives containinF various antounts
of a prodluct obtained bt'ynitrating a mixture of glycerin anti
glyc~ol (usually W01.0):. The nitration of glycerin and glycol
is dlescribed briefly under Nitroglycerin,
There wire generally two types of nmining explosives:
the gelatinized type (such as some donarites) andi the powder
typle (such as c~alcini4e anId sncl)mdonarites).
*

Followin g is a sltjrc descripition of cheir miethods of


manfacure
iA) Gelatln type explosives
Procedure
.liqiuid
o), A weighedl amonitt of collodion cotton (Previously
dried att 5(;-600 in Acrack dryer ito a moisture content of
abhocit V; aind then cooled) wtts introduced into a knead*
ir.g pat!u whtich countained the required amount of liquid
ONT, or otclic liquid r. crocomputund, itainrained at a
temiperature of 15-200 The mass *as stirred al~l the
.%hile with it Icing handled wooden spatula. Ttknaig
*
pant war; a flat Vessel made of coppe~r plate with an.outer
*
jatcket of Alumiiiuim for 'warm water heating. This fill

ghed antount
wats foillowed by add it ion of .1 %vt*i
NU.-nitroglycol miixture, -while
I cont inuing tile hand

(or I
Not, .

IIi

rhotur.

atnWi.
xlsiert

lowdt
lsiiyw

sa

a'rAtncaetp
i ed by adding ;%stolucition of "ge lose".
1-) The pantwas remntoved to a1nothter IWild ing whe re it
wais placed uinder the outlet funnel of a .4ieve through
whiich tilie usual siolidt cohmponenrts of dnamni teq ( such
as An) or Na nitratts, TNI ,wood meal, dye. etc ) were
fed. These components were previously pulverized and
blended in another building. Whiile tile addiitcio of
the solid ingredients cook place, tite miass in the pan
was stirred by means of a planetary stirring mechanism,
which could lie lowered or ruisiol as desired. Kneading
time was usually about 20 minutes.
Note: Several types of mixers (blenders) were used, such
its the lDrciswerckc, Wctzig, Wi ohlcrtr, ar.d a nmodified
Wsernei - I'le idercir
v) 'The thoroughly kneaded mass of gelatin arAdof solid
t t'npoiitnts was remioved by a woodien hand spatula into
wooden transportr lIxes to be carried to the cartridging
tcotrll

ptlant.

Notte: German permissible explosives were usually white


ill vi'lor. whitle cthe non-peimiassibic' were colored red by
thi additiottim f caput niortum WFe 0 ) in the mixing stage.
ii, Cartritlgitng was i one eitheli~yfly uoai
a
chines (such .as the ::ystem of Niurpmann & (.o , Gevelb.
burg) or b'y waemi-ttutomatic nmachines fsuch as the sysreni
of lirensing). The lirensing machiiie (made entirely
of brass) cuonsisted of a conical casing through which
passed a horizontal feeding screw. Thz gelatinized
as
was introduced into the machine by hand through
tile filling funnel. A paper cartridge was placed at the
narrow end of the conical casing. After a ciirtridge was
filled, it wast removed by hand and the open end crimped.
The diameter of a cartridge was 22, 25 or 30 mmt.After
packing these cartridges into a box. (36, 25 and 20
cartridges per ho", respectively), the box was wiapped
in paper and dipprd in paraffin. For shipping, 10 boxes
were packed in a case.
P)Ierrmissible explosives were mechanically sheathed
with an "active sheath" consisting of NG 12, NaCI 33,
and NalICL) 55!". originally, the composition of the
sliteith was VrJ 15, NaCI 35, Na~lCO. 50%. iThesheath
weighed 55 g and the cartig tef
g
it) Powder type explosives: To this type belong exploisives
whicht contained small amounts of NG ;such as 4.1 not
collodio~n cotton and were pulverulent. rThe mixing nf the
components wait done in a tiltable type %'erner-1Pfleiierer
blender which consisted cf a brass troitth P...vided with
two horizontal brass stirring rollers runnin- in opposite
directions.
P~rocedure:
a) The weighed anmounts of the solid components (such asAm, Ca or Na iiitrates, TNT, wond meal dye etc
were mixed mna Werner-11fleitlerer blender and then tite
l)NT, NG, N(;c etc , were odded anti the tilass
kneaded for 15 minutes
keader
-trTh
was then tilted and the mixture'
igndish
ak ob tknt
c) hared mciwoe
Plant.
Noti.. In, the case of explosives such as Calcinit I , thei
nmass could lie imniedittely carcridged, but with lonairit I
the mtass had tot be left overnight in storage before cartnidgitig.
c) (Xircridging wats usual ly dione by fully .sutitnt~iii

ci.A Ili-1 s

,f Oi
tc
jcdct cvI lcimit~t-tr of c~artridges
It.li iti I w.% 28 mnm wvhile icr Ootnarit I it wais
a.*
't min. lTce tii iiisitl
eci t r.iii 4t of I oct it I wer
W t*Tt
tI
i rii i~.I~i~Vd it) boxes~ (J- pe b ox). 'rhle cairt-

~r

Sc~'
of
ccl .Icki~ti

I %tervnott p'.raffiiced heii u crc' paicked

Table

I ttrv.
it ittics

Antition it
,icid.outt~I

Donal;t

I yllaili
I

(1932
N(.N itro.t
1 Nc -

4.0

I''l(Tlrin'trol-

(c0

12.0

2.11

0.2

(.

TraslTetcc
L~etd B~lock

55.0

7_.0

10. 0

8.

M .0

24.0

26.5

;2.0

19.00

2.71.53

Gap Test, &m'l

6.0

limit, g
o)xygen Balanee'
leict of Expl-

185.0

i.0

010('a
650

4.0

380.0

220.0

205.0

185.0

2.

10.5

10.5

2.

1000(at

5750

5650

.3

210.0

* 1').

-6(10

+0.06
996.0

+3.0
1 291

+1.68

904.0

603.0

i106.C

I30

050
0.5

6150)

1*~
1.0

--

2.S

8.

--

.5
3909.

3.500

700
175

0.I8.
05

(:.rrrlidg'. Denshly, g/ecc

!:ir

2.9.

16.5

I?-

0.

0.5

-18.0

2.0) 0.7
-0.5

-2.0

'1.0.

--

--.

c:incprl: skiotn, min


Veloc of lDeton,

0.8

( ;arrai-

l1 ICo)01:a
llitrtfiL
Sin
sOlucioti

I-

26.7

10a~i
1Wsiii

11 (l~crmiF.s We)

10.0 27.8

29.2

0.6.

.12.0

Wece
a

C1012)

25A4

(0.8

9192)

(0(

Wctrr
A -Nobelt
it

206.0
79.8

80).2

-N(lei

22.0

2.0
6 0

Wetctr~ er 11
X

-flonarit A
6'.0

N( 'N itro c e I

tol-li. it'
I*';Iitnitcto Iuenci h~licqit)
Ami nitraite
,;I nitrate
licotd titeil
R~ock salt(Nai(l)
-:ap.tt lortila

(te latinic
-llc~~irirI
(19c)

61.0

I.o
1

* (N~trccN(..

GeClose

directly in boxci; (32 per l'ox ) andt tilen tile~ Iclltcs were
cdipped in paraffin.
TaP"
.l-l
9 1ive
Vts oment typ i cal (.nia n C .m.tntcerc ial E~xplosivsaes actin uhictured Ile~fore and
uicigWU

26

201.6
8.0

(,.0

+11.4
26

700
-.1.08
6111
(2.0

772.0

516.0

700
+61
5U4.0

--

sion, kcal/kg
ha
Vlue,l1/kg

500.0

Note: The. compos'itio'n of sheaths used with some of these explocsives are giveni under Active Sht ath.

ryExplosives,
eer!Sm
ExploSives Plants,
1) OA('.Sticklaind, ;etrlSmayof
till Rept 925 (1945), p 69
2)R.Ashcroft, et al. lnvesrtipt~in of (;eiman Commercial
References:

Complete Round of Artilllerf Ammunition.

See under Granate

Wmp. fe f RX q-9?andhiotan
) AMix
ComosiionA
mitur ofRI) 907 .nd lon~in
ComosiionA(ampA)
Wax
~~
e e ~ oCm 103
geea section.
th
11 A during VV I arnd described in the gceascto.
A were in boosters, sbbotr
uss sfCon
.. G~ma
Grandas afleriscn
rndsn
adchrg.
(Set. alsoiller No 86c,No 91 and No 92).
Ing
Ii 'erence: Allied and Enemy Explosives, Aberdeen Pro o
(round, Md, (1 946l), 1) 122.

et 3.Ie.
Hi 10 S ia
c ,'c
r.
3) R.Ashcroft, et al, investigation P
Explosives, P11 Rept 63,977 (1946), pp A 1/8 and A 1/1 1.

Compnsition B (Conp B3) (Cyclotol) A mixture o.f RDX and


TNT in various proportions similar to Comp B3describced in
the general section. Some of the compositionsc contained
small anit-unts of wax. Comp BIwas used by Germans during
U
I for filling shaped charge shells, grenades, rockets,
andi some demolition charges. Pellets of Comp 11 embedded
ir. TNT were used in 4000 kg bombs.
(e
loFle Allied o1 n ~le
o9)
Referenceand Enemy Explosives
(1946), p .24.
Composition

C. A plastic explosive similar in properties

SAFE

TV

MILEAGE

/GOL

WOVMAWP'PU

'."AWMIL 400tS

300-AN

PIN.-1

AS C.)rei.

0C..,.
A SWMA

--

"Cob-AISPAW

*.a.,

CF

003

~l2~

14la

'ACU.PG.S,.?

,00.ts
A@

SW

Camiim~e

'

0%~illw IitIi liti


r aii~
l Ni'il ion midIi Iti PIll.
liroi~ii dwiiiiiis VWV. 'Ill t.4r illait Vets im is
!asi
la i,.1,.
,

iil~

hd.iitliis

siu

CoilcoiIe Bull

iiiivsIJII

2"sini %'i
t 1AI ')-1 "85-.' 1 19)~Io-.in

ii

'~

.o~tttiu

isCordite

Coinecotg(orIntrnidioe)
ompsiton.Seeutiir
1,

tit~itttrt'

islsus

Containers Carried l'y Planes. Germaln conttainers may he


onit.i. t s
sW~iv~'iiV fin~ to ( I11tihose intendedciio cartry' tlieir
to(i t,.rtit slls! Q2) thiiis- si:.ignesi t., scatter their
s(it
k -tvasls-fssrt iiti'Aimt.

lll.

't~ii

sterwd

it dieliver suplplies ito specific

Anditist..0s
get-aerlliv consi stes iof t compaprtmnent to
isiis
stis.
SI(P
t'liis ll a patraichutte to tiring the container
devices were ill%AIOl
ti evlrth. Nio issilosivopng

droahic
it
ye
intolsrosab.e
cool.! Ibe
r~me
h
irrf)cnanr
n
o owntenintoi bonds conit ainer, fl ate conii si.li1
llsn
onazl~iiol h0omb-flare container.
.linvit os
t
I 1.1
ii
-oiiat~invr were~ fitted with fuzing, and ttpening
dtlisvuis intentslid ito relealse the missiles after a predeteratinel
iii 'r it fall1 fromt fhet. aircra ft. 'Sottit of these Wert! opie n
lihich held itcluster of bombs or flares by means
sli vicvs
Nut 51 erinr, batid.;, whereas iithct,; were ciiised containers
inbob.etc,
he lil4~
ii
Noniiii~~dlslss4 'cont~,iners were intended tol be uses. re~ntructetI to carry anil scttr
leatesi. an-hywr
!:: I'ma~t nuimbler iif snmall incendiarv bombs. Their rele!ase
nis1ieatittddnr~
ciV0
pcn
ftebmsi
lgt
7iis ciiit~is
coulsd be jettisonivd if necessary.
Thew folliiwing bomb and flare containers are described
it, l'.I io l'iXS2 (19513), pp 1)1.12o0:eyi
'i~
10 Cluster Container carried five SC 10 or
b 1).
ZI)11itA liombs (pp t13-)
2v Ali 23 SI) 2 Container carried 23 SI) 2 bombs (pp 95-7)
1 : A14 2.1-1SI).' Container carried 12 SI) 2 bombs (pp 9("S)
.11 AIt W(iContAiner carried 3(i 1kg or 2.4 2 kg bombs (p 98)
go
Cc11ie c..rid3
n (he-Ided8
Islk tS13(s
i - Ali 12 Ciitat~iner carried 42 I kg incendiaries (pls 99Itoll.
Al u(,IOMark '0S Containc- citried 3 Mlark S
sst;sr

owd

[Ilii.

Ipltn

ecoisl

Aills" sisrs~l~i

tylsit

Hi All (1-3 CoI anN care

22- SI
oms
t)) Alk 7ol)-l container carried 50 SI) I bombs (pN104)
I o) Ali 250-1 Container carried 96 Si) biontbs (pp 104-6)
11) All 250i-2 Container cttuld carry 224 SI) I bomb.s, or
a141 Si) 2 bombs. otr 1751I) IDA bomnbs, (pp 106-71
ared 108
I
an IICnanr
%D.Al
I20Types.
I-itAl
bob (p 107)
otinir
o
il I holis
2(3
Ilisle C,taie col car
9 aahue
oms p10I
flr~
adtheeS)
I i %Ik2150 l.F~ H~are Contatint-t carried '41 single can~ile
(pp 10fl-9) ,The
,s.raclotte flares
lrsadtre
Nk2S0 IlK carried 25 miodified re
%115bmbsk p189
I16) 1151136(w Ciontainer carried '320 1 kg incendiary
sitnibs (p 110)
700 carried 70I kgit icerdiary bombs (p 110)
I-) 11511
18) 115111000 carried 70 1 kg incendiary bttmbs (p 110)
19) Allt 5s(10I containler could carry otne of the following
fillings: 37
IOA
2SI)b
ombs,
R 92S
bombs12 s6kgin
n
ince-idiary bombs, 1 I 01(.loihsor162k
5 t
1111-13)
'(pp
bombs
cendiary
ll
CluterAdapter could carry 4 SI)50k
20) 50-3
or SK 70 kg I ruiicl, bombs, asl well ast 50 or 100 kg
french bombs (1i1i111-15)
ob
I OR
IS)
Al5011Cnanrcrid2
incendiary
I
kg
13,3
catrried
Container
50(0
221) AiII
biombs (p 110t)
nir
23) "Streubranil C Soo"' Container flit Scatter Incenir
Blomb) carried 1200i green celluloid incendija'- boxse
imimersed in water (p 117)
.j.) NIL i00 "llotlen"'Container carried 9 or I5 single

lnit It- (Itires or 6i SI) 2 bombs (pIN


117)
29sI All 10(10-.! (sint ailti.r carried ove of tlie follotwin~g
fill iiies: (211I kg iiomls , 2416 I kg and 234 27kg homits,4
ta 7or .172
ligits (11 119) (See illustrations).

Co"fentuolus Methods of Manufacture of E xplc - os. See


Xtnt inijierliche Verfatirent.
Charge Casings. Act ordinp ito ClOS 31-68, p (I,
protpellent tidies in qinaI Ivr guns (cis Ilatier below about 2003mm)
r-tn the lull lii)-t~: iof the charge and there was only tine
sect loll~while for laIrger guits the charge was in two %cctioiiq,
dii.
Hauptliortusche (main charge.) and the Vorkortuscho
(forwatrd charge). Bloth these charges were in silk bags
plalcedi in thi. cartridgec called Kartuiche which was not
attached toi project ie. Any add itionualI chiargesa of
rigidl1
piropellant were c alledi Teihladcungens (increments).
lor the largest 1if these guns the silk big was found
to he inisufficient protection for the Vorkartuschc and it
was liound.i with it brass strip. owing to at shortage of brass
these 'it ri ps were replaced in the later part of %WV11, by a
large cord iti cylinder qtlr~osiinsin. rhe charge. The ai
was made by bending atsheet of cordite into a icylindriaf
shape adby poininr the edges using a NC solvent. Fachs
end of the cylinder was closed by a cap made i~f the same
material.
Coranit (Coronite). Ani early blasting explosive used in
2
C3
acltrt
ttCstcre
tidoemns
acl

urisadoemns

soi

:7

G3

o.

paraffin 4, vegetable mecal 1".. Has been


anual of E~xplosives
Bbe
'rooie(v.
SMacMillan N Y(1943). r. 521.

with L)\NiL
rel'db

" Process of PeionCasting of Metals. See Shell


lisld Process.
Cracking of Sulfuric Acid. See L~urgi Spaltanlage.

Cryit(

(rslt).aea

slte.m

rutorsl

aTritoro.

C-Staff (C-Stuff) A liquid rocket fuel consisting of 50/50


nmixture of hydrazine hydrate tind] methanol. The combination
ofti'uiwt
ocnrtd(0)
hydrogen peroxidte
(catlled T-Stoff) was used in the rocket fighter plane leinkel
A.
1,'1 at the end of WWJ
Reference: J.G.Tschinkel, Chenm & 1:118 News 32, 2536-7
(195.1) (P'ropellants for Rockets and Space Ships).
Note- According to CIOS Rcpt 30-115 (1945), pp 8-10 &
13, the C-Staff consisted of hydrazine hydrate 30, methanol
57 and total water III;. 'Anter was incorporated in order
to reduce thecobsontmeauenroethmes)
To this mixture was added K cuprocyanide (0.6 & of Cu per
liter of C-Stoff) serving as Satalyst. The mixture had a
specific gravity 0.915 at 20 1C. On mixing C-Stoff with
Stoff, the liquid ignited spontaneously Abtd the paseous
products served for driving the aircraft rocket units, the
giddmsleanthArOni.
following plastic matcrials -tere reported to withstand the action of C-Stoff Yery well: polyvinylchloride
(v thout softener), polvamidie and) Luna S. Polyethylene was
good, while polyviny ichioride with tricresyiphosphate as
softenert was not suitable.
(See also B-Staff, NM-Stoff and T-Stoff).

CTR

See Chesiscb-Techaisache Reichsannstalt.


Cyclonit 9. See Ilexogens.
Cyclatol .Scc Compositior. b.
Dahmen' Explosives were invented by J. von I)ahmen of
Austria and used in Austria, Bielgium, G.ermany and probably
England. In Giermany they were manufactured by Castroper
Sicherheits-Sprengstoff A -G at Castrof. (Westf alen):
)A
irt
20 hnnhee55
iho
e25
iboae25
)Aintae9.,pennhee55
IN) Ant nitrate 30, sawdust 35, K bicbrontate 5, NG 30%.
Reference: J.1)ainiel, 1)ictlonnaire, L)unod, Paris, (1902),
p71-2.

Dahnienit A l'.ilinivo~itt' . i.~li of tilt- V ivier tpt, exulosives:


i.0, curculnir
K , ichrllu'iitv
1.11,1101.114-11Vu~nt
%11%
iiir~tte4 'N*
I .0, LNamlitalI, v 2
%A.'
'ii d'ttn ibNU III St%,.1 if
*~dt191),l
Number of Hydrogen Peroxide it. tle raltio'
2Decomposition
4N tie coincentration1 of perox ide aflter being heated at
"C f i 2 1 hosurs to, tilt origi no! coeve,'iration (CUItS
~ I, ' I).In
Aont
Enkuperugntte).
Decppein
*Pic

ccrdig

8 pt 15 5 S ( 19-i 5), 1, 30 tilt 4 h- ill5 cons


A rsn Tech K
positions were found in somev (,riti.an .inniami, ionl captured
duiring \C\% 11.
a~)'Ill (o lt'.d 38, Ii~isinutl 1.8 and anin~iin\i 0.2~ ~d
in soe37 mmnIII F.1eOl.s
0) rin 61 and lead 1,1n., used in stonle -10 min Ill: shells.

If the "rectangle niethod" is used


in GJernmany and sonic
itirc'e) tdo calculation will be made
btelow:
sw -;":di
Xkj; (coarse
*1.5
7.56

is

custiiniiiV

for computation (as


other countules of
by* setting up the
SIN)

(8ti-X) kg (line SbN)


2.65
3.5oi
thiq ctintil',nration 1,35 is !he difference between 4.85
and 3.50 and 2.65 is the difference t-etween 7.5U and
From the above, X may be calculated as follows:
1__35
10
1.35 x (8-X- 1.35 x So1-l.35:x
2.65
2.5
2.5
2.65
26
~
2.65X

108 - 1.35X or X

-27

Its (coarse)

Nt:According to I.Engleslturg, The Ordn~iL


Maiy Ii.'). the usual Cerman decoppering agent consisted of
ai lead wire wrapped around the propellent bag or placed
ontil pof, ift. Upon deflagration of the char~e the Vire formed
oppr o th roatin bad, nd hus
a brttl aloy
iththe
alloy wais rufoled tiff by the inner soirface oft hie gun barrel.
containingitno decoppering agent
charge
niext
the
~~~~~~~hen
was. fired, the shell' shattered the brittle alloy, thus clearing
th e gun tube.
Deep Bonding Process.' See Tiefbonder Verfabren
(\'rpufuns.Prbe) ~
TemeraureTes
Dellogrtio
Delertinste
Ignitiotn oIr E.,plosIi on Temperaturt'est

*-

ONerrgeant,
r(02)
The aniounit of fine material is then (80-\)
53 kg.
After thoroughly mixing 27kg of coarse Sb with 53kg
of fine Sbt, a small sample consisting of 36 parts of mixed
.SNad6
i
fKW wspedadtse
naN
Sbad6psofKn)wsprdadteediaNo1
delay clement. If insteA~of the desired time of 4.85, 5.15.
Sec was actually ob1tAiled, thlle this SboMixture would
need to be corrected by adding sonic fine Sb (3.50 sec).
lThe aimount of fine Sb to bit added was calculated using
the "rectangle" method as described above and a snmall
sar-ple of new, corrected, mixture was prepared. If tie
h
a
xcl
lmn
ea
oI
iei
burnin
rmenaNo1dlyeeetwsexcyth
Delay Compositians (Verzt)gerungswerbinidung~en). A briefin
of
W6%
desired .1.85 sec, the total batch consisting of
description osuhcompositions is gvnin the gnrl
pelleted.
and
blended
was
K).n0
of
64%
and
Si)
:rrrected"
gee~l
uo*gvn
Secitn.
I repellets were ground and screened using sieves of 225
Sotybefore VVII, Ithe Germans developed L,,asless
and 961 meshes per cmi. The material which passed the
hs
eoaos
utbefrceti
delay romposition
225 mesh sieve and was retained on the 961 moesh sieve
mixtures conaisted of powdered potassium permanganate
was removed to storage while the material which was
d antimony (Sb). F~ollowing is a brief descril'(KN~n( ) an11
retained on tile coarser sieve was reground and rescreened
on ofothie mtethod of preparation its conducted at the 'yroisas above. The fine material (dust) Which passed through
*dorf plant,
961 mesh sieve was saved for adding to compositions
Proceure:the
lwbrig
ob o
cniee
it K permainganate was ground in a
The dty crIystalline
to load a delay element (qv)
commencing
Before
of
size
particle
a
to
Kolloplex)
special mill (called
with the above jpre1 ,d mixture, it was tested as follows:
-imony. received at the plant
m Ti
0.0
about~~~
a) Moisture content.A weighed sample of a delay mixture
inabu fairly finml dide stte wanoud without
(5-log) was heated for2horat10.Itelssf
rrevousdryng r other' treaitmen~t, in a special mill
weight exceeded 0.2!; the entire hatch of delay comn(clld clwingmuh'le). Ihe eutngpwe wssp
position was dtied for several hours at 50a in a steam
atated in an air, elutriator into fine (griM, ti~ie under 40
heated oven before it wvcs loaded into delay elements
fraction
coarser
The
fractions.
microns) and coarser
to) Particle siz, of St.. % wzighed sample of a delay
mesh16,900
containing
sieve
vibrating
a
onl
was placed
mixtnre was leached in a Gooch-type crucible with
was
slieve
the
on
retained
fraction
the
and
es per enll
hot water to remove the KMnO 4 and the particlc size of
coars Ie SbN.For the preparation of 'quick
used as
the dried weighed Sbt powder was determae.cd (Refs 2
fine SbNwas used, while for
butning inixitures thet
and 3)
sow ituetecosematerial wuq more suitable.
rhe method for determination of particle size is not
Note:
For instance a mixture of 36!, fine Sbt with 64%
described in the references given below.
KInO4 loaded into \o 10 delay elemient (q vi. burned
A diffeient type of delay composition consisting of
in 3.5 Ito 4.5 seconds, while the mixture of 56r- coarse
) and silicon was used for the `00
3
NC, red lead (PbN
. o75sconds. Vith
bundi
KMn)
Sb 1nd64
The composition in the sleeve was:
bojnl
mortar
mm lIE
a loweri cointent (Sit .mid at higher content of KMnO4
and si-licon 20.6%, while in the
75.5
lead
red
3.9,
ZIW
coma
obtain
to
order
In
longer.
Iwas
the burnin Ig Itime
lead 72.0 and silicon 25.3n (Ref 1)
red
2.7,
NC
wasit
riellet
position, with it desired delay, the coarse Sb was
lheferences:
blended with tile fine matecrial.
I) W.R.Tomlinson Jr, Pic Aran Tech Rept 1555 (l945),p3o
1Following is an esxample of the calculation for preparing
l1.Ashcroft, BII0 S Final Rept 833, 11MIStationary
a ithadeay!2)
osideire
3/ o 31
(14),e2yp
dith,
afie
desired
copoitf
aodela
31
37t
,p
odn(96,Ie
fie
Su~pposec that it Is necessary to prepare 8 go ea
3) Anon, P11 Rept 93,613 (1947) (Manufacture of German
* cmpoitin cnsitin of36% Sb and 641 KN~nO which
Detonators and Detonating Compositions).
would burn for 4.815 sec in ia No If0 delay element. The
fine

3.50. sec.

urnng riwrin
timeof
f cars

is7.5

se

an

ofthe

Delay Element:i (Verz'0i13erutnge kbrper). The elements used

Get 3-1
duitiog AVU co nsisted of metallic sleeves (of Al, ru,
ba,,or Coppvreu, Fe) loaded with "gasless delay corn.''.itioit q v ) consisting of powdered
0M~andSbanl
4C4
*lbs-stnvts,
The.
haki an inside dinmeter .3.3u t 3.45 mm
alld mln oursidh. diarw err of 6.45 ! 0 .0 2 mm Th
egh
0I.) of thlt sleeves when us ing brass was as follows-

~Ii

Delay inse
1. hli

85

1.
I.

9
24. 2

4
11).S
10
27

13

15.5

12
2,).~ 32
11

oftnslee
2

was done by means of a 70 ton

~ui~~rcsetprsursofV~

*.'icethod

g~m.Letil

f h

arc givest in Ref 2, section F.


Thei ablove delay elements were used in electric detonators,
klescribec; bricfly under D~etonators (Electric).
lBeferekices
Final Rert No 833, 11M S 0 , Lon 1) .Aslivtoft. 1; 11,
don ( 194.0)

2)Anoin,
Demolition

(Magnetic antitank h~ollow


charge). A shaped charge of a liE weighing 1 lb 1 1/ o
r) 3 kg llafthohlladung. A shaped charge con3isting of
-

RDX/TNT

mixture in a metal container

7.7" high and 6.2" diameter


s) 3.6 kg liafthohiladung. A shaped charge consisting of

.2 1/4 lb1TNT in an aluminum container.


References:
1) Picatinny Arsenal Technical Rept No 1555 (1945), p 31
2) U S War Dept Technical Manual FM 5-25 (1945),
2~13
3) Dept of the Army Field Manual FM 5-25 (1954),
pp167
Density of Fiagments Test. See Fragments D~ensity Test.
Derne Mining Association Testing Station.See under Galleries, Testing, in the general section.
ootinduk(lsPrsue.Segealeco.

lB Rept No 95 613 (1947),


Charge

Seations F &G.

(Sprcngladung odcr Sprergap)

ThuoIi,.~

following charges were examined during WW I by U S


Ordnanelepesalsmn:
a) llohrpatrone 28 (Blasting cartridge pattern 1928).
cnitn
Acartridge 3.9" long and 1.2, imtr
wrapped in waxed paper
-of 3! oz of TNT or.
.b S.prengpatrone 28. A cartridge 4.1" Will and 1.4"
diarn., consisting of P Ar wrapped in varnished paper
c) Sprengko~rper '28 (Demiolition bliwc'. pattern 1928).
A block 23/4 x 2 x1!,;, consisting of 7 oz of TNT or
1PA wrapped in waxed paper
d) Sprengkgrper 28 consisting of two blocks of TNT,
totIal wt ",oz placed in a bakelite container 3 x 1.8 x 2.2",
e) SprengtIichse 24 (Demolition block icotiner,
pattcen 1924). A block of TNT or P A weighing 2 lb 3 oz
*placed
'in, a zinc 'container 7.9 x 2.9 x 2.2"
fISprengb'tkhse 24. A block of 90/10 - PETN/Wax
Weighing 2 lb13,0z
g) (ichallteladung 3 kg (Concentrated charge 3 kg).
The demolition charge consisted of several blocks of
rNi* or' P A with a total weight of 6.5 lb, placed in
a zinc container(t.7 x 6.5 x 3"', provided with carrying
handle
1b)I~eballteladung 10 kgS.Same as above except that it
containrd ?2 lb TNT. The size of zinc container was
l0o!3,
7S/i aIt53/4!
i .3kDmoiinCarge. rL triangular block of
r 27 lb KDX/ TNT in a seamless steel container.
P)llaatit . A block of plastic explosive RDX/Oil
v'ihn -lb l!.j oz
k) 300g liohliadung (hlollow charge). A shaped charge
of i III:, size 3" high and 2.9~' diameter
1) 4oog I bohll.ad ,ung. AIshaped charge Iconsisting of
12 a7 of PETN/Wax *in an aluminum case 3.1" high
and 2.8 in diam
m)_ 12.5 kg hiohlladung.' A shaped charge consisting
of 28 lbs (with a container) of TNT in a sheet iron case
0.1" high and 11" diameter
a, 13.5 kg hlohlladiing.: A shaped charge consisting of
21 lb 3 oz (without a conanr f5/0-RXTTi
diameter
a, mild steel container 9" high and 131/z"
o) 50 kg Alohlladung. A shaped charge consisting of

I'

p) 500 g llafthohlladung
11lb 50/50

_____________________1

lDelav' in ;e*&
L. 'II

110 lb (with a container) of TNT in a shret iron case


10.2" high and 20" diameter, provid~ed with a carrying

Deooinduk(ltPesr).Segealeco.
Detonot1#%-tf91,Jgkeit
The

(Ability to Detonate or Sensitivity


value is usually expressed by the

smallest r jibered standard cap required to initiate the


explosive under test. For instance, in Nao~m'g book Schiessund -srrengstoffe, 1927 p 121, it is said that in order to
initiate Ammonit 2, a No 3 cap is re.q.,ired, while for
Ammonit 1 and 5, a No 1 cap suffices. This mean. that
Ammonit 2 is less sensitive to initiation than are am~monites
1 and 5. *rhe sAme teat is used in Italy.
Dtntosocwnikl
Vlct
Deotongshillet(Vocyofeoatn)Se
general section.

fDtnto)

Detonations't'bortragung; Schlagwelte
(Transmission
of
Detonation, Striking distance). Also called "Sympsthetic
Detonation"s. The test is similar to the Gap Test described
in the general section. (See also Four Cartridge Test).
DETONATORS (Detonatoren); BLASTING CA.'S (Sprengis given in
uZtnd)
Ahrtdsipon
kapseln); Ignlters
t6e geniral section.A.Stettbacher, (Ref l)defines detonators
(Detonatoren) as reinforced blasting caps which are designed
to initiateexplosives which are difficult to detonate by means
of ordinary blasting caps.
The following military detonators were examined at ri~
atinny Arsenal during WWI and described in Ref 4, p 30:
Detonator R c ontained 4 grains of 75/2 5-L A /L St
mixture over 6.9 grains PETN.
Detonator T contained 3.9 grains of 42/58-L A /L St
mixture over 10.8 grains of tetryl in an Al cap. Both
detonators were used in lHE hand grenades.
SoLae of the captured German detonators in fuzes (some
times called gaines) examined at Picatinny Arsenal
during WWI are listed in Table 11.
Following are the principal current commercial detonators
and blasting carst
Sprengkopsel A consists of an Al shell, 11 mm long,
4.36 mm in diam filled with a 6 mmnlayer of PETN
weighing 0.11 g (base charge) and a 3 mm layer, weighing 0.16 gof80/20-L A /1. St mixture,called in Germany
h
"Mischsatz" (primter mixture). Both the primary
and secondary charges were press-loaded at 860 kg/cm?
(Ref 6)

(,er 35
Table 11
Detonators
Desig~nation

Upper charge

Interm~ediate

INwrcare1

ci it ge

Gn~ine A
6.aint. It
Gaine Model

I. A 59,1. St 411
1. A 69, 1. St 311
I. A /I. St

IDeto~nator

IMIX
RI)

Rl)X 92, wax 8;


HDIX 92, wax 8%
PETN 87, wax 13-

Nost ,rsdi-te-

M1F

Tetryl 49, TNT 51%

Land Miine

1.A9,S
and abaiv
hr.
:
1. A with cover'charge of black
powder
1. A 14.4 andti
1. St 85.6*;
1. A 55, 1. St M.15

PETN
PF.TN/TNT

37 mm HIE and 50 mn,


lIE shcils
47 rrnAPRN shell

PETN

47 mmnAP shell

PETN

Some 50 mm, 75 mm,


8R0mm, 88min and
105 mmnshells

Sprengkopsel B consists of an Al shell, 17 mm long,


7.98 min in diani, filled with at 6 man layer of l'E'IN
weighing UA.U g (base charge) and a .1mm layer,wcighing
0'.40 g of *Mis ci'sitz" (primary charge) (Ref. 6).i
Note: In bsoth aibove caps the' L, A was of technical gradc,
containing 9.1-9.1- of I'bN 6and not more than 0~.35% moisture.
Some' (if the current commercial caps are described
ia Ref 7. 'The 'so-called "Normal copper car, No H"
(Kuplfe-r-Noriiai4sprengkapseI No 8) consists of it Cu
shell, (p.8 to 6.9) atm in diani, press-loaded at 480 kg/cmZ
with 0.7 g TNT (base charge), placed in two layers
each weighing 0J.35g and with 0.55g of M2F as the
primary charge. The same Ref 7 compares the ptp
erties oif flat-bottomed caps with those of shapedl
chaigcb. 'Ticthe TrauzI test vtxlue and Kast crusher
test :values are practically unaf cted by a change in
thhpe of the bottom, the lead plate tear value is
Muh'high er for ther'Shaped chaige.
A.lzzo, (Ref 8)describes the following German detonators:
Detonator Brhsko No 8 consists' of a shell 40 mmnlong,
with 0.8g Tetryl comj~resred at
imfed
6.8 mmi
.A /I. St
kg/cm
(base charge) and 0.go
200
mix ture (primary char ge).'
Detonator. No 10 of V A .4G, Troisdorf contained 1.21g
*of Terryl and 0.3g of I. A /1. St mixture.
Abbreviations: L A Lead azide; L St Lead t'hnt;
M Ftiiecuy
ulmnae;APAror iesic;RNR
hnd e
KE
high-explosive; PETH lPentaerythritol tetranitrate;
RDX Cyclonite, or Ilexogen. TNT Trinitrotoluene.

*4)
*5)

RReferences1) A.Stetthacher, Schiess- und Sprengstoffe,l cipzig (1933),


pp 348-352
idmttel,
prnaofun
KKDreof
2) C.IBeyling
Springer, Berlin (1936), p 151
P3)BRept 11,544 (1945), part Ill, p 10
Picatinny 'Arsenal Tech Rept 1555 (1945), pp 30-3i
A.Stektbache'r, Spreng- und Schiesatoffe, Z'Arich (1948),
Pbi.
6) W.Schneider, Sprengtechnik, No 10/i1, p 186 (1952)
7) l.Kirsche. Srerclnk N12, pp 228-32 (1952)
8) Technical Rkeport TM 9-1985-3 (195.10, pp 547, 563,

~(I~'d~t569No

9) A.Izzo,
hManuale del Nlinatore 1isplorivista
rililano (1953), p 77.
(See also BIOS Final Rept 644 and CIOS Rept 24-3).

lioepli,

Dcnie.Atp
f emri
epoieue
yeo
e~isbeepoieue
Dtnt(~tnt)
rabie
before WW 1. Some compositions art. given in

12i

Tbe1
Com~p~osition
adsm
poete
Am nitrate
1 nitrare
C
N;mxdwt
NG(straight)
Aromatic nitrocmon
Vegeablmeal
Wodma-Coal (powdered)
N-Alkali chloride
Na chloride
Oxygen Balance
Trauz]. Test

lDetonit
l
3
pwee)(r1A
.42.7
-

Dtntletonat
6

Detonit
1

61%.

82.0

82.0
10.0

.
-

1.0
4.

2.0

-4.0

C
4.

4.0

--

20
0.5
10

1.

2.

22.0

8.0

10.5

+10.3%
225cc

-4.8%
220cc

+ 10.9%
230cc

+13.6%
235cc

Abbrevis tions: MNt4 Mononitronaphthalene; NC Nitrocellulose;


NG Nitroglycerin.
Rerncs
1) Nao~am, Schiese- und Sprengstoffe (1927), p 146
2) Naoum, Nitroglycerin (1928), pp 434-5
3) BeyianS und Drekopf, Sprengstoffe und Zundmittel (1936),
p 141.
Dlothylengl ykoldin Itrot (Diethyleneglycol
Diglykoinitrat.

Dinitrate)

See

Diomin *ero EDO (Ethylenediamine Dinitratt). See general


0
~ b h emn nFlesN
scin
D
..
83, No 84 and No 86 an well as in the following mixture.
of unknown names:

Get 36
at) ElM) 415atnd Am nitrate 551.
The yield of DE:GIN was 710-715 kg or 1701' of the
1') EI.l) 45, Am nitrate~ 51.5 and Al 1.5'0
DEG used; theoretically it should be 777 kg.
* Note~: Nlixtore of El)1 and Am nitra:e fo~rm%~ a eutectic which
The nurified VEGI)N had the followine properties!
jperinits cast 'odig
light yellowish oil, d 1.38 to 1.39, N content 14.1 to 14.2!;,
* Refetence: Allied and Enemy Explosiver, Aberdeen Proving
ft po below - 100, b p (decomp ca 1620 and puffs off ca
Cround, Md (1946), p 1H5
2000), calorific value 1070 kcal/kg (vs 1715 for
NG).
water calculated as liquid, impact sensitivity with 2 kg
Ojosoberixolperch'orot, (Dia zobenlzcnepLerc hlorate). See general
weight 160 cm (vs 4 cm for NG), soliihility in water cA 0.4%
section.at
room temperature~and volatility ca 4-5 timnes more volatile
thtan NG.
Dik,. onltrobenxolperchloraot Oder HilrodiazobienzolPerchlorat,
DEGDN was used in. the so-called *cool" proknown also as Blitzpulver is described in the general
Referantes: uha
G
uvr
n
Gdl
uvr
- section under 1)iaztobcnzencilerc hl orate.Rerncs
1) O.W.Stickland, P13 Rept No !)25 (1945), p 57
Dicht,. (Density).See r~enmeral section.
2) A.Stettbacher, Spreng-und Schiesstoffe (1948),pp 6 1-2
(See also CIOS Report 28-61).
D, cyandlomid (Dicyandiamide). Its manufacture in Germany
* is described in BIOS Final Report 1720 (1947). (See also
Dimitthylamm,3nlum Witrato.See Di-SaIz.
in the general section).
Dimethyl ethyl enedinitromine (DNIEDNA).
Described
Didi.Pulver. An abbreviation for Diglykoldinitrarpulvcr
in the general section. It was investigated by G.R"mr
(l)iethyleneglycoldinitrate Propellaia) ' Stetthaclmer, SprengP111 Rept 85,160, p 14 as a component of some exund Schicsstoffe (1948), p 44 ~*plosive
compositions, such as:
1) DNIEDNA 12, RDX 50, R-Salz 36, DPIIA I and
Diesel Igniters. See Fuel Oil Igniters.
uacutd1
2) DMEDNA 2.5, RDX 96.5 and
DPhA 1.0%.
Dietyle

egycodinlror,
5c Dglyloldnirat.Dimethylniltramine

Ditthylnitramine, lNexanltra. See general section.


Diglykoldinltrot

,Diglyko
Initrat Oder Dill (lDiethyleneDinitrate) (DEGDN or, DEGN). Preparation and
p~ocrts
ae gvenin he gen rat section.
Following is a.brief description of the German method
prepn as practiced at theK.meFaikoI)AG
a) 420' kcg of technical *Diglykol" (DEG), conrg' about
In. of ethyleneglycol and about 0.1% of water, was
run, slowly with stirring into 1218 kgsof mixed acid consisting -of 65% nitric acid and 35% sulfuric acid. The
acid was cooled to below 250 by brine circulated in
cooling coils. Total time of nitration was 22 minutes.
Nt:A great excess oIf nitric acid was used in o~rder to
retard the' decomposition of the otherwise extremely unstable spent acid. While the 'NG spent acid remained fairly
stable for days, the DEGDN acid had to be worked up at
once since ittdecomposed rapidly on standing.
'-b) After the reaction'was complete, the mixture was
cooled to 15O and transferred go a acparator where it
was allowedIto stand for 7 minutes. The spent acid
(nitric acid 8.9, sulfuric acid 64-66 and nitrated products
4-5%) separated at the bottom, while the; oil collected as

glycol

*300
*d)
*
*then

entheupperlaye
c) heasthe
pet aid
tanserrd o a"deitato',
while the oil, was 'nan into the primary washer' contg
liters of water stirred by air. The resulting acidic
i wash water contained an appreciable amount ofntiarvn
acid and was later Idenittated
The oil was run into 'the "main washer' to be treated
(with vigorous air-stirfing) first with 5CO I of cold water,
with 150 1 of 5% soda ath soln, preheated to 600
'and finally Iwith 500 1 of cold water 'is
e) A sample of the oil thus purified was sent to the
laboratory and if the K I test at 820 was not less than
:20 mhi the material was considered to be satisfactory
for use in, the prepn of the so-called Rohpulvermasse
(qv).toahhln

(DNINA). Dc~sc.-bed in the

general

section. It was investigated by G.Ro~mer, PBL Rept


85,160, p 11 as a possible addition to R-Salz in order
to tender it cas~able at temps of 1000, or lower. it
was decided that incorporation of about 10% of DNINA
wssficient to give satisfactory results.
wssf
DIne.

German

abbreviation

for

Dinitronaphthalene.

Dinitranillin (Dinitroaniline) (DNA). Described in the


gencral section unider Aniline. Th~e Germans used DNA
during VW I as an addition to TNT. The resulting
exlsv
wa
yllw
icorespwrfltn
exlsv0a
elwi
ools
oeflta
TNT and much less sensitive to impact or friction.
It produced larger projectile fragments than did TNT
tlid
adEey
EpoieAede
rvn
Grud(96,p0.
Ditnliranisol Oder Distil (Dinitroanisole)
(DNAns)
See general section under Anisole; was used by the
Gemn0nsm
xlsv
opstos
uha
'Amatol No 40* (q v
Dlnltroebnsol (Dinitrohenzene)
scto unrBezn.Iwauedb

(DNB). See general


th Gem s

as an extender for TNT and as a desenitizer for some


explosives, such as RDX. The addition of it to some
high-melting explosives rendered them suitable fnr
cast loading C Allied & Enemy Explosives, Aberdeen
rud(96,p111
14)
PoigGon
Dialtredigtyktol.See Diglykoldinitrat.
Dlnitrechlerlildrin (Dinitrochlorobyrin) (DNCH or DNCIH)
described in the general section uader Chlorohydria.
Dntrgke
under Glycol.
Dlieehten,

(iitoyo).Se

eeal

ia(inrnpraen)N)Se
Dn,(i
toahtaln)(N)

ecom
e

Ger 37
German abbreviation, for Dlmethyltammoniurn
DI-SALZ.
itfatea, one of the Ersatzsprengttoffe (substitute explosives)
emn
uia
WI nvdrt
.prdi
~combat
the shortage of TNT and orher highexlsv.
DI-Salt was prepd by the reaction of aqeuAiehl
amine with nitric acid (d 1.42). After vacuum distillation
crystalline substance wait obtained which decomposeA
explosively above 1200. The salt was found to be very
at temperatures above 1000 . In the dc..oa~kv'x -. 0r
'of DI-Salz it was observed that free dimetbyinruine and
nitric aei3 were produced first. This was folloutedl I
of the dimethylamine (by the nitric acid), which
resulted in the progressive formation of nitrogen oxides
as well as carbon oxides. The reaction accelerated autocatalytically into ani explosion. When the salt was dissolved
Dlnitrophenol. See general section under Phenol,
in water and then heated, strong hydrolysis took place.
No military application of this salt was reported.
rip
(Lquid he US A as
Dlnlrotluo(Kownin
IReferences:
1) H.Valter et aI , German Developments in High Exoil). W'as used 'by the Germans in some, commercial
plosives, PB Rept No 78,271 (1947)
explosives. 'such as Donarit.
2) F I A T Final Rept 1035 (1c,47), p 7.
"D~tnort " Rods were devices secured to the nose of A/P
Disintegrating
Rotating Band
Pro jectiles,
such an
105 mm and 150 mm~ were modifications of `'sabot" pro(Antipersonnel) bombs to produce a burst Above the ground.
iectiles. They contained at the shoulder a detachable
This assured a greater number of effective fragnments close
trisected
Iuide band, which was almost completely
to the surface of the ground. Fragments would be ineffect~ive
as the
y ut;, saced 120' apart. Thet band
if the bomb had penetrated the soil prior to bursting,.
odrwrserved oae
adad
ttn
bo urrlts 1Ie
In the 'case of "shaped charge bombs" the Dinort rod
acted as a, stand-off d evice to imp~rove the effectiveness
At the base of the shell, which was keyed to receive them.
'The holder itself was in thrse detachable segments held
Of the charge (Ref 2)
There were two ty pes of lbnort rods: a) drawn site-l tubes
in position by the soft iron rotating band.
(1.751, din x 23.6", long or 2.75" dia x 14.8'1 long) and b)
ti
eivdta
fe eaigteSn
h
oree
andth Labeievepadthatlafer leavingplth gunothre bouaratee
erluare wooden sticks (2 .25 tby 2.25" aInd 22.60 long) (Ref 1).
pi notresprt
ec
adhle
rvn
h
n
References;
sgments which were thrown off together with the pieces
rmy echicalManal M 9-9852
Dparment~l
1) he
of nietal which initially held them on the shell. The prohl 9198-2
Dparmentef
rmy echicalManal
I) he
whc rmined not only had a better aerodynamic
(1953), p 4etl
saethan conventional projectiles but also wasi about
.E.apll nd
.BSchilling of Picatinny
2) ~llRobnsn,
3%lgtr
Arsenal; private communication (1955).

mnufc.
genralsecio
uner
apthaene ItIss
genrad dection WWunodter
wihNintaphthalene.
Itws
aufc
at Semtin Fabrik atPadbie
Czcch(A.Slovakia,
Pardubice,
and used in some composite explosives.
Rkefercuices:
~a Aberdeen Proving
(l45
~PH~pt~o1110
2)PAlled aNd 18ey
(
xplosives,
2) Alie
rnmy
an
xplsivunstable
Ground (1946), p 117.
alo
ithegenralsecionundr
(Se(Seeals
eneal
insctin
he
uder Nptlalne).
aptaleoxidation

WIH DISI NT A f&

SOn
50a o

so SO.?O

(DipentaerythritolhexaD ipintaerythrithsexanti tro


.nitrate). See general section, and also V.Bruln, S S 27,
73-76, 125-27 and 156-58 (1932).
Diphnylmln
section.

(Diphenylamine), (DPhA)

See

generai

See 'general
(Diphentylurethane).
Diphenylurethan
ziection; was used by the Germans during VWWI as a
their smokeless propellanta
stabilixer In 'some -of
[P11 Rept 11,544 (1944)].Rerncs
*
* Directed Missiles. See Guided Missiles.

1) E.Englesburg, Ordnance Sergeant,


2) TM 9-1985-3 (1953), Pp 369-71
(See Sabot Projectile).

May

1944,

p 3013

Get 38
O:.Cance Piece (Kreuzrohr) (Ctosr T'ube). When a propellen~t
Temperature of eviplosion, aC
2580 to 3345 0C
el-hI 1r v of at'mi-fixt- utillery amnmunitiorn was smaller than
Volume of gases of expls ion at NT13
832 to 924
a cartridge case,
one or
in /k
several
tubular
sticks
of a double-base proDL114"t
Cartridge density (including the papet) 0.87 to 0.98
were
inserted
into il-e
Specific pressure, kg/cm2
9900 to 10270
propellent hag and t*.cd
Velocity of detonation, rn/sec
3800 to 4850
tightly at its neck. The
upper end of the sticks
TrauzI test vL:lue,
cc
435 to 4850
exe.nded as
1Ara th
Impact sensitivity with 2ke. weight,
60 to 70
bottom surface of at closing
in cm
cup (or the base of the
(see also under Commercial Explosives).
projectile),
while
the
Rerncs
LJ/S~fl~
lwer ends held the ba
Rerncs
ag~..inst the
primer. Witt
1) C.Beyling
K.Drekopf,Sprengstolfe und Zindmittel,
this
arrangement
the
Springer, Berlin (1936), p 94
propellent charge was not
2) O.W.Stickland, Gener%,l Summary of Explosive
loose
and,
hem 6. Iselld
Plants, P13 Rept No 925 '1945) p 6
& Propelclose to thc primer flash
P
~
5,
6
lent
hole, the propellant was
3)
F.Weichelt, llandbuch der gewerblichen Sprengreadily ignited.
technik, C.Marhold, llalle/Saale (1953), pp 37-8 & 375.
References:
1)
E.Englesburg,
The
Dappelit" der (Double igniter) for acoustic mines, developed
ordnance Sergeant, May 1944, p 321
uiA%%11a
ridfFeilDA-G
Thsmns
(25).B.ciln.g.,PctnyAsnl
rvt
omncto
consaisted of two delay detonators (crimped into a sleeve)
and mounted cou-axial ly with their bases pointing away
froma each other, and with their fuseheads connected in
*DMW-Pulver .Fast-burning
NC propellant used in 7.65
series for simultaneous firing. The fuseheads had one
:mm
tanard'carridgs
fr
pstol
an4 reolvrs.
direct connecting wire between them, while the other
mm
artidgs
sandrd fr
pitol
an
reolvrs,
connecting wire from each of them made contact with a
It was in the form of small greenish cylinceers 0.4 mm
metal ring on the outside of the assembly. This arrangemeat
diam and 0.4 mm' high, :which were not graphited.
petmikrted the fuseheads to he fired by applying an apA.Stetthacher, Spreng. und Schiesstoffe,Z~'tich (1948),
propriate voltage to these two rings.
p 453
Reference: W'.Taylor et al, BIOS Final Rept 644 (1945), p 17.
UoO*Same as Sevastopo~l Gun, called also Gustav
Mobigeulilt.
A device used for launching the "Taifun*
Geschlatx.
*TM0-195-2(193),
roke~
22 3.Dortmund
Gallery. See undei Versuchsstrecke.

Disto
lic

Dontarit (Donarite).A type of mining explosive manufd


in Germany for ninny years. It is known that at least
odne of Jonarites :was used during WWIU (under the
name of Filler No 56) for military purposes.
Table 13 gives the composition of some mining
donarites

Composition (

Tal. 13
Donarit I
iionarit 1
Donarit 2
(Gelatin type) (Powdery type) (Powdery tyle)

*Nitroglycerin

pCollod
I*Na

4.0.

Nitroglycol

22.0-

cotton

Am nitrate
nitrate

o
Aromaiundts
* oudscalled
Trini~trotaluene
*Dinitrotoluene
(liquid)
Vood meal
*Dye,(Caput

mantual)

I1
.0

55.0
10.0

81.5

84.0
.

5.0
6.0
0.11
0.2

14.0
2.0
2.0
0.5

9.0
-2)

~~~Note: The first two compositions were manufactured


*during
WW I at the kirdmmel Fabrik, of D A -G (Re f 2).
The composition of Donarit 2 Is given in Ref 1. According to Weichelt (Ref 3) there are three current
donarites in Germakny having the approximate cam-.
x ..A
.
position: A nitrate' 86, Sprengbl
(nitroglycerin with nitroglycol) 4-6 and TNT with Al powder 8-10%.0
The properties of these donarites are as follows:

De~slgiknea(oaigmro
Deslglanr
sec~tion.

Rttn

aes-e
irrcmr.e

eea
eea

Drilllngspulver. Short tubular powder for howitzers


(llaubitze ) such as the IC cm HaubitzeL. Brunswig,
Das rauchlose, Pulver (1926), p 131 1.
Dualin (Dualine). Under this name, Schultze,
patented a mixture of wood nitrocellulose
Under the same name, Dittmar later patented
of 50 NG, 30 nitrated sawdust and 20%
ENao~m, Nitroglycerin (1928), p 282 3

in 1868,
and NG.
a mixture
saltpeter

Durchschlags- und Strakiungeprohen (Penetration and


Radiation Tests). These teats are similar to those
described in the general aection under Lead Plate
Test and Steel Plate Teat . The 'Germnan test is also
,Brisanzplattenbeachusa
, which means
Brisance Plate Shooting.
References:
1) A.Stettbacher, Schiess- und Sprengstoffe, Barth,
Leipzig (1933), p 361
A.Stettbacher, Spreng- und Schlesstoffe, Raschig,
Zurich (1948), p 110.
Dut
usevlpddrn
V1atheRin
taBorrig, laboratory, was based on the principle of charpins
field,
duet
of
means
by
aThecondenser
fuze waselectrostatically
located In the nose of a bomb or a shell.
Prior to droppling the bomb, the plastic cap covering the
slits on the head of the fuze were removed. An the bomb
fell, the air stream entered the fuze via the slits In the
outer generator cone. Thia action disturbed the talcum
powder and created a dust cloud in and around the forward
part of the fuze. When the dust particles came into violent

Get 39
c01nt14t with each tither and also with the outer
inner
Note: According to Weichelt (Ref 3) the properties
~en eratC r vn nt's , an ele ctro sttatic chatge wa dand
of
v
e
lo
p
ed .
n i
*hei rondensrt, which was connected to bt
" a e i s f l o s: t r p o
y l s o 6 0oIY
enerating
lynmtIarasflw:tepoeposn360C
C
c'oi -'t;, ,tr.w off the electric charge and built it up sufficiently
vol of gases at NTP 603 I/kg, cartridge density
to , tw tlie %leton-itor on impact. (The si"~ of the
:.
1.45,
electric
specific Pressure 9600 kg/cm2, veloc of deton
c igWAIScontrolled byvth utantitv of dust within the fuze).
6350m/
iCTaz
tsvlu38canimctestvtywh
I lie lectric circuit Could tic claseis lor firing by
2ieTkg
x teig
t1 cm.
alu ~
n
mpc estiiywt
1111 of three switches- : anose cotntact switch or
two
2k
egti
m
trembler switches set at right angles to tach other.
Dynamit N (DN). A current dynamite buitable for
An extremely low energy electric igniter was~ used
with
use
in
the
demo
0lition of reinforced concrete and
this type' of switch so that even though a small part of
the charge leak-ed from ti.. condenser, the remaining charge
steel construction. Its composition i~nd properties
would l'v sufficient to fire the fuze.
are gi'-cn by Weichelt, as follvws: RLUX 70 and
*The
fuze wits used in some shells, such ats the 37 mm
nititoglycol (,gelatinized) 10%; temp~erature of ex*
and sonime smaller' bombs;, such its the SID 4 andi SD
10.
plosion 4170 C, volume of gasts at NTP 746 I/kg,
Reference. TNI 9.I1?85-2 (1953), pil 190-2.
caitridge density 1.54, veloc of detonation 8200

pensrenru

0,fr Coeieu
~nn'Ge

n
tor.. eGenie
neL
d

ISkf

i~ Cj~iQ___

Circ~
e~I
r~

Seetc
mn/snc, specific pressure 12538 kg/cm 2.
Seero also Ammondynamit,
Ammongelatine,

virn

F
Dfos

-~UOfl

in

Tirec
6v.tce

DUSTFUZECondnser
DUST FUZEa)
An explosive made in Germany before
WT I and 'placed
on the British Permitted List in
1914: NG 31-33,' collodion cotton 0.75-1.5, NaNO
8
27-29, wood 'meal 8-10, Am oxalate 28-31, moisture
0 to 2.5!%: max charge 12 ox, ballistic pendulum swing
2.451 vs: 3.27" for British standard Gelignite can
tamning 60%. NG fFlrntxpoieVnN
tad,
N Y (1919), p 136 ',of
Dynamlt (Dynamite). According to Stettbacher (Ref 2),
dvnt.'mit- may be subdivided into the following groups:
i
a(j,.hr
i
'ynamit (Guhrdynamite). b) Sprenggelatine
(Blasting 'Gelatin, c) Gelatine-dynamit, and d)
Sicherhe itsdynamit (Safety Dynamite)
According to Marshall (Ref 1) the following three
dynamites 'given in Table 14 were authorized between
~JWI
'and WY; a for 'use in German coal mines:

Table 14
Components

Spreng- und Schiesstoffe, Raacher,


Zurich (1948), pp 82-90
3) F.Weichelt liandbuch der gewe~rblichen Sprcngtechnik,

C.Marhold, lallc/Saale (1953), pp 34-5, 375.


Dynammon . Dynammons are ammonium nitrate explosives
used in Germany, Russia, Italy,etc

34

to 39 16 to 22
0.5 to 3 0.5 to 2
-

-a

45 to 54 50 to 74
I to 6
1 to 6
6 to 10

2 to 12
_- to0 12

2,

E.4 HEXA (Explosive). See under Eraatzsprengstoffe.


Sre)Tnssc
s910
e
xeietlTns
under Panzer.
Earth-Displacement Text (Cratering Effect 'rest, or
Mining Effect Test). In order to test the efficiency
bombs and land mines on explosion under ground,
the Germans buried an item (such as a 250 kgs bomb)
and then exploded it. The volume of the resulting
crater (in cubic meters) gave an approximate idea of
the power of the explosive charge.
Reference: O.V.Stickland, PB Rept No 925 (1945),
Appendix 7.
E C (Pulver). one of the sporting propellants: collod
cotton 28, guncotton 26, Ba and K nitrate 38, camphor
2.0, wodpulp 4.0, moisture 1.5 and gelatinizer 0.5".
[Brunawig,Das rauchlose Pulver (1926), p 134 ]
EDD. One of the abbireviations for Ethylenediaminedicalled also DIAMIN.

1)awtnitrate,

Nitroglycerin
I1to 63.5
Collodion cotton '
1.3 to 3
Nanitrste and/or Knitratte
25 to 29
Na nitrate and/orAmnitrate
Vegetable'meal
6 to 9
Soda ash or chalk
0 to 2'
[Nitrotoluene and/or nitronapthalene
Na chloiide

2),,A.Stettbacher,

Am nitrate 90 and red charcoal 10".


b) Am nitrate 95.5 and charcoal 4.5%.
Reference:
A.Marshall, Explo-qives, I .-nron,
(1917), p 493.

S kDuxlt
(Dukite).

Donarit

Gelatine-Dynamit and Frskitzoprengstoffe.


References:
1)A.Marshall, Explosives, Churchill, London, v 3
(1932),

Effective Calculated Calorific Values of Propellants..


If it is assumed that for a certain muzzle velocity and
given projectile, the product of the charge weight
and calorific value of a propellant is constant, thea
by knowing the calorific value and weight of a propellant, it is possible to calculate the calorific value
of a second propellant of a similar nature (if its charge
weight had been previously determined experimentally).
For instance, if for one propellant the values were
920 kcal and 4.3 kgs and for a second propellant X kcal
and 6.2 kg then:

6.2

6.2

u50ka/g

Ii ~ .iv
ti5
n
as tittl~t,".f~.u
. o ii
NAIlki
%. al t it d1iffe rs frolv tilt val ue determindi
"l*ali 1wlb %h iit is us~tl hihr
e. g. (9
4 ,~l
tilt tilt e
*lli
ite.
inilieracl ab~e
it, ao'It
i
tx~ielift-ofite
iun
bared iatt witsVC
l. i mt . r 1 t4 4u i t , a g n . sr t,i
w a
o jdtu'l 11'ttfer14.~,olvlu
i'.
o.'
w ith4 tle "4fu-tive C alori fic
V tit,~
ihu-t with tallies"'te.bao,.. in .1 Caslorific bomb.
4..4w ul4
itletr Eftession of ilt Btore and undter Eneirgy
iiltt~t4t
PIropel'lant ( .liirtgt)
l~ftri'nVS
~fl4") ppR~1(4& 8

lttlpdwi:

isadt
1937 by the L~uftwaffe.
wits followed by several other types of electrical
l..,b fuzecs. All thenoa fuzes were cylindrical in shate and,
witfh tile, exception of Type 5t used ailuminum fur the cease.
Thconn
piral fuze consisted ofw -sections!
~
~ .
. i
c a ltled th e sw it c h bl oc k , w a s
molded polystyrene which t 'ait been machined to itak
visrioua ilitinger contacts, the trembler .witco'e,.. sitilt
in some cases the long lelaY gnr,Xur bridge.
h) *rhe lower Secri..n ornn*ined tilt: storage and firing
condensers, the re%istances and instantaneous and
short delay ignir.Alths
tm
were held in
Eiradrafohzsn ir
Mtile \, ire Eltectric igniteirr or Primer)
place by a black bitumen calking substAnce. The conI'.
u'wilt
inltelitp
~d
lt..k 1 .t
:~ri~psnffc
dtniseis
were
constructed
of
metal foil strips separated
iiit /..tcibvdii
i t% rI itt.
an
lleof
:1,-re.
tof2
by wax paiper, .:It wound on one c ardlhoari rylinder.
The ca.b~
resistances wereusal
loae ind.
Einfache Ziinder ISimtpli Ign iter or Prnimer) is describihi
letIc. Some fuzcs, as for instance EIZ (9),
edi n Peigan
lreko1 .f, pp 172, 174, 177.
descried in this section under Aerial Burst Fuzes,
contained the glow discharge tube, also called the
Eiinhelfspulver. Sov tandlard P'ropellantt.
long delay cold cathode rube. The igniter block fitted
into the bottom of the fuze and ctontained the black
Ei.i'Topd.'t~
i-~t
tlcopowder
flash pellet, the caver with three perforations
risebohverchrodnuq,
oracrlf su Pruungvon
leading from the pellet to the igniter bridges, and the
Sprenristoffem I Railroad Traffic Regulation, In struction
sotdlytan
The electrical bomb fuzes were either impact or time
v%
-). nforatin onthi subect
i r lsti ng Ex1 t:1losives.Iiomaino
hi
ujc
types.
limybe
ft~ndinFollowing
is a brief description of operation of 3 three
1) Z'.itscl~rifr fur dvi: iAcs.in6tt. Scltiess. und Sprengstoffcircuit electrical impaict fuze illustrated on next page:
ausimi
t1hbtv.tdasSS'
~ ~ ~ 1 vol 2.4 (1929), Supplement
As the bomb was placed in the plane, a charging head
It K.4i-lst
Z CIeist
nrersuchung der Spreng-und
was
clamped on the fuze head. The charging pins contacted
ceiiheI
2,25&~8
t8he- plungers and depressted them so that they could make
/.uedstftc(I
)1).,l'electrical
contact with the storage condensers. The two
Elamine 42 Cider Flaicheneismine. See under Landcharging pins were connected to the sliding conactr:. located
llitten aind also tin pl, 2b1-2 of TM 9-1985-2 (1953).
in the charging arm. These contac-s closed when the bmenb
had fallen from I to 3 inches from the ac.This prevented
Ejectingf Projectiles See under IKrunmmel Fabr~k, lDynacharging of tile fuze while the bomb was still in the aircraft.
init A .(
l.-sitp
(if Explosives. etc .The
two sliding contacts were connected to the positive
Elecac usefl~ekrrschr
/imner).Thedevlopent
terminal of the 240 volt battery. The B plunger circuit was
44f lecricl
nd lilct
tme fteshadbee carie an
connected directly while the Aplunger c ircuit was connected
in Germanyfi since 1920 and the greater part of the work wa
hogs
eetr
wthwihhdtw
oiin:oe
dontby he Reineral-Itrsi
Co.undr te diecton
NIV') with delay, and closed COy) without delay. The battery
dofeb
lI.hulntnnThein
o-crigina
Cobjectdof
the dieelopmnt
ws tapped at 240 and 150 volts and the two leads were
of 1.1tulemnn.Theorignalobjet o th devlopent
rioj to the voltage switch. This switch was set at 150 v
aistopodue
pojetils
fr a elctrcaltim fue wich
for level bombing and at 240 v for dive bombing, but it
Vould be set at the instant of firing. Ilowever, before this
could not be used to open the circuit. The voltage sw cch
~*i~kaax uccssfl
cmr~ere eectica bob fse as
as connected to the master switch which was usetl to
A
PUJMRBjettiscon
the bombs. The master switch was connect d to
the charging head which contacted the fuze head a -.i comr
,
S
L
pleted the electrical circuit through the fuze bodly to the

Bom~grz

111114

OTC"extended,

01811TAWAC-1

ww 916of

isis,

~
~

rih s

storage condensers.

prior to the release of the- bomb, the master switch


was closed completing the circuit from the batteries through
CONTACT$to the fuse except for the sliding contacts in the charging
C~lISsS
UTUIS
head. When the bomb was dropped, the charging aim was
causing the sliding contacts to meet for about
,s~mu
sums
1/3000 of a second, the ground return circuit being through
the fuse body. If the:. selector switch was closed, both
plungers received the current and the storage condensers,
and C-2,, were charged. The charge of C- Ileaked
slowly through the resistance R-1 into tho- firing condenser
C-2 (The time requited for the current to pass from C-i to
@LOPW
C-2 and build up sufficiently to fire the igniter is called
KLAY
the arming time). At the same time the charge of C-3 leaked
through R-2 into thlt firing condenser C-5 and also part
the current leaked through R.-3 into the firing condenser
C-4. on impact, the tremblers of switches S-i, S-2 and
S-3, made contacts with their cups, causing the current
to flow through the igniter bridges. These were thereby
11-1 amheated and fired the match compositions surrounding tb-rn.
~%hen
all three igniter bridges fired simultaneously the
instantaneous bridge fired the flash pellet and detonated
the bomb through the normal explosive train. The short
and long delay trains started to burn just at the instant of
detonation.

150V

delay~ itrain usdintl


short
It lat

VOLTAGE
SWITOthe
VOLTAGE
SWITCI-lectrical
MASTER

SWITCH

time fuzs 0(El/tV)


-ontitir~ed essenrtially
the saiitt I..s ic part 41:4athe . it' rri cal intl ict fuzsea(IAA/h.
Ieun
rep1 mt ii by a
ir s itclt .-. s.
cxcetpt iibat the tremble

~~2LIIIIII

u*
it'which became ctndutinttii
at .- :ri','ir6 ipredeirniii,'.l
.tart~d oin its t ravoliraye . At thmeinstant cthe I -mI, was
ecctory, ion electric charge wan put on thie storage c ond en ser,
and anot her smallher chtarge was put tin tc feiri1ng vc~itnser.
lThe time %ett iri (i;fthe- fuzeo was ;t~ ad to. I by viir i np thet
amioun t of charge placed on tiit firnpn condentser. D urinog
flight, nart of tbht charge on the Storape eonilen-;er vle.tked

240 V

3ELECTOR SWITCH
SLIDING
CONTACTS
III

Hr'I
ULJfuzes

CHARGING
HEAD,
CHARGING

PINS

c-r

3
R-1)I

R-

with thec trertilier switch S-3i,


t.
-fljuntion~tf
utou1.i initime t lw, final explosive train.

and Fuzes, File Numbers 2321.5, 2321.8, 232-1.92&

11-Bombs
R-3

C97

throuph the(, resistor to the firing condenser. As the


vhtarg,
,it the firing condeonser increaseo, the voltage
kc ross the vatcuumr title .115, iittrt...sctI. When thle firing
*.otitgc of the tube had, beeni a-.acho..J, die firing condfenser
discharged through thet otis' and the igniter b~ri,!gc thus
firing the fuzc.
E-l.ectri al bi lion! fu .wi sate dtsie iii d in tc k s I ind
.and are listedh in this work under F uze. Stomie of these
are described in this wotrk under Aerial Burst iEuzsc.
Art electrical time fuze (El/tV. S/30) for usc. in projectiles is briefly described in Ref .1, pp 0065-s. g'rior tot
firing the projectile the fuze was charged either by hand
or hy a machine by putting 300 to 51)0 volts across cthe
sihell and ani insulated contact which Pitt voltagr orn rite
atnnular stotrage condentser. The chatrging cotuld also hie
dttneby allowing the "feeler wire" (connected to' the electrical
circuit of the fuze) ito contact the "muzzlb charging ring'
as the projectile was leaving the gun. A brief dhescription
(if a muzzle charging ring is given itt Ref 4, p (dJ0.
A device, described in Refs 2 p 4_122and 4 p (,23 as the
electric fuze, ER?. 30, was ustd for ignitintg the black
powder charge which set off the propellant ctf 15 cmoand
2! cm rockets. This c.evice is biriefly described in this
work under Rocket P~ropellatnt Igniter.
(See also ur~der Electrical Igniter andi under Igniter).
References:
Anon, Wrr Deptt Tech Mianual TMI Et9-1983 (19l12), Enemy

0-4
53

21 Anon, ordnance B~omb Disposal Center, Aberdeen llrovinF


Ground, Md (No date).German Artillery Projectiles and Fuzes
p 422
3) Anon, D~ept of the Army Tech Mlanual TMI 9-1985-2 (1953),
German Bombs, ",uzes, Rockets, etc, pp 125-132 and cothers
4) Anon, D~ept cofthe Army Tech Manual TM 9-1985-3 (1953),
German Projectiles and Fuses. pp 605-7 and 623.
Electric Fuez Primer Composition.
Initiating Compositions.

Digra
Wirig:-~*.**.-.*.
...
T1 Three Circuit.
JleskisjfiaFuze :Y.c>.

......

See Primary and

Electric Igniter (rlektrischer 7.under). Among the numerous


goicers used by the Germans in mines was one type,
ESi
SGIW 40, which itseJ an electric current for firing the
charge of a mine. 1:.;s fuze is briefly described in T.M
-1985-2 (1953), pp 300-1.
(See also -inder Igniter).

Electric Igniters and Primers (Elektrfsche ZUnder)


If the eecoswthwshlopnthtthcage
Used for Commercial Explosives. These devices, described in 13eyling-Drekopt, Sprengstoffe end 7Aondwent through plunger Bi to the storage condenser C-3 and
mittel (1936) may be subdivided into the. following
nothing passed to the instantaneous circuit. The circuit
groups:
through the resistance R-2 to the condenser C-5 became
armed before tie circuit through both resistances R-2 and
c)onaceZider
(Simple igniter). It consisted
R-3 to firing condenser C-4. If the bomh had been dropped
of a capsule (hi'dse), a priming composition (Z'd~ndoa
onctd
ed-nwes
elcrc
from an altitude of less titan 1170 ft, the latter circuitsazan
onctdoa
elcrced-nwes
azan
would nctt he armed before impact and the igniter bridge
associated with the trembller switch S9-2would fire thebrdewe(B&Dpp1-22
b) Z/usartimengesetzte. Z6~dr(opsieintro
long delay pellet which acting through the explosive train
ptimter), such as Sprerigzdnder (detonating pritnter),
of the fuze would detonate the bomb. If the bomb was
consists of a simple electric igniter coatbined with
dropped froin an altitude greater than 1170 ft, both circuits
would be armed before impact, but because of the shorter
a detonator, (B & 1), pp 174 and 222-24)

(,er 42
tt
ui*~r
t.i

ot

ai .~impii'

~i~t',~isis
~

it

iit

1rit-.

iatt

81 is
IcIiriil

whic)h

rSvillckallse.l
spt
c ol"Ast:4
a No

8 Il'lip~i

y set

cal,

It & 1), Pit

I mhiFo

I
,v*rw~.~i'r~,itr( ivwte
rltrISi.
t
's 11
'5.
.;t ,iir
cdr - (Tl'iei
it~nitfri
jdl .~r
conS itSi
ii t'iiihiw
Nith ai:
W..~
.. c' n'iect.

rr
.

It
*

il

II-Sp

and

2(-2i

~ll.~.iiriivr(lnsitatitaneousii

igiiitrr

ilii- iii It & I) pV'


n
25
I ltra .icscr-$eliincllicritz'undler
iiiii

tic prlrinier),

t:1iii

~: iaii'i:8

de.,Ic

ni,*Orwic iinscanta-

lescribed in Ii

.1~I75
p

and

& D lte~Iing .td l)rckopf.

Eltetric

Moichhead or Fusehead is the( coribination of


I'ridjgc wire, igniter %-vad atnd lead-in &ires employed in
eio longs
ca~ps. .iod detonItiOrs.
~t i :~l~i~t-, r and alsoi under 11-schead Manufacture).
Electric Proximity Fuoi,

se,,iror~r

(Elephant'. A tank- destroyer known also as


Schwerer Paniter Jogd "Elefant"' it was an improved version
,.f Frdinan,ni" NI v 1. ,cc also under iPitn7let.
(ElAectron-bomb).

See

teCo'W'
of

c~i elittI ijScontafn~ht al.d independerit of the type


propellant used. FPor initnoce~, if for at crtain
i 'otial

velocity of it projectile the charge weight of a propellant


wi!
a
0rfcvalue
of 820) cal/g is 41.3 kg a piopellant
git 5*'ti caI/g (such as at nitrogounidine propellant) would
req.uire~ a chargr.* of 6_1 kg. I See Effective Calorific Values
ot P-tcpellants 1).

Entflommungsprobf- (I lash TPest). The tcst as applied to


smokeless propelitntsn is described hy H.Blrunswig, Das
rauichlose P'ulver, 1192t.) p 30-1.
E~ont, ianmt ingepunk,odor Entfiamutest is describdi
gointa s tioni.n'eprttr..*ets
sdsrbdi
&ev~
Ct~l

tahe
h

Entkupforung amittet .Sce lDecopperinp, Agent.

Fuze.

"1Elefont"

El ektroibombe

Energy Content nI no Prnftoient


c~~;~~'cpt
!1**
9215 (1r5. p0.2 thL C1,V.r11 y Co)ntcr-% lh vteudi to, the charpi.
wrigh, of ,i ptuojellant multiplied b
t
aoifcle
a give~n projectile and a given initial Imu,:rle) velocity,

general

Entostungstxinder (Antilifting Type Igniter with lI17 Charge).


See under igniiter.
Entw~sserung odor 'Trocknung (LDeh' dration,
general section.

Drying). See

section).

Empfindhrchkoit gegen Reibung (Sensitiveness to I-riction).


* g'eenravl section.
Empfindlichkeit gegen mechtinischen Einwirkungen (Sensiti-.1ricts; tit Mechanical Actior)... cc gcneral scctioii.
* Epfidilhkiit
o~e Stma
Sentitvens~ o Sockor
Empfndl'chk
Stssitge~n
Senstivnes
to hoc or
Illipat~t). See general section.

Enzian Rokoto (Enzian Rocket).One of tIhe guided rockersdeveloped and used by the Germans during "'ll . It has
been described by:
I) l:.Hoss, Jr , Guided Missiles, Rock,!ts and Torpedoes,
N Y (1946). p 43
2) A.l)ucrocq, Lea Arnies St'crites Allemande-, Paris (,1947),
p 99
5) Tm 9-1985-2, pp 229-32.
See also Grear IFnzian or E-4 Missile).

Entzi~ndllchkelf (inflammability). See general section.


Empfindliclikeit gegon Warms (Sensitiveness to lieatj, alaninto
lxue.Segnrlscin
catlled Ocemische tiestuAdigkeit (Chemical Stability) is
Entzilndungsuemisch IntoMxur)Segealsci.
described in the general section under Stability.
Entzilndungsprobo (Ignition Test). See general section.
ofnergehoelldent

fCharge.
tmPlenSere
aProellnt

otn
IChage.section.
Energit
* Enorgit (Energite).According to Nao~m (Ref 1),
WAS 1; commercial rexplosive manufd after %V.cI by Nobel";
* lyna'nit IA -G3. The expiodlive was prepd by wet grinding
%.r~outis kilidtb, of surplus double-baste propellants in 'SExcelsio,"' mills between steel discs, to it particle size of
0.5 to 2 mmn,fol ,lowed by drying andi packing in cartridges
great
eplsiv
mn Ths
o~5
3eef
*5damI
t 31mm
Thi iamter
exlosve ws
as uedto
sedin a
:extent in potash joining.
-According to Pepin l.ehallcuf (Ref 2),
Energit and
'I~riwestfalit
were
industrial explosives prepared by
blending a smokeless propellant, (left as surplus after 1UWI)
previously wetted with about an equal quantity of a solvent
such an furfurol or acetone, with liquid aromatic nitro*
compounds and oxidizing agents such as alkali nitrates
of chlorates in a kneader. The strength of theme explosives
as determined by the Trauzl test was 330 to 350 cc; velocity of deitonation 3000 to 5000 rni/sec.
References:
1) IP.Nao~m .Nitroglycerin.etc, Baltimore (1928), p 449
2) J)lepin Loehallleur, floiudres,etc, Paris (1935), p 457.
iSee also Nitroglycerin-,Nitrocellulose Explosives (Mining
L~ixs '33, 35 and 56) as well as Triweatfalit SN j.
of

Entz'undungspunkt

(Ignition or Burning 1'oir~t).See gene~ral

Entzundungstomporatur odor Ve. puffung stomp eratu r (Ignition,


Deflagraticon or Explosion Temperature). See general section.
Edtk
ErhSua.Arce-sitd10
8amr
Edtk
ErhSua.Arce-sitd10
gamr
piercing bomb (PC 1800 IRS) used by Stuka bombers igainst
land targets, This bomb is mentioned, but not described,
TMI E9-1983 (1942), File No 2324.92.
Erosionloas Priming and Initiation (1Erosionsfreie ZUndung).
Priming and initiating compositions containing mercuric
fulminate and the chlorates (such as8 KCIO ) have been
known to cause considerable erosion of gun barrels. In
1904, 111.Ziegler of Switzerland, therefore, proposed that
Ba salts such ias the nitrate be substituted for the chlorate
salts. These new compositions were known in the industry
as 'rostfreie Ziindungen" (rust-free primers). As these
subitancel, were not entirely satisfactory, further search
resulted about 1930 in the invention of compositions based
entirely on organic compounds, such as Tetracene (Tetrazen).
These substances, called *erosionfreien Sinoxyds'~tzen",
were manufactured before%"% I by the thieinisch-STestiI~lische
Sprengstotfe A -G ,in Nitnmberg.

(;er
II I .It ti,

II''
S

fr

1O i'S

2 7, W9-lVl4 14i)
Q)

)i

.:

~..vt`

kotolsioinsfrtacit /.un~f-

till
i.itItt.

d i

A Setl vulcwpri-ogi
iii418, 111, Wot-11i '

*prewar

-.

und'

I.t
:

l'i

I)

so-otA*(,

Dliv' vrcsiuctsfrvit.
1

iii:.k
-

Erosion of the Bore Wrso d.1r Lo


iul, .o..
hr,,t*
OIIutsu s oder houbtliraushreitinuny: . Erosion oif gunis is I escril
ct! briefly in the gevneral sL'ecIi)o.
it, this %
siu
-bt
aicottnt is given Mt ret ent (icr.
man effort, to rte, oi& ct
tlu' , ers 551 o thei r :uis
p I.P.ekeThn:s
Due to till- fact thatt the arnmor sif tanks aind shil's during
WW I! was Itiadi' dii dir.cn tutiic
.1.dr th
:e sipeetIf
the
planes greater .id g~reater, tht' muzzle velocity of puns
i nc~casco to as muilch its 3'h0) ft/sec. In order to aci.v
~uil~eloitis
i wa neessr~to use propellatnts
'high
ballistic' potential, such as those containing N'G. As thc'n
propellants wer
it, t (ca lorific va'lue about 950 kcal,'kg)
thev caused excessive erosion titus lowering tIW I11' of
a gn cnsieraly.position
For instance, the life of AA guns uscing a 95'j iccal/kg
pro~pellant war~ only. 1700 firings and for a 820 Lcatl/kg propellavit about 3500 firings. Even before this number of firings
was reached the gun became less effective because of the
escape of gases between the walls of the barrel and the
ptojectile. Thint escape of gases not only reduced the
chamber rressure (thus causing reduction in muzzle velocity' of thu projectile with consequent reduction cf range
and penetration) hut also. caused excessive muzzle flash.
As' the' decrease in efficiency of an older gun is usually
compensated for by increasing tire propellent charge, this
lead so a still brighter flash. In order tn reduce the flash
in such increased charges, more and more potassium sulfate
(or other flash reducing agent) had to be incorporatedi. As
these agents are inert materials, they diminish the efficiency
of the propellant,
Lrosioni is the greatest factor in the wearing of thre
*rifling of a gun, the result of which is always unsatisfactory
rotation of the shell (spin) with associated fuze failure,.
Particu~lAfly bad erosion was obtained with high velocity
guns (such as those with a muzzle velocity of about 3300
ft/see). For them the use of propellants having calor1ific
value of 820, or 950 kcal/kg was absolutely prohibitive
and it was necessary to use cooler propellants.
D~ue to the fact'that during the last war Germany suffered
considerable shortage ot steel-hardening metals, such as
Cc, Ni, MnssMo etc required for makinS modern gun barrels,
*and due to she si ortage of labor and in some cases of
ordinary steel, the replacement of eroded guns was quite
a serious Iproblem. Fortunatel' foi the (aertisaiss, a series
of "icool' propellants or low calorific value propellants were
developed, such as the '"G* Pulver by Cen Gallwitz and
te Gdopulurby Dynamic A -G. The use of these propellants prolonged the life, of a barrel to as many as 17,00
firings. This high figure was more than the Germans ever
expicctced to, achieve. As wait mentioned previously, the
NG propellant with a calorific value of t)50 kcal/kg
permitted a maximum of 1700 firingii, when used in AA
guns. When *the Germans decreased the calorific value of
some of their NG powders to about 820 ltcal/kg, the number
of firings was increased to about 3500. Therefore, it was
calculated that each reduction of about 130 kcal/lrg should
double the life of a gun. Uhent Gets Gallwitz prepared his
coo popelans,
'("
hecalorific bomb determination

jii
s Of .cl'uut t 90 k-4l, 1L(!. As it hido 1,revicusly'l
I 'VV fou nd that 1c r4'Iuc-t ion k.,
9,
aliki'.I.ItI
t.,
lift, of .1'
u
fklitrric
tic
ii.
(iuiyfi
h
P'ropellants
"t'11
1
*:. u .! x 3500~ m ti~li, firiungs.
ofr'i, tl,(
sts
.i ....
.
.....
.
...
I
i
or eveni 17,(001
f irii:k '. it liritlil
.4 kierimia'
.IN%iosil tilili
Vcr4v right, thtu tilt Its." I'lopi'iiiilits 511151:1.poissess iM
orifit v.tlt1(-s ofI ",
toi 5-ij kc .0
kp, 11,1inot f.Iio kcal, kg

~...l

.
f1
Ij
wt
''~l
til

'o. !,it'

soiut.'ts.

Thei

vatlu'

550-570 kc-d,*kA

the
efciv.c.
c' tc
~lri
valI i,
hes
-% vatlues were use~i by~ ti( (,erm'an s in 1,referetice to tilt' ca.lorific bomtib v'alue.s, such as 0i90 kca l,"kg.
'Ierd

as

t*

I ) I to (i.llIwi ti.

D ie

UcI -.ii~laduisg,
te

( 19 Li)I
2) UW%.Ftict a~ndI. vt .11, tieneral
Minsts, Illb Rc.pt Q15 ( 9 11).
Beri ins

I lecreswaffensamt,

S~ummary

of E'xplosiv'e

raayoit(usiueIhtie
which

other

say
yaiiei
iiroroirtio~.4 Ni. -,..- -stituted
by sonme
explosive in such a irc..nner that the resulting ct',-,is large

is equal in strength to the original dynamite


Na. 6im.Schiess- und Sprengstoffe, SteitikopDedn.9
r.)9

P.

Ersotz.Geschoss (Substitute Shell). D)ue to the shortage


of steel and other mnetals, the (.ernmans ,during VVWI, develored, aniong many other ,ulhsrirllre ammunition iremis,
a sort of h11;Shrapnel shell which was made of a combination of concrete and steel scrap. Thcsc shells were used
toward the end of thre war. I I.. P.Simon, G;erman Research
in UV 1, Wiley, N' Y (19417), p 190
ERSATZSPRENGSTOFFE (Substitute E~xplosives). Due to
the acute shortage :n Germany of TNT aind other aromatic
nitrocompounds,
several substitute explosive mixture-.
were developed and used during UV's1. Many of the " Ersatz"
explosives were developed at the Kr'Ummel Plant of Dynamit
A -Gi others at Christiainstadt and other plants.
Inetoloen trendsratiennoftaioucealt-odnecmostos
h olwn rnswr
oiebe
a) Substitution of RIJX for part of the TNT in anlatols.
b) Substitution of DNB3 for TNT in amatols
c) Substitution for TN4T, by nitroaromatics ssItch as
dinitrodiphenylamine, ncxanitrodiphenylitmine,
trinitroxylene,
di.sitronaphthaleneI etc
d) The use of low melting htydrous initryanic nitrrate
compounds, ar-ch as Ca, K -and Na nitrates, tit permit
the reduction or replacement of TNT
e) The use of Al powder as an ingredient
I) The use of miscellanious organic i~siredlients such
as urea, Ph.(penstaerythritol), guanidine nitrate, ethylenediuminedinitrate, miethylaminenitrate,etc
g) The use of sodium chloride (uri to 60!".) or of so-called
"Scheidemehl" (powder consisting of a mixture of C-t and
fTT
ordc
teaon
gslctsOiUre
Moto
h
xlsvscontaining these substances
were much less powerful and brisant than TNT alone.
Note: From Uerman documents, it app-ars that the critical
periodl with regard to the supply of explosives and ammunrition was reached in August 1944i. From that datte, serious
shortages occurred. It was in September 1944 that on account
of the shortage of Nil NO , the hligh Cosmmand ordered the
use of mixtures of 50h~o i7NT/NaCI, or even 40/60 TNT/
NaCI, fer loading shells. However. previous to thin, mixtures of 50/50 TNT/NaNO (Sodatol) and 45M/1u'l TNT/

Table 15
Ile!;ignit ion .,ndl
Amoifl;O
j llitI 11.1 11-1 II-I-X

S"

It

liJIlIil
S6

j.I)

Compo sition

S-.2

XA
,2

KNIA
E-4 Illock '_16

C,1()

N.It 1 TNX
liplo. Irxpo

not)
J.; .11
.lI.l- i

%0i s1.0
so

IW\t
3S2022

2S

50
oso
SO

S
25 21

4)

iin
i

404050
5%

.--

4.

..

II~iO''.30
..

.
..

..

V1I::I

15-25

20

55

44

32

4.

0S2

14
14

14

15.

15

i's

1s

30

10

14

15

14

30

.15

.(1555)

i n

11NI1I'h. A

iI.1

in .
AllI~.0'I

45

73.3
-

10
10

-22

40

00

15.21
610:50

* Nte (:5(.0
~ -? sn.,rZ,~
(*ptt(irinj; the loading of projectiles.
Abbreviations: Am Ammniontm: DNB lDinitrobenzene; DNH loinitronagphthalene; DNDPhA LWnitrodiphentylarnine; GuN
(,uar'.idinC nitrate; IINDPhA llexaanitrodipht'nylaminc; PETH Pentaerythritol tetranitrate:, PH-Salz Ethylenediamine diilhrate; RDX Cycionite, or hexogen; TNT Trinitrotoluene; TNX Trinitroxylene.
Na Nt

Al had lwee, used. to a considerable extent.


T'ible 15 lists the principal 'sul-stitute explosives" used
by t~' 5 ~'tof
.~n~nsdors
To this t~iIle mai~ybe addled the following:
I) Ani explosive composition prepd by I.G.P-arbcnin,Iustrie by nitratingr a Im~iXture of MNX, methylaniline
atnd NINT. The nitrated prdduct consisted of TN*,X 45,
1,'tryl So arnd TlNT 5",
1.) .%i explosive mlixbure of the Krdnnimet plant of 1) A -6
,ontisned TNT 45. A,,, nitrate .10 and Al powder 15%.
Itwas suitable for cast-loading bombs, grenades and
t.1il,
ItIt'S

*
*

-itAexp~losiive mixture of the Christcianstadt plant of


O
n
21
C (N aa
7?;
* slry o
TNT ..
32
INI.
the following explosives, listed in the German section
under their proper namtes, also belong to lI-rsatzsl~rengstoffe:
.A::iatol,
Aninional, Ammonit, lDl-Salz , lFiliers Nos 13, 13a,
13,-113, 19, 20, 52, 50, 57 (or Abonachit), 60, 61, 64, 70,
18.1 and IiS, Formit, 111)1), NIAN-Sals., Myrol, Pl'l-Salz, Tetan.sprengst,ofIfe (TeN.Me explosives 1,1'etraniethylnitranlinotet raitiethytmnethane,
TE'rRA-Salz, Trinitroettisnot P'erchlorate
(Seeinse'tionundr
te geera
l'rchlrats) ad Til-

In.' addition to the explosives mentioned


_:f
.ore
.aiid during %X 1, the Germnris developed and used se~veral
new explosives and explosive mixtures which cannot he
calle "substitutes" (Ersatzsprengstoffe) bec-usc they
*were
more powerful' than the previously used military explosives, such 'as TNT and 1- A. These new powerful explosives included P ETN and RI)X, ats well as various
mitue containing these sut,stances.
,Aeferences:

1) O.W.Stickiand et al, Survey of German Prictice and


Experience in Filling hligh Exrlosive Items ,U S Office
T~ehnica& Service~, P13BRept No 1820 (1945), pp 11, 15,
16, 24. 29
2) O.X.Stickland et at,
General Summary of Explosive
Plants , P131Rept No 925 (1947), Appendix 7.
"E "-Sot z~tlexogen (RDX) prepd from formaldehyde, ammonium
nitrate and acetic anhydride; see under liexogen in this
section.
E sehbach Zirder odor Verzogerungszunder Eschbucht Eachbach Primer or Igniter, Delayed Action Primer of Eachbach] . It wax described in Ger P 379, 939 (1922) and in
leyling-Drekopf, (1936) pp 232-35.
Note: T.Taylor et at, BIOS Final Report 644 (1945), pp 3-16
describes these devices under the term of "Eschbach
Gasless Delay Detonators" or"L
ElcrcDtaos.
E sat

~thier

(Ethyl Acetate). See general section.

sslsure (Acetic Acid).See general section.


Etagenguss (Multiple-Pouring or Increment Loading).See
general section under Loading of Ammunition.
Ethyl acetoniltldeSee klannol.
tyIoelmndi
Ehlndalellrt
Etyngledlfa.o
nitrat.
lclintaeo
irt

tae ED.eDai.
ED.e
imn
tolce.Sm

~tolcl

am

a.Gyor
lkl

(ser 45
Shell Forging Press is ai verticali type press
stinndlowdii!httorve.toppeug.aI
w
l
r
u
t
i
i
e
w
l
h
i
c
h
o
i
m
p
i
n
e
o
i
l
r
a
w
l
i
o
p
r
a
t
o
n
s
I
t
w
a
s
t
h
e
t ar e ?, whi l ic e ju rn ped ov er b o ar d t o bie pi ck d up I
I vsigne'i
and m'Aoud by Eumuco A -Gt,
L~everkusen;
the commiand boltj Armuy O)rdnance, 29?1,1 378f-80 e19J5)
Si hle'bust
, and used by th
folowling plans K ronpritr
A-0 lnimigirath,
ieifmnlit
A (iSterkradc,
Ej5aCroi
Ltr.Lroit)~
.. , col lod
coto
Kisr~n
Allbrecht A~ u , Solinj3en and ilitsenclever
Ci.3, ha~ nitraite 41,K ilitrai,
, i
.ci 4. 7, Na carhonau
* .
llitteio~
0J5%,; veloc of deton 4i0*'0 ii/%ivc at1 d I..!O.
ll'r.eNv. Ii) inal Itt-r' (fif C10-10.
jE~iiarnett, Eloxposive.s, Van Nostrand, N Y (1919) p 194
IExperimental Mine. See \..ulsrtL.Exudation
(or Sweating) Test (Ausschwitzu,,p.,probo..)
This
test was conducted in Germany' essentially
:Exp iosi-nsdruck (Plressuire of 1xlso. .e
its follows:
2
eealscin
A 0-g sample of TNT, 'nd'
nd cast .. a cylinder
18 mmnin diameter, was IIict-4 with tht bottom
part
Enplosionskraft Cl:'Aplosi've Force or Pouwer). See general
on it sh-ut of special Schleicher & SchUlle filter paper
sect ionl
testing oil ii, ..;ig,,inum plate. As .s reference standard
it similar pellet of Grade A TNT (s p ff0.4 tim 80.00')
Explamiionstcem. rotur odor Detonation stemperotu.? (Temcnper.
was placed about IUO mmnaway.
The ensemble was
.mture of Exilosion or of Detonation). See general section.
placed in an oven and left there for 6 hours at 72
The dianicter of the circle produced by the exudate was
:Explosionsw~jrie (fll.it of Explosion) See genuer-l section.
measured and if it was not greater than 315mmnthe TNT
wag considered as Girade A. Any diameter between 35 mm
* Explosives Develnped by HiWolter et al . lietween
1912
.and 76 men was considered as Grade li (s 1p
about
amnd 19-15, a team of chemists under the direction of IDr I lins
95)
* W tter aend which included Dr lienno Walter, developed sevlei addition to these two grades, the Germans manufactureral fxplosives by usin4 methanol and amimoin~a as starting
ed Grade
(;umikrytlii
* orkwin
ii~i~riils strte
*I m' inthel~euss l~bor8.70to 80.80.
iert - recrystallized) with a s pi of
tories in Frankfourt on M1ain and was transferred to Tetschen,
Note: it is interesting to note that sulfite (sellite) refined
Czecluosovaki4m in 19.J1. Theomo.st important explosives
TN T required a apof about U0.60 ii. order to p~ous the
*developed by% this group were MAN-Salz, Nlyrol and TrTRAGerman exudation test for Grade A, while TNT produced
Sils. ~
u'nnus
k hftei
osdru -atr
Myrla
h
by a nitric acid refining process, d1eveloped by D~r Willc of
nmost important,I followed by thee lTETRA-ralt and last by
Allendorf Plant of 1) A -L, ,passed thle uir~ade A test with
MAN-salt,
a s p of only 810.20. This may bie explained as follows:
A few less important explosives as well as derivatives
I., order to obtain a practically non-exudalble TNT it is
of the above three substances, and various mixtures connecessary to remove t~e bulk of the two principal inipuritamining them wcre also investigated, such as: DI-Sa~z,
ties of crude TNT: )N-T and the isomeirs (beta and gamma)
1.1N-Slzplu
N1-N
, IA-Saz
lusN14
NON
of TNT. Of these impurities, the VxT being of low s P1
MAX Salvs pt rehlorate and *PRI-salz.
causes higher exudation and is the most undersirAble. As
Reference: ll.kjalter et aiI, German D~evelopment infligh Exthese impurities adhere to the surf-ice of mrYstals Of alPham
plosive.s, HIAT Final, Iept NO 1035, PBJI Rept No 78, 271
TNT, the simplest way, to remove themn is to rinse the
(197).
crystals with a liquid which would either react with the
94impurities
or dissolve tleni without attacking or dissolving
Explosive Powered Vortices-.A weapon designed by Zipperappreciable amounts of alpjha, TNT. It has been claimed
sieyer to be used against airplanes duplicated in miniature
that while the nitric acid method removes both the l)NT
the effects of tornadoes. 'in his experiments, Z. shot a
and the isomers of TNT, the sulfite (sellire) method re
plrojectile filled with powdered coal dust and a charge of
moves only the isomers and leaves the DNT. The only
'finely grained rough-surfaced double base propellant from
way to remove the bulk of the DNT by the 2nd method is
:a mortari. When the projectile approached the vicinity of a
to use such a large amount of sellite that the l)NTwol
:plane the propellant was exploded by means of an initiator,
be washed ou~t mechanically together with the isomers.
* The combination of the forward component of velocity of Such treatment
would give is high s p (sa 80).6a), but it
the coal particles (created by the movement of the projecis uneconomical because a significant amount of alpha TNT
tile)and a lateral component of velocity (created by the
is removed together with the impurities IfteTTprfe
exposin
prpelant
o th wa suposd t cratea ort
by sellite has a high a p (say above 80.2 ) s'nd it still
* of tornado. Such a, tornado was expected to cause
a plane's
osiiiyo
h
rsnce
ax',teei ofhe sompurities
wing to sInapi off.
I ligh speed movies of this phenomin addition to isomers of alpha TNT,anoteimutes
enoz
hata
inicaed
cnsidrabe vrte efectwasacfiievit is clainied by the inventors of the nitric acid purification
* ed. lTi development work was niot completed L L.E.Simon,
prcs,0a
rcial
odne
feuaineit
German Research in WWI, UiHey N Y '(l947),pp 183-4 2.
with 80.2 TNT purified by their method because the bulk
* (eealsiem ude Kdme Fa"ko yai
-G
(or nearly all) of the DNT has been removed and if the
(Seeals
n erKrumelFabik
te C
o Dyami As
p is still lower than that of pure TNT, it is due to the
Explosive Rivet. See Sprengniet.
presence of impurities which are less liable to cause exudation.
Explosive Speedboats. Among the interesting inventions
Abbreviation: a p Setting point (freezing point).
of WWIIwere small wooden boats containing large charges
References:
;of .explosives
and desigined to combat Allied shipping.
1) C.lI.Brooks, Explosive., TNT Masnufacture and DevelopWhen 'the detonating'device was set, a bump against the
metorinGmayP1RptN2,90USOfcef
*frame;-work
was sufficient to set off the explosive charge.
Technical Services, Washington, D C (1945), p 15
:The boats always Ioperated in packs and were accompanied
2) o.V.Sticklsnd et al. Survey of German Practice and
* by a command boat.' Then targets were picked, the pilot
Experience in Filling Hligh Explosives u U S office of
siet the elettanating device, locked the steering gear in
Technical services, Usshingtowm, D C ,
etN
80 7
"Eurnoco"

(Fer 416
Fatlhaminerprobe oder Fallhommiierprdung 0(ldling; Ha~mmer
ITVst Viol,' Tvst or Impact *lest). See general stection and
AAtImeit

sprii~i%-ln Schit.:stoffe,

*!~tt.-tt~wi,-, spv.
Sii,.
1,1 1 lS-l 'it

Lv.,zil-

to(

ifol low
Foustpatrome (I. ,'t Ca.rtridge. Tank C..trtridfge) .
charge mititi.nt, ro~ fvt grt-na-de fired from at tubitlar Iis
charger. The. smaller niodel. Foustpatror-e I vins latr
-alledl Ponzerfoust 30, Klein and the larger model, Foust.
patrone 2, w'v.: called Panixerfcust 30 (Ilef IN
of a large
~~~The
grerade for the' lutu..:ecopsi uNced
I culy (v.,i'. I
b.r
ead! (contg lloC.11E' and a
':ehedfou spin
ii
atai~
t.'rnacng cc~h~.i
sItcel stinilixvag fins. The tube contained it base fuze and
a booster. The projector -41as a simple metal tube in %hich
ixas- located a propellant charge vontained in a waxed
cardboard cylinder hlacd in position by at set screw. ()n
the opposite Side of the set screw was an igniter situatued
* below a flash hole. on time top of the cube wits a firing
mechanism with a release button, firing pin and spring
and a ;a.fety catch. A folding sight, adjustable for a range
of 33 yards,wits used for aiming. The grenade was armed
1.- unscrewing the tail and inserting the booster and fuze,
open ends facing each other. The fins were wrapped around
the tail and the cylindrical part of grenade was inserted
telaunecher tube. The pressure of the fins against
~~~~~~into
the inqider of -.he tubi served to hold the grenade in position.
According to instructions furnished with the weapon,
'the fi.ring mechanism was cocked first, the ensemble was
placed under the right arm (the left hand supporting the
forward part) and the sight adjusted to a range of 33 yards.
the, weapon was then fired by depressing the release button,
thus allowing the striker to go ferward. When the weapon
w~as discharged, the propelling charge drove the grenade
towards the target, while a portion of the gases blasted
down the rear of the projector tube thereby offsetting the
recoil. *The back -blast of the gases resulted in a jet of
flame. 6 to 8 ft long at the rear, which made* it extremely
for anyone to stand behind the firer.
The tube was discarded after firing.Cooon)Seeerlsci.

*
*
*

Udangerous

2) Anon, Intelligence Bulletin, 3, No 7, p 9 (1945)


3) A.j.IDcre, The ordnance Sergeant, Oct 1945, pp 10-11I
41) I..li.Simon, German Research in VV 11, ).Wiley, N Y
5) Anon,

German Explosive ordnance

TM 96-1985-2. (1953),

6n) W'.Ii.l1.Smith,
Sinai, %,:,"^I th: Vorld ,Military
Servlke
Iuhl~iqbi
%t llarr'sburg, Pa (1955), p~ 522
7)
g;..
.
-,...,d11 1I.ltullock, Museum of Picatinny Ar'.esal,
Dover, N~ 3 -r'vate communiCAtion (1955).
*Ferdinand". A self-propetlfed mount -onsin~n
A/'T run on, [zKpfw VI (III (See under llnrcl
Note; its imp~roved version was know-

of 83 mm

Ferro.A~l.'ys were extensively used i.! war gla:.ts and for


of imim,nintion mninwec.pons. one of the
the nianufactilargest manufacrur(-r of such allcys was the Radische

~lrmr.(mlSli~n

Rieferenrce: CIOS Report No 30-55 (1945).

Forrosllizium
section.

general

(F-errosilicide or Ferrosil icon). See

Fouchtigkeitsprobe (Moisture Content Test).See general secti.


in
rouerlille.Cae of the guidcd naiisilchi developed and used
g
uddMsie;
e ne
WI
drn
Foeurlosek mitteI CB (Fire Extinguischer CB). Chlorobromomethane , CH iCi~r. It was claimed to have been more
successful as a fire extinguisher than carbon tetrachloride
because it was heavier and less toxic.
Reference: CIOS Rept 25-118 (1945), p 26.
Fouorwoffe (Firearm) . See under Weapons.
Fo5orwitriere;. Psuerwerkerkunst
(Fireworkcs). See Pyrotechnics.

oder

FouerwetkskgPrpo

Ficittenhorz coder Kolophonium (Spruce Resin, Rosin ar


FILLER OR BURSTING CHARGE (Flillung oder Fiallpulver)

________

RON____E

*(See

(Fp oder FP). Following is a list of explosi

used for

filling projectiler. These explosives sre designated as


Filler No 1, Filler No 2 etc. Some of them have prefixes
such as Pp 02 shich means TNT,or Fp 50/50 which meansAmatol.~50/50
HE SETIO14Filler
No I (FpO2). TNT p;assed in cardboard or metal
FUZE 8 uOUS1ER
oties
as used for loading shells, depth charges,
land mines, or for the prepti of demolition charges
Filler No 2 ( Grf 88). P A pressed in cardboard or
0 an 30klenj ere
The rignalmodls
(auspaune
iesdph
meacotir;wsuednshllnd
very much feared by the soldiers assigned to use them,
but the improved forms' (Panzerfaust 60 and Panzerfaust
Fiddermo 3i(ion
chres
.
Npesd
a
sda
h
Uhrsedwauedath
FlerN 3(p)
100) were *safe to 'handle. The model 60 weighed only
shells
small
and
for
grenades
filler
as
a
and
detonator
prone.
or
kneeling
standing,
13%4lb and could be fired
such as 20 to 50 mm
it had as much flexibility as an ordinary rifle,
Filler No 4 (FP 02). TNT loose in paper containers;
The hollow charge of the war head wits capable of
was used in grenade.
penetrating FP f homogeneous armor plate and within tiIeFleNo.GrnarPA;asudasabstg
firing range there was no practical variation io the penetrating power.
New models were provided with heavier projectors,
charx in stick han grenade 24crdor
ador
nbo'si
Fillet No 6. TNT/%'x-9/
carryinIgIlarger .propelling charge, which allowed the range
Ito be increased to 150 meters (Refs 4 & 5),
containers
Fillet No 7 (Pp 02). TNT pressed; was used for loading
also 44.5 mm Recoilless Grestade Discharger, under
e
1 1ons).
shells, auxiliary boosters, bombs (heavier than 50 lb.)
and chemical ammunition
Note: Smith (Ref 5) calls Faustpatrofte the "German ReFiller No S (Fp 02). TNT, cast; was used foir loading
coilless Grenade Discharger".
References: ''IEsel
1) Anon,
Enemy Var Materials inventory List ,SHAEF
Fler
shells
0
F
0 resd
wsue
Pp5+p1,pesd;wsud
office of AC of S, G-4 (1945), p 159FiltN1.Fp0
Ns

4ni At sel'

1'-t-15

ir

~N~N<4

(;er 47

Fdlc
,
~Filler
Fillr i.,p1()
1,II Ip , Ipo2
1;1 IS
1.,, 2), resed%
wa.s used inl All shells
Filler No 12. IFpwl 4 1:pi + RImX/votx - )t;/lo, pressed
in C~arJIX~i~rd cOntainlers;, was used in Ali rhells
"Ntie: hi the abovi. mixtures Fp 0)2 flitliti put e *NI b
iv %, vlp tU and
20
,o mean TlNT plus 5, 10 or 20% witx
rwape11ctivclv'. to All shells, tile filler varied
With thle
svc 'ttoin of tile shell. The higher wax-content TNT was in
tie nose wihere the shock of iim*act was ntort
intense,
wlhereais, the booster surcotind consisted of pure TNT
F ier No 13 (Pp 60/40) . MIl No 40 and TUNT (An
- orresponds
to American 4i0/60 Attlatot. Its fragment
density wstr avc 39 meters vs 410 nmfor TNT. It was
cast loaded ins i1', SAP and A/V bonibs and shells.
Filler No 13a (i-p 50/501. Same as 50/50 American
~~~~~Amatol.
Its fragnenit density was 35 m vs 40 m for TNl;1le
it wats cast ipaded in (iP- bombs and land mines such
a- Tellermnun
Filler No 113.113. XIl1 NO 70, TNT 20 and Al W(I4;
was used fihr filling U~P &nibs. Another mixture consisted of Amt nitrate 74 and TNT 26".
Filler No 14 (FP 02) .TNT cast; was used for filling
tAJ, S.Al', AlanA/ibm.
Note: In the pressed forin Fpr 02 was also used as an auxdiary booster in all Ill' bombs oveA 50 kg and as a burster
in chemical ammunitin

No 32. rlETN/wax-90/101 Pressed in wax paper;


Filler No 33. Ph-*TN/wax 81/ 15( were used in
A/T
mines and as standard
sub-boosters in all
kin(,ds -fqpnto
,fa,'nto
!iller No 34. lE'iTN/wax-70/30 was tiqeo .,+- filler of
special shells
FllrN
36
'Nwa-,/i;wa
*s
'nfll
f
specIal shells
Ftilar No 37. hlFTN'/Wall.%0/5(,.
shveA,.~
F11
He 36
VNwa-5
used as isibove
Filler No ?. PE'EN9.5,wx8S~;w~
sda
u
booster in bomb* gaines, in 80 mm Chl shells and in
some 50 mmi and 3, mm shells
Filler No ?. i'ETN/wax-82/I8; was used in 37 mm
iAI'IIN and APNIII shells
o7
E~wx~It
a
sdi
8in
Ill:~ shell
Filler No ?.wT/~~*.h
2;vae ,,e
in A/T
Mk I 5U rmi st., W5Smm lHE flow .as a Jet,, '. -r stirround
in HE' shells (50t and 75 111111)
anid ill
nOm~
Aum
and bb nan AP' shells
Fle
o4.letl(rse)
a
sdi
i
hls
Filler No 43. P'lastic explosive consisting of PETN
and mineral oil: was used ansome IHE shells
Filler No 45. PIETN/RL'X-50/50, plus 30'. wax; similar
i
rprist
l-Nwy7/
it'roetist
lEN/on7/0
was tused in some
Fil'er No IS. 1'%*' 9(1 and Al IC-.; was used in Gi
special pro~e-tiles. Another mixture contained RDX
shells of mountain artillery,
50, PE:TN 35, and wax 15%
Fillr
N 16.TNTeas
in n aumium cntanerFiller
No 52. An amatol-type explosive containing
Fler
1Noa
916.TN
csti an
axloe;usedinu
somtier
shls
DNB 50, Nil NO
35, and RI)X 15'.; yellow solid;
csrd
-a9/d
in suborin
ttwar miness
7.p
r
could be cast; 4expiosive properties similar to those of
Fillt
N 17
TN/Al50/50
amatol; toxic (due to the presence of U)NJ). Was
'Fllro17 TT/lpowder (90/10) cast + PrTN/
used in 50 kg GP and SAP bombs. (Ref 1, p 133)
;rx90/10 . an exploder; uses not specified
Filler No 52a . An amatol-type explosive containing
Fileratrxo oIA. ONns/m ntrae/BX tech Ca' nitrate 30, Nil N
55, IjI)X 15%; was less
54/322/141, with biscuit of Am nitrate/Ca nitrate/RDX/
pwru
n
rsn hn~/0Airlbto
bu
PETNcomiu~e
waer -46/1/209,4the
same sensitivity. Vas used as a biscuit filling in
Fillr N 18(Fp02/H.8020)
TN 8(3 RU
19and
the nose of parachute and robot bombs, with a surround
wax i %;
sonc
wsshllsof
usd
Filler No 52a
Filler No 19.. Ani nitrate 35, TNT 55 and Al 10%; was
Rc~iinladok(e
,p26
ie
h olwn
usedin
ome IE 'rriler)
hels
copostios for Fillers No 52 and 52A:
used
sells
in (muntin
(moutain
srne
HE -iFillerY
clisetoNio 52. Matrix UN B/Am nitrate/RDX - 47/33/15,
Filler No XG Am nitrate 53.5, LOUD 45 and Al 1.5%;
with a biscuit of Am nitrate /Ca nitrate/RDX/PETN/
unknown
Combined water - 46/21/20/9/4
Filler No 21. Am nitrate (10 and TNT 40%0 with a core
Filler No 52A. Matrix DNB/Am nitrate/RDX- 50/35/15,
4Apressed TNT pellets
with a biscuit of Am nitrate/Ca nitrate/RL'X/PETN/
Filler, No '~TNT
35, Am nitrate 50 and DNN 15!';
Combined water - 4 6/21/20/9/4
was
cxendr
sedasfr n TN insom ammniton.
Filler No 52A. Matrix DNB/Amn nitrate/RDX - 53/30/17,
Filler No 24. Cast P A ', was used as a bursting charge
womitha wisute of A46/2 tr2t/Ca9/4t/RX EN
in some s~hells, As a standard burster and as a subFomier
wate6
r Doart Am6/21/e6780.T/9/425
bo oster in gaIines when N.
was used at. the initiator.
FletN 56oDori.A
ntae678,TT1-,
Fille~ot 2.
F FpO
10 (ressd); ws usd inNG
3.8, collodion cotton 0.2 and vegeta.i ma
%
Al'shllsrN and SAp2
bob
t was ap yloem-plastic substance possessing
AObmbsnearly
sellsand
AP
the same explosive properties as 80/20 amatol,
Filler No:28. TNT!/Tax - 90/ 10 + PE:TN/UWax - 90/ 10,
except that it was slightly more sensitive to impact
pessed in blocks in alumsinum containers; used in somean
rilbuetes.Itwssdfoflin
smead
lE
Aifl shellst.
and
tws
sdfo iligsmehn
II
n
Psel
grenades (Ref 1, P 90)
Filleor No 29. Vp 10
Layers pressed in shell
Note: Ref 3, p 287 gives the following composition fur
* p 02 (cry stall ized)
Filler No 56. Am nitrate 80, TNT 12, NG 4 and rye flour 4%
Pp 10/KC 170/3o
Filler No 57 or Aboneehit 2. Am nitrate 64, K or Na
+'p I0/KClI-50/50
"nitrate
3, TNX 13, collodion cotton 1, and Na chlorate
Note: nef 3, p 2866gives for Fp 29 the followi ng composition'
19%; was used in some grenades
1 + TT (rystallized) + TNT/wax/KCI-/73
Fp
Note: Ref 3. p 287 gives the following composition (fo
STNT/*ax/KCI-45/S/501 + KCI, pressrdi
lcsi
Filler No 57. Am nitrate/alkali nitrate/TNT/alkali chloride/
c'ardhoard containers.
collodion cotron/charcual - 64/3/14/17/1/1. This composition
h
~was called Monochit
Filler No 30. I-p 02 + Fp 5, Pressed in shells.
Filler No ?. RDX 8, tech Ca nitrate 5. Am nitrate 55,
NJote: Same as under Filler No 12
ISDD 30 and wax 2%; white substance; used in some

(let 401

aliitt'it, i tiolt ((as Iv,~adld I It- explosive. prop erties were


fto 5u),5o~ .iuattd, (Itl 1, 111341)
ri!,r ~r~tl
~o~ ~tII ws sed its 11tshell filltr
F4 No 61.
Y4:' ; \VikNt04ed 68 11l10VC
0!&-, No A~4,
3 ~ mixture of *r.clt 00) and Am
iit.10t1i":; whitt it)t'o tr wni sh color, it, p fQ -8t20, pardal sill Itt, W,s,
Sul I
,1. an acvtone; C2lilosjve propvri,. ere similai~r ~,, W~/(i0 A tit tot: hiygroscopic an
* eytoxic; wits used its a shell filler (ReN

*Fi'l*Ier
*

*bombs

Fillet No I1I.
Am nitrate* g0, carbon 6 andmnra
matter 4%; was used press-loaded in s"me bombs.
-. f Ref 3, p 288 gives frir Filler No I1I1 Am nitrate 96

and carbon 40.'

Filler N-. 112. Am nitrate SC, anti TNT 20!;- was used
in some bombs
Filler No 113. Am nitratce'TNT/Al powder - 70/20/10;
uesno idiatd

Abbruviatlons: Al Aluminunm; aet ais.ohol; Ant Ammonium;


AP Arkitor-pivriing; A/P Antipetisonnet: A/T Antitank;
Fittr
N E6.!'~N,'~~x
't/SOCM
Chemical mortar; DNN Dinitronaphthtalene; EDD EthylFiller No 70. Pressedx -NIwSOudinsmeprntr
endiamitie dinirrato; GP Gieneral purpose; H Itexogen (RDX),
Filler No 83. tElDl in mixtures with sonic tIIF, to permit
HE ttigh-explosive; HoC Ifollow (shaped) charge; How
Ci~t
lta~lin~:Ilowitser;
L A Lcad .tdL
St Lead styphnate; MB NonoFittr
t~lt~
N5 84
atit nt
4~,
ax sed
block; M F Mercuric fulminate;k
a;NuNiouadne
Fillt
1:)1)55
N 84nd nt itrre
itrte 5% as sed
P A Picric acid; PEYN lien tacrythri tol tetranrrate; RN
t -iomic shells
Filler Nc e". 1:tI)/RI)X/U'ax - 4(k, 18/36*, iiSe
if.
Round r~ose; RDX Cyclonite or Ilexogrn; SAP Semi armorblocks wrapped in wax plrper and place I in an aluminurm
piercing; sol soluble; tech technical; im Trench mortar.
econtainer
TN B Trinitrobenzene; TNCB Trinittochlorobenzene; TNT
Filler No 10 (Pp 30/70). TNT, 30 and Ant nit.-ate 70!;;
Trinitruotouene; TNX Trinitroxylene; w water
Sused in some A/PIl ombs
rkte~:!_nces:
FtiLt. No It (Fp 5/95)- TVI 5 and Am nitrate 95!"; use -1)
Muc.r-A and Enemay Explosives, Aberdeen Provirng Ground,
*not known
Marylind (1946), pp 75, 79, 82, 86, 88, 97, 112, 113, 118,
Fille8 (Fp
No 0/60)
NOINJ 60 and TNT 40% ;
120, 122, 124, 129, 133, 134, 137, 139. 141, 142 and 147
waus used in sonic shells grenades
and radio-guided
2
eateto
h
ryTcnclMna
M9
bombs
1905-3 (1953), PP 536-7
Filler lb* 89. General name of cast ymixtures based on
3) Anon, Recognition liandbook for German Ammunition,
lt.adqu~trters Allied Expeditionary Force (1945),
RDSupreme
pp 2 8(pst.
Filler No 90. General name of pressed mixtures based
on It D\
Fillers Used, In Anticenrcrete end Armor-Piercing Shells.
Fitter No 91-1115. RIX 95 andi Montan wax 5!-; was used
In order to make the explirsives
in sub-buosters and boosters
such as TNT safe for use in armor
iFillet No 92-1410. RIX 90 and Montan wax 10';. 5
-piercing and anticoocrete shells.
userd in boosters
sections of TNT close to the
Filler No ? (H 10.3). RI)X 89.7 and Niontan wax 10.3%;
noseort~
weemdres
estv
some
to shock, by icroang
w.ts used! in 75 nmmAll shells
Fellr 7 *o
R)X
ad ?(H
Ntncat
3. wx
~wax
and X chloride.
FilrN ) ?(
n
lotnwx
,X9
was
goo exi-il
of cit,. typ'r
used in boosters' for tropical countries, to replace
of filling was the one in 210 mm
lENwxmixtures
a
Anticoncrete Shell (21 cmt GrBe).
INo 95 (H/Fp 02). RDX 60 and TNT 40%; was
r
its filler consixted of ten pressed
*ased in sonte shells (press-loaded)
paellt
pacd eld in
positardion-b
FilrNo' 101 (FPp 15). TNr/wax-85/15'; was used
tacmernd hldnngine posirdtion eb
in All honidls. (Ref 2 gives for Filler 101. T4NT 92 and
aacmn
owrintended
he
sections 6,iig7 and h8 were
Montan wax: r
to
provide
protective
layers,
Filler No 102. Ant nitrate 60, TNT 40% and some wax;
practically insensitive to shock
uses %lotindicated4
whereas the la:,crs close to the
PIl'.r No 104. RDX; uses not indicated
base were nearly or just as sensitive
as straight TNT. The enclosed
Filler No 105 (Triolen 105). RDX 15, TNT 70 . and
list gives the compositions and
Al (powdelr) 15%; was used cast-loaded in GP bombs
3weights
of charges shown on the
and torpedoes. Another mixture contained TNT 74, naPrha.
the enclosed drawing.
lenc'14 and Al 12%
a 0 au
Filler No 106 (Trlolen 106). RDJX 25, TNT 50 and Al
25% was used in some bombs
t
Filler No 107 (TrIolen 107). RIX 20.TNT 50 and Al 309%;
wA s used in underwater ammunition
Fillet No 108 (?) (Tir'lolltol). RDX 20, TNT 60 and
-9/
At 20; was used in underwater ammunition
No 1
4 lb, 2 oz of TNT/Wax -9/
No In 8 oz of Straight TNT
FillerNo:109 (Trlolen 109). RDX 70, Al 25 and Montan
Wax 5%; was used, compressed in pellets,as a biscuit
No 2
4 !b, 14ox of TNT/Vax - 90/ 10
"filling with NGu in 'the nose *and as a surround for
N2.
1 Ib,5,o fSrih
N
No 3
5 lb, 5% oz of TNT/Wax - 90/10
Tiller No '106 (Trial"n 106) in the 500 kp GP, 1800o kg AP
No 4
5 lb, 4%/ oz of TNT/Wax - 91/9
and in some pilotless aircraft missiles.
4 Ib, 2 ox of TNT/ Wax - 91/9
No 5
Note: ,NGu was used as' pro:ection for Filler No 109, which
6
6 ox of TNT/Wax/K cbloride-0.5 /5.4/ 34 .1
-alone- is even, more sensitive than straight RDX. ' .No
ox of TNT/Vax/K chlotide-44.1/5./50.3
No?7
Filler No 110, Am nitrate 90, Al 2.5, naprhalene 5 and
6 oz of K chloride
No 8
wood meal 2.5%; light gray in colornrequired a secondary
Total
weightE.nlsugTe
of filler was 25 lb 85' 4dac
ox
egat
Refrece
HiE primer to detonate; was used, press-loaded in concrete and in A/P bombs
May 1944, p 320.

Get 49
Firing or Igniter Campositlon 121. One of the mixtures
used during WWII: silicon 25, Pb chromate 50, and K chlorate 15!, I'll Rept 95,613 (1947), Section U ].
te2.
Pieture
SAn
SFlnmmbombe. Aa incendiary bomb containing an oil mixture
and a Il' bursting charge. The following types are described
:in TM 941985-2 (19W), pp 52-54:
1a) Flam C 250 A (0 or C) contained 50 kg of oil incerdiary hmixture and TNT burstingcharge (p 52)
b) Flam KC 250; same filling as above (p 53)
c) Flam C 500 contained the incendiary oil consisting
of 701, petroleum and 10'; TNT, with T.NT ov,.,ting
charge (p 54).
(See also incendiary Pombs, l~raandbmn and Spreng.
S
! boashan).(Illustrations are givel under Biombe).
Flammability
Test
(Entz'indlichkeitrprobe). A special
.,:apparatus called "Flammenpendel" and its application to
testing of vacious explosives and pyrotechnic compositions
was described by F.I.e'nzc S -, W7, 36(-69 (1932).
Extinguishing Ad(F lame
Flammenaulo~schndzusatx
dition
or Flame Reductant ). See Flash Reducing Compounds in the general section.

PUZE

ELA

PROJECTILE

HOLLOW
STUD

BURSTING
CHARGE

FLAN4GE
-'--------

Flanschgeschosa (Flange Projectile), called also "Sqae.-zobore", or "LittlejohnIwas a subcaliber projectile provided
with a flange and three hollow studs as shown on Fif.
and described in the TMl 9-1985-3, p 360.
It was fired from a cylindrical rifled barrel to which
smooth-bored, tapered nuzzle extention was attached.
principal advantage of thc "flange" projectile
R'ee in
comparison to the other subcalibet ptojectiles was that
it had no parts to he discarded, because tIe alillow Prud
and the flange were easily depressed when t,,. oi..
o.h (..llr
passed from the rifled section of the yon t,,
raliher smooth bore extension.
(Compare with Arrowhead P'rojectile, Arrow or Needle
Projectile, Disintegrating Blani Projectiie, Ridchling Projectile. Sabot Projectile ,ndl l'ertd Bore Projectile)
Flare (LeuchtkugO. oder Fackel).
A
German
flare
isually consisted o'f a cylindrical container housing an
illuminating element. O.pon being ignited by a pull friction
igniter or a time fuze tOe flare burned vigorously producing
intense lightr ad heat. "The illuminating clcment consisted
either of a single or a multiple candle unit which varied in
intensity of illumination and color. Flares were made with
or without parachutes.
A brief description of the following flares is given in
TM 9-1985-2 (1953), pp 60-81:
1) LC 10 (Leuchtcylindrisch 10) consisted of an aluminumn
cylinder, a single candle in a cardboard liner, an"89"
clockwork fuze and a parachute located in the tail
end. The flare was dropped from a plane and at a predetermined time the fuze fired and ejected the candle
and its parachute from the "ady. Simultaneougly the
candle was ignited (p 65)
2) FB 50, Single Candle Parachute Flare (p 66)
31 LC 5OF Ausf C Parachute Flare c,',nsisted of an
aluminum cylindrical body with dome-shaped nose
attached by treans of brass screws. On releasing the
flare, the pyrotechnic delay (inside the fuze) was
ignited. This fired the quickmatch, which in turn burned
through the flash tube and ignited the black powder
charge in the tail. The pressure of the gases developed
by the deflagrating black powder, caused all four flare
,sandl.n and the parachute to be cxpelled through the
nose, after shearing the balding screws. Simultaneously,
the candles were ignited through perforations in the
ejector plate. The composition of the candle was Ba
nitrate 75.8 ,AI 16.5 and S 7.71. The burning time was
slightly over 5 min and the candlepower 216,000 (p 68)
4) LC 5or Ausf E, Single Candle Parachute F'are
(p 68-9)
5) LC 5OF Ausf G, Single Candle Parachute Flare
(pp 69-70)
6) Mark C 50 F/A Parachute Flare consisted of a
cylindrical aluminum housing containing a parachute,
fuze, quickmatch, single candle unit, flash , be, priming
composition and ejection disk. When the flare was
released, the aerial burst fuze started to function.
The flash ignited the quickmatch and the flame was
transmitted through the flash tube to the tail end to
ignite the ejection disk of black powder. The pressure
of the ganes developed by the burning powder expelled
the parachute and the candle through the nose. Simultaneously the primer composition and the candle were
ignited (pp 70-1)
7) Mark 5OlKasktadeTarget Indicating Flare consisted
of a sheet metal cylindrical container 7.?' diam and
41.0' long containing 62 flares (in three layers separated
by perforated cardboard partitions), an expelling charge
of black powder, smokeless propellant ignition disks
and an igniter (fuze) assembly. A heavy concrete nose
was provided to make the missile fall with the nose
downwards, when released from a plane. As the missile
fell, the expelling charge was ignited thus ejecting
the flares (candles). At the same tih:e the propellent

(jer 50.

F ABES

LAT

TAIL FIN

DO71

ru.rFELT
AAD
N16SFCAP.

CHRE

FLARE

ANGLES

COWOPLTPFNT
COMPOSITION
PLASTER oFL

PARISg

5'A DEFLARE

LB FI

UNIT

~~EJECTIONPLA'Tu
EFLASH
USE

'PADS

.
EJIECTIONCHARGE
FUZE
FLASH TUBE
FELT PAD

PARACHUTE
SHROUDS
PARACHUTE

SLEEVE

PRIMING
COMPOSITIONEET~

EUZE
POCKET
PA'~ANUTECHARGE

P A P E R

~~C
LA Y B AL LA ST

FELT

C O IF
C-SI
C

-SUSPENSION LUG

'

COli~PRESSURE
PLATE

CHARGE
CONTAININGPACHT
Pt. T

FUZE

CHARKLASH

TU E

'CONCRETE NOMSE
PIEC

RM

SLAC1111.K
POWDER
FARE COMPOSITION

ISITES

FLARE WITH PULL


GTE

PULL CORD

L3NITE

~~Sk~~.T~~FLFLAE
CABLE.*
Identification Fiore

SUSPENSINWR

FO
FLP
P
Asp

utP

MARK C 5,.' it

IIPITER

AR

iF ARFELT

PARACHiT

PR ~i.CNL
LARA ET

FLARE UNIT

'LC 10SINGLE

BDDY

0F

CAIPERLINE

IGNITION PAqTITiat
(CARflDOA4r

SHROUD

POWDER

TOP
PLATE

LA

PARACHUTE

UNI

.---

PL

GIE

SOESGA

STATIC CABLE

LR

CARDeOARDBAKTM
CYLIDRRAKT

FLRE
COMOITIN

-,

FU

EEETINSAKOWR

&ARIGNIKER
PECHARGE

CAWNDLES
CYINE

PULL
TINN"CMO
CHA
ALUN

FLREANIGSELAL
CO ALLSITIONUICOVE

ROTAAIN
MATCH

PULL CO

SMOEOOCAIN
CLOSING

PECUPIIO

.u
JIN

Eu~
CHAINN

(;er '1
ili'ri,,n

di';'

each

vandle.

,o. rivc;s uorhr IPyrortechnics


IRlep

1213 11,"40),

See

also 1iO1S

I A

lb) S'i-'glt C~inklIC l'aC41e Flare with, Pull Igniter


was
in construction
the Mark
flare.
was ,similar
Ninigler Cnd
cosraucten to
tFlre
Mirk C50F/A
PuA Int
The principal difference :,s that the vandle %as reverse! aid ignited h.
ri (fi~tion) igniters instead
by a hblack priwder charge. After the flare was released
ofo" ?hz o.,:rcraft, the fuze (through the flash tube)
ig.ai:ed tb, ejection charge of black powder and the
prrss,:re t-f tht: gisw ejected
the parachute and Lhe
C'10*..itrough the n'ie At :t :ri same time the parachute
pulled the cords ot the igniters, which were provided
with dclay elements of 3E2 sec. The candle was then
ignited and hurned for 5 minutes (pp 73-5;
9) Single Candle Unit Parachute Flare (Thite) consisted
of a cylindrical aluminum body which was attached
to a parachute by means of a cable. lEight shroud lines
"terminated in a loop which was in turn attached to the
pull cord of the 'igniter. On releaitg the flaie, the
parachute exerted a pull on the igniter "I" firing cord
thus celeasing the striker spring. Then: the striker hit
the Imemusbioii cal. igniting the bnck powder primer
and the candle ;(pp 74-5)
10) Single Candle Paraichte Flares: I (White) and
It (Red) (pp 75-7)
ll)Mark S Flares, Types I and 2 consisted of a cylindrical
buoyancy chamber which contained two candles. To
these were attached a fuze, a static cord and a pull
"igniter. The static cord functioned either the arming
device of the fuze or the pull igniter. Mhen the device
was released (from a container) over the water it went
under the surface and then came up. It floated with the
"head of the flare just clear of the water. Then the
1st candle was about Y4barned out, a piece of safety
fuse running to the 2nd candle was ignited and, after
a short delay,' the 2nd candle started to burn. Each
candle buIrned for about 2 msin (p 77-R)
'12) Smoke Flares: Orange 160 and Orange 80 were
uscd as .:.' drift indicators (pp 79-80)
13) Smoke Signal Flare, used as navigation aids by
pilots (p 80)
14) Smoke Signal Flare ARDR was used for the same
purpose as above (p 80)
15) Distress Signal Torch consisted of a narrow sheet
aluminum cylinder containing three pressed charges
of flare compositions which burned respectively red,
* white and red. The compositions wcre ignited by a
pull igniter (p 81)
16) Ground Flare, Bodenleuchte (P) F156 217 is briefly
described in BIOS Final Report 1233 (1946), p 2 and
the composition of the flare is given under Pyrotechnics.
In addition to flares dropped from planes, there were
"some flares fired from guns, e 2g 3the Flare Projectile
for the 203 mm Railway Gun ( (. em Louehtgranate)
described in TM 9-1985-3 (1953), pp 519-20. The shell
:was conventional in design except that it had an admachined near the middle of the shell
bourrelet
The
weight
of thened'nerhe
shell was
2261J
that of the
shell
dd lb,
btatofth
donal
body.T
weight
e
of the

ditional
' .body.

flare candle unit and parachute assembly 47 Ib, and of


the expelling charge (black powder) / lb. The flare and
parachute were expelled through the base of the shell.

Fflash

and placed between tha ,rojec ic and the propellant. These


anti-flash
b:ags, called in German *Vorlage, consisted

Flash Reduction' in Propellants (Mhnidungsfeuervermindung


oder Mudndungsfeuerdlmpfung). In order to reduce the flash
Sproduced on combustion of propellants, the Germans for
many years ueed the salts of potassium, such as K sulfate
K nitrate, or K oxalate. The investigation conducted before
tIVWU has shown that of the inorganic compounds the best
are the alkali salts 'and that flashiesaneas
mp,reducers
:enwith
is improved on going up the series in the Periodic System.
ZCs is better than Rb and Rb is better than K).
The inorganic flash reducers (such as K sulfate) were
usually loaded in small bags separately from the propellant,

of two perforated discs of artificial silk or cotton cloth


sewed together in the form of 'doughnuts" and filled with
coarsely puiverized K sulfate. (Ref 1, p 324).
Another flash reducer cr isisred of a large bag with
oxalic acid and a small ban with potassium oxalate.
With the incurporation during WW' of nitroguanidine
(NGu) in some propellants (see Gudolpulver), it was. found
that NGu alone gave sufficicut flashlessness without incorporating any of the usual flash reducing agents. In
propellants which did not contain NGu, flashlessness
cuuld be successfully achieved by using a small bag with
NGu and a small bagwith K nitrate.
It should be noted that the use of inert (non-explosive
and non-combustible) flash reducers buch as K sulfate,
nitrate, or oxalate, oxalic acid etc, is always bound to
d,:crease the ballistic potential of the propellant and their
use in large amounts should be avoided. This does not
apply to NGu because this compound is not inert but is
aon explosive. Fuo this reason, much larger amounts of
ut
Nju may be used, either directly incorporated in a powder,
or used in a separate bag.
The following Germ'an flash reductants were examined at
Picatinny Arsenal (Ref 3) during VV 1:
a) Potassium chloride; was used in 76.2tomn AP weapons
b) Potassium sulfate; was used in 7.92 Ball, 20 mn,
AP!IV, 20 mm Inc, 20 mm lIE Mauser. 20 mm Solothumn.
37 mm APII, 37 mm APIIV, 37 mm APMB, fl mm KI8
- 13! min
37min
7 mm AP,
37 mm AIE,
weapons
c) Sodium bicarbonate; was used in some 88 mm AP
gunr
d) Sodium sulfate: was used in some 75 mm lIE guns.
According to Ref 4 the following compounds were examined at the Dineberg Fabrik Dynamit A-C as possible
flash reducers (Flammendimpfer):
Aminoguanidine bicarbonate Am acetate, Am phosphate,
Am sulfate, aparite, asbestos, Ba sulfate, boron nitride,
ceriuu, oxidc, cryolitc, dicyandiamide, dimethyl oxamide,
dimethyl urea, disodium phosphate, mercurous nitrate,
methylene urea, K bicarbonate, K chloride, K iodide,
K metaphosphate, K perchlorate, K phosphate, K silico
-fluoride, K tirea oxalate, sodium ammonium sulfate,
sulfur, zinc sulfate and Zr oxide.
It was claimed that methylene urea reduced the Ml..sh
to a far greater extent than any of the organic componnds
used. It was also stated that cerium salts were much nore
effective than any other metallic salts investiated (Ref 5).
AbbreviationsAP Armor-piercing; HE "sligh-explosive;
HV Ilyper velocity; MB Monoblock; Inc Incendiary.
References:
i) Davis (1943), p 324 2) O.,.Stickland et
, General
.
)OWSikade
2
14)
ai
1
dx83
PB Rept 925
(1945), AppenSummary of iain
Explosives rea
Plants, ehRp
55(95.p3
dix B 31 Picarinny Arsenal Tech Rept 1555 (1945), p 31
4) A.A.Swanson & D.D.Sager, CIOS Rept 2W'24 (1946), p 6
5)CIOS 29-24 (1946), p 6.
Flash Reduetion In Projectiles. hen it wws required by
the German High Command to have an AA (Flak) projectile
whose explosive flash is practically invisible in the night
sky, the Kru~mmel Fabrik A -G satisfied the requirement
The f
in
e re
The high explosive filling was completely surrounded
a 5 - 6 mm thick layer (sheath) of chlorine atom contaming material such an 'erachioro- or hexschloronaphthalene or Am chloride.
Reference: PB Rept 925 (1945), Appendix 7.

Ger 52
Plchftlgk
of cxlhos t,I

w:rolatility). The1 determination of .'olatility


~ .,rb
the anitlvtlrnl section.

I'he methods
n. ..
Fuol. le coid Fl~.oritios. See ge"f IAct~el ;t t;. KiFabelindst~ic
oti
uv 1 l describe,!
*, ,l.~'tt..
:t.n sA Ie.et'. 4.. vra ,,.d(ll..'
tcl
ce
.i llus Final Rept 150 M95 1')
Filusz~p 'Tri (Liquid TVNT). See Drip Oil in the general
neto al-,&ropfdl in the hook by Stettbacher, Schiess-.nd A:'reitrgtolle (1933), p 240.
i~i...lidAirT.xplsivs, xylqui).
1`1ssielufspengtofe
f]~isigtufspragstff.(l~."ai Ai ExlosvesOxyiqut).
see' general section.

ForCrrde Tsds~ndto
determine the ability
of mining explouives to transmit detonation, called in
(serman Detonatlons~IM1ket Probe, was conducted as
follows:
35 mmniii diameter, were laid end to
enonrcrrgs
d ona bed of sand and one side of the train was detonated
by a No 3 blasting cap. It wits required that till four
canrdge he detonate,! completely.
IKvferente: 1310S Fintil Kept 1206 (1947), p 2.
Pp t;"llpulver)
h~he.

I'

~..,.d (mok-Sceen
gen).Se Neelsp
and

Am nitrate
NG (nitroglycerin)
collod cotton
MaNT (monionitrotolt'ene)
Glycerin
Cerelo poat flouir
K chloride
Amn6xalate
Bolus (China elakyl
Ilexnin0.7
Oxygen B~alance,
tra'u.lI Test value, cc'-

A~nation F~i4
,,j
Fordit ? FBrdt1 F6r______4
38.0
37.0
41.0
21.0
25.5
23.0
1.0
1.5
1.0
5.0
5.0
3.5
3.0
3.0
8.7
12.0
24.0
19.0
22.0
10
.
0M
40

for

filling shells,

(F~lIpulver
(Follptilver

02). Explosive,
88). Explosivcv,

pattern
pattern

1902 (TNTI
1888 (P A )

also

11F'~
o
Pcdt)
codn
oNoiNtolcrn
* laltitanti '1l'28), pp' 407, 411,Foetdites were permissible
* gelatin-dyt..ont'tes manufd after WVV!. Their composition is
inlabl
* 16.fragment
givn
*
____________________abl
16weight
Components and propeIrties

02
811

See RZ 73 Fiahn

explosive used

Fp 60/40 (F~lipulver 61/ 40 Amatol containing TNT 60 and


Am nitrate 40;;
Pp

Fo~ihn Gordt, PW." RZ 73 4.


1- ~953 1,1) 235.

AnY

-19.5
2

Fragment Density Test, Fragment Concentration Test or


Density of Splinters Test (Splitterdicliteprobe). A series of
inavestigations were conducted during VV I by the German
Ordnance Dept (Waffenamt), under the direction of Dr G.
R~mez in order to determine the relation between effective
(splinter) weight, fragment velocity, fragment
number and fragment range (distance of travel) and the
and type of the explosive material, as well as the
type and thickness of steel used in ammunition. These tests
were conducted with a view to designing the most effective
ammunition. One of the tpa;ts used for this purpose was the
fragment density test (density of fragment test), which was
conducted in the following manner:
A shell containing assexplosive to be tested was detonated while surrounded with wooclen boards 2 cmt thick.
The number of fragments per square meter piercing the
boards was counted and the average distance at which
there would be one fragment per sq m was calculated
from a specially constructed curve. in order to obtain
reliable results it was necessary to detonate at least
10 shells.
Following are some values for the average distance
to obtain one penetration per square meter using a 105 mm
shell'
TNT 39-40 in, 40/60 - Amatol 38-39 in, 50/50 - Amatol
35 in, 60/40 - Amarol 34 m, 50/50 - TNT/NaCi 26 mnand

one of the Etsatzsprengstoffe deFormit (Formite).


veloped during VWI by an explosive group under the direction of Dr IHans Walter.'LIt Was obtained by heating a
mixureof
ommrcil
0% frmadehde
nd
I14 03
3CI
oSml ~
O)udrrfu
'(in'the ratio 6 mo4

4/0-TTNaI2m.
Note: As this method was expensive and time consuming,
the IKrlmamel Factory of Dynamit A -G proposed loading
an iron tube with an explosive to be tested and to dictonate
it on lead. No details of the last method were given.

for about'1 hour, followed by vacuum dis~iflatioo to removelan


:the water and unreacted formaldehyde. The residue w~ad
afaintly yelow composition which consisted of MAN-Salx
25~~~ to3.TISl
o3ad mntae6
o7% t
calorific value visa 900 kcal/kg and volume of gases produced on explosion 1050 I/kg (calculated at. 00 and 760 mm
118). When about 15% of RDX or PETN was incorporated,
the velocity of detonation was increased appreciably and
the brsance was increased to that of TNT, while the volume
of: gases evolved on exloion was higher than for TNT.
Thisexposiv
cold e cat-laded(setin poit aout
aO) in projectiles'but unfortunately it exuded at 60-70?
It ala fairly stable to heat' provided no iron impurities
were present.
References:
ja
I) H.Valter et &'I,
German Developments in High Explosives,
PB Ript No 78,271 (1947), p, 4 ; 2) A.LeRoux, Wnm Foud,

References:mar
o xposv Pans
lns
fEplsv
umr
0tAGnrl
1)O..tln
G.Risner, PBL Rept
7
2)
Appendix
(1945),
925
No
PB Rept
85 160 (1946) and private communication Dec 12, 1953.
rlnTpeiitr(rnxne).SeudrIie.
Uerzlier.Seudrintr
rcinTpIaIgie
Friedier of Hlalberstadt in 1893 patented an incendiary
composition which burst into flame on contact with water
It consisted of metallic sodium or potassium incorporated
in a mass of crude rubber. The mixture was loaded in thin
walled projectiles which being lighter than water floated
onisuraeIailcioaie(92,p30.

34, 1320(952).

Frit echo Zu~ridschnur (Fritsche's Fuse). A core consisting of

pressed mixture of IK niarate 63, alderwood charcoal,


(Erlenholzkohle) 13, and pulverized sulfur 24% enclosed
in a fabric tube. It was slowi-burning. (A.Stettbacher,
Spreng- und Schiesatoffe, ZUrich (1948), p 107].

('et S
F-Stolf ( laitinim: Tetrachloride). See general Nection
,'..d is ai smoe-produ. in agei~'t.

wits

Fuel Oil Igniters

Wil' ci ljititers) wo're stick-s oif Wwid


.1li
x Itl1.1u, %lic %%crt klipp rd, fir~t in .tccttnecelluloidi,
so'lut ion and thwn in th fol lowing pyrotechnic
mlixtiir,: At 1,H,.6, IM, nitrate .26. 1. K niitrite
1.0, S 5.0
~nm..).
o m~t
iiordrtl,
iatifratjiNLti~tIL,
t
i. I tj INL%4L .10rd V I t ~. I V W- IIi1 'j l~
III.k
ttltV %k
glass..0
nd ,iinistrip
Oil striking, titirt igniteis burnied iiertely. It is
l,4-lievt~d thlat tlivy' we~ret*istar lor i~n it isiij url tvil In I'ower
l
i
III.~
1
:
.. wnetIl'tI
*

pI'll1

Fi~Ilpulye, (Fp) oider Fritiung


See Iilt.

*or

Filler or Filling Exiplosivc)

FI Istoffe (FilIling Materials). \on-explosive mattesials,


suhas NaCI, chalk, etc , incorporated in dynamitet. anid
* other explosive compositions either to chatige the character*
stc o
.XnpliiVes tsuch as to make their less brisant)
to economize on the amnount of NG, TNT, etc.
l)~ntmnites cositaining FIlsof
weecld
Ge
streckto Dynamite (Stretched dynaumites) jNaoum, Schiess10
to
und Sptengstoffc (1927,.
Fulmenit (Fulm'onite). Fl~umenites were lFavier-type explosives such as: a) Am nitrate 86.5, guncotton 4, TNT 5.5,
paraffin oil 2.5 and charcoal 1.51. (Ref 11), Ill Amnnitrate
82.5, guncotton 4, TNT 11, charcoal 1.5 and paraffin oil
1% (Ref 2).
References:
1) Marshal!, v 1 (1917). p 391 2) E.ltarnett, Explosives,
Van Nostrand, N Y (1919), p 113.
(Fulminating Compound
Under this
Fulminohnte Staff
n~ame, Stetthacher, Spreng- und Schiesstoffe (1948), p 119,
lists :the following substances- Jodstickstoff, (Nitrogen
iodide), lKnallsilber von isertollet (F ulminating silver of
Ilertollet), Nitrodiiazobenzolperchlorat (Nitrodiaxobenzeneperchlorate) and Knallsilber(Silver fulminate).
*~~~~~~ Teiiitncopuds, such as MIF , L A , and L
St ,are listed in the same hook as Ztiu'dstoffe.
Fulminatin . An explosive proposed by Fuchs of Silesia:
NG 68, said wool shecauirgs (clippings) 32!7 (L.Gody,
Traiti des fiatiires HExplosives, Namur (1907), P 359'.
Fulnalnatschnur Fulminate" Fuse)is a detonating fuse which
has a core of mercuric fulminate desensitized with partiffin.
Its velocity of detonatijonr Is 5300 in/sec. [A.Stettbacher,
Spreng-und Schiessitoffe, Zu'rich (1948), p 107 3.were

~~Funltenchrengrh(SakCrnrah.Se

hoorps

in the general section.

Fun'kenza~nder Spark Igniter or Primter (rlectric)Vlevices 3


such as Barnhardt's are described in Ileyling-Drekopf (1936),
p 216.
Alcool
ued o asiitiae te cnibutio of
Fur Ifurol Aloo
a
sdt
ntaetecmuto
f
gasoline at the moment of its coming in contact with mixed
nitric-sulfuric acid; called SV-Stoff in Germuny (CIbS
30-115, P 1M.185
Fuse (Z~ndschnur oder: Zeitxk'nder). See general section
and also DeYl ing-lDrekopf, Sprengatoffe und Z~admittel,

berlinl (1936), pip 161-60.


Fuse (Obisolete). Daniel, lDictionnlaire des Itlati~res Explosive~s (1902) described a fuse called "nieche alleniandell
(6ernan fuse). It consisted of it strip of paper impregnated
wito sulfur and saltpeter, then dried and inserted in a
pa~per tube containing a small 3mount of firr grain bllack
powder. TIhe cnsmenthle was placed in a lhare-hole on iton
of i%c aitridgil of a blasting cx~s, e. After igniating tf...
of paper, %heopjetator took covct.
Fuse, Safety (Sicherheitszundachnur). See under Fuses in
thlL general section.
Fusehoad is the combination of bridge wire, igniter bead
(drop) and lead- in wires. It is a component of electrie:
primers and detonators
IBIOS Vitial Itept 833, Item 2,
p 3/27
Y atc: In LR)S Report 2i-i 1, 7 tbe saint -ccmhination
is cal led "IFlectric Match Ihead".
Fusehlead "A6*. Low-tension fusehead introduced during
WW 0 as A substitute for fusehead"GY after it became difficult to obtain the cerium-magnesium metals necessary for
the preparation of hdischmetall, (mixed metal) one of the
essential ingredicits of "G21".
rhe" A,' were cpd at Ttoisdorf Fabrik by dipring the
tip i4 a bridge wirc (called also fuse) successively into
the following liquid compnotitions:
0
a) 1st dip which consisted of dry Pb picrate 9 p and
silicon (20 ito 40 microns) 10g, all suspended in about
75 nil o' a 2"; solution of NC in amyl or butyl acetate.
Tlhe coating was then dried
b) 2nd dil, which consisted 'of dry Pb picrate 50g, Pb
chromate 35g and silica* (20 to 40 microns) 15g, all
suspended in about 75 mil of 3% solution of NC in amyl
or butyl acetate. The coating was again dried
c) 3rd dip which was a lacquer consisting of a 15'.~
solution of NC in 75/25 butyl acetate/ethanol , to which
was added (20% dry weight of NC) Sipalln AOM, which
is the methylcyclohexyl ester of adipic acid
d) 4th dip was the same as the 3rd, but it contained
0.8g of Sudan Brown per each ifL i of aisquer.
Note: Soldering of fuse wires to lead-nwrspeaato
of the dry ingredients for fuseheads -1irill preparation of
NC lacquers and the process of dipping the fusehicads
combs are described under Fusehead Manufacture.
Reference. BIOS Final Report 833, Item 2(1946), p A3/3 5.
Fusehead Comb.A new type of fusehead suitable for mechanical production was developed during VVII at Troisdorf.
It consisted of a strip :If sheet steel from w'nthe outline of a comb was stamped.The two legs of each fusehead
then banded together with 'Niipolam', t6e taips of the
teeth suitably bent and the bridge wire soldered into ptsition. After dipping the bridge wires into fusehead coinpositions, the back of the comb was sheared off
jBIOS
Final Report No 833, Item 2, London, (1946), p A3/38 I
Fussooed 00 30l Low tension fuseheads used in gasleas
delay detonators were prepared at Troisdorf Fabrilt by
dipping the tip of the "bridge wire" (fuse) successively
in the following liquid compositions:
a) 1st dip which consisted of 77& dry lead picrate
n
itr
Mshea
1.g cru-ansu
ceimmgeim mxue(ishtalan
4.5sg lderwood charcoal, all suspended in about 75 nil
of a 2% soln of NC in amyl, os butyl acetate, The coating was dried

Ger 54
2

washed with benzene, spread on traOs and dried


b) Preparation of NC varnishes for fuseheads. Before
1913, amyl acetate was uned as the solvent but when it
became unavailable, butyl acetare had to be used althugh
the workers objected to it because it affected their breathing even more than amyl acetate
Two grades of NC were used for the preparation of
fusehteads E 620 and Ei 1160 fN content was not giveni)
and both. of them were received at the fusehead factory
wet with about 30' ethanol
The preparato., of the varnish consisted in a thorough
blendirg of the alcolh[lic NC with the desired amount of
of butyl acetate in an iron drum provided with a wooden
paddle stirrer
c) Mixing of the dry ingredients with NC varnish. A slightly
smaller amount of NC varnish than required by the formulation
was measured into an 8" diameter "l)ollopas" plastic bowl
and the dry ingredients were slowly added while continually
stirring with a wooden spatula. Any Mischmetall required
was ihen ctirred together with the remainder of the N'C
varnish. The dip was thoroughly mixed by hand, using a
wooden spatula, for at least one-half hour. The viscosity
of the dip was then measured and if it was too high, it
Fuseheod Matufacture. The bridge wire ("fuse') made from
was reduced by adding small quantities of butyl acetate.
(or
60/15/17/7/l.Ni/Cr/Fe/MNo/hin)
8u/20-Ni/Cr,
alloy
an
References:
was soldered to two lead-in wires (made of soft :ron 0.60 mm
1) R.Ashcroft et al, Investigation of Gecman Commercial
in diameter) by means of a 60/40-Sn/Pb solder and Zn
Explosives Industry , 13109 Final report No 833, Item No
-ide flux. The wires were coated with a 0.25 mm layer
2, London, It kI Stationery Office (1946), Appendix A3,p27
,olam. Without cleaning the flux f(trn solder, the tip
2) Anon, Manufacture of German Detonators and Detonating
fusehead (bridge wire) was dipped into an igniter
.o
Compositions, PD Rept No 95,613 (1947), Section 1.
fusehead
A6,
composition
fasehead
as
such
compvssirion,
compn%.ition G3, Spalt, or Marspille. Each fusehead required four dips which were conducted as follows:
FUZE (Z'nder) German luzes nay be subdivided into
A number of fusehead assemblies were inserted in a
B3omb Fuzes and l'roit-tile lIus. The first group was
an apprr
containing untit
pan cowered
special d afrare
nireplaced
acd over
ove aaran
the
used in aerial 'bombs,
some booby traps and in some
pyrotechnic devices and the second group in shells and
priate dip 'mixture, and 'the frame lowered uni)h
rockets.
tips of the fuseheads wre immersed in the liquid (dip).
A. Bomb Fuse (bombenzdnder). The Germans employed
Then the frame 'was removed from the dip, turned upboth mechanical and electrical bomb fuzes. The mechanical
side down and slowly moved (with the fuseheads uppertypes were used in smaller bombs (such as 2 kg, 12 kg
After
seconds.
semi~circle
through
Smost)
this, the
frame a was
hung by for
the 15-30
handles
from cleats
and 50 kg) and in some booby traps, whereas the electrical

h) 2nd dip ,which contained 43.7g lead picrate, 5g,


* alum'inum (isrepd by crushi ig Al foil to a particle size
2
of to to 20 microns), 5g ceriom-magnesium and G.25g
all simpended in 75ml or a 3Y soln of NC
. lderwoo.t,
in amnyl, or butyl acetate
c) 3rd dip which %%as a lacquer consisting of a 15%
solution of NC in butyl acetate/ethanol-75/25, to which
was added (201; of the dry weight of NC) Sipalin AOM,
which is the methylcyclohexyl ester of adipic acid.
""his lacqv-r was fairly iripermeable to moisture and
c'ackcd !c.ss readily than ;atight NC lacquers.
d) .Ith dip which consisted of the 3rd dip to which was
* added 6.8g of Sudan Brown dye or each 101 of lacquer).
luseheads made with 63 composition developed heat
amounting it 5ho cal/g, the pressure developed by Ig was
3
SbU atm tand', voluale of gases 190 cm per g at NTVi.
I was its hygrosopicitywhich made
The disadvantag,' of
it unstable in sttrage.
References:
1) BIOS Final Repotit 833, Item 2 (1940). 1' A3/34
2) I'll Relt 95,013 (1947) Section 1).

affixed to endless chains leading to drying z.uni'els.


50 feet long and were heated
tunnelsfromwere'about
The
by steam
belot the bottom plates. The 2nd, 3rd
conductedfro
besahe
the
w
mnn3rd
-and 4th dips wete conducted in the same manner as
the 1st one. Afterbein8 dipped and dried, the fuseheads
were graded for resistance, using a special automatic
machine. For low tension fuseheads the requirement
wa 1.0 to'2.4 ohms Fand they were graded in ten steps;
1.0 to 1.2, .2t1o 1.4 .......... 2.2 to 2.4. For high tension
resistance
the usual
fuseheads
range was (such
3,000 as
to 'Spalt"'),
15,000 ohms
but the upper limit
was not specified because it was found that fuseheads
of 100,000 ohms, or even more, functioned satisfactorily.
Notes:
a) Preparation of dry ingredients for fusehead dips. The
dry ingredients for fusehead dips, with the exception of
Mischmetall, were usually mixed behind a barricade in a
diameter and 10" long,
drum,
pipieran mache
graphited
provided with
aluminum
lid. 6"The drum was rotated at
14 rpm. Sit No 6 soft rubber stoppers Were placed inside
h drum. txNo
aid
sixin. r&
the drum to aid
waixing.
The mischmetall was considered to be too inflammable
to mix in the dry state with the other ingredients and was
always added separately after the other ingredients had
( The Misehmetall
been added to the NC varnishes.
was previously pulverized by grinding it under xylol in a
the zylol was decanted and the slurry
ball mill. Then
small
was transferred
to filter
paper on a funnel, where it was
ii

fuzes (developed and manufactured by the RheinmerallBorsig Co) were used in all kinds of lIE bombs and in
flares. Among the electrical fuzes was the "proximity
fuze", type 6 used in incendiary bombs C 250 Flam and
C 500 Flam.
According to Ref I there were ten basic types of
bomb fuzes:
1 Mechanical impact and flare fuzes; used in 2 kg
Butterfly bombs and 2 & 4 candle flares
2 No record
3 Mechanical impact fuze; used in 12 kg A/P. bomb
4 Mechanical impact fuze; used in SC 2500 bomb
5 Impact fuze: instantaneous or short delay; (land
targets); used in liE (SC or SD) bombs
6 Proximity fuze; used in C 250 and C 500 Flam bombs
7 Long delay time bomb fuze; used in lIE bombs
8 Impact fuze (sea targets) with slight delay to
effect detonation at some depth below the surface
used in lIE (SC or SD) bombs
9 Aerial burst (short time) fuze; used in parachute
flares and photoflash bombs
10 Protective fuze; used in booby traps and SC 250
500 kg bombs.
Each of the above basic types existed in one or several
variations. The following chart, based on the information
obtained from Refs 2 and 4, lists these variations according to their numerical designations:
1) Mech Imp Nose Fs (3) AZC 10 (Hot)*, Type 3 used
in SC 12 kg A/P bomb (Ref 4, p 134)
2) (5) Elec Fuze was forerunner of Type 5 fuzes, but is
now obsolete. The A variety was manufd in Spain (Ref 1,

itfneweeiLa

(te

F' IZF5'(PM'A[3

t,,

~LEADS.

SAFETY PIN

TO

F'EtT
ri
;c !*WE*

SAFETt DOLT
PIN1ON

.1r.,

E ' Rc LELECTRIC

SArET Y SOLT.

ErT~t

PLUF40ER

4PACT FUZ

MENC

.'UU94M

E..:rRI

--

GAS CYLI NDER


LOCKING BALLS

TIME FUZE

ALUMINUM
SLEEVE

SQUID

(17A)

.~

STRIKE*

-NOSEFUZE

PLYSTYRENE

CEPSRN

II

(3),.

PLUNGER
DETONTER
PAWL

SAFET
SAFETV

CLOCK
RELEASE
PLUNGERS
ALANCE WHEEL

TRIPPING PAWL
SAFETY PIN

ISTRIKER

--

RELEASE PLATE
DETONATOR CP

COTALFUZE

ANTIIN
ELBOW PIECE

SPRI[

PERCUSSION CAP
ELECTRICAL
TAIL

DS
TRASFRGIm

(46)

PLATE SPRING

RELEASe

RWRELEASE

KRELEASE

SAFETYSAET

PA

PIPUBEO

'.*

)AMN

WSE

RELEASE PLAT

RS

IGAMN

SPRINTG SPRING

SECURING

SCRE
USSION
CAPCREANSINGL

FUZE

59Z

rGer
5%
iluv N'o
1.5.
a.ttion (Ref . I, 1.-i
* I.4ee)
w Imh
11h,,
1e Aerial Ilurst I z EIl/tZ (9) or (t))$
31)
. Chemical --me I'z IIAZ (57) used in ";tg.bo:
uised in p.arachute flares atnd I'hotoflash atd gas bombs
IbOibs iief .i, 1- 157)
* (Ref ., p Io")
35) Mtech Aerial Burst Fz '
:. . in single & fou
4.) I'lec Im1 I-.-I..
. (15), or EIAZ C 50 (151 (obsolete)
camd!e pa.achutc flares anti
50 photoflash bombs
was used in S( 5 to 25u0 kg, SI) 50 to W.00 kg and She
(hef 1, p I t)
950k. boms (iRef2, file 2321.5 and Ref .1,1')
36) E.I,' Aetie' 11u.
.
.
& (59) A u:;.:d in A/i, and
5)
MI..I',"
ch I.-,,g Delay Time Fz F:IA Z ( 17), Type, 7
Inc contdinersa
ef .
u~e.I ist S .150 arid 500 kg bombs having two pockets
37) llec Aerial b.. it Ivi
1 used in some lfit bombs
* (Ref .', p. 15.'l
anti para.chute dlares (Ref (>) 1.1cc Mceli lime lI.z iZ (I171A, EIAZ (17)A*, I':IZ
38) \tech Aerial Burst I'-. 4'
used in supply-dropping
lJ*
()
used in 'he same hemhr. as VIA.Z (17) (,.ef .4,p 15.11
containers (Ref .1, p 186)
7) Mcch Time Fz ? 17 Hm use,! in "c 5u0 &- -000 kg,
19) Seecial Imp Fz /66 used i,. SD
ho'nbf
)
Ref 4, p 146)
pC 1oo0 t .and 1:4 ,11 100 kg tKomhs and Its 293 flving
40) MIech Tit,: 1'z A. (0,7')Z't used in tD ' 7 "'Butterfly"
bonb (Rcf .1, 155)
ih,,mh. It was located centrally in the ul1',r longitipdinal
8) Much Imp Tail Iz (23)A use.1 iri Baad LO kg, N1I 2 kg
surfat,. of tht. '
.,cf
o,:.r .4, p 159)
and ";G
( 3 K bombs, as well as in single unit parachute
.
IlM,..,
' " .
6",' used i, Mk Al " co,.iner to
Blares (Ref .,
134)
i8,,te
P
2 oI te
anita housed in the contauner
9) Me'h Imp und Antibreak-up z (21) and (24)A used
(Ref -. , p tl)
in the forwitrd pocket of SC 2500 bomb (Ref ., pp 135-8)
.12) LIce Aerial ir
z.
.o.
;.&
-,*ty 69C 11,
* .,ee a brief description under Antibreac-up Fuzes)
691) & 691. (l'ef I.
1
171)
"
, 250, 500 &
10) i.lec Imp "Fz -IAZ (25), (25) A, (25.
(25),\*
.
vn.!
in !nIIC l0 (.nta:ners
used in Ill: bombs (Ref .4, p 140)
4.3) Chem -.I, ; l.oni; Delay ant
"isturbanee
-z
11) F(ec Imp Fz IiIAZ (25)B, 25 B, (25)C & (25) 1) used
(70)A used in
21B bomb (Ref 4, p 187)
in St 50 to 500 kg and some Inc bombs (Ref 4, pp 141-2)
44.) Mech Ant...,sturbance
.z (70)13 & (70) B/I useA
12) 1-lcc Proximity or nip Fz, Special I:IAZ (26) used
in SD 21B bomb (Ref 4, p 187)
in Inc h,,,, i.C 250 "l.'lam (Ref-4, p 144)
45) Modified %tech Antidisturbance Fz (70)1B ums used
13 11 cc Irp FI
F
.z1AZ
(28)A used in lie bombs SC 50
in ircraft towed paravane bomb (Ref 4, p 188)
to 2500 kg antd Inc bomb. C 25t (lef I. ;. It0
46)1Elast
lee
ial
Fz, Pyrotechnic Delay EIZtZ 79,
(79) & (79)A u.4cd in parachute flares, SC 250 & 500
I l(bI':Fec Imp
ItZ 78 t': ,,ks [IA? C 0 28 (*) usd
eb-mbs, A/P & Inc containers and photoflash bombs
n16?)
Iomphs
(Ilel 4 p
in Fle
L

* 15) Elec !.'rt Fz LIAZ (28)B used in SC bombs against


.:,ataget (ef
, 16)Be
O.
S16)F1ec Imp Fz AIAZ (28)13228)28)
& (28)110.7 used
in lIE bombs (Ref 4, pp 163-4)
17) Mech Aerial Burst l'z (29) used in LC lOf parachute
flare (Re[ 4, p 168)
18) Flec Imp Fz EIAZ' (35) used in lie and AP bombs
p4
(Ref
19) Ee1c Inp Fz I'IAZ (38), (3gums) & (38u) used in
lIl. bombs (Ref 4, pp 165-6)
20) 1(1lec Imp Fz EIlAAZ (38sl ) used in SC 250 kg bombs
.when cmployed as depth char se% against U-boats
(ReIf 4.
p 166)
21) F1iec Imp Fz IsIA/ (38)1B & (38)C uscd in FX 1400
and Ile bombs (Ref 4, pp 166-7)
22) Mech Antiwithdrawal Device ZusZ .40, T'ypes 1, II
& Ill used in SC 250 & 500 kg bombs under fuzes (17),
(17)A or (17)B (Ref 4, pp 177-81)(See a brief description
under Antiwithdrawal Fuzes)
23) Mech Imp Fz :AZ 41 or 34-41 used in SD 2A "lButterfly"
bomb (Ref 4, p 132)
24) Nlec Imp or Aerial Burst Fz 'AZ (41)A cot" was used
in SD 2 1 "Butterfly" bomb (Ref 4, p 132)
25) I1(ec Imp Fz LIAZ (.45); uses are unknown (Ref I,
p 142)
26) Elec Imp Fz EIAX (45)A used in SC 50 bombs (Ref .,
p742)
.
I
.
.
27)
lectracallyas
boArmed(Rlcc 4Imp Tail Fs A (46) used
in KC 50 gas bombs (Ref 4, p 1.15)
'28) Rocket Bomb Fz Assemblies (.19)A & (49)01, Type 9
used in PC 50ORS, IO00RS bombs and 1800 kg "l'rdstuka"
(Ref 2, file 2324.92 & 4, p 169)
26) .Rocket Bomb Fz Assembly (49)C used in JAC 1I8ORS
30) Elec AntidisturbanceFsz 50 and (50) used in SC 250
and 500 kg bombs in conjunction with fuzes (17), (17)A or
(17)13 (Ref .1,pP 181-3)
31) Flec Antidibturbance Fz 50b or "Y* (See under Antidisturbance Fuses) used in
Elibombs alone, or in conjunction with other Rheinmetall fuses (Ref 4, p 184)
2) Elec Imp
IA C
(5) (obsolete)Prie
Used in lI"bombs (Ref 4, p
b1oe)
33) ilec Imp ls lilA? (5S)(p), (5S)A/M & (51)A3
used in Sb & SB and other bombs requiring instantaneous

I)

(Ref 4, p 174)
Mcdi
47)
flying
bombIhp"AIl-t.'ays"
(Ref .i, p 189)Action Fz VZ (80) used in Its 293
flying bomb (Ref 4, p 189)
48) Ditto VZ (80)A used in V-1 flying bomb (Ref 4, p 190?
49) Mlech Aerial Burst Fz Z (89) used in photoflash bomb,
parachute flares and some containers (Ref 4, p 175)
50) Ditto Z (89)B, (89)C & (89)D used in some containers
(Ref 4, p 177)

51) l'lec Imp Fz FIAZ (106)0 used


52m)lnDle
16 (Ref
F 4, p 149)
52) "Dust Fuse" used in SI) 10
(See description under D,.
Following are- abbreviations and
bomb fuses:
AZ
Aufschlagziinder
EIZtZ
Elektrischer Zeitzstnder
El?
Elektrssher Zunder
LZt
VZ
Z
ZtZ

Langzeit
Vorzugsszinder
Zmnder
Zeitzlinder

in Flying Bomb"Peenebombs (Ref 4, p 191)


designations

used

for

Impact fuze
Electrical time fuze
Electrical (fuze)
Long time (delay)
Safety fuzing
Fuse
Time fuse

Zu
7ZZSt

Zusatz
Addition
ZhnderzwischenFuze extension cap
stujck
Other German abbreviations are given at the end of
this German section, following the Vocabulary
Several of the (aermaio ouib fuses were examined at
Picatinny Arsenal as can be seen from the following reports:
,' A.B.Schilling, Pic Aran Tech Rept 1572 (1945) (Chemical
'LmngDelay BombFuze, EIAZ)
b) A/.B.Schilling, ibid , 1574 (1945) (Mechanical Time Long
IDelay BombFuze, L Zt Z)
c) A.B.Schilling, ibid, 1581 (1945) (Instantaneous and L.ong
l'elav, BombFuze. El 4Z 55A)
(See also Aerial Burst, Antidisturbance and Electric Fuzes)
Fu
(Gechossnder) existed even i
a greater variety than bomb fuzes. The former may be
subdivided into Point Detonating (PDl. z) and Base
Detonating

(B1F)

types.

A bief description

of typical

cr( S

rF'vR

r40

TRAIN

F-FftcsstonCLOCKWOR
ST~kicFR

AP

RKER

hltCka~nica

C/ckworl*
TTImi DIS

PULL~N
R~rit,4

TU
e

ONAL

CNAiNAiN

LEADLIPCUG

C14ANPJEgoHLE

WAKe

Ger 5H1

FUZES (ROJECTILE)
H A M M ERD

AZ I
Q

A72

PELLET

TOATO~O
FESA
PLLT INMIEU.O
LATER

INDTCEX
PL

CENTRIFUGAL
SEGMENT$
AND SPRING
DELY

SPRING

EN TON AT O

BODI
I EDLE PELLE
Iii~NT
NTRIFUGAL

CREEP

SECTONTHLE
ONX

DETIONATING

E__
OINT

WUODEN

DELAY NOL

MAGAZINE

AZ 23(0.15)

S~lKWOODEN

KI AZ

SETTINGDTOAN
DFTONATOR

PLUG
LASH

DELAY
COMPOSITION

CLSIG

LSH

/METAL

AZSETTING

CHANE

CASINO
PLSTI

FLASH

HUTTEPICHANNE ,

HAMIME

STRIKERPLATI
CENTRIFUGAL

SPRING RING

HEAD-%TLDS

AZA
FLATCOLLTRAESTCINIBL

SPRIN
INETIA

ELLE

SPRING

WOODENCENTRIUUAL
HAM
IERFIRSEGMENTSN
IPRU
ING

PRONG

AZ

NEEODEN
PIN

FLETOCILR

S
STRAKER

OKERHAMMERU
PELECIM

S P R I N GS
I N RT AEEL E TP
PIVOT~SEE
CENTNTUGI
NEEDLEPELPET

NEDLMHA
NEEDLER

TRK

P IN

R N
PIVOT

AL

ETONATOR

"
BRAS

UTA

Sand

(Der 59
It'"Ian 1 I Icet I It' 1.uZ. s isgvnby
Filgllesu.l litef .)
16) 1imp FA.13
sdi
3 mPo~cl
R
'lhe followving typI
tes litdlnd] briefly described
p)550)
A
52ue
n11m ~ott~ ~c
in, lefs .3 adf 5.
17) !mp Fs AZ. 51ue n1
mPoetl
ld
2,
I. Point Detonating Fuse
P 316 & 5, p 550) 15
sdi
5m
rjciewi
1. Imp Fz AZ I useJl in, 7S ihn aind larger caliber sheil
DOI nip l's AZ 1552 used in 15 mmni'rojeck~le (Recf 5,
5
(et
, 1 58")
l 51.!)
2. Imip Ies AZ 2 ;usv notr indicated (it, f 5,
1;),1
;'
, ~reV
.. 29;tas
o nine
Rf5
3..Piere Fv A7 '23 Series wtire kill iea.,a inieporelilt Wi.1
,
usdthroughout for (;irmain Artil lev~ .ti;)i~
,
o.-tly
2~
m
.V
~ jj5ie
.
Cnan shelf (C'let 5
fr
in
7 nmmandl large.r calibers. All the different fuezs
1,
is'
.)
leiring ~
~n~r2" 'hWere similar in functio',inp tn
1 'c
11V z AV. 5,072 UstOin 2
WU.nim.an,; '?/ 28 mmn
major difference s
a-mone. them were in tilc it:!,'
I h.
:.!it li.. for l'aperc 3 .,je ?.uns (Refs "I.I, ;I i & -, 1) 5511
'.,.Atypt. fuzes existed in the following vari al1ions.1) V t F z A:. 1S AZ 507', -,k .'.- )AAi, '075 used
l'rlswirh delay 0.15 .11 U.25 .. t)aluminum
i
7m
4.d,
/
.,~
miIa
reeaa~
boidy AZ .3(.1)and .23VO'.. 1
Isc
in shells i-r
0i - ; 1,p 19._: 5,,
45-5)
hi.m (jut an,* lOS lme
tI.
1lo mf~
itt. 1
At
-5 ustd mn fin-c
A./T ;I;..i.....b) !,,-:c Fr AZ :';' .e. ased in the 75 ,it,, Nlounr-vs,
24) Inq, z A7 I libl; .. id in
mws,Shell with HIC (Ref
(;u.i. jt~ei 5, p 5 76
.
5, 1) 5,86)
el1 lerc I z phlqutire body AZI2W (. l5)(Pr) and AZ
215)Much Timie and Imp Isz lopp Z 28K used in 210
`1V(Q..NlIr); Wit-% not indlicated (Met 1,1, 5)2fio
nrot proiec~iles (21 cm K(;r 38 & 28 cm Gr 39) (Ref 5,
ds l'erc 1:5zplastic body
pn605)
Stmoke shells I Kef 5, 607) AZ 23NhWlr used in 150 nim
20) Siech, Trime And/or Imp Is
opZSz
I sdi
e) Perc l's zinc body Al. 23V(0.b)(t~n and A/. 213V
88 mm And 105 mnIlI:L AA shells (Rids 3. P 383 & 5, p 605)
(0.2S(Z~n1i: uses not indkiate:1 (Ref 5, P 573)
27) Ditto lDepp/. S/60s; uses not in~dicated (Ref 2, P 318)
I) Modified Pete h-z -A7 .23umg used in 75 mm and
28) Mechl Time and Giraze Action Vs DoppZ S/904.45 used
'105 mm~lE shells filef ~,p575)
in 170 min 6un in Mortar Mounting (17 cm K i MrsLaf)
gl Pterc l's AZ. 13/21i used in 88 mm lIE AA shells
(Ref 5, p 601)
(Ret 3, p 3419)
29) Combination Vs Doipp'/ S/I160Geb used in shells for
h ) Perc Fs (delay 0.1 scc) AZ. 23/42V(0.15);. uses
Mountain guns (Ref 5, p 590)
not indicated (1e%5
53
30) Supersensitive. Imp Vs L~KZ C/28 used in shells for
i Pere Is '(modified) IJgrZ 23ntA used in 75 nmmILighL
0
Navul guns fRef 5, p 565)
* Infantry guns Anodier model of lJgrZ 21nA was used
31t
Ilece Time' l'z EIZtZ S/30; uses not indicared (Ref 5,
in 211W
mmnRtoclet .12 (21 ctni %gr .12 Spr) (Ref 5, 1) 583)
p 605
ntnaeu
adDlyV
nerB
lgZ31
Cr) 'zan
Pere l:z(Jelay 0.4 sec)
-Jgr7 2
32)ImInttaeuLidDlyF
udrBC ibZ35
and 2WfO.'1); u!.e*i not indicatred MRef 3. p 3416a 5, p 575)
used in 210 mria Rocket (21 cm Vgr 42 Spr) (Ref 5, p 585)
kt) l'erL IsZ Sjgr/ 21,Nh (slgrZ 213INb) used in Smoke
33) Ditto libgrZ 35K used in 170 mmnlIE Shell (Ref 3,
shiellb (Ref 5.4 ~5)
01
p 391)
Haote: Other, less important, versions of fuze 23 included:
34) Imp Fz (Russian Design) KTNI-1 used in 76.2 mini
AZ 23 (obsolete),' A Z 23 V(0. 8), AZ 2 3(0 2) and AZ 23
Ill.Shell (Ref 3, P 377)
(0.2Yunig (Ref 5, pp 573-4)
35) DA D~etonating Type Fs KZ f4.7 cm Pak Sprgr used
4) Small Pere Fz kiAZ 23.Series existed in the following
in 47 mmnIlL Shell (Ref 5, P 566)
variations
36) Mech Imp Fs (with a self-destroying arrangement)
a) Pete Fz '(sin ll) kIAZ 23 used in 75 mat lIE and KZ ZerlPv used in 37 mm liE AA Shell (Ref 5, p55")
* 75 Mmn
& 105m Stinmoke shells (Ref 5. p 5*.6)
37) DA Mech Imp Fz (with a safe~y device which it. released
.b)
Perc Fs kIAl. 23N'n used in Smoke shells (Ref 5,
by the disintegration of a pellet of gunpowder) KZ ZerIPv
p578)
used in 37 mmn
lHE A/T Shell (Ref 5, p 558)
c) Pete Fz with delay 0.2 sec , modified kIAZ 23V
38) hlech Imp IFs KZ/ 38 used in 40 mmnlHE Shell for
(0.2Yumg) used in 75 mm A/T Guns 40, 42, 76.2 mam
Blofors GJun (Refs 3, p 325 &. 5, p 56 1)
RuskanA/''
un 6 ad
Iel Gun 39 (Ref 5, p 574)
39) DA Imp Fz KZ. 38; uses not indicated (,Ref 5, p 561)
Note: Other, !ess important, *ersions of small fuze 23
40
eciIp
z(sf-stoig
K?4O rlvud
included kIAZ 23V(D *2). kIAl. 23/1, kIA?. 23M(.2) (Pr)
in 37 mm lIE AA Shell (Refs3.3 p 315 & 5, p 557)
kIAZ 23Nh(Pr) (Ref 5. pp 574 & 578)
41) Graze and DA Fz KZ, C/27,(l.M) used in projectiles
5) Inififrous DA and Graze Type Fs (with a combined
for Naval Guns (Ref 5, p 565)
graze ,and Dit mechanism) AZ 35K t-sed in 170 min lIE,
42) DA Detonating Type Fz used in 47 mmnlIII A/T Shell
Shell (Ref 5, p 580)
(4.7 cm Pak Spgr) (Ref 3, P 327 & 5, p 566)
6) lieeK Imp l-z AZ 38 uIsedl in hloC projectiles (Refs
43) Imp Fz (Czech Design) NII3ENZ 3/40 -'.ed in 47 mmn
3, 0333 & 5p 566)
Ge(irman Ammo (Refs 3, P 331 & 5. p 568)
7) Detonating Imp Type Fs (with DA mechanism) AZ 39
441) Pete Fs (Skoda Design) used in 75 mm and 83.5 mmn
used in 50mm IIE shell (Refs 3, p 337 & 5, p 569)
projectiles (Ref 5, p 589)
8) Pete Fz LIA?. 40Nb &40Nb(Pr) used in Smoke pro45) Combination Time and Imp Fz VZ 25;.uses not indicated
*jectiles (Ref 5, p 579)
(Ref 2, p 318)
I)Pere l's AZ 417& AZ .18, similar in construction to
46) Pete Fz TgrZ 36 used in 150 mmi Rodded Blomb &
AZ 49, were used in 20 mmnAmmno (Ref 5, p 571)
200 mm Spigot Mortar B~omb (Ref 3i p Ift9)
10Plerc Fs AZ 49 used in 20 mm Shell (Ref 5, p 571)
47) Mech Imp Fs WgrZ 38 used in 50 mm lIL %Jortar Bomb
:11I) DA Imp Is AZ 150 &- I5(0RhS used in 20 Mm Shell
(Refs 3, p 335 & 5. p 592)
(Rtef 2. p,315 & 5, p
r 564)
48) Imp l's U4grZ 50 used in 280 mm,100 mm & 320mm
* 12) Imp I z AZ 15021' used in 20 mmnShell (Refs 3, p 303
Rockcts (Refs 3, p 397 & 5, P 593)
& 5 p 547)
49) Imp Fz (plastic body) WprZtZ ACI) used in 80 mmn
13) Imp Fs AZ 1503 used in 20 mm Shell (Refs 3, p 309
Smoke Mortar Shell (Ref 3, p 381 & 5, p 591)
&5, p 547)
50) timp Fz Z 45 used in 20 mm Shell (Ref 3, p 304 & 5,
* 14) Imp Fs AZ 1504 used in 20 mmiShell (Refs 3, p 309
p 55 1)
& 5, p547)
.
51) Nlech Time Fs ZtZ S/30o & Zr'? S/30FSl used its
15 mpIs
Z151uedi 2
m hl (*fs2 p35
88 mm & 105 mm lIE AA shells (Refs 3, p 359 &365 and
:3 p 307 &3f
549)'
5, p 594 & 59 7)

NAZMED

0'~(
NA1ME

-FLA

Au~IRAI~~tE

DlING PIN

SPRING

CCILSPANEGuSFea,,.

ST~lK

PINRIA

PftIME5A

PELLE y

KFAI4

a..."nPP.USO

ERI

AMMERNALI

EED
Pd
T

NAT

OR

GA>N

-fO

OLR

Get (.1

YU ES
flOFC~1 L)
ALIUM uM

5AIEl

17

TRIKE0

R.G

1300STELC~

r.;i;

OINT DETONAING
SPAI

CSEOLE

LZ7

E2

AZ5OODI'H,?

I~R

TONATOA
i~c)

DER

PROTE~ASS

CAP

R~ANIN
CING'

11h1

riI
c

li

EEL GRILL

R ECTILE)

14*
.F-_4O
"tAMH.4Lr
A(ctz

LEV

H~~uST

PRME

Soosrt
OuAORONATn

DETT

NA-'

~:

WIER

PRINCR

"

IEn U

CLOSINGO

PEL

D B

C.A

ti
"f)Sli'rtthg1s/
t~un(afil .1.I
31%1iII & 5,i, 5.16)
1111.toels DOistantIng pufirin ISDFI)

I) litp 008)

*~

? 11Itttdii2

edn

,cit~i

'

nn

aus

V-89erung" (witlioul kelity), while "mV" signify "mar


"(Witlli
delay).
ttJ.r
olther tiornin abrtvviations are itivcn at the end of
thim ("erm.l'ol nectioin flolowing the Vocnhalmary

nd British Abbreviationst AA Antai,,rcrl.tr AC


~~~Aeia a24~I'lll
l~~
~ ~~
~ ~i
~ ~' ~n~,m
~~~
A/T
Aircraft, AP Amiaar-piercing A/P Antipersonnel;,
0)
Hfi
0mnAhl
sji
kA11
5)IpV
p UD~a Bjase detonating
llitc
Attn,~Bs;B
0)
hf"~
hl
0m
51weIi
inpla1./
acin
Bae;lsBlisiecp
Anhrl
Rches
'%hell
It(:
AI'C
mim
SO
in
used
'1-7
lid?.
I-a
iT
Es
ietaio
luxe; C Capped; D lDetonatinif; DA
2.p 319) & I$, p (M49)
Electrical; Fit ipue; HE hligh exploaive; Hoc h~ollow charge;
S,) .raze' 'Action Ili lid)' 5131( used in 37 nim l4odded
Imp Impact; Inc Incendia~ry-, M Mark-, Mach Mechanical;
~& 5, 61)
.
hef ~,~
(.~cmm Sielrante
liob
Bomb(3ticrtante
it)I) Vel
3.
40
61)
fatc Percussion.
Rerncs
C/)H usred in heavy Naval guns
6) Impi DOl)el la id)'.IJ
Decpt TM W)
7) Imp ot tirnae Action I-: lld)' I)4.V used in 150 mam 1) Anun, "'.'aaay lBonbs and I azes". War
19111 (1()42)
1, p .1.11.0 5, p 622)
Rtoclkt (rOef
2) 1E.Englesburg, -Tue Componenits of (;ernian Artillery
8) IIA Imp t-a CSimall Cavil)) 50 mmi APl an1 '75 mm IlAmmunition", The Ordnance Sergeant, May 1V)44, pp 315-19
shelas (Reis 3. p -ilIl & 5, p 617)
3) Anon, "'German Artillery P'rojectile.; and Fuzen", Ordnance
cmi I'xgr used
1
7.5
ld;?.
avit)
Im
9) IAlx(l~age
9) Larg
D ImpFa
Cavty)Bomb
D~isp~osal Center, Aberdeen Provirig Ground and
U S Navy [tomb lDisposit Schuel Washington 1) C (about
in 75 mm 0IC Shell (Refs 3, p' 411 & 5, p b19)
101)Imp I- lId/A171.62 cm used in 76.2 mim Russian design195
4) Anon, "German E~xplosive Ordnance" (Donmb Fuses),
3.e ~13
ofll~
IM'18'(93
I 1)'IA Imp~ I a (AmAll Cavity) I~dZf18.8 cm l'xgx used in
Tkt)982(15
88mrm Al'I ShellI (Rtefs 3, pA 15 & 5, p 619)
5) Anon, "Geamira 'xpllosive OrdnAnct" (Projectile Fuzes),
* 12)1 hiech Imp Fz (l~arge Cavity) IidZ/. 8.8 cm Pzgr usu
TM 9-1905-1 (1951).
619)
5..
&
.117
p
3,
(lRvfv
ShellI
Al'
mm
88
in
11) imp Selective Delay Fz JBdZf 15 cm Gr 1911e used
(,p622) Fuze Train OlE Train; Artillery Ammunition Trahii) (Zlndletin 154.mm Anticoncrctc She'll (Refa 3, p 419 A.
sat.) is described in the general section).
14) Imp Fa lidZ' M35' used in 47 mamAl' Shell (Refs 3,
The information in Table 17 is taken from Picatinny
p -107 & 5,9p 615)
Arsenal Technical Report No 1555, pp 11-15 and some Chem15) IDA Impatt I:- (Skoda D~esign), lid? 15-28-39'; uses
icat Laboratory Reports. (See next page).
not indicated (Re( 5, 611)
16f) lilec Rinivent Fz ERZ 39 used in 150 fim & 210 mmn
"G 3" Fua~hoad.See Fusehlead "G 3".
PaItckets (Itefs 3, p 423 &'5, p 623)
Gaino-e.SeDetonators Used in Fuzes.
27/34 WZ 36 tised
'17) Imp or Graze Fz (PoI~sh Design)
1
in 37 ram P'olish Design Shell (Ite 5, p 614)
Galoctan.Sce Geloac.
18) M~ech Imp F: WZ 36 used in 37 mamP'olish flesisin
Testing. See Versimchsatrecke.
.
5,p 65).Galley
~hc1l~fs
05
Following are abbrevia.ions and designations used
Casdrueiplatronen (Gas Pressure Cartridges). See general
for Projectile fuzes:
section and also the article enti'l--d "Die Eatwicklung der
impact fuze, point detoAufachlag:Under
AZ
Gasdiuckpactonen in Deutschlarnd" by L.R. von 11cr: ,in
nating (PD)fuze
Explosivstoffe, 1954, Ileft 5/6, pp 64-8.
Base detonatinpMBD) fuze
FdZ Bodenz'Urnder
Gaseous Metal Treatment , such as chromatizing of i onf
Combination fuze (time
DopIpel~tndfir
D)oppX/
or steel articlcs by the diffusion of chromous clalorwtie
and impact)
vapor at high temperature ,is briefly described in BIOSg
Sensitive type of PD
Empfindlicher
EKZ
I' inal Repta 839 (1946) and 1534 ( 1946).
fuze (under ballistic cap)
Kopfzt1tnder
Galilesn Delay Detonators (Electric). German galfless delay
FElectrical fuze
Elektfischer
EIZ.
of WWI were usually prepared as follows:
2Znder .detonators
having an outside
Al or Cu detonator shells (111111se)
ICIA Klinaufahla-Sallimpct uze smll.
diameter of 7.20 mun (for Al) and a length ranging from
PID fuze
if.frider
52.5 to 85 mm (depending on the delay required) were
Dfz
Kpzine
thoroughly cleaned and dried before loading.
li) fze ndera bllitic
erywa loedfirst in two incremenvts. .. total of
cap, except in the eame
0.7g, to serve as a base charge; this was followed by
PD
n orinar
38
of K
fuze
an initiating charge of 0.3s of 60/40 L A /L St mixture
and a perforated (reinforcing) cap all pressed at 250
Mortaer shell fuze, infantry
WgZ Vurfgranotxinder
gun or howitzer shell
kg/cm2 .
Tetryl, as well as L A and L St , were previously
fuze ~.Noter
dried tto a maximum moisture content of 0.1%.
ZZ
Zeit:~ndeTieCle
After keeping the loaded detonators for 3 days at 500
Note, The' letters Nb follow~ng the fuss number signify
vealrcsofmiteomgo
nodrtre
smoke shells; the letters' ZerIP vigaify, the presence of

jpL

*~
*plug'

a upwer pellet which is destroyed on firing to release


a centrifugal firing device, Fuzes with a setting device
ofr optional delay are stamped withteltrsin,''
o ,o to indicate the position tohihtesointestig
must' be set to cause either delay or n'on-delay. The
the setting position for 'Without
1
~
'0 stmigidcares
ueassc
, olwdb
delayth stamping
V(0,25), indicates delay and the figures, the period of
delay. The letters *oV". sitamped together, signify "ahonu

nemdaecmoiin was placed on top


los
ofteriocngap
Note: The Intermediate composition (powdered mixture of
dKnO)otsaloe connection between the delay
S

a
comosiio (twelae et n hiiltacfloith
(L A/L St ). The intermediate composition brswt
Is
xtLrA
of
deitio
the
whcIfclife
Mtrn
sflames
mitpe Mifrsaepssbe I St h(Conelymxue
t'd on p6)
placed in direct contact with L A /L

Got 64

*(ROJECILE)

,~

1'~

ALADCAPTt~ft

50sAa
WASTER

(PA

-,

'TOMATOR

BRASS

PA
po WRl

TO-

fBdZ

_____-STE

OGIODY

CENTAIF

~3~ftIL

CENT'IORI

5TAIUGA

CACRING

ULTONATOR

LTDs

INCKIN&

MING

LJJ7CrINz

WING

~ ~

fI

T ex R

DovACER

TrK

RINNG

Table
f~met Owavfr

17

Upper

1.
SdItaw l'k. aWie
*%ooI

Illlack i'twdlet
(cover charge)
',l-NL. A i!. St

'.Ove

Sama- a'9/I54,'"-1.
%Si
re a.c
it
v

~"iamv

Lhower

AR
1. A

Ph I~
IN

A /I. St
N

a% above

PEI' N
50/5().TNT/
tetryl
Tetryl
I)l-liTN

61 17-I A ,L St
1. A /(:.% silicide

None
Nont.

(24/43/12/1- Bflack
powder/NI F /KCI()
Sb
S over(l. A /tii
12 7i/ll-L A /Sb S /
abrasive a 3

None
29/40/3l.*M P/KCIO /Sb S
121461111114' F'KdO
S6 S3 abtasivt

TN.AT
FNTT

il'l'rN

hlT~N

L A

1, A

-PHTN

l'lTN

en

I"mm
n'

Al' sella
Al

hl

)Umm AP' and III;


shell Bt),nm Chl shell
Mumig,All shellI
Land mine
4

Onm IIIl
IOmrn IIE
lIll. toper
17
moit Al1'

shell
shell and
bore shell
shell

i 7min und 5%bm


II shells
*l7nmi lIII shell
4?mm lIII shell

S~4/14/11 2-KCIO 1/S6b S /

1.A /I.St

PFiTN/wax

50mm All shell

11/69/29/i-M r /KCIO S/
Sb 2 S 3 glass

1. A /I. St

PETN/wrix

75mm Al' shell

59/27/1l0/4400~ /Sb S C'


abrasive
Same as above
.55/45-1.
263/07MF KCIO fI.LA
Sb 2 S 3 /glsass

14/86-L A /L St

None
None

65/45/-L A /L St
55/45/-L A /L St
HM453/8N
F /1CIO

Sb2S / abrasive
None
3l2/5KI
/Sb 2S 3
grit
None

14/38/42/6-M F /KCIO
Sb2S3/ Alass

F:41/41/3/15-L

St /59/39/2-.

Ba(NO )/b2S3/
W535-L A /CA
silicidie over PETN

PETN7m
PE-'TN/wax
RI)X
PETN
-lllN15mlE

A shl
88rm All shell
ll8mm AP shell
88mm lir klech TF
shell
10

.shell

94"(11, A/LeaCt4tUCI~
1. A./L St
(5/76/1 9.NC/lead oxide/

wax3-.

A /L St
/I. St

55/45/-L A /I. St

47mm AP shell

-95/S-PETN/

PE111
PFTN

A,'T Stick.- grenade 41l


5Omm Mor bomb
80mm Mor bomb

-PETN

a~sllicon)over*(25/52/23
KCIO ,/PbCrO /silicon)
-.

MF

4 0/60
-tetfyl/TNT
(pressed)

A /PETN
L St /graphite

Tellermine

15

Tellermine
42 or 43

L A /LSt

07/13
-PETN/wax

7Smm IloC shell 38,


I 05mm ho*C shell 39

and tetryl
bocoster

94/6-L A /tctrocene
94/6L A /Iettacene

None
None
Norte

L A /L St
*

None

6/0LA/StPETN

Air

-PF.TN
-PETN

PETN

Rocket 30
88mm A/T,tloC
Rocket
Maim A /T IloC;
Rocket, 150mm
Rocket 41
210mm Rocket 42

Abibrovia'loaa: AP Armeer-piercing; A/T Antitank; BD base detonating; CM Chemical, mortar-, F ruse; HE High oiPlosive; H~OC hfollow charge; Hew Hlowitster; L A Lead aside; L St Lead atyphnste; M F Mercuric fulminate-,
OMe Mortar; PD Point detonating; PETH Pentacrythrlrol tettanlttrate; T Time,.; Telikemlno Land mine

Get 66
I he next step wits to press into contact with the Inter- at a density of 1.45, heat of explosion 1158 kcal/kg, tempcrature of explosion 24850, volume of sgaes at NTP 864.4
mediate Composition the delay element contS a com-l
p~ressed pulvefulent mixture of Sb and KNtnO. The I/kg, specific pressure 9733 atm.
ReferenceiP.Naotim, Nitroglycerin(1928). pp 378 and 301.
Jetol.'Ator shell was then criuped just ablove the upper
end of the delay slrevq. in order to provide a seat for
(Gelatim,-Carbonite). Several varieties
GelatIn*-Corbonlt
the %lirolam sealing~ plug.
explosives are described by Naofim,
permissible
of
these
gasless
the
5-6.
pp
24-3,
Ilept
(;OS
to
&'cording
Note:
gasless delay luze powder ) Nitroglycerin, Baltimore, (1938), pp 407, 411 & 441, as can
delay powder (also called
he seen from Table 18
K permanoanate
consisted of about 70". Sb powder and 30%A
l or slow burning, or about *l6!t Sb and 54%. K permanganate
Tbei
:for fast burnin;' The' permahganate was grotud in 6 disc
Sh,
tir plate crusher mnill to approximately 80 mesh. The
wYas i;r..ur.*l from lumps in a -ibratory baill mill afid the
Gelatin-carbonites
poAvder was transferred by a screw feed into an air separatot
easienn
fl
j
and
Ingredients
were
size
in
microns
10
exceed
not
did
which
:The fines
some Propert'es
ciollrc-teA .and blendred with the perntansonate by meavns
41.5
31.0 46.4 13t 5
Am nitrate
Ltumbling Mill. The resulting mixture was compressed
* )
7.0,Nantae44
into Ltablets in -. rotary multiple punch press. (It is assumed
nir.e1..
NA
that the 'tablets 'werc formed to give more intimate conK ir
the
The tablets. wer
ivI~~)
ticIt between 'thea,
26.0
23.6 10.1 30.0
NG (mixed with collod cotton)
broken 'down in a plate crusher mill and the resulting
6.9
2.5
5.0
4.0
gelatin
plus
Glycerin
* .owder used for filling detonators.
25.
4aclrd
402.50.
T he fusehead aseby (see Fuschead Manufacture) con
4.
VeTabl mel1.0
isigof biidge wirc, igniter bead, two lead-in wires
Ulrmin0.
0(iasuluteJ by Nhipolam) 'and the Nlipolam plug wasIinlrain
'serted in the detonator shell in such a manner that
*
f-2.2 + 5.3
13.1
Oxyge Baac-~
'the PlUgL rested on this, shoulder of the ~econator shell
260
200 225
220
TruzlTs,
formed by crimping. A second crimping was then made
.20
rn/sec
Detonatiob,
of
LVeloc
connected
were
wires
lead-in
te'
nd
plug
the
above
to a source' of electricity when the detonator -was to be
f~ired.
1
-1,44-1 Gelatinous explosives
Gl aln.ha,
* Rfernce:
such as Na chlorate 70, and collod
chlorates,
on
bated
0
S
11
M
2,
item
JO
0S Final Rept 833.
I ) A.Ashcroft et al,
gelatinized with liquid TNT 30%.
* London i(1946),Appendix A3 ,cotton
Reference: P.Nsoi~m, Nitroglycerin, Baltimoie (1928),, p 353.
2) Anon, Manufacture of German Detnnators and [Detonating
Compositions, P13 Rept 95,613 (1947) (Section B to L inc).
asdrckptronn.
'GasiotrnenSee
Gagenhuf 1ge *der' KumulotlyC" Zlndung (Running Towsard
or Cumulative Primning). ln order to increase thle efficiency
of an explosive charge it was initiated, simultaneously
from the opposite ends, using 'two electric blasting caps
or piece of detonating fuse.
,
und Schiesatoffe, ZUricc18 p15.

ehci~eOtin.e3tlmfh(Gelgktifl.Dahmenite). A type of low-free?.ing gelatinous explosive manufd before 11%'.


Table 18a gives two types A and B
Table 18a
ingredients and some properties

eiatin'-d

enite

10.6
07.6
Dinitroglycerin
uug.nestalt(Gelatin-AstrAlite). A plastic low-.fteeziflg
3.5
4.5
ns
nicootolu
epoiebased on dinitrochlorohydrin (DNCH) Several
0.5
Naphthalene
varieties existed, of which the composition 'manufactured
32.0
32.0
nitrate
Ammonium
wide~ly used in Shaft
before %tyjIby' the Dynemit A -G waslsost
2.0
2.0
Potasiu nitrate
in %otherrock work
rezig r.:ess and
sikig
5.5
nitrat
snigby'the'Sodiem
3.4.5
chlomniride275
colder
the
durinug
desitced
is
* were,: low-freezing dynamite
05
3
I2
c
es
z
ra
parts' of the Year, such as in, building water power plants.
700
350
grams
firedamp,
in
Chrelimit
propand
it hod approximately the following composition
atties: gelatinized dinitrochlorohydrin (DNCH), including
Reference: P.Naovim, Nitroglycerin (1928), p 419.
NG 30, mixture of DNT and TNT 10, and Am and Na nitrate
blockt
Pb
400cc,
value
test'
Trauzl
60%;
meal
wood
with
crushing 18.0 mm, sensitiveness to 'initiation required at
least a No 3 cap, proparation (gap) using two 25 mmnCalGohatitie.Donarit (Gelatin-Donarite). A type ot gelatinous
w~,velocity,of detonation 7300 m/SeC, best
trdes2.
industrial explosive containing about 50% of Am nitrate,
of explosion 1127.5 kcsIl/kg, temperature of explosion 25340
of mixture of dinitrochlorohydrin with nitroglycol and
1.4.
~'30%
densiy
20% of other ingredients. its properties are: temp of caae
emte ob
hc
gL4t5n..Atai
d henst
cartidge
as required to contain gel-L plosiori 32250 C, vol of gases at NTP 803 I/kg,2
eran airoas
poredon
veloc of
,
kg/cm
10100
pressure
specific
1.45,
denst
atinized diuiitroglyco1L 30, 'aromatic dinitrocofupoundo 8,
deton 6250 rn/eec, Trauzl test 380 cc and impact sensitivity
4,Aimnitateand vegetable
'armatc tinirocmpoi~d
with 2 kgs weight 20 cm.
ee:trauzi value 415 cc, Pb
8.Isprptis
'ea
oei)
ne
(See alo, nrtGltnTye
reblock crushing 19.(l mm, rensitiviness to initiation
Spreagtechnik. C. Marbold, Halle/
rop.gtion (gap)(using two 25 MmT Reference: 'F.Veichhelt,
o ca,
'qure atlest
Saale (1953), pp 37 & 375.
Im
'lcity Pofgdtonation about 6500 rn/sec
50.
flareatrileast

catigs5.

- 4,lct

fd

The following c-o~pos ition, listed by Stettbacher (Ref 4


it 85), may be give~n as an example of the ' schwrhrgeIrierl.,rcs" dlynamite : NG with raitroilycol 62.5, collud
ctOtton 2.1,* Nit or K nitrate and/ur K perchlorate 27.U,.~n
wood meal or rye mealt 8.0"Z wi th prep~ared chialk (Sch IIImm-

Gel atlne..Dynoniit (6eltjin Itynatnitoi - the fis gelatrinous


It
wits trepdl by A.Nohel in 1875 (See
Nt; explos.ive.
Nwedish sectiont). The currentt gelatin-dynamnites consist of
irc se sci1sNIwsdwt
21)to
'(
65" of .tlqi
t di~t e~t t t and 80) to 35' (if "Xumlisc.istII.
tlto
pal ver' val led itt tite U S A "d~ope '*Lreidv)
I hVIttttay be %so
bd i Viied in to tile. filliow Ii. tV 'sl
and
.ijioary
tiewdlitiliches und schwer,4r'~riet *%,:t
diffivultly fteezintk,(low' freezing)
It)l'tltgttaisi'rstrans~portsicheres . Pjtk.g.totized, safe
to tualtsport
~)ScblalgwvtlCrv%. Saic in the Presence of firedamnp (per~ miea'.such
t~taable
'r

th

A type of draie

aIdded 0. 5'L
teB gophlor
dnite
inw 'hpt
f
thle M; is replaced by dinutrochlorhydrin.
Note: Aromatic ititrocompounds have beemi used in other
countt'ies to rcplace part of tlte N(;.
To* the ll. group belong explu~sivsa containing ramall
.lrrounts of NG andi appreciable amounts of cooling agents
a% alkali chlorides. D~ynamites which contain larger
amounts

blogteblasting g~elatin

N(;1
II
Ollod cottotn
Vt,-, table meal
TNIit& lNT

I lydrocarlton

Table 19
IIi gh-strength gelatin-dynamits
"lasting.
81 It
801; 15% No I

IIa

gelatin
75.8
5.2
1.8

92
5)
-

K nitrate
Na nitrate
Alkali nitrate ;and/or
K petchlorate
Kperchlotate
Cooling agents,' sucht
as alkali chiloridesOxygen lalance,%
nensity

Trauz I Test, cc
Pb Block Crushting,
innmm
Mox Veloc of
Detionation, in/sec
licat of Explosion,
kcal/kg(ll 01 vapor)

(kithr gelatin-tynaimires
No 2
No I No 4
No. 4

70.4
41.6
5.7

75
5
5

(62.5 156 to
2.5 1 to
8.0 3 to
4 to

61
5
H

4 0.0

I 0.0

19.3

15

27.0

6.0

7 .1

.j+4.41

400

1560

12

5 *0

-I

116

.1.0

12.

41.
12.

18

1.1.

+7.0i .12.0

*.
11

290)
18.0

5
12

1
.

210
19.0

310
20.0

250
18.0

20.0

7000

6500

6500

6500

6500

1215

1010

850

1150

800

2800

2500

3000

2650

2 to 4

--

-7

-1.55

8000

2 .0

+0.4
1.6
561
24.0

to 210
-

to 10-

-2S

No5

.10.01 lx

.40.0
-

-.-

15.2

al3o
sm

Anramongclatinc)

lbeIvI~'tflosgvscnoiinad
properties oi typical gelauin-dyitantxtes

those which contatin: otnly at -mall amount of NG. Arty of


these explosives mtat he rendered low-freezing by incorpor.Iting nitroglycol, dinitroglycctitt, dinitrochlorhydrin, etc.

Components
and so.me
properties

of ammnoniurn nitrate (:-ve

Temp of E-.xpln, C
Note:

Due

to the

shortg

3200
onirrmatic

295901

compoundsTal20Getn.Poprt

during IAWiI the Germans' used some commercial dynamites


in demolition charges a~swell as in some hand grenades.
(scee also Ainmondynamit, Ammongelatine, Donarit and
.DNCII
Gelatine-Dynantit).
.NG
Rkeferences:
1) P.Naorim, Nitroglycerin etc., B~altimore (1928), pp 331,
334 and 349-S0
'2) J.Pepin L.-hal leur,'Potidres. etc , Paris (1935), p 333
3) Anon, 'Allied and Enemy Explosives, Aberdeen Proving
(1946) PP 151-2
Ground, NMd
4) A.Stetubacher, Spreng-; und Schiesstuffe, Zarich, pp 85-86.
Gel.atlne.Loonit (Gelatin-Leonite).- One of the permissible
gelatinous low-freezing explosives manufd by Weatdleutsche
Sprengstoiffwerke at Dortmund L Naotim, Nitroglycerin (1928),
J.,(See
41
p

Components and some


poete
(dinitrochlorohydrin)
(nitroglycerin)
NC (nitrocellulose)
DNT (dinitrotoluene)
Cereal meal
Am nitrate
Na nitrate
Na chloride
Koxalate
K
Oxygen Balance,
Trulesc22
next Page).

lDesig~nation 2
20.0
5.0
0.5
5.0
2.5
36.0
4.0
21.0
6.0
*0.4
+04

20.0
5.0
0.5
5.0
2.0
30.0
10.0
27.5
-

-1,
-1.
21

Get 68
Galt'n.Prsprit(t~'l.ti-l'osjt'itI).
ccodig wNao~m
were low-ft(Vxing gelatinous
~tnIt.N~~e
I N1
, x1'losiites
Ib.sed on Ji ni trtchlIorabydrin. *F-i~
hlt 20 lists
* w ~~Golbinehi
,
c(S-v prov~iou% paw
Revlcreorcs:
152
1,)
I) N.InmII, Sc'lo.q- 1110 SJ'tengswffc, lDresi

0 1(lR

NA~m Nito~.ycern,
h~ltmore (128).
Geloliore.Romperit.
wm9 . 1,
Gelotin*-Telsit

Same : as

2) C.lBeyling and K.Drekopf,Sprengstoffe- und Zdndmittel,


Springer, Berlin (1936), p 100.
(Yellow

II.One of the gelatin dyna~mites nmanntfactured betore

See under Swiss lixplosives.

375cc.2)

t,.tV~hl

*
*i.o..

Rek1rcr:ce: 'Naoum, Nitroglycerin (1928), p 348.


Gel~nu.~ttr-Atr~l~t
Geatiouslowfree~ig dnamtes
Geatiouslo-frez~g ynait
Gelatis-wttr-Atrait
* ued prior to VVI: a) dinitrochlorohydrin 20.0, NG 5.0,
cotton :0.5, LINT 5.0, meal 2.5, Am nitrate 36.0,
colo
I..Nirate 4.0, K oxalate 6.0, and Na chloride 21.0r.; Trauzl
test '225 cc and oxygen balance + 0.4% (Ref 1), b) dinitro1.0, DUT
2 ~~chlorabydrini 16,, NG 41.0, collod cotton 0.5, MNIND
Am nitrate 7.5, flour or potate meal 7.5, Na nitrate
S.0, Ceiarcoal 0.5, casror oil 2, Am oxalate 2.5, and Na
chloride 141. (Ref 2).
References:
Ij %Ntodm,Nitroglycerin, Baltimore, (1928), p 418
2i Thorpik D~ictionary, London, v 4 (1940), p 554.
Gdelatine-Watter.Nobelit. A permissible explosive for use
in g~aseous coal mines: gelatinized NO 30, Am nitrate 26.5,
w~ood meal 0.5, Na chloride 40 and 3% of a 50% aqeu
solution of Ca nitrate( .A.Stettbacher, Spreng- und Schiessstoffe, Zu~rich (1948), p 91-2 1.

2Gel

atin! erflahlghelt von Niltrocellulose (Gelatinizing Ability


of NC).See Kast-Metz, (1944) pp III & 201-4.
Celotinlerinittel oider
fur Nitrocellulose.

Same as Tetraititrodiphenyl-

-~1
NG 47.5, collod cotton 2.5, K nitrate 37.5, wood meal
'
3.5 and rye meal 9'.. (Naotim, Nitroglycerin (1928), p 3301.

Wice,

low(Geilnrin-Treraocnite). tjelAtinized
Geltitn@.Tremrvilt
It Iee'sng explosives,, nanufd for many years by the Castroper
Sicherheitssprerngstoffe ,in Westiphalia. r g :a) gelatinized
di- A~nd trinitroglycerin 47.5, INT 5.01, wood meal 5.0, Am
'22.5. and N.a nitrate 20.0".; Trauzl value 400 cc;
*nitra~te
b) gel.atinized di- and trinitroglycer Iin 3u.t, IJNT 10.0, woo
1
2.0, Am nitrate 4u.0, and Na nitrate 18.0!'; Trauzi
ivc,

Same as Tetranitrocarlbazole.

Geibmehl S (Yellow Flour S).


sulfone.

18.Gabgnit

(eVi.-ors

Flour).

~aoaca i
Mos.(0l~
(Cnaga
Gos o0
(162.08) x . Carlwhydrate obtained from agar-agr~r. its aqueous
solution-. were used in somt amtmonium nitrate explosives
for controlling the plasticity, such as in Wetter-Wasagic 0:
NG 27.8, NC 0.7, Am nitrate 30.5, rock malt 39.5, gelose
0.7,erenceals.3 and talc 0.5".
Rfencs
1) R.Aslhcruft rt al, B 1 OS Final Rept 833, Item 2,
MIS 0 , London (1946), p Al/.I
PD Rept 62,877 (1946), Table 1.
Gelsenkirchen Testing Gall ery(Schlagwetter-Versuchaastrecke
Gelsenkirchen). See under Tcsting Galleries ii. the
ti
gnrlscin
Getilt 38.- See "DO Gerlit 38', under Abbreviation- at
the end of the German section.
of'd04.0ae'0c

're

itdudrWaos

al

GerlIch Type Gu~n (Gerlich Reducing Bore Gun).


Tapered Bore Gun or Squeez.ehore Gun.
GeschossePiltteiProbe (Projectile
Fragments Density Test.

Fragments

qame as

See

Test).

Geseh~tx (Artillery Piece, Gun). See under W(eapons .


er Druckatelgerung (Rate of Pressure
eewnlkl
Increase). The relation between pressure and time of burning
of propellants may be determined as described in l1.Brun.4 wig,
Diss asuchiuse Puiver, Berlin, (1926;), pp 21j-2u. If the. rate
of burning is great, the propellant is called Schnell (quick)
and if the rate is low, the propellant is called Langsam
(slow).

Liisemlittal. See Gelatinierungsmittel

Gelatinferung (Gelatinization).

GesillO (Gesilite). Gesilites were permissible explosives


used during and after WWI. Table 21 gives two examples
See general section.
Table 21

*'Gel

atinlerungs Mittel fur Nitrocellulose (Gelatiniziag


pp Se
109-62
gen frC) Se as-Metz
Sen (1944)
fo NQ
Kst
62.No

A-Dsmtto

Gelatinlerverfahrsa (Gclatinization Process). Gelatinization


of NC is described in the general section.
Geoltit I (Gelatite I). A mini ng'explos ive consisting of 30
to 37.5 Am nitrate, 30 of NG (containing some collod cotton).
0.5 to 1.5 wood flour , 0 to 2 DNT (contg 0 to 50% TNT)
and 32% alkali chloride. It. was permissible in gaseous
Cosl na~hes, provided the charge was not higher than 200g.
Industy and noni-gaseous mines the maximum charge was
*
* 00.
References:
I): J.Pepin Lehslle~ur, Poudres, etc,. Paris (1935), p 414

ea
I

Components

N ntolcrn
DNT (dinitrotol-iene)
Am nitrate
Na nitrate
Dextrin
INa chloride

07
5.25
-

)70

18.00
39.00

oNo
07
5.25
22.00
-

21.00
10

References:
1) E.Colver, Hligh Explosives, N Y (19111), p 167
2) F.M. Turner, Condensed chemical [-ictionary, Reinhold,
N Y (194 2), p 289.

Get sfner rroluctill.


A3ccord ing tao'5. I kroh~erger "V.2"
%',ik fi
l')~,
I"
IT 12.- 4, Ur ()itto Gessner if I'eenriniiiintdalee
dv 'o.dduring~ *'\ 11 e treint'ly slender , fiii-,stal,ilizL.,
* suba-catlibr projectiles wl'ich coiultd be fired front ordinary
rjun baftrels. It se~ems that these proje*ctiles were identicalNoo2
Aitestie
",arro'w projecttlts", iorie.fiv des..rihed tinder A.
Tecprojectilesa wure used it, the- 105 slinmAaaiaitcratft
(;oil ( 101.5clin FI'dk) ,And in 'the .!6i mmttun Tlypte 5 (28 cal
K-15. It wa!'. Cl-in'eJ that b)' Uqisiar *tu,-h njetles in the
G;un K-5 tile rajigs w is increased froll i", mile.%, for theCabn(odr
rdn projectie,wsto'5 mileswithi the arrow proiectieri

Tal

3(Gositelnis.Porsalg,)

(:om;.onentm anti some


rroperties

De.,,j nation
No I
o

K perchloratte
Am nitrfre'
DNT
DNN

35
443I
810
8

14

abn(odr

typ~e of projc' tile, whtich instead of it sabot had -in obturation

odmal16
skr
atchdtoismiddle, ft rang'e of %bout ()o miles0.1
17
w'as attained. Utbea! using this projectile the lateral disOxyenlt lanes ,cc0.
+.
persion wantt onily aboofi 2 mils. (See at-to tinder ArrowTruletc'30
2
vojct l).Gesteint.Wastfo~li
(tueste ins-Westphal tic). An amotonal
GEISTEINSSPRENGSTOFFE (11l4t ting Exp'losives).
typeC explosive consisting of Am nitrate 8.1.5, l)NT
* These are exp~losives suitable for Hasting rocks, ores.
12.0 and A! 3.5r, (Ref 2, p 114).
cosruton
t ,ht
o fr~aseour. coal manes. Tile
References:
following types have b~een usco:
1) A.Marslttll, Exjtlosiveat,Churchill, Landol,,,v IG(9I), i. 3841
G~stein.Alb~
C 'aprhorate
80, UNN 12, wood meal
Butn~&amett,
Explosives, VnNarnNY(99.p1.
3, phenanthiete.3 aind NG 2 (Met 3, p 129)
3) 1.Nootim;Schiessfnrengsttoffe, Steinkopf, Dresden
Gesteins-'Dorfhf 'Am nitrate C-5, TNT 15, K nitrate 5,
(1927), ppt 129,133
rye flour 51and Na chloride 10;velocity of detonartion
4) P.Naofam, Nitroglycerin %;-c.Williano. & W.Cilkins, Bltsimore
(1928), p 428
4605 rn/sec ,a t d 1.17 with s' So mmndiameter confined
chare
19). (Rf 2,p
) C.lheyling & K.tDrtkopf, Sprengstoffe und Zundn~ittel,
chprrgee
2,93196)
Berei
Gestains-Kotonit (Gesteins-Coronite). A type of coms6piner BerlDain,
('936)
tr
f odr
n Eposvs
tiercial explosive several varieties of which are given
6)rl.D
isTeChmtyofPw
radExoiv,
in Tahle 22
Ta ble 22 (Gestelinh.Kortiflt)
Desigation and source of inforinution
M I
o2
"
Ref 3 ,p12 9
Ref 3,pt 29
Refs 3&6
Na chlorate
76.0
83.0
~ '2.0
Monionitrhaphlthalene (M~NN)
5.0
8.C0
*Dinitronapthalene (DNN)
5.0.-DNT & TNT
20 .0
Nitroglycerin (NG)
4.0
3.0
1.0 to 4.0
Wood meal
2.0
1.0
*Vegetable meals
1.0to 2.0
Paraffin
8.0
5.0
3.0 to 4.0
Oxygen Balance
++3.0M19
Trauz1 'rest
.290cc
Pb Block Crushing
20 mmnn
* Sensitiviness to initiation
Required at least :No
3 cap
Ga Test (using 25 mm-8 cm
cartridgesr)
*Veloc 'of Detonation
5000 rn/sec
* Density of Cartridge
1 .57
Ifeat
of Explosion
12 19 cal/5
32
365'k
*Temp of Explosion
C.omponents and some
properties

*.4,

Gesteins-Pennonit offe Permanilt I . Pierchlorate explosiVer manufactured before WW I by the Sprengstoft


A .G Carbonit for use in'potash and ore mines: K perchlorate 30, Am nitrate 40, Na nitrate 7, TNT 1!, flour
wood meal 13, and jelly I%. rits TrauzI teat value
was 320 cc, gap test, 7.0 cm and sensitiveness to impact with ai 2 kgsw~eight 70 cm. (Ref 1).
Goasteins-Perso~llt (Gosteins-Persalite). A type of comt
anercial Iexplosive derscribed in Ref 3, pi 133. The com*position' and some properties of thesc cxplorives qve
*LM
given in Table 23.

Gestrfickte Dynarnlt (Stretched


atoffe.

T2
Refs 3&6
"15.0

20.0
-

1.0 to 2.0
3.0 to 4.0)
280cc
20 Mtn
No I cap
8 cm
4300 rn/sec
1.46
1241lcal/g
3.9C

Dynamite). See under FU11l-

Gewshr (Rifle). See under Weapons.


Gewehr 43. German semi-automatic rifle, caliber 7.92 mci,
developed in 1943. This rifle incotporated some features
of a similar Russian weapon, parzicularly the Delttyarev
rG (light machine Sun) and the Tokarev semi-anutomatic

Get 70
title. The (iewehr 43 weighed 9.7S lbs together with a 0.25
Glylolnietrat (Nitroglycol, abbreviated to NG). See general
pound slingali~d It 1.4 pnund magazine. [m.Johnson, Jr
section
OidJmilete 29, 306'- 310, (19.515)
Gew~blices'Glyzerin
GwblcePrengmittel (Industrial
See oni~r~ri&,
*

*
*

Exposies.Gly

Gw hi.elutrh
(Loss of Weight Test)~ to determine
the stabiblity uf an explosive.- or a propellant, is described
*in a. -i-Metz. (1944),
p 246 eL..

xerlnt~nintral odor Glycerlntri nitrot (N itroglycerin,abbreviated to NGJ

Gichtstaub (Flue Dust or Bllast Furnace Dust). It was used


as a component of liquid air explosives: hat Met~z (1944),
p 167).
Glosmine 43"";lass mine
TIM 9-1985-2 (19510 ) V5

odor Glycerin (Glycerin. abbreviated to G). See


general section.

or mining explosives),

43

).See under Landminen and also

Gl;.!. Bomrb (Glecitbombe) is a streamlined missile provided


w~ith wing~s and stabililzers to allow it to glide towards it
tArge'r in free flight, after it is released from a plane flying,
in appiroximately horizontal position.
The bliml' is used to. attack targets at a greater horizontat distaa,cefo u re.a-igpaethnwud
attacked
by norma.l bombs.'
This method, of bombing is designed in order to keep
the releasing plane out of the
rarge of enemy's AA
guns. .
.
A short description of principles of a glide bomb may
be'found in the follow ing' pape r:
li.V.Sponder, "Untersuchung der Seitenstabilit~t caner
Gleitbombe mit einer auromeatischene Steucrung ohne
Voreilung",
entrl
eihwesen der Lutfflartforschung des General luftzeugmeisrers (ZO.Berlin"Aldershof, Forschungsbericht
Nr 18!9, May (1943) (Included are 12 references),
Note: Ihnglish translation is available as Technical blemorandum 1248 of the National Advisory Committee
for
Aeronautics 'August. 1950.
GlIycerin,(Gly,.erin). -See 'general section.
Note: According to M.L.Sheely, "Synthetic tUycerin", 1310S
Miscellaneous Repor No 24,1 (1948), the Ludwi gshafen
nDu byadatae
duin
the
StagoMetod"astasn
Plant of tile IG I-arbenindustrie manufactured synthetic glycfrompro'anl,
hloine Nacaronae aJ N h~roxde.
A briefldescription is included in the above Reference,

Acolorless, viscous, glycerin-like liquid


*Glycerogen.
consisting of about 35-. glycols, 357. glycerin, 25-281"
liexitol,' erythri.tol and other compounds. It can be Srepd
by' continuous catalytic hydrogenolysis of sugar at 200 and
325 atmnospheres. The detailed process, operated commercially at the lldchst Plant of IG Farbenindustrie, is described
in~efl
.
.
Gl
AycerogSen 'was used 'as a substitute for glycerin in
pharpastes,
printing
casings,
sausage
-cellulose' films,
aed &AS A
u~s
rae prad.aUC^.!v
mace.,ricsir pirr t., ts-Z
subsitut
n dnamies.less
fo NG
:References:
1.M.L.Sheely, G6lycerogen, *a Substitute for Glycerin,
BIO0S Miscellaneous Report No 23,( 1948)
2. l'.M.Turner,' Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold,
N Y (1950), p 320.'
G~ykol (Glycol) (abbrev here to Gc).See general section.

See general section incler Glycerin.

GM.) (Liquid Nitrous oxide) v~as used as a fuel booster


for airplane engines (CIOS 25-18, p 5).
GP (Powder). A powdered sodium rpicrste combined with
binding agent such as Igetex SS (copolyar tr of butadiene
and stvrene). it was used as a propellant in Panizerfaust
ammunition (CIOS 25-18, p 28).
"G* Pulver (*G" Propellant) (Known in the German Air
Forces as `V" Pulver). it is a %vouu" smokeless propellant
developed before TV BEby Cen Elito Gallwitz and collaborators.
Historical:
The use of nitroglycerin (NG) propellants had the
following disadvantages:
a) Glycerin needed ar the starting material for NG was
obtained in those days from food materials contg fats
and oils which were in short supply during tl.e war.
Note: With tbe development of synthetic methods of mnasuf
~~~~~of
glycerin there probably wl
en
lotg
nftr
wars.
b) The manuf of NG propellanta involved some danger
to personnel, particularly during the rolling and extruding operations
c0i'Waeshflce
NG is comparatively a slow and poor gelatinizing
agent for NC
d) NG propellants are "hot", i e they tn..Je a high heat
of combustion and a high flame temperatiare which results
in a rapid erosion of the gunt barrel and a decrease in
its serviceable life.
Note: The marked effect of the heat of combustion on the
gun barrel, (erosion), is shown by the following ekample:
a gun using a propellant with 950 kcal/kg was good for
only 1700 firings, while one with 820 kcsl/kg could stand
3500 firings.
Det
h
bv
iavntgso
Gpoeln:
the abov
NFiv
work was started in Germany about 1934 under the direction
of Gen U. Gallwirx to develop a propellant which would
be less erosive than NG propellants and at the same time
Poasses the high ballistic poteaaial required for muzzle
velocities of the order 3300 ft/sec.
At first nitroglyco, (ethyleneglycoldinitrate) (EGDN)
was tried as replacement for NG, but this proved unsuccessful due to the extreme volatility of EGDN even at moderate
temperatures. Then,' in 1935, Gen Gallwitz proposed use
ofirae
Poyyklapodcesly
viabero
Pon-fo
materials. Polyglycol, which is a mixture of diryeglcditae(DGNcled
nGrmyDi
emn
clldi
etyeelcliitae(ED)
91,.wl)

with o r-mall amuiut, of EGDN, was. considerably

volatile than straight EGDN and although it was more


volatile than NG, it could be used in moderate climates
such as in Europe. It proved however, to be ummuirable for
tropical climates, such as in Africa.
Polyglycol (or stiaight DEGDN) was a better Sclatinixer
for NC thana NG, but the most importanic fact was that it
produced considerably. Ocooler' (calorific value about 690
kcal/kg) propellants than it was ever possible to obtain with
NG. The diminished erosion proloaiged the life of gun

Ger 71
I.,ostou
retier deree. thnwa1xpc1d
leai~ ff lire
RePt 925 (1945), P 13 and
the l egfre t a w s e p
e t d
3) t1 .1M.Kl lke, Recport on Appendix 9, p 90
The new propellant was called 5 "W
V isit to Lu nc her
Pluvet (G stands for
8 F actory o i
Ii A-G , CIOS lRcpt 11l.68 (19,16),
*he first letter of Gallwitz).
pp .1-5.
D~ue 'to the fact that "Polyglykol" (or
straight DU(;N)
GRANATE (Gr oder gr ). The term
a, good Xelatinizer for INC, it was
"Graniate*" is used in
possible to prepare
Germany as a base wvord for
Tpropehlants more homogeneous than NG propellants
various
types
and
with
Bty
adding
a prefix and/or a suffix to the word oftheroundn.
smoother surface grains. Manufacture
exact
of "G" propellants,
rnature of the- projectile is indicated, r
g
c spt~ ciall y. th ."ro lling -t vpc
ra
tio
n
,
w
a
q
m
u
c
h
e
a
s
ie
r An d
dangi-rous and no rolling flaws (often
ss
observed in NG le
r rH
prpon-aat p e g r n tS
E hl
sh l
* pellants) we're observed. Another
prrlE
advantage of G propellant.,
Srngaae4
Was that they permitted the 'incorporation,
pg 4
I
hl
a aee
without becoming
britt1.e," of materials which do not take
br u
part in the gelatiniNebelgranate
N bgr
Smoke shell
zation, such its K '.ulfatc (flash reducer),
nitroguanidine
Gewehrqranate
(NGu),etc (See also "Gudolpuilver").hadrnt
Gewgr
Rifle grenade
tiBeing a good gelatinizer :DEGDN may be
drhn
rnd
used in smaller
Panizergranate
Pzgr
*
quantities than NG 'and in a wider
Artno,r-piercing (All)
range. For instance,
whil e. the amount of N G~should
shell
*
sults, Dl-GDN may be'used in thebe 40-45 'c for optimum rea z r an t 39
P g 9
range of 20 to 45%, the
remainder be~ing NC stablislzer
3
z r 9AP
-piercingat
(such as
I c appemdA
* dite) and one of the following: urethanes,centralite, or scarbapistrcin cappe,hg
phithalates, flashbalsicahh
reducers (such ks K sulfate
or NGu). vaseline, graphite,
explosive) shell
Pa~ega~t
0
Psgr 40
Mg oxide, etc.stncrieoe
Pselwt
ug
One sucl, prope~iant: 61.53% of NC
(blend
of
soluble
and insoluble NC givin.. an average nitrogen
content 12.2%),
Panzergranate 41
Pzgr 41
*
26.37 of DEGDN 7.50 of ethyl centralite,
All shell with a tung1.60 of vaseline,
0.65 of plithalate, 0.25 of ' Mg oxide,
staen carbie gorufo
0.1 of graphite and
2.0%
f
slfae ad5
alorific value of 690-700 kcal/kg
Gewebrspreng..
'is against 1120-5 kcal/kg for NG propellants.
Gewspgr
Antipersonnel rifle
antgrad
As wec mentioned above, the DEGDN
is more volatile
Gewehrpanzer
(uewozgr
than NG (4-5 times more volatile) and is unsuitable
Antitank rifle
for
Srnte
* tropical climates.
g-enade
GewehrpropaPropaganda rifle
Inasmuch as the' German troops had
trouble with "G"
gnarnt
propelas duin
rnd
capin
GnGlwZ
Haprop
se "usingthe the .fi~
Gewehrfallschirm.. icitrte
prdctaofatrintyengalyclw
illuminating para.
leucht gzanate
prpoedusngth
ntrte
cnute
rifle grenade
podctoftretylnelyol
(TEG), (calle idTriglykol in Germany).
Granate H~eron
GrBe
Anticoncrete shell
This nitrated product
(TEGDN) was only slightly more volatile
G
a
a
el
ol
a u g
G il
than NG (about
*
Grnt
lI,2 times) and was quite Isuitable
hl
ohadn
Grlhlowcresel ol w c ag
for hot climates. 'the
German
Artillery
rounds
of ammunition may be divided
rcpace~eh
of
DEGN byi TEGDN permitted the proutio
into Patronenimunition and Kattuschmunition:
*
of propellants with even lower calorific
'value than the
A) Einholtsmunition *der Patronanimunitioi
ordinary *G propellants. For
'One-piece
instance one containing
ammnunit Iion or cartridge ammunition).
*58.55% NC (a'blend with an average
It is an ammunition,
N content of 12.2%,1)
the,
complete round of which may be
25.10 TEG-DN, 12.00 ethyl centralite,0.25
loaded into the
MgO, 0.10 graphweapon in one operation. This corresponds
ite, and 4.00% k sulfate had a' calorific
to American
value
of
650
kcal/kg.
fixed
*TF.GDN
ammunition.
poasesses the same advantages from
The complete round consists of
the point of
a
cartridge
case containing a primer and a
view of its galatinixing properties as
propelling
DEGDN and likewise
chreTecae
iprmntlcipdtohe
permits the i corporation: of non-gelatinizers
rsuch asRjcle.
sulfate and NGu.
S G" propellants 'are silow burning
E g:Rounds used in AA guns,
and are efficient in
caliber
mm,
28 aim, 30 mm, 37 mm, 40
I eiapons where a projectile remains
mm, 42 mm, 50 mm, 20
75 mm,
in the barrel long
8
m n 0
m
epnete
o ghcoor ust on f t e p ope 'a n . A l k nds
N ote : T h e G e rma n s de s ig na te d the ca lib e r o f
of, guns large howitzersmom
and mortars are in
gun s in centimeters but we designated them in
I All of these weapons have sufficiently 1 this dma,'.
millimeters in order to
long barrels
conform to the American practice
for. complete combustion of the powder.
"G" propellants
B) Koakachmunition 'oder Getrenntemunition
in flake'form were' found unsuitable,
(Separated
however, in medium
cartridge ammunition) is an ammuJnition
* and rsmall .caliber howitzers and
somewhat inmortars because a prctermediate between American semi-fixed
jectile does not remain for a sufficient
and separattetime in the barrel
loading ammunition. it consists of a
* for comp
projectile which is
lete combustion of the propellant. In these
Go 5m prplatweefndobeqiesibe.(e
eases
placed into the weapon first and a cartridge
also "Guldollpulver", Erosion of the Bore and under
case (conPro.
taining a primer and one or several base with propelling
*pell-ints).
charge), which is loaded into the breach
afterwards.
The cartridge case is not fixed to
References:
the projectile. The
number
of
bags
with
propellant
I1)Uto Gallwitz, Die GeschUtzladung
could be varied, according
(Propelling Charge)
to the range requirement, at the place of
.hleereswaffeiismt, B1'erlin (1944) (English
firing.
translation is
Note: The Germans employed cartridge
available)
cases for nll their
ammunitionain order to prevent the escape
2) o.V.Stickland et &I,General Summary of
of gases to the
Explosive Plants,
reat of the weapon when the breach is
opened; they never
Iitrruners

US~~
te rond~~crjdin
*~
A*Ger
use tie
crrepodin
roms
oth Amricilseparate
laigammiunition.
l~~~Te
K~irtuschenmunitiorm war used in somne 75 mm rounds
:as well as in 105 mmn,150 mm, 170 mm, 210 mm. 24c: mm,
280 mmn,and 353 Mir. guns. or howitzers.

72
9) 75 mm included:
a) All With Tungsten Core, Arrowhead Design
(7.5 cm l-zorl.atr 41)usdith
AniakGn
,
Pak 41 (P 378)usdithAntakG
Ill HE (7.5 cm Spstparr KwK 34) and AP SWith
Ballistic Cap and AP Cap (PzgrPstr 39 KwK 40)
us' .1 in KwK, KwK 40, StuG 40 and Pake40 (p 398)
c) 11cC Tyr, 39 [ 7.5 cm Ur Part 39 (111-1
used
ir GrbK 15 (P 399)

*he Cernian Artillery projectiles as well as nueru


T
ciptu1recI Aostrian, Blgclian, Czech, lhiuuch, Frcn~ch, Polish,
J~ufli~atiin, Rus. :an'and Yugoslav projectiles used by the
LL

rr

n (See
is alist mofk P hee rojectiles)
rane
K-vK, StuG, KwK 40, StuG 40, GebK 36 and the
steli t st o
heses
projetls arranged-3
Recoilless Gun for Airborne Troops, (LG 40) (p 400)
ca
gestuether
with the referene
oT
-953
e) HoC [7.5 cm GrPart KwK (IlL/B)
used in the
1) 20 mnmincluded: OerlikonAP, Mauser AP,Solothurn AP,saegnasboe()41
PerlkonIII
II:andSolthun
Maner
II. ae dscrbedf)
Smoke (7.5 cm Nlbgr Pair KwK) used in the same
In I N 9-19853i ppt 358)0F-(
guns as above (p 402) (See also Smnoke Projectiles)
2) W820 mm included: IIE 2.H/2.0 cm Spgr~latr
and
g) HE (7.5 cm GebG 15 Alumioa~usn) used in Gehl(
All PzGt 'used it, Tapered Bore Gun, PzB 41 (pp 1",1-3)
1 p43
J) 30 mm incl'uded: AV-, lIIIE, IIE-T, AP with Core and
h)l HoC (7.5 cm Igr) used in LIG 1S and L Geb
lnert-loadcd projectiles used in Solotburn AC Guns
i~i 18 (p 404)
(pp 379-82)
i) lIE (7.5 cm li~r 18 AZ 23 nA) used in LIG 18 and
4) 37 mamincluded:
L Geb IG 18 (p 405)
a) IIE-T (3.7 ciii Spugi L'spur) used in Naval C/30
j) lIE (7.5 cm SppxPutr 75/50)
used in Sknda
Gun
(
382)Dual-purpose
Gun (p 406)
6) AP Without Cap (3.7 cm Pzgr) used in Pake (p)
k) HIC, Type 38 (7.5 cm GrPatr 38 HL/A) used
captured from the Polish (P 382)
in LFK IS (p 407)
AP [7.5 cm Pzgr 40 (WI)Pak 40 1 used in Pak 40
1
sdi)
Pak41 (lodel383) (37c1Silrnt
Pak 4 (p 83)
408)
d) AP Without Cap (3.7 cm PzgrPatr 18) used inim
P
75c
zrarKK3)ue
nKK
18 and Flak 36 (p 384)
StuG, LFK and in Recoilless Gun for Airborne
e) liE (3.7 cm SpgrPatr 40) used in Pake (P 385).
Troops (p 409)
f) AP Without, Cap (3.7 cm Pipm Putt) used in Pake
n) HoC (7.5 cm GrPstr 38 IiL/A KwK) used in KwK
(p 386)
38, KwK 40, LFK 18, GebK 36, StuG A0, Pak 40,
g) HE (3.7 cm SpgrPatir umg) used in Pak (p 386)
FK 15 and Recoilless Gun 40 (p 409)
h.) Il1: (3.7 cm SpSrPatr C/30) used in C/30 Gun.
o) APC (7.5 cm Pzgr 39 FES) used in Pake 40,
(p 388)
40/1, 40/2 and 40/3 (p 410)
5) 40 mm included: liE (4 cm SpgrPatr) and HE-Inc
p) HoC (7.5 cm GrPatr 38 HL/B) used in same
(4cm Br Spgr Putt) .used in 'Flsk 28 (PP 388-9)
guns as given under (n) (p 411)
'6) 42/28 Mmnincluded:
r) HE (7.5 cm SpgrPatr 34) used in StuK 40 (L/.!j),
a) fiE (4.2-2,8 cm SpgrParr L Pake 41) used in
StuK 40 (018) and Pake 40, 40/1, 40/2 and 40/3
L'Pake 41 (Tapered Bore Gun) (P 374)(p47
bl) AP With Core (4.2-2.8 cff, Pzgr Pact L Pake 41),
a) kloC (7.5 cm Jgr 38 ilL/A) used in l.JG 18 and
used in L Pake 41 (Tapered Bore Gun) (p 374)
L GebG 18 (p 425)
7) 47 mm included:
t) Projectiles used in captured 75 mun Belgian,
a) A Wih
arbde
Tngsen
Cre rrohea Deign
Dutch, French, Polish and Yugoslav guns are described
(4.7 cm PzgrPatr 40) used in Czech design tapered
o
p40 1,45
1,40
2.43ad45o
'
hore guns pale (t) and X36 (t) (p 375)
918b) 'HE (4.7 cm' SpgrPatr 36) used in some Czech
910)7/8 Msw
h
rni &w rjctl
eeoe
design guns (p 90)
a
e) desgn
H Ausria
4.7 m Sgr~ar (ci~iuse
France by E. Brandt (p 369)
inH Auhseria deig [4.) cm(p391)(6
se
11) 76.2 mm included the following projectiles used in
dn APC~e [4. cm3Pzg c 36391u)d nCzc
captured Russian weapons:
d) P~r~tr
m
AC [.7
3 (t]
ued n Cecha)
lIE (7.62 cm Spgr 284l/4) used in GebK 307(r)
design guns Flak 37 Wt and Pake (t) (p 392)
(p 4(,e)
b) HE (7.62 cm Spgr Part 39) used in FK 36 (r)
8)mmicldd
P 5h
a)APWih
ugsten Carbid
Core, Arrowhead
and Pak 36(r) (p 426)
D esign (5 cm Pzg~rPatr 4OKwK) used in the Tank
c
P(.2c
zzar4).sdi
K26r

* y lulcia

*Flak

In
~34
GullIE (5cm S pgrPc386) usdi.KK
b) 395)
p
ou *ap
(5cez~~t
d) zgr
AC act
(5cm~wK
tuna
95)e)
s a~ie (p

use

w)ue)
in(he)

Pal 396(r
cW
) APC (7.62 cm PzgrPatr 39ro) usedin
38 39 and Pake
(p' 428) (r)
lIE (7.62 cm SPgrat
280/2
t)used in
PakI 36(r
(p 429)
lIE (7.62 cm Spgr 284/4) used in eKI 3907(r)

*e) IIE-Irac-T (5 cm Br SPgr Part 41 L? spur) used


in Fhit' 1 41 1(p 397)
used in 5 Cal LGr 1 36
1) PIE Mortar projectile
0
(p53 *h)
1

(P 30

(p 430)
g) HoC (7.62 cm Gr 38/2 HULB) used in JKII 290
(0) (P.430)
liE (7.62 Cm Spgr 39/2) 'used in JKII 290(r)

PROJ[CTILPS

GAAE

Ea

Ma

I cunI

-RACER

Tgeretore Gun

v~

Li
57

64URPLC

V~C.AR

~..?WIEPLAS71C

FUZE

47m
N 2f

mm

ALSTChl

---

Tf
140L

TVTt

I
6

0AC -1

rr

Ta r

-VASIN6

47mm

7 nm

ALAL"U

S~

CAR

I.*

OE

V~~PACER
COM-0-

o~5C
0: sc

a
*

PROJ ECTI LESF GCRAtNA Ef

't~

I"L
S01,nm~A
AP!/1M4

75mmRH

14 717C

B~t

C~fTAP

LISDISP

*
8RNIIsm

SURL

IS

1, 4p

TIC CAP

I ') 76.15 mim 1,roI.~c


e re used in capured. Autisrian, Ge 5
c) All useJ in several Light Fileld llowitzers(pp 457
Cze'.ch and Yuj~oshlv 7.1iS cm wk-apons (111412-4 35)
and 1e59)
1 I) 80 1.m inr: ludedi:
d) HEl (10 cm Spgr L/4.4) used in Flak 38 (p 46 7).
n) 11,1.Strntar p.ro (8 cin )gr IS andi Wgr 19) used in
e) AP-T (10 cm Pzgr tot) used in Flak 38, Flak 39,
%(;1%%
14 :1%
529)
sK 18 and sKT (p 468)
1) Clo.. ~maoke prol (8 cm %gr 18 lDeut) used in
f) AP (10 cm Pzgr rot L'spur) used in Light Field
s(r
. p511),
(See also Smoke Projectiles'
howitzer (LFII 16). (p 470)
t') F,
Ilrtoi (9 cm %%gr 14 Nit) used in Mortar,
g)1
sdi
ih
ield Hlowitzer LFII 16)
XkrkI, anid Kz~rV 42 (1p532)
(p 471)
31) 83.5 mm included: 8.15 cin ll'gr(t) and (ir 21/20(t)
It) Smoke used in Howitzers (LI'll 16, LFll 18,
used it. capttured 'Czech AA Gun, Flak %1/22(tW (1p14 16-7),
LFll I 8MP and Stull 42) (p 472)
15) Fil minnincluded:
i) lIE for Long lDiatarice Use in Light Field Ho0wit) APL' (8.8 c~mPlzgri'atr *-9) used in Flak 41 (p 438)
iLAers 1S with Muzzle Brake (LFII 18MB) (p 473)
1. W
8.8 cm SpJ;rl'.Icr l.45K~lused in Flak
j) HloC Type A, HoC Type B and IloC Type C used
114.Flak 36 ivid i'lak i7 (p, 418)
in the same Light Field Hlowitzers as listed under
c) All (8.8 cm Il'zgr 4 1) tased in Flnk %6 anti Flak 41
(h) (pp, 474-77)
(p 439)
k) lIE, Model 15, Model 23 and Model 28 used in
%4 All with *l.,rsteu1 (.1irLid- core, 'ryre 40 (8.8 cm
the 10 cm Skrida Hlowitzer (pp 4 77-80)
1) --, 40) used in Flak J( andi Flak 41 (p 439)
1) lIE (1C cm Spgr Patr L/4.4 Kz) used in Flak 38
e) III (8.H cmnSpgr l'atr(L./4.7 Il'lS)uscd in Flak 41
anJ Flak 39 (p 480)
and 1:l1ak 411(p 43141)
m) HE (10 cm Gr 19 Kz 13) used in sK 18: KT and
1) All(: (8.81 cmnl~z
'latei a lid/.) used in Flak 18,
IgKT (p 481)
Flaki 46 and l-Ink '17 (1 4411
n) lIE proj with disintegrating band is described
g) III, 'type 41 (8.H en, '.pv.rI'atr 43) used in KwK
briefly on p 369 of T M9-1985-3
105 mm Belgian,
o) Projectiles used in capue
.11, Stuk 13 (L/71) and flak 43 and 43/71 M/.71)
Frcnch, Poliah, Rlussian and Yugoslav guns arc
(p 41421
h), HEl (Sit cm Pzgr 39/43) used in Pak 41 and Pak
described on pp 459, 461 and 463-467 of TM9-1985-3
p) HIE (10 cmt FIIGrStg mR 11) used in Light Field
.13/1. (p 442)
Hlowitzers: rI' 18, Fit 18/1, FH 18/2, Fit 18 mM,
i) llli (6.8 cm Spgr Flak 41) used in Flak 41 (p 443)
j) h~oC (8.8 c-m Grl~atr HI1.) used in KwK 36 (L/56)
F11 18/39 and FiI 18/49 (p 536)
18) 122 mmnincluded HE projectile 12.2 cm Spgr FEW(r)
(p 444)
sdinKK3,Fa
used in captured Ruasian guns 11'390/1 (r) and K 390/2
k) 1W(.
mSgrL45
Wr (p 481)
18, Flak 36, Flak 37 and in Modified Russian AAGun
19) 128 mm included:
8.5/8R.8 cm Flak 39 (r) (p 444)
a) lIE (12.8 cm Spgr~atr L/4.5), described briefly
) IE, with Controlled Fragmentation (8.8 cm Spgr
onlp 482
L/14.5 ZtZ) used in KwK 36 (L/56) (p 445)
b) AP (12.8 cm Pzgr FES) used in Flak 40 (p 483)
m) 'AP (8.8 cm Pzgr) used in Flak 18, 36, 37 and in
c) AP (12.8 cm KPS) used in Flak 40 (p 483)
1Fiak 39 (r (p 446)
d) AP (12.8 cm Pzgr 43) used in Flak 44, selfn)AP' (8.8 cn Pzgr 39/1) used in Pak 43, Pak
propelled (p 484)
43/41 (L./71) and StuiC 43(L/71)(Self-propelled guf)(p
20) 150 mm included:
446)
a) HE With Disintegrating Bands, Sabot Type (p 370)
o) AP (8.8 cm Pzgr 39) used in Flak 18, 36 & 37,
HE " 15 cm AZGr 37 Wt ] used in Czech Medium
KwKn Fak
6 (L56)and
3(r)(p 48)b)
P) Incendir Sip:el (8.8 cm Gr Br Schr Flak) usedHoizrsFt2()(p45
c) HE (15 vam KGr 42) used in K 18 (p 486)
in Flak 18, 36 and 37 (p 418)
d) IloC (15 cm Jgr 39 HL/A) used in St ni! 43(L/12)
16)1100 mm included:
and sJG 33 (p 486)
a) ItoC proj Type .IlL/B and Type IlL/C are dee) A/C (15 cm Gr 19 rot Be) used in K 18 and K 39
scribed in TM 9-1985-3, pp 450-1, but their uses
are not given
(p 487)
f) Czech projectiles, such as 15 cm GrM 25 (t)
used
b) HE Czech pioj[ 10 cm DoppZGt M 21(t)
(p 488), 15 cm. AZGrM 34 1,t)(p 488), 15 cm MinGr M
in captured Czech, Polish and Yugoslav Lighr
13/19 W(r)(489), 15 cm MinGr 28(t) and I~ i.r MinGr
Field Hlowitzers (p 451)
M 28 (t) (p 490) used in captured Czech Field Ilowitzc)lE Yugoslav proj [j 10 cm Spgr Dopr.Z 311 Qj) and
era
Spgr (AZ)'31 0 (j) I used in captured Czech, Polish &
S) HE (15 cm Jgr 38FES) used in the As1asult HlowYugoslav Light Field Howitzers and Mod 28 Yugoslav
itzer Stu H 43 (p 491)
mountain Howitzer' (p 452)
h) AP (15 cm PzSpgr L/37 mHbo) used in K 18
d) HE Czech proj CIO cm DoppZGr 30 (t) 2 used
(p 491)
in Czech, Polish and Yugoslav Light Field flowi) lIE (15 cm Gr 36 FES) used in sFH 18 (p 492)
itzers (p 453)
j) IloC (15 cm Gr 19 HlL) used in sF11 18 and sF11
1 p42
in
Czech,
(p)
]used
StgGr
cm
10
e) lIE Polish proj
polish and Yugoslav Light Field Hlowitzers (p 455)
f)roj(10cm
IE ernanpgr38)use inCzeluk)
A/C (15 cm Gr tot Be) used in K 18, K 39
f) H Geman~roi(10
m Ssr 3) ued i Czchand
in K (E) (P 493)
Polibh and Yugoslav Light Field Howitzers (p 454)
g)IWMorar
10 m ~r
'oj 3) usd i Nb 35I)HE
(15 emGr l9mZdlg 36)used insFI 18(p 494)
HE Proj of cast steel (15 cm Gr 19 Stg) used in
(p 533)m)
sFi 18, sF11 13 and silT (p 495)
1533)icudd
(p)
H1
n)j
%I ad
inn,imncluded:Iii
105k
n F11
n mk 1 mG 9N),.l;~s1
a) lIP (10 cm Gr 19) used in K 18 (p 456)
9
(
h) lIE used in K 17/04 nA and K 17 (p 457)

:'

PROJ ECT I LES

RANATELI)
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FILIZ

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ell

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DO
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Bu AST
ING
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ER

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CURGE

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-3hell 42
BALLWIC
AP

7jj
ell
r

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A

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FU

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CUP

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t OfIl
____

PROJECTI.LES

mrnii Ht

""

"

'

((ANATEt4

~ .rr,4

~Yrnr~ 1

(Jr 3.911)

IiIM

LIrn~
.50m /5

Ani~concrele

I/o wilzerSA/

,~p,,,, IE150 mm AP
~7

b/o lay/~nn1C

ShlPo

,
concrc/eS&//
~r/9~fe
p
/_50

/ 50mmY/15 1501mm
8/K'! Two /9 HIE 5he/
ivilhGrne 56 (Cas/ SAkW)

ev

/0HE
/

o(

?mI

S/h
5/

//
I

eWl

(jet 79
(See
Simoke Projectiles Icharge;
p) Ided tiombI (15 4.111Sut*elituae 42) used
31 (P 4198)
~ lE l~cm(r18 ued in slFIl11 3(p 500); HE
(15 cmnJIgr ifl) used in AIG 33; lIE with Base Fuze
and liallistic Cap (15 con Spgr L/4.4 BdZmiit Ilaube)
us;ed in Ki \Irs Laf (p 504); lIE with Nose Fuze (15
cmSpgr L!/4.6 Kv) used in K39'(p 504l).
it) Sundwe I I Si cat 11r NO' osed in sits 13~ (1p497)

*also
*SIG
*

Vin

Armor-plercing, Lappea; HE Iligh-explosive; HOC Hollow


'Inc lnc!ndiary; SAP Semi-armor-piercing. T Trracer
German Abweviatlons: Nee Abbreviations at the end of this
emnsci.
PP
Reterence: Anon, Technical Manual TM 9-1985-3 (1953),

- nomto sgvni
eeecs
olwn eeecs
sgvni hh olwn
The saminfomto
Ammunition,
List.
Inven~tory
Materials
W/ar
Enemy
1) Anon#
Supreme I leadq'io -iters ALF,(1945), pp 1-154
Recognition Handbook of German Ammunition,
2) Anon,
Supreme Headquarters AEI- (1945)
s)SAP(ISc'.n 1'"g!) USC inl K 39 (p 504)
Anon, German Artill;;y Projectiles and Fuzes. Ordnance
0)3)
c Pgr ued in K 9(
t) l'(1
Bomb Disposal Center Aberdeen Proving Ground and U S
1 m , 8 b se nsF11 ( 0)
u)Soe
Navy 1;omb Disposal School, pp 1-177 (N Iate)
v) A/C. 015 cm h~r'19He used in sF11 18 (p)507)
Note: According to Ref 1, PIP 111-3, the following larger
AP projectile for utikno%%n weapon (p 509)
At-)
caliber projectiles were used by the Germano: 380 mmn
509)
(p
19)
Rlt(
Cal
ileIV(Is
!'it)ject
AssistedI
X) Rocket
lIE and AP for 38 cmt Siegfried Kaflons C/34; 406 mm
types used iii
following
12mmicluded
21
21)
1.1Ithe mm
i~lIE
and AP for 40.6 cm Adolf Knonaue or for Navy gun,
C/34; 420 mmnHE, Anticoncrete for 42 cm
Rusin
wapos:Schiffakonone
capure
howitzer, called Gamma MIr~r 540 mmnHE for 54 cm
a) H11 (05.2 cmwSpgr 436) used in KiI 433/1 (r
615 mmnlE for 61.5 cm,
heavy howitzer, called Karl "Irse.r
and Kit 433/2 (r) (p 510,
heavy howitzer, ccalled Karl Gwr~t and 800 *,m HE for
43 Be)use in he ame
G (5,2
b) mAC
80 cm super heavy gun, called Sevastopol or Gustav Gesch~tz.
ntesm
ue
4.4B)
511
c
aA abI
wbao)
/p
Gronote Hand und GOrnaqe Gew~hr (Hand Grenade and
22, 155 mmnincluded the following projectiles used
Grenade).
Rifle
Weapons
(p)
polish
and
(f)
Ftench
captured
in
The following tyren of grenadcS Are described in
1) HIE 1115.,~ emaSt-G~r 422 (f) ',U:cd if, X4180(1),
TM 9-1985-2 (1953), PP 319-345:
Kc419 Mf and K 420 Mf (P 512)
1) Stick Hand Grenades, Models 24, 3,) and 43
I)Smoke 15.5 Cmt Gr 427 (f) ] used in K420(f
(Stiehlhandgranaten 24, 39 und 43) (pp 319-20)
(See also Smoke Projectitles)
(p 5 12)
2) Egg Type Hand Grenade, Model 39 (Eiethandc) lIE 1, 5.5 cm Gr 417 (1) and Lensgr 415 Mf
granate 39) (p 321)
513-4)
17(p'(p
*used in sFH 414(f) and sFH
3) Shaving Stick Offensive Hand Grenade (p 322)
d) IIF. ',15.5 cm Gr' 421 (f) 3used in 15.5 cm
4) Magnetic Antitank Hand Grenade, 3kg (Haft515)
(p
Mf
420
K
hohlladunggranate, 3kg) (P 32 3)I.See Hafthohlladung)
23) 170 mmnincluded:
5) Hollow Charge Stick Type Hand Grenade (p 324)
a) It F.07 cmnKGr 3fillb)used in K i Mrs Laf (P 516)
6) Antitank (Hollow Charge) Hand Grenade (Panzerb) lIE (17 cm KGr 39) used in k i Mrs Laf (p 517)
wurfinine) (P 3z4)
'24) 194 'mm included the HE proj [ 19.4 cm StgGr
7) Smoke Hand Grenades, Models 39 and 41
486 Mf 1 used in capturel French Railroad Gun,
(Nebelhandgranaten 39 undt 41) (pp 325-6)
517)
(p
(f)
K(E) 486
8) Smoke Hand Grenade 14 (Blendk~,per 14)(p 327)
25) :200 mmn included the HE Mortar Projectile
9) Smoke Hand Grenade 24 (Blendko~rper 24)(p 328)
20 cm Wgr 40 (P 534)
10) Smoke Hand Grenade, Egg Type (P 329)
included:
26) 203 mmn
11) Hand Smoke Signal, Red (Handrauchzeichenr 53/2Be () 3use in
AC ~20.
a) cm
Rt p39
captured Russian Heavy Howitzers 11 503 (r)
12) Lacrymatory Hand Grenade (Tear Bomb) (P 330)
and Ht 503/2 Wr (p 518)
46 mm*Antitank (Hollew Charge) Rifle Grenade
13)
in
used
Leuchtgr)
cm
h) Flar prjcie(2.3
(S S Gewehrpanzergranate,46 mmn) (p 331)
K(E) (p 520) (See under IN-re.)
14) 61 mmnAntitank (Hollow Charge) Rifle Grenade
c) HE 1 20.3 cmi Spgr L/14 Kz (H b) and Spgr
(S.S.Gewehrp anze rgranate. 61 mmn) (Two types,
521~'I
(p
K(E)
in
used
L/A.7 K'z mHb
pp 331 and 332)
4) SAP ('20.3 cn Spgrr L/4.7 BdZ tnHb) used
15) Antipersonnel Rifle or Hand Grenade (GewehrK(E) (p 520)
Hand- Sprenggrawmte) (p 332)
odter
used
Be)
18
:;f
-.11
(21
pgoi
A/C
included
rMm
210
27)
(Hollow charge) Rifit Grenade
16) Antitank
in Mrts 18 and in IS hits 1S (p 522)
(Gew'ehr Panzergranate) (P 334)
28) 240 mmnincluded:
17) 37 mmnAntitank (Hollow Charge) Stick Grenade
a) HE (24 raSpgr L/4.5 BdZ mlib and Spgr
(P 335)
L/4.2 mnlib) used in Theodor Bruno Railway
Large Antitank (Hollow Charge) Rifle Grenade
18)
524)
(P
ThBrK(E)
Gun,
Gewehr Panzctgranate) (P 336)
(Grosse
Heavy
Czech
in
used
40)
Gt
b) HE (24 cm
Hollow Charge Rifle Grenade (Schuss GgP 40)
(p
GunsK~t
25)19)
29) 280 mmnincluded:(p3)
a) Rifled 28' cm projectile. Its nomenclature
and uses are unknown (P 526)
b)HE Rocket Assisted Rifled proj (28 cm RGr
433 and Gr 35) used in K 5 (E) (P 527-28)
'30) 355 mm included A/C projec~t (3 5 cm GrBe) for
2)laclber was also given an 353 min).
Hoite MJ(
Mrtr poj 38cm gr40W
l
31)380mmincude
and Smoke pro! (38 cm Wg, 40 N'b,'r 53",.(p30
*AA Antiaircraft;
Amoleli pdBritish 'Abbreviatints
AP mor-piercinr, APC
AC Aicaft anCAtcdcee

20) Propaganda Rifle Grenade (Gewehr Propagandagranate) (P 338)


21) Illuminating Parachute Rifle Grenade (Gewehr
Fallachsimleuchtgranate) (p 339)
22) Hollow Charge Grenade, called Faustpatrone
(p 339)
23) Pistol Grenade (Vuafk~tper Leuchtpiatole)
24)27 mm Pistol Grenade HE Egg Type, fired from
a Valther pistol (p 341)

Get 80

PB-QjLQ-CTll ES

702 77MEmmS4

sh

-fC1P AN ATL\)

20177 HE 23 nmm HE

........

.,,Nh

ZB

~ ~~.

.. ,uf

2n

26*WAI,&

-f

I- IL GO

""oft,C.

S/W//~~~-7wU

Alb.

OO

Get 81
Uurtgranateahee
byincorporating into the GPuersm
flitroguanidine (NGu).
parrone fur 326 Lauclitpistole) (p 342)
* b)lECartridge for 2?mm Pistol (;renade (SprengDue to the fact that nitrated glycols contained
in G Pulver are good Selatinizers for NC, comnptitrone f~r Ka'mpfri stole) (p 343)
*27) Hollow Charge SignAl Pi.tol Grenade (Panzerparatively large amounts of NGu can be incorporated
wutfk~Arper 42 Letichtpostole) (p 344)
without mg'king the propellant too brittle (NGu is not
a gelatinizer for NC and is not gelatinized by nir~ated
28) 27 mi, Mlersage Pistol CGrenmde (p 345)
glycols). In order to hatve a propellant of good perfor20) 27 min khiltistar Signal Cartridge lot Pistol
the crystals of NGu should be short and fine,
m
,:tance,
lp 3i45)
atad uniformly distributed throughout the irrass of the
Several of the Gjerman grenades were examinedl
propellant. This was accomplishzd in the following
at Picatinry Arsenal, as shown by the following
manner:
'References:
After preparing the nitrocellulose - dinitrodiglycol
1) A.B.Schillinr!, Pic Arsn Tlech Rept 1460 (1945)
(or din irrotri glycol) jelly by kneading in a Wernerye
f Offensive Iland Gg,,~e ~
Pfleiderer apparatus, short fibeted nitroguanidii~~e
:id. 146? (1945) (fland Grenade,
*2) A.B.Schilling, ib1
was gradually added and thoroughly inco~rporated.
Sqtic Type)
Then the niasas was tolled for about 25 minutes
* )A.B.Scbilling, ibid, 1494 (1945) Oland Greande
and the resulting sheets cut to the desired size.
and Rifle Grenade for use in the Mauser Rifle Grenade
Followiiag is an example of a flake Gudolpulver
D~i.sethnrger)
suitable for howitzers: NC(Nl13%) 38.03, DE(tjDN
4) F.(G.llaverlslt, ibid, 1507 (1945) (61 min Rifle
31.12, l'Wu 30.D3, acardite 0.50, MgO 0.25 and graphite
'renade)
0.10n.
fife Gre
ihie, 150 9(1945)46m
5)F.G.1lave'.a
5) 46mm t
Nitroguanidine was also found to be suitable for
inc;orpioration in cool tubular cannon propellants, as
Note: A brief description of pistol and rifle greaades is
for instance: NC(N=12%) 39.A8, DF.GDN 16.92, NGu
* iven under P and R
5.00, dipheny lure thane
30.00, ethylphenyltwetliane

25) 26 mm Pistal Grenade u2

inm,

Greant En Ialan or E :.4. One of tle guided (directed) missiles


Used by the Germans during Wlt It (See also Enzian, under
*Guided Missiles).
Reference: TMI 9L1985-12 (1953). pp 229-33.
* Grenade. See Gran-trc Hand und Granatic Gewehr.
An "tomzed
alminm pwde cosising
"aomzd"almnuepwercosstn
of small sphericall particles. Its density was about twice
.t ws sedin yroechic
as i~ias qorv)yrochff
compositions.
-1985-2 (1953), p 82.
ofteAiyT
eptRefeence,
Refrene:
~h eArm,1) TNItof 9the

"Grizzly Seat'! See firamblir.


* Grobes Blairchonpulver. Large Grain Smokeless Propellant folimerly used in larger caliber German guns
* is described in Daniel, Dictionaire (1902), *p 364.
* Gundadug (aseCharge).
This tr
aplstohe
base (main) charge of a blasting cap or a detonator or
to a special ignition charge mention 'ed under giin
It' does not, however, ap'rly to the ina~n charge of a propellant, which is called llauptkartusche (See also undef
CargeCasigs).With
Cordte
G.-Sol i l oiie of the names for Nitroguanidine, also
called Nigu; it is abbreviated in this work as NGu.
G udolpulver (Gudol Propellant), invented in 1937 by
Dynamit 'A -G may be considered as a G Pulver
(1DEGEN or TEGN propellant) in which'a large amount
otnitroguanidine (NGu) is in~corporated.
As 'G Pulver is' slow 'burning in comparison with
*
NG propellants, it was found unsuitable for use in
medium and small caliber mortars and howitzers.
:This :is because the barrels (if these weapons are
too :short to permit complete combustion of the G
Pulver whilIthb projectile is still in the gun barrel.
In oirder to obtain satisfactory results in such weapons,
the rate of combustion of the propellant should be
Puleirbutat hesame
higher than in the regular G Plebuathedaicribed
time it's flash lessness should be low. This can be

4.25, K nitrate 4.00, MgO 0.25 and graphite 0.1.0"..


Other formulations of NGu propellaints are given
under Propellants.
Among the advantages of NGu propellants may be
cited: low erosion of gun barrels and practically
complete absence of smoke and muzzle and breech
flash. This was achieved without addition of any
flash reducing agents such as K ~SO 4
uha
frai-iewaos?ihteitouto
AA guns or those used on armored vehicles, the problem
of breech flash became of utmost importance because
boreech has to be opened immediately after cad,
firing and less time is given for cnpoling the chamber
. gases than in the case of slow-firing weapons. It
should be noted that modern rapid-fire weapons a
provided with semi-automatic breech closures and
muzzle brakes. The brakes tend to retain the gases
back in the barrel and when the breech is opened, the
gases emerge in a glowing condition, endangering
the lives of 9the personnel and are capable of igniting
any combustible or explosive bubstance in the vicinity.
Gudi'l propellant this breech flash was practically
eliminated. (See also "Flash Reductants in German
Propellantrs").
References:
1) UGallwitz, Die Gesch'itzladung (Propelling Charge),
Heereswaffenarnr, Berlin (1944)
2) O.W.Stickland er al, General Summitry of Explosive
Pi -ts, PB Rept 925 (1945), Appendix 8.
Ouhirdynamit.

See the Swedish Section.

Guhrhellhofit An explosive prepared about 1880 by


mixing Kieselguht with nitrobenzene and fuming nitric
acid C Colver (19181 p 143 3
Guidance Systems for Missiles. The principa: German tievices for guidin spac~-traversing unmanned mnissilesi which
hi
o
otoln
hmevstemn
cridwti
flight paths, aire listed below and in some cases briefly
in References 1, 2 & 3. The systems may be
subdivided into the following groups:

wr i

Schmetterlinq
H'
7)

CORTROL
WOsserfail

%G2)

cumnu-wm

CHAMEHM
-COVER
0, TE
VEN"I

BUT!"ch
I U AT

1;
11
1

Gk N 1.1,

ACIT) TANK
STAH.1,4.N1
Fills
'.FCT VUELTANK

OXPL

VfLVE

VF Vr
rAp,,fS
GIVAI

aheintoctter
R

"an,
LL4,

-JET A
S SISTE t,
TAKE OFF
UNIT

NO
4

VENTU4,

CONTROL
UNIT

Tus"
'AIDE.
TANK

PROPOSED
APHEAD

114ACIE

AUXILIAR
TAKE OFF j I r

E
F4J
V
T
AN S
LONTROL

CONTRo
FIN

ROC
T
O'('R
FUEL
TA KS

mrnmpASq
VVbINU

Rao"
rUSPIENSION

W.7ilcSUR71ACE

.. NG
PROPOSED
FUZE C&gTy

TAB TOIMPART

FeuerliHe
F-25)

STABILIZER

8011

E"N Not

MMAIN STABILI.
Fais

Isms

MAINPUS

Ruhrstahl

CHAMBER

TRIC
ELL
CON ECTI
FT
To AIR

ENTURI

PULL E
0 ST.".JECYION

AGI

TAIL
STAOILIZISK
3

F EL
A4K$

1OLIENDID
OPERATED
PITA
S AFA
S

TTERY BOX
GYRO CONTROLUN:T

DETON%TOR
%.AQ"EAD

I SULATED
CONTROt
WIRE
AIR BOTTLES

FUZE

HOUSING

Beethoven Apporotus
ROCKET UNIT

t - I CTRICAL

Fuze Pocktt I,
t

TAIL ';N

TAIL sTAuY

SO, 0

ENTURI TUBES

F. I'

Tai fun

HOT
I"

SUSP rISI6..4Luc

HIL T

VCPITURIAND

ON

WARHEAD
ACID TAPK
NNULAR
UEL TANK

AIL UNIT
CENYRA EXPLODE

TUBES

TAIL
H USINO'
!it PLATE
c

Fritz X

STRUT

BURSTER DIAPHRAGM

MOUS'*O IC
so NTROL
UAFACIE

Taifun
BURSTER DIAPHRAGPJ

WARHEAD

SUSIPENSIONLUG

FUzE

POCKET

WING

TAIL
TRACER UNIT

BASE PLATE
WAAMEAD.

Nose pile,

GUIDED
MISSILES

ALL
FI"

OprRINO

CONTROL COMPARITmEmy

fthTRAL EXPLODERTURE
NTROL SURFACE
"AIR

WING SPAft

JCT PROPTILS10"UNIT

Henschel(Hs

93)

~ti

A :ou hni iti n Deie.


I hvvktlltdtlt
on
I Wo
S1101 6.6 ..... n.
1.pc0 tnit s rd in cc tdcd' tor goid~in g
-the
Xi. toh sscelnos rt-ceivest the t .. ltsts (rall
Evt"*'st
I rat t etracrltce I.aritit
a ,t Je termiined III,. dire t-tion
roit n~. i l *~i
ea hcicie
tsm.
frot ,ilihas
e~msrsncrut
ti~t.utoitm~rtor c ritzswerv
used to cominait d
ch tit-lvIcil
t0 iAilic.tscr so tha~t tilt- ph11st. angle-s Ltcarnte
v~piitl. 'I!d. ow: t, v:i -si Ic plintt directly at the target.
.1
t~atii tc.of
the w,tustr heIotmin':. miss ile
iSIhie ifilnossi 'llit 'ai jitnrinj; its r,.tCi vvt
(stiich it.
is done wiuthrt . col~icta!led guidance: sy scents (Ref 1,
ppit2-idescriptionon
Nite:~
A~o~ii.iIlc
'
p2I.1
29, tltt ortginal
.tIiWs
callitd Kranich and Elie later
,te.u~tc
ioiaiig
v etstot Pudel. lThe l'udel acosittic proximity fu?.e con*
stied esst Zta.y
ti
sfit
inicat and 0.01 mitn aluIiitt uin fail
.1 aplr; cc 'i a Cci te.e~
tle
utpt
whaui
cil
Icd it,
a sin~g!v s tage -tmp! tier andc relay
"I'
.a"
.....
v ws%mointted at an an gle oif alln',r
iodid ithe sountd p tsar d into the
c. thcxi`aa tile l
*ditpItratgi
thtrou gh I series of wire itmesh icreetta wh ich
-. vifct
l-s
of ai prsuiJue
to
Sttl~lclitttttit
and praopellers cif
rotationi
buct nost the '.ound (if mototrst
V tcinv
ti rerA it. Ai siill Ii lre arranti ellitett was attcacile'f
itwy
s to broaden ithe
ic. the' viblratiitg aswstem in 'sucht
:1ittitait en re still altce :curve s of ithe incidivicteal compiion ents
of the systcml.' If cthe I,'iissilt1,, sucE; as an X-4. was honming
' die( target, the ":tmut of cthe mticrophone was
sit
ty(in
conastanti atnd as theret Aa ; no Iotisul ati on ouctict .no( sc ceriny
Vorrectlt'nN were nececcssary. If tite tiissile wats not aimed
slirecti y at chc taiget, thee
asgnctdatauain
truc~tty
oif V., cycle! pet sccitid, the rotation speed of
rIii
tiiissile.
lThis' modulation frequenccy transmitted the
intarittation to' cthe spoile~r solenoids tn the tail fins, through
gyro cciiiittutat(ir system. Trhis tarrangenment converted

~~~ ~

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~n

~ ~ ~ ~~~J

~irontmcoplt'n

*tile

tile Icratp.ctol
of at iret- body in :;Vace reachting a loiximuin
Itl
lci
of iot ti SO mile
ts before return.Iiag to tihe au n
of the e~arith. A[iou t 5 mtinut es after itake-aff, the V-2 5 crt cl
flite cirtla samne 200 iithes fromi ite Liuntching site with a
Vlc!,ity (it apprrnx i?,ittc!y 1,1100 niph clt
itUsillg the warhead
aand anjremaintin g fuel to cx p lodc
.rrd(
Guidance
C. 'n.lrted(R
System cansitstedi essentially
,lf
a concave niarror directed toward vtarget emitting
the infrared radiation . A rotating disc, and -I phortocel I
coalnnIected by aI wire to aI mnechanisam ire ula w J th'e rightleft and up-daw maIie cso-h
isl.A:ehlcmatic
view ofch dvc is given on p I I ot Rtef I Lind a general
etection of lte infra~ed is given in Chapter
5 of Ref 3. OIne of thie fit homing dvc.
a sdo h
H tiioh.r,
R-3 (Ref 2, 1p 229), while totothirtliR device,
cal led Madrid, was installed on the 1n:'iian, E-41 liniisilt.

titef 2, P) 212)
1). Magneslc-Balli iic Guidance System, such ;.:. used in tie
V-I (FbZG-, -t) missi Ic, cnalled alsa a luz IoL,,wa
simplie, ru gnu~ and reasonably reliable. In thlis syscont
comipass, the
-he azimuth was controlled by a ma jucet .
altitude by a baromnetric altimeter and the ratlge by all
akir mileage mleasuring untt . Prior to Liattmnhirtg. the missile,
the devices were ma.nually ,et for the dcsiretI course,
,tir~egaltitude insi ranlge. The compass was lintkedi to the
cthealtinietet at-test directly (in dthe
frcisctlpe,wheiclas
-in
ieoltrsatdati.1ifer
elIcv.to cn tol 'cyssteaAiif
were rolctuiinttil an.d tiie iigh-pri:.-smire a ir was taorec i t
t
two tanks. %his
Ittl.e
predetertinined ractge wa-is realched in
test
it
The -iatn trol
.s. m.tiatcd~
flighslt. ttc: saarl teld %%
weethen lockedi causing die itlissile to dlive. The accuracy5
(if the termirtcal poirtion of Elite fligltc depentded upon thme
ballistics of the missile. (Ref 3, pp i5-36, 127-8%& 335-7)
Fosr more inforination oti guidance systemrs far V-1 see Ref 2,
pp 207-9. Sante V-I bonitis were ecquili~ed with at onte-tube
radio transisticter for enablinitg the latitnc.,ini, srew to follow

~iIltited.

the flights %ith direcetiont lilnsinlg eqluipieneit in" order to


the left-right antd up-down si~gnals into the proper pulses
obtraini plottin g and siltt data (Ref 2, 1i 200))
Which were toi be feli to cthe solenoids actuating the spoilers.
E. Radar Guidance System or Radio Detection and Guidance
Th[le manve of Ihis device was expected to lie about 101()(
.- usted on aI
System wa., not %ufficiently developed to
ttcters , .so thit~t if it were launched at at range of 2000 itt,
int
ithe first IOW0 ait of its Ill &t wouild be uncontrolled. 'fle
wide scale, R~adar tracking of the target was ttsed for
P1u.!v! fuze was not sufficientrly developed co, le. used in
puiding the. 'as:nerfail tandt Rheintochrter misshies (Ref 2,
coiiblat, but cite Kranictt fusze wais. The Kranich consisted
p,227 and Ref 3, p 41)
of ae light' diaphrhgitt .iturited nuecchanista which respondedtI' Radio Controlled Guidance Systems consistedi essentially
,nisutlc trackher
of a radio receiver (located ini a isia
Ito iltt. sound. of airplane propellers at a ran;:c cii 15 nteters.
for conveying the command to the receiver. This systeir
ItI e. It was planned to install the Kratiich systemn on
-rvawas used in the majority of German guided missiles insomic Rheintuachter miss~iles
*If. Ballistic Guidance System, also called Inertial-Gavta
eluding the PC 14100 RX Glider liomb (Ref 2, 1i 195-6),
its 117, called also Schetetterlingi (Ret 2, p 19T 199),
tior, Guidanco System. lhik was essentially s~milisr to a
hIs 293 A-I (Rief 2, pp, 201 & 201), hIs 2981(Ref 2, p20.k),
w-ith a gunt for surface
gunfire
Ionjgrange
some V-1 missiles (Rtef 2, p 207), some V-2 mttssiles
fite,
it mlissile
-uchguidance.
as a V-2As (A-4),, was aimed in the
(Ref 2, p 21It), Uasserfall C-2 (Ilef 2, pp 219-23), Feuerlilie
de:.ired 'direction, in azimuth and pointed at such a preF-55, (Ref 2, p 226), sonie i~heintochters (Ref 2, p 227),
catlculated elevation anetle that the jiroieccile would fall
to rite surface at tlte correct tartget range. TheltV-2 was directed
Greait Ett4ion (Ref 2, p M3) and s-ime others.
Note: his 293A was ctil lira.t German radio controlled borib.
if) heading sduring its buumninerioncd by four externaldand f'our
It was tttade in 19.10 by Ifenscltel, by ecrjipping wiith
internal vanes. I'Theexternal vanes, located in Ite outer
radio control devices, the non-guided glide bomb desi~id
trailing edge of each large fitt,,reated aerodynamic mntent;
in13
yteGsa
cwrzPoelrek(e
whereas the interncal vaines, made of carbon and located toi
, 02
?.p22
syste(ems
nrotiec
rai P
follaJin
hn byteo(tavShatz
i
to the rear of the tttoor, varied the direction of thrust 'if
the nmntor. For controi itt azimuth, the external sad internal
listed or briefly described itt Refs 2 an d 3:
vane wee
btateiockd
tey
ereso oancte as
a) Burgund system consisted of an optical (visual't
to :permit separate control tn i~tcht. (Itel 3, Ppr 30-i! &miiecrkrKbplwthaoytck.scr.a
and a tratlamitter, Kohl.
radio receiver Stvassburg
a
%1 misl
~-2
-Icetrsiin,: cc, Rlef .,i211,
'rh'- Sctrassburg"Khld combination was used in the IIXreguate Inflidicbe hict wre ~astioted14010
gtlider bomb, SLtihmetcerling (ills 117) rocket,
itydrautic servo-ttteclhtnisitns concttolled by an elaborate
t sefl
C2 oktsd(netlninrce
Rf2
intelligece ycli
lissse
osse
f
pp 2 15-16, 123 & 232 amid Ref 4, pp 18--13)
it) TIwo gyroscopies to proivide stability about the three
Noe Asaubtuefrte
rasu-Khcntad
ar dheverabloped late inommand
f
lNkthe:A Kra sbrhstittem
Axles of the missile
1%1
aei
Bigssemwsdvlpd
ph
41)
lienk,
flying
by
control
azintuth,
prov'ide
to
(optional)
b) Radio
*
ctn bem
h) Elsoes system wab similar in operation to the
c) Radio or inteficting accelerometer for tuIrning the
Iugn',ecp
htrdrcakn
ftetre
forge
throoe
thcat radrtackintIt w g
replaced's th eip
Inoctor at a specitic velocity, to provide. range control
J) Ttti swtchconralto
l~ed te itisileove toard
use with the Rheiittocliter I and son,m other missiles
cthe target iafter it W.I., launchled vertically.
(Ref 2, p 227 ansI Ref 3, p 41)
After elaborate ptreparatiottns requiring imutch timte,
c) Sonno radiatl giidance system was basetl on cthe
I),ersonticl canol equipmetit, the- V-2 was fIred verticaclly
mto
hc
aitteo
hpue odtri~
frma atecal ic iaunchtr. A few secwamis after the V-2
its position by plottin* the reverse hearings obtainied
was in the air, tltc time' switch control caused tdte missile
~ f,frm heIve
~erdotasm~r
ftokonlctos
radioe wransmteso twre knownicelcthans
to bend graduall/ over in ithedirection of the tarcget. Alter
minue
cte o oto
f~~dt,wa tunedoffIeatngthe
systems u-sed in ship navigaciont, A briff.Ielicriptiot
m's.tile ai. Aw..uc a 4S5I" angle said having a velocity of about
of the principles applied tn the Sonne is given in
l,iofl tinph. 1:or if, remain ter of the fliflit, tlhe V-2 followed
p.ef s. p VA,9

84
withdlraw it-self bt-vond the range of enemy bom~bers epr.
('ee 2,p 2C.
The following varieties of wire command links syatem,are briefly dcescribed in Ref 3, pp, 41-2:
e Suttcririi,eltteinisysemwits testedl on
a) Dortmund-Duisburg system consisted of an optical
0ii. Ierasier tii r~ )adio
cole (Rof
by it,,
joy-stick control uneit, a transmittivig unit, two spools
I) troafut
rdi
cotro
ise:i
ge
h
with wires (as described above) and a receiver located
R~indfun1 lirtdt
0o~s
be used in the Ilnri an
in the fuselage ol X-4. The tranamittinit equipment
'tkile,;(eft ' l
2
consisted of an oscillator (operated by pulses from
.~i
Kiigge eadio control system designed by the *Telethe cioy; stick control) and an aveio Power wriplifier
11i11Lia.1 t
was intelidted for use if, E~nvsin mnissil,.s
whih I ansmltted two nudio-fre u ~ncy signals throug
(bel '
21.!)
wires to the receiving aet in t" e iie
h
uio
Woe Controlled Cuiduni-- Systems. Owin~g to thr fact
%.
signals were demnndul..,red hy the relceiver to operate
thatt
rad.io , ottitatd guidance systen's were susceptible to
two polarized relays, one for pitch and another for
,ttt'i 0,titttt:
t.a:r.
it control 1wvwires
Yaw control
vais dcvvelotlv~.
The system~ Watt: inst'illcu fin the, X-j air-tob) Doren-Detmold -;re command link was a simple
mt
tissilt
Mti i~~e
wa
ob
ntldo
h
-7
direct-current device which employed no vacuum tubes.
siit.wei-t,,-.ir mlis.sile avid some I lenschel iainsiles (Ref 2,
The signals were transmitted to the receiver, w.hich
i t&21o-17
mi in e!
'1().
.
Thie wire links sys-teir.
consisted of three relays. The 1st relay was sensitive
%'I;ivsfectivv over short Jitmisnces without fear of enenly
to the polarity of the direct current signals (pitch
oomi ermeasitut-. -control),
the 2nd relay was sensitive to the amplitude
S1Ac cordlinA to Re:-,2. 1, 1: the wire controlled system
of the signal (yaw control) and the 3rd served to
ius.. in the X-4i dssilc econsisted. essentiall) of a small
disconnect the other two when the transmitting wires
11,64:44 joy stick- coltiotl tirgvt tracker mounted in the
were broken.
InI this case, the missile continued to
",iireraft, a plair ofi vomii I %i ts *sn. a it-cti vii.1g unit in
follow the course of the last comnmand received.
Thme
jit lthiS Ilc
l tg 1wr.stii
oscope i.,nd a pair of relays,
wires were the safte as widi the Dnrtmuntrd-Duishutrg
Trilei, o`i t f i hl ill
gt
ntri inv
iinuth
tined tho rcotherg
system except that insulation was not removed, since
kihtiim , cotrolin
II. lit- t( ozmut
an
th oter
it was essential in this system to keep the resistance
cles.mtiun.
hecontrol Wires conisisted of two insulated
of 'sires constant.
s uglestind wt.ish-~~inysteI
wres6(l()
inlenth
Note: In all wire control systems, the fall of wire to the
an.................!
922'['li
"e
re-ceivin g unit in the niissile
earth proved to be a nutisance and a hazard.
t-r.,ktoit
polarivvd iemyu~ for azimuth control andi an
References:
.imarginal
relay 'for
elevation control. Thle
1 ) L.F.Simon, German Research in World War 11, J.Wiley,
Itra relity respondeI ot' y to* lolitrity changes in the diNY(97
rvetion rf current flow tirotgh t60 wires,while the fnarg~nai
,
Anon, German Explosive ordaance, Dept of the Army
;elav responded onl) to changes in the value of the current
Technical Manual, TM 9-1985-2 (1953), Washington, D) C
regardliess of its polarity. lii tliis way, both azimuth and
A) A,.S.Locke, ef al, Guidance, Van Nostrand, N Y (1955)
elevation control signals were transmite siutneul
(Vol I of series edited by G.Merrill and entitled: Principles
over the same pair of wires. lite relays were connected
of Guided Missile Design).
to: the spoiler solenoids in the tail fins, through the gyro
'communatovr
ystemn.
converted the jeiLl-rightl
jute: According
the 1%.14A1astiand's book1 Development
and updwisga Th'isit airrangemnittt
h
rprpu
swihwr
of the Guided toMissile",
"Flight" Publication, London
Cedto, Ole solenoids siciatia it% the spoilers. Tepwr
(92,
p131,the
current European and American
supply consisted of it s-mall 9-volt dry battery located
guidance systems may be subdivided int:
in the afterbody of the miissile.
A.Beom Rider Control System. With this system a ground
oTe:1he racch..nic~al dlifficulties m~countered in earlier
radar tracks the tareet (such as an airplane), while the
models were solvedb
aigOi h wr
rmtesol
attacking mis sile climbs within :he cone of a radar beam
un the inits~ilu- and similar spools on thfe parent Plano
towards the target. The system is usually considered in
sirnultanleousl, isiuch its the Me 262 fighter platne).
conjunction with at self-homing device which monitors the
According' to die description, given, in Rtef 3, pp 411-2,
gyropilot of missile so thai in the final stafe of ar. attack
the launching and guiding of the X-4 missile were conthe missile is self-d;recting. This system is not as good
d.ucted as follovis:
as the:
1) The missile was aimed and launched from the parent
B. Command Guidance System. With this system one radar
airpanetracks
the target,, while the other tracks the missile. I1.c
2) Simultaneouisly with this. sections of wire: wereejecradar feeds data into a comrputer, whereby steering commnands
ted by means ,of black powder charges located in the wire
use transmitted to the missiie.
?pools, one in the airplatne, another in Ithe missile.
~rile
length' of insulated steel wire in each spool was
l
Ikand thr
eetoaditional reels containin'
183kmnof wire located )n opposite wing ti asof the X
i) Immediately after launc~hing the X-4, tt~e gyroscopic
autopilot (located in the mtissilIe) was put into operati on,.SL..
the warhead becrane armed for ready detonation and
NA
flares (locared on the wing tips of the X-4) were ignited
i.tz.
4) As the sN-4,proceeded on its flighit, the wires conIt
tinued to ~aliot from both the airplane and the missile
I
spools. and thus the missile was continuously guided
the pilot and the target
5)TeX4missile rotated abour its longitudinal axis
60rmadbecause othsratation,
there was a
/''/
caclainof aerodynamic misaitmn
s re
*n
a a
fotproduction tolerances. This simpie the
stabile.
I
zainproblem and ae sin e gyoUasutficient
to
proeroly orient the pitch ian yaw signals as the missile
f. -16pner(.erick
1.Fflo
.1:~~
~ ~~I`1
rllk.v.Hpte
~~i rV .. ivvr, first ii1,.ntio'
I ).it issilt. proved. toi Ill too..
hle-tvy and cornlrdicele oted
for ost !)
It Jw is re.placed by thet Staru radio

-uni'oltrirzed

6Toprevenit the idcaeoftewire on the spool


frmdistorting the comn
inlone
centimeter ofL.,

'IttA

aw

he
*c
aSt
rest
aionofeach turn of wire wax removed in order
tcraeashort for the whole reel
Nt!Since *the above method of control restricted .;
temaneuverability o0 1
h
lanes sntl required
G~e
~sl
Gsect
ishs)
einn
thetdiy remiain iii the vicinity o missiles, thus exposinSG uie
isl
Gseet
sahs)
einn
themiselvest to the wleapons of ernemy's bombers,thewire
about 1938 skiveral successful guided missiles were
i Ioetir- methodl wAs erepla cied intelatter model of the
developed at Peeneirladee, Volkenrode, etc. One of
bynueutm
nimvccaull
a
iih
Wath
the first German guided missiles was the Rheiabotet
telatter device the pare-it
execute an evsie
maneuver the momert the minsile was launched and to (Rhein Messenger) (Ref 2, p 34).

(,t-r 41
0i~llvr Nuctsslal 14uikdd miis.,.sIlv were.esrbdunIxE..tsrritle
nowil its tile
lori
( ititte Iv), .,s
alo n
'I) Selli e ttef

Ret
Us-II
~ ~'l)HA.
in aillreviatioti lot Hlenschiel,

*g)

nltE-azpogof.

decid

lor mixiture iol KDX)


Note; Ils is
tile imanie
of the oi'ildt r
Ii Ws
eralI(l.k.atertiall) (Rci 2, P
Hafthohlalldung ( 111rint-: tot ,tki(Am.
).I liow
hr 1 et
0~ Rhesintochlter (I)a,,s;ltvr ofI tie RItein) series
Oine of thle. devicevs toll-Asted of .1 (,ni-al liwitallic .. iur
suhasflicintochter 1, 11 and Ill (Rlef 2, p 40)
gie fle ~h
~ , i
iiri~lI
iVt
,tw~~
;in eI tnigate.J ap.se, ;er.,in, iS; a1 hand ,tip andt~(int,-. fill
NO Enitian (G.entians at species of blue flower)
.a 1.eil I (riction) delay
all'NWL~.nd
exploder pellet
r.1n91ig front IEI to L~-5 (Rlef 2, p) 13 Rle( 4,
serti*
igniter (Alj or '7seconds). Attatched it) tie h~asv of thle
IN99
.,rr' in threecon ical si-'_iof was a p~lywoodni lranv-uort;
)F eu en iI iti (Fire L~illy) seriesi of which the
powerful horse shoe magnets. A h-rjss clitie, %ith a1hook %%.is
llecitt (pike) was one of the' first successful.
hi kiattitclbed to the framework. Total wviib
T-StoI I and V.-Stoff were used in it. The Illcht
dwte
eevici.
toulel be used cithcr as a hated grcnadv
~~~~~~~~~~~~~t
I e.-c.n,
vF2.TeI':
'ori
1w te ;euerili
F-5, Te~lr~r
o r as a land mine. in tile I irst case. tU.t cord sit the 1rt rtion
igflitcr wats pulled oiff tcnil die grenade thrown ag.tinst the
of tile tzervs -w as the F.55, used only for research
approaching vehicle. In dthe second case, thc! device was
(Ref 2, ip 415.47, Hef 3, pp 95-6)
buried in the prvuzid, close to thle surface, %ith thle miagnets
f) Bachem SP-20 Nntter (Viper) (Ref 2, p 47)
up and with the igniter cord attached to) the grctuv.,. At the
Ruhratahl ($tccl of the Rtuhr) series ran from
approatch of a vehicle the inagretit. attraction caiused tile
\-I to X-7, of whije', the X-4 was the most important
Frenfade to jump towards ,;teime! iron tot sevel part and act~ach
(Ref 2, p !)U and flef 3, PP 90-2)
itscelf to it. Simiultaneotusly the cord was pulled, thus
11) Hs (llenschel, thle name of builder) series,
setting off the explosive' train onosistirig of delay ign~iter,
metoe'i-1(cmr
including thf-ieviul
metineimed1(Shm
*~~reviously1)
exploder and main charge, (Ref 2) It was cl.ie that
its Ill-l 1711, ils-?93, lla-204,
*ln)of,; well
t
a3mi2ha3-1)mmo.ar
charg
linpra..coul
lls-295. Hs-296 and hls-298 (Ref 2, Pp 52-54 &
Another magnetic! antitank chairre is descriheJ ir.
56-60. Rle' 3, pop92-3)
under thle n.,nite of ronzerhandmine 3.
.Ref I, lpp
i) Fritz X (F.X-1400), a glide bomb (Ref 2, p 55)
cardboard container with
it consisted cif aIittesepl
i) 'Beetheiovs :Apparatus - an odd looking guided
T).hrene pairs
l~~/l
or
(TNT
charge
holloew
lb
oef
21/3
missile'(Rof 2, Ppc 61-62)
pof
niag3tets neeTveitioultud At the Issttrn, (of the b~ottle, and
7!, sec frictioin ignite-r was lorated in the neck -if the
V-26 (ef
k) , p63)a
1) V.2, hbiel described 3eparately under V-2.
btl.Talwih
fhe& ces8I.
devicc wa.; aheleaattmtly designed to be placed by
it culdbe agui~edmisileThe
aunhedas
hand on the ti-ak alnd the igniter pulled after it has been
m) Antipodlal Bombe r (Ref A. PP 57-58)
positioned. If the target was of nort-magnetic material
nI)Tol fun, a biliquid rocket (Ref 5, P 223).
such as wood, the charge could lie attached by means of
'References:
spikes located at the bottom of the- eevice. (pp 262-1).
1) Anon, Army ordnance' 31, pp 28-30 & 121-24 (1946)
M'ssiles, Rneskers and Tot.Ros, r ,Guided
2)
15)
pedo.-s, Lothrop, Lee P, Shepard Colc
pp14-66Le
Are
cr!e
Aleads
3) A.Ducrocq
Le ' A947rme 90-99s
temnd
CLOSING CAP
p99
(97
Berger..Levrault, Paris
4) K.V.Gatland, Devjelopment of the Cuided Missile,
IGNITER
",eFligtht" Publication, London (,952), Ppo 2-19, 47 &
One (if the abbrevaiul~ons
rllexogtei) andl Al (ahlittitnun).

IFH H L D N

TUBE

49-59

5) Anon, D~ept f 0b. Army Technical Manual TMI 9-1985-2


(1953), pp 195-3
Note: Additional information on gui Jed missiles, albo called

CIOS
Directed Missile%. may be found in the following
were pub-

Reports- 28-56, 29-45, 3 1-13 and 32-66, which


(See also Great E~nzian' Guided Mlissile , Rtockets and V-2).

CONICAL, META

Gummidynaslmit. A 'rubberlike 'elastic expiosive muss..


1obtained on dissolving collodion cotton in NG. This
is called also Sprenaggelatine (Blasting gelatin).
JGun

-!

(Geschdiz).See Kanone a~n'dallo Weapons.


Cuncotton-Dytwomit.

0 etc.

Co

See Tratizi Dynamit.

H.One of the abbreviations for ficxogen or

hIexos

Ilexogen plelegmatized with 5%,

(Cyclo..,--

1107. etc

M~ontan wax.

"

"-2,
H-,

H.5f, H-. 'Explosives.

German

ILN
M
I
MAINTAINLIN

Ammonites,

.MANT

CAIN%

pA
"XIA1V
La~l

LOCK

NUT

PULL IGNITER

Cf TONATOU

~rv
L.~ rol-IAraR

T,,

F~

k.-7O

b.

Tar e

C P

PL

CT~~rCC
-I

On

rN
T

f.F

C4A PG

EE

Iiam Eta II (Urea).

Detfonator

metal NEC

Soand

HC Mixture.

';-e general nectin.

A smoke mixture consistinp of hexachloro-

e'el
thanie and powdered ic
~Refercnce:
Anon, lield Artillery journal 33,
PANZ E RH AN9Heavy A/T Mio^. S~ee under Landminen
26*7 nf rNI 9-1985-2 (1951).
M1NEPP

in'g HarttfAleb&7ry
10 ~i~
in?Igniter
9

Hphelz~nder llcc 'Iyp


onder Ig~niter.

har~e

or Schiuko igIater).

Heithoff Explosive. According toGer


it was prepared by tlc nitretion
oil, (ollowedi by washing, drying and!
with oxygen carriers, such as K
(or chlorate), etc. It was claimed that
mixture was very powerful.
See under liellbofiit.

~188i0,
Initrotar
.

/-in

er.Re:,.rence:

P .2er

.'It
.

Bod

IL.'d

ikeper
Spik 1~,..
1

See Pressure

lerht Guided Missleo. So-e Pike ftHecii) Missile.

* S
Liner

352-3 (19.13).
and aso~ or

of
12?12
of purified tar
mixing of the
(or Na) nitrate
-his explosive

Helihoffit (Ilellhoffite). One of the Sprengel type explosives, invented about 1870 by ilelihoff and Grason.
consisted of 28 parts of nitro' e,. n and 72 parts
of fuming nitric acid. This liquid q ..6 sometimes used

w
9 7efs

advaf~age of ths

pegltype

explosives:

their txtreme corrosiveness (Ref 1).


According to lI orpe (Ref 2), Helihoflit was tried
in shells, the two ingredients being mixed during

exploded on impact (see also Anilithe under

fl9flight

French explosives).
Stettbacher (Refs 3 and 4) investigated Hellhoffit
and its modifications and found that the glass-lined'
.
.
depth charges (Tiefenbomben) containing Hellhoffit,
were much more effective than those loaded with
hollow
In anklthev tYl- of 0.Ihening (sticking) antitankc
picric acid. The mixture consisting of fuming nitric
inant bu a tik pad (located
lwr wee n
chage
acid (d 1.52) 64.51, nitrobenzene 25.81 catbon diat the wiide part of the. conical body) served for attaching
sulfide 6.45 and aluminum bronze 3.23% wan fouind
the charuge to a tank ( Ref 1. P 324)
be one of the most effective. A mixture prepd ay
Referncesto
66.7 parts of dinitrobenzene in 100 parts
lissolving
(1953),
!)-l'),5-2
TM
I
-~c.
h
Mainual
iLept of the Armiy
cmuiain
ffmn
ircai
a
locamdt
eefcie
4,.p 262-3 & 323-4
fei'e
ofmignrcaidwsloclidtob
21 imt.lIBullock, l'icatinny Arsenal; privatecomnctn.
References.
v4
Dictionary,
Thorpe's
2)
P
354
(1943),
)
Davis
!
1.940), p 545 3) A.Stettbacher, S S 33, 158 (1943)
At. antitank, hollow charge
Hafftmne (Adhering M ine0.
lIE;,udScistofZurc
device consistin, of a conical cOutainir (4ile withtbchr
~rc
(148.ttbaer 7n1.icnof, Spep
provided with a flat top and a handle. The wide portion oi
(14),P 1
!the cone was covercd with a layer or a low melting cobphony-oil plantic resin (r I p ca 500) retained on the surface
by mZans of an open mesh cloth. In back of the flat top,
which consisted 'of siseet metal, wats Placed a thermiteA O R L AS
tyecharge (Nil +-Al + KCIO 'i and in back of the latter aDEO
time fuse. The operator hid in a hole and, at the approach
of tjhe tank, ignited the fuse which, it. turn, 'ignited the
themie.Jus a sonas the heat of the thermite melted
the resin, the device wias stuck (by tho- operator) to the
esae time the heat
bottom armor plate of th tk.A
of the thermite st t off the detonator and this in turn initiatedTN
the main charge.
J
wain an experimental stage whnthe
This dvc
w~ar tenminated.
Reference-, I.M.R.ichardsorn Ct al, (10S Iept .5-18 (1945),

fan/Q

IA TA~
H F MN

N L

*pp 2;-S,
Holoklostit.Same as Ptrroklaiatit.
(Stability
Holtbarlcolt odeir Logerbestlandlilkelt
Storage)-See in the general section.
HdndfeuerwoIff~ (Small Arms).See under Weapons.

in

Sf
(xlooeS
to Handle and tv Transport)-Ste Davis (1943), P !4)

Htndhabunosslcheresprinngstof

HE RMITE CHARGE
LOW MELTING PLASTIC
PR TECTIVE CLOTH
PROTECTIVE COVER

(.ter 88t
I~ 0' 1
past n t .i- in1) 1ft
1 , glitralu
oigt
1 111111,.0~ ;trmi% priojst'ul
treite..
in
.i oi,.j
lDicit
iv m
I'ul01
l'voI t. *tts Iti I
1.nn
sit
I M)). , 1- 1.

.1

bA'sSUd

6"

,ellI

hi S. A-l ui'eI'

or

-Pcrakllin o

iktffAn

ik

ilc (q v)

develope't

*xls'sivi.
prelld by soaking

: if) it concentratus
wtut-111s solution (if ,*quil
1-rsof 'it~r~c
acid and Am nitrate. Tlh.- resu~lting
srIitw% drifi,
.11111
mixeod with '.aricous *linounts
'13's
ulIfurnt
;%10 K,
N nitratesa.
\s
kv.vrvte: froJ.
L.
1*Trai tu tIe% Ma: ires Ex p los ives,
.~.ssr(197).~.
.amine)

',aI

~r ~c

lietzer 1hitmior 1.

A ( sodh dt-4i gm.IJ and con structed Tank


o.:.i~iati~m~w
it
Soc in~r Ian~nl.ufacture

3-osi

He~s~ecc1 orashoil',r).A
sul-- 41 wepolcarier
t~ .ltttr ot r'u~ uil m (00,
evoopo
bythe
V.rr~n.
O.TIV
h
v I lsae
'cio
nvlII
,t tho 1131%Citte,S kt-Cord of (,erman Arniv~ II Suijitfleft 1939.
. 7.'t(ficv, .siai
9i
XNcr
I~tto .,Imv1ritish book% wvre not consulted f.'s
Avilt thm t116 V.u. !V unfideni~jatt or Secret" Ims is uislal

I0liihl Nwn'cl.

1~
*

HxoHcsmin

Ilepcodi

"Cgrriar umn'u flit tlOXoMnhYlenotetramine Dilnhtrat.,


* 2I
2H 2 (sie-v RA-\'erfahr,.., under IleXcoe)
1:4
2g

Hexac!. An explosive inixttre conoisting of 7V' llexogen


(desensitized with, 51; of wax) and 25n A powdert;
ass nss in nnhit.i-fgMer .simsmmhion,
(PR 1(fcpt 1 R21.p 40.
Hexamethyl entofromin
(I 'd t-TtA)
clled
',
also
Auini,.'ors

or

(llex;.,meth1 tentet tainine)


Ilexagnin , Methenecamine,

t;ro)trspinv. Ace general section.

H exam ethyl enoettramine Derivatives (Explo sives), To


this group belong explosives containing liexogen (R DX
or (,y clonite) nnd R-Sal z (Cy cluttimethylenctrini trosw
described elsewhere. in aidition, G.lRjmer
et al invcs-ipateJ two explosives (ste Alipliatic Nitraminces of 'AIX 11I) obtained as by-products in the 'nanof Ilexogen by the lF-Salz and KA-Salz processes.
lit!1 of these substances were claimed to 6e more
powerful explosives than Ilexogen.
leference: G.RBmer, P BL RePt 85,160 (1946),
Rt

p 16.

Hexamethylenetriperox;dediamln.n (HMTPDA) (IHe.:amethtykentripercoxyddiamin)., Preparation and properties are given


in the genetal section. The explosive was proposed in
19J.' for use as initiating component for detonator%. F~or
irstarlce, the No a copper cap might contain 0.1 r, of
ICIM''lI)A and I g of TrNT.
R~eference: C. von Girsewald, Get Pat 274,522 (applied
1912, issued in 1914).
lo it.14A.D:-ibd

Hexorituodipherlylamin, oder Hexyl


h~
~
~
-nylaminc)
~
sxctrodpt tlaind r
(ipetlalmlinA).
Tl-ei followingth
gentr~ka!soon tide INpeyaie.
h
olwnexamin.
One of the German designations for llexa111f,,rm1,rion concerniing the manufacture and use of
nitrodiphenylamine*. The same designation was used
llexii it, ticrinany durings 'A's 11 is availablefor llexamethylenetetramine.
At Allciidorf lnbrik af % A 1; A -C. the' method
of manufacture WiLts ak follows.
Hexamih, or Hexanit. An explosive used during W1
a csrie
k of99%nitic
o 100
cidplaed
for cast loading torpedoes, sea mines, and depth
Sit) a V2A .stainlvs.-v steel nitrator of 2 cubic' meter
ci
cap acity fitted a sth an aito an roaig
at 60 RPM,
charges.
It consisted of hesanitrodiphenylamine
i~giatorrottin(HNI)PhA)
60-70 and TNT 40-30%. its properties are
'A :cooling jacket and cooking coils) 300 kg of
diphilelylailnine was added gradually while the
deridintegealsco.
*
temiperaturfe Iwas mitintairied at 91
The solution
After termintsaion of tWV1, the Ifcxumit was used
as a compoetfacomrilxpsvekwns
was diluted with weak nitric acid and cooled to
"i' eurod it".
wsflee
IDh
rcptae
10-o.
30-4t
.TheprecpittedIIN~hA
as iltredThe
term Ilexamit was also used for the following
*
off, wa'shed thoroughly with, water, then dried,
commercial explosive prepd from surplus materials
screened and packed.'
IINIPhA
sed y aste Gemansat he sart
of WW It 60 to 90 Parts of IINDPhA, in which might
'of 'AXI
in ani underwater exlsv
otiigIN~A
be present up to 40% picric acid, 10 to 40% DNT,
40 and TNT 60%. During WW 11, this explosive was
TNT, and/or TNN, and 0 to 4% vegetable meal.
repllaced by the one containing IINDPhA 27.9, TNT
Reference: J.Pepin Lehalleur, Poudres, etc, Paris
(1935), pp 457-8.
55.7 and Al 16.4%. Another underwater explosive
contine IID~hA23.,
TT
6.8 ad A 152%.
Note: According to TMI 9-1985-2 (1953), p 15, the Hexamit was
used in the warhead of Kurt Apparatus Nqv
Stettbacher (Ref 5) c~ites a mixture consisting
of lIMOPh'A with 30-401. TNT and 16% Al (See also Ilexamite,
Hexanlt. Same as Ilexamit.

Schiesswolle A8, TSMV-1-101 and Ersatzsprengstoffe).

Hx~t~Itynt~~.

Aeferences:
1) A.Stettbache'r, Protur (Switzetland) 9, 33-45 (1943)
'2) U S Naval Tech Mission in Europe, Tech Rept
$13-45,
llcxanitiodiphienylaminie Manufacture in Get-

ityntaie
Ditlirane
oxen ltrodiphotiylom In*. Same as Hex&..
flexo.One of the abbreviations for Hexosen (I)

many I PB Rept 38, 154 (1945)nteoRX)


3) OW'.StickI .and et al, PB Rept 1820 (1945).pp 13-17
and EMm
xlsveAede
4)
nolled

Proving Ground, Md (1946)


5) A.Stettbac her, Spireng&- unci Schieastoffe,
:1948,

ZuIrich

pp 8-29.Hexaoen

H::. S-22, S.26 end E;4.German substitute explosives


cotani
h xntrdiheylmie
described under
:Frstsitxsprergstofic.

nt

eea

eto

ne

(Cyclo-

rR5)

ean (S-19 and S-22). German substitute explosive


conitainling Hexaogn (RDX); described under 'Ervata-sprengatoffe".
or H(RDX),also called V.SAlZ, E-Salx, K-Salz,
SH-Soaz and KA-Sala, depending on the method of
manufacture *It
Is described in the generalseto
as Cyclonite (Cyclottimethylene Trinitrakmine

"exg

A
Ln11
. iii
iiItIItill
, ive Is:"1(,i Ih','jh~ O,Ic
ti

~uusingii
t~ ',~
i~ ~
tit

'h

ii

i s

Iin (wflialy %in ce

18(1111 t.ndrtlii

"' lhot uSedi asan Cisiu iuu


fa c tur s. w its S tar te d)

iij rto
(li. reW-V
dc c~rli~d
lc' . Four otheir me~thiods
'I l Iii.( u lactcu re Sen e later icitrOlu ttd acnd prodiu ction ieach
Vil
itp. a .it%
%I
li,
-,Oli
I(I 0U, 11, Produiced durtir
ii
c.-. aion
h tii
t 19o
's, , Oul
i
I,
iii 11.
f ive I.
I uve.
Ij t 'l
l edi
(witniany
d11I
. dv;tRv
i
I. ic ilv hi. I .'w, tilit s-c dlOd K A-Verfahrars

~il

Ini'tel to liv di. l,.-

h b ie
st 4

relir*
iv .

n0eupive
.i.
.u.utic .

raw nt~teial s ss'.

:Ile ti.

"1"wiil~ii

.i nrl .uij1.
in app no ill, .c

isIt wsv~ tilt.,

~~~~t.~
.~

Imiotc
al
.elr-dlialll
lilUti
i..~W

Ifll~j
11
fihdii s of inmum fac ture-,
cli omi logica.l or Icr:

1W-Verfahren ('s l ricivasd divvtl,1 .td in


in111-Ict'd iiv' tilt' liii
iii

5.

3I)H I~

q Dr %kolltrmii

%lvii iquaiccis, stairting froin sul fur

.i~i3~

.iiii

(so 2 ~)\I4
3 2 4
flit- rcstilcaigt mixi
sot t ii
-%iai aainosultonaite acnd Ain
ainostilloiiiict w.as cnvaead "'icll'
-1 off tif Cai lydni'sidi-,
wia11It gacv a. soalublei Ca..ii nosuf3 on ice in d It Ipt tont(:A
3

Ii-; x2"I

~If\

2N~ jO~l14

*. I IN (.,;) 2 -)N!1 4 ) 2 + 2;ioh,


-I).S~l)
CAit (:.Is() + iNiI 'Ill.
lIii. IIi)rtnied in.nuonia.
i recoitivered .%ist
is,
rvactcion
.Iliy
Ca. Sulalltic. wais- reaiioved ly f9iltraition
tinl cii-Cti.t~ainsuliinacecreice
wih Ksolaccs
211
The. resulcing K .ni [t)Sul Ionaice wa s sei'inated by
filtrt~ion atnd treatetd with fornialiidtl'yde
jat
Il
at it111
AS.
dl 112 N'So 2 -tI.
lii
l 2 :-c)
+ 11.U.
rdcKmtyee
Tlim re ligiod~sto
iaiminoSul ton Me', C.illed Weiss-Sol z t'%kiictsaiat), wtis nitrated
'ith mixaed nitric Saulfuric acid at l0o in A Stainless steel
ciitrico r tif 5001( cap .ie iy
eilo11,C:V.5t) ycK + IIINOSl--- (112( `%-my +11F.1114I
3
2
lit20
*
liiis hroet-dure (rwhicih under certain c-t'iditi ans; gaive

il(

~tetton dcc

reacti~~oni

n s tile inmtable p ruductt

were pairtly

de(imollistt

jol0~ii
i dun nl
and parcIY n itraitcI

iciirarndecie
ed
rltin .- wtis conductc,
itraicion in the. sI'it -1
prcs
ati
- ,,t u sing white- 09"' nitric aicid.
Thie pu r ified Cyc~lini cc
had a m p betw een 200" and 2fl2"C .
W'hil e ini the original H efani ns) inc cl.d t he y ield. wais
v0"; lbaii
uc.11.lse, on% C l 1 N u sed) tilt-. impiro veil
mti thiid wis imiuchi noos
con u6iii1A
v
)iefi lss~i to 7' .5,;
W ct-f c..'l'Ifldl
3k SI I-p3 cv!ce, Iva. u!:,-,. in at leasts
tiiise
pla t.,
al tii thtIii he.10 ini
to til Dynarit A -(; :Clei isti ar, scadc
(pri)lucing up to, IT)(l nie.tric ton s oi.r ninntli),I)iun c
(p noducing up to 710( tu/ait') antil Uck eoin lidi (roducing
upl cil 2t
'it,
'ti/o). The slII-pO ci-ss wits con si daecd to be*
hi
teWlrK
rctls
K-'ccsd.vLpdbyl
n,(1rci
A Is A -to , Somecwhat
later than the l-'v hinwats
batsd
in
the
folltiwiny
- on .iIeratitiii:
As clii. heximtehyienetestrarninec:)tint
5 ifl
groupls Ano" only 4NIIZy 3'iulls,
the.'e Ile a deficiency of two N1i
groups which are
require-d for the production of each two molecules to( Cyclo
nitt
chis vanili h. remaadi '-d by introducing Irnto reaictitin
itwo imutlls ol Ai.stintrtet,
is~ shown in tlii folliwinx eqluatioci:
C &I )2N4 * IIINO ) t -'Nil4NO 3.... 2(II 2 C-N-.N0 2 ) 3 + 612
aid of 11111;skren.(h was used aind wats reqluired
.tic
ii.n larger qluantity tha.n lfir the- othe~r incthods. Thi s miade
tilit- recoiitty ot %penit atcid a1 very difficult ,alid eixltf,eni vi
priwitihisn. O nly oini. (ertian pliant used tliis meithod II Isni g
%.I,KA-Verfahren (KA- fn,rcess), devteloped by Ihr Kn ifllr
til Wv
A 17A - ( . was actually a ctoinbinaiiti
n of flarcs iif
the K- acnd F.- 1,toies~s. It consistccd in treating the Itexiuiiecliylencecrtiniine tlinictrtec wich .icid Au, nitrate in .%ceiie
nhydntide, As Canl III.- sent fcini thet following cquations:
*KVihtn
'A

i)C6 If 2 4 + 21N3

-6II12N

-2IN

a3

eaetye

tetraminutn

fliicrsit.It"
11) C(6 v 1 2 J4.21IN0) i4 N11 4 N() A'llNO.,
(13
NIf
(
(,.N.,N
) + 12t II -C(0011
3
In tliis iiit-tlia'i, ci'nsiderved ti- Ie tine of clie i.mos

20

eco.

wasrdeelpd n h. i
4ctrmnin c A
6ther (ie:maci plants ddnot usc tilei h-Verf.ihren Isecause
vr~entral Section uneler eCyciin ice).
by W..11ln1t
mor
a.ti
Letl ad K- provea.d toii plti
odiie aaidititds Suc it~~Cli
.in : K
I ~.
'rovtl o li alure
In tht- K A-prnt-ieas, tas fiticticed Atticlii lli'lingen 1 .chrik.
economiical.
hexamine was treated with weak- nitric acid (3t~t% ac absou
\tcite: A similIair miethod Wvas ;iittntied liter by ht.W.Scliiemqltr
5~0 in.i tilt ntesulcing dinitrac. ft .iltv~l in fleriiaaay Hlmsexdt),
An'd -. Il.oss, U S I '.t 2,414,2310 (1948).
was
i
dried. Tilt* .it) roiluec t tis di 'so ted in acitici .il
U~.sfahren' (E-l'raceas), develIoped iperween 19111 itnd
hyrd' uigasancssce
ese
qi~e
ihi
1918 by D~rs liberli- .iqd Fischer, wis baised tin die. re.-.iction
ladad.hting.rrerhts~ivesleui'td
iht
01 ~acif~n~idC~i~'f~
ithAm itrtedisolvd i actic
;.iidJv-t~.
sir-r
and
then
acid
Anm
nitratte
(prneviiously
1
%)I
~~~ ~ ~ ~ islvdilac
~ ~ ~ paisutadhye:ihAnnirti
~ ~ le'
tremiing Aci nitrate with I mcill of l100i: nitric- aicid)
tAnhydride, whiich Aicted as'at del-ydraiting agent:was.
Vuim
' sivsuiting so'.ad l'roiducc'ti
was searaited
3
tronw
(IlChlt) )3 +
03
6('CI! 3 Ct))2r;.~fl 2
2 3
aiceti- acid, then washed with wtater atnd dried. Thei cyclonice
4 XNl
'12C11 ,Colt"l
obtained by this nivithtid wais ca~lled KA-Salit. It contained,
a- inmpunities, I to 2' tint I-INI (cyelocestramrethylenectecrab men%.ill
The eLIUICre
vasSepratd
`Cylon-e
it usc
fromchin aycetnic acidt sprotduced by mher-ations,
o
nitracninic, called in Geiermtny Oclogain), (if Cl-N0,N ) aend
amm
ntsci
di, aeti aid
rodcedbythe es in
a small amiount of cyclotrcimethiyliene din itrom,?noacc-tyl acsite,
washed with water, Stabilized and dried.TV finished
C
ihrpretgso
hs
m
(*11 2) 3 N3 (.N; iO CII
fgeprcnasoftsei
c-rysitalline product had a mn1p if 'only 13-9.and' the
yel#ds varied between' 601 'anc 75; calctulAted on IaiertPetrities were prodluced when the lj-Ve'rfahrei -was used.
formaldehyde.
Note: 'rhe advantage of the KA-process cove; hcli.l-process
'The FU-Vetfahni-n was ussed ttt tlt. lioibitagen FAbnik,
was that by using hexamine instca~d of parafonnaldehyde
lDynamiit A -t,' and prouduced J25 metic tons ptir month,
only half of the anmounc of water was produced, thus reIt was replaced in 1944 by tieKA-Verihairetit which enabled
quiring a much smalle'r amount of acetic .cnhydride ,Ilence,
theproduction to be, doubled with tile -ante
c was possible without increasing the size or amount of
ittpnct.
Noe

otie
b
hs-he meinc
t-hod containd
hutin
~tgertiouns.when
I. SII-Verfahren (SiI-l'rocess)
developed in 1917-1918
by Dr schnurr wasi bai'ed on the original method of Hlennintg
AI1899) , which involved direct nitration of hexamethylenecetramine (called also' hi-zamine or urotropine) witi' nearly
absolute nitric aicorngto
the following equcationC~N
acid't
(11
LreNingl).
61j
C
+ N&
6II 41
3
2
24
A similar method 'was independently developed
by
Ihr (i.C.Ifate at I'licatinny Arsenal.
rhe imaprovement introduced by D~r Schnurr consisted
in careftillvt controlled heatinit (Rcookin v-offi) of the contents
of the iistiator directly afcer the compuletion of the reactcion.

eusiiec to increase the production oaf the Ilobingen


the method wais changed in 1944 from the I-.- to the
KA- process.
(foYields, when calculated on the basis of formnaldehy~de
tit~lwhich the hexaiiine wits produced). wene u 0-821 for
the KA-process, us againit 73-7'. intel-.Protes I h
KA-process the productior, of 100 parts of(.yclonite required
40p' of hexamine, 43p of Am nitrate, 681, of nitric acid and
acetic Arid).
Aerecen t article preayrat(on
of
ef *)X ades ibed
isom
Gra
ehd
fpeauino
IX adlss;.
Propertiesi. as (folows: mnp 201-1. d 1.112. explosion

Get 90
lemiIerdsture '2 13O impact sensitivity vith 2 leg weighit
c.
11- INCaI'm velot'itv (if de!tonaftionl 8400
Germans
Strai 'lt Iliesgen wits used by the
41sb~oote
su b-b&.ooster anid its a bursting cli rtge
iii rill v grenades and 'sonme small caliber shells. it
a i lso used w ith small amount of wax, c A
w%
is sl-Imosit.4 Ai the Afsijan campaign to relarger amount of
hit
ith
;la~~P1 t-wast mixtures.
Wax, v tZ , It).111, :it wan %sI in 75 mmi shells. Ilexogen
vas ailso ilste

with other pruplortions of wax as well as

'titb TNT, Al etc'. *Se

Fjillers Nos 86, 89, 90, 91-115,t

1
92-111~, 95-1 l. :11 02, 105 (lir 'rialen 1'05), 10()
I ialel 100 'and 10.) tot 'ir ili en I 0c9), descri bed under
1'Ii Tr

"21.110.o,

0 1) Rept ),25 (19-15), 2) I'll Rept 16,669 (19.15) 1) Allied


(1 946)
aild lI- uneny
Exp losi yes, Aberdevis Pu8i'mg: (rokilsl
.Stettbac(ier, spreng- tini Swhies:: toffe, /.'riclu (194$l~),
I$ X1
II (.869
) J.Xayer, h,'xl'ltlsivstoffe, 1954, No 7,18, pp $ 1*
5, (U lwr I lexogen, seine ltibrik4 tionsgaethoden uiud I-geri* sitlalten).

HP~xtinit (line of the explosives invcntctd by Stettbaclier.


explosive, developed during WW 11
*.,c
Hlexoplost 75..
! :t.Pry of lynarnit A -(; It containe-d RI)X
at th e k ruiiaunA,
7 5 NC 1.2 to 1.4J,.liquid I)NT 20.0 and TNT 3.8 to 3.6%*..
by heating the required amount
I.Ibi~s mixture 0 was" pre
Iof !(I), to 00) in a Wertier-'ifleidercr mixer, and blending
it w~iti a smajll amontswof N C. This was followed by the

Y-

.iditioit of at l)N-TN'1 jixtitre -and further blending . By


uii this ordler of addition, heanping wats avoided.
Thle mixture was put out in cylinders about 220 mm
lont,' by 28 anmin. diameter. lDu. to difficulty with direct
Itcniedo/0k
t:ap initiation ,, a Iistcr %%as provide
about 40 mm long
elt
copese, phlemtzdPT
by '21 win diam and equipped wiIth a detonator well 20 mmatV
dleept.
a asubtitte orThe
Not Ths vpiuvewas"~"~
Note :Ti,;eixlosvc
as eve-edas
sustiutefor
the plasti explosive, which used RIi plus American vaseline, because the latter component was no longer available
in I(ermany. This vaseline, called *long fibrous' by Meyer,
than vaselines manufactured
had :much 'greIcIater adherence
outrisone
in thet
ounties.of
in ohei
Reference: OA .Stickland;' General Summary of Explosive
Plants, 1PB Rept No 925 (1945) Appendix 7 (R1.1,yer,
rimme).many
Vrkon
xposiesat
l~eelomet
1) 1eveop-ent
xpI osvesat
orkon
K~mml).every

Hoxy.
flxa.to

Sme

ame
* s Heyl.
Ilxa.References:

High Pressure Pump. See flochdruckpumpe.


Tunnels for 'testing various weapons are de$RgbSeed

scribed in CIOS Rpt 218-47(1945) antd in L.E.Simon, Geronan


Research in UN',If,, J.'Ailey, N Y (1947),

Hehrepuri odor V-3 (Hifh Pressure Pump, called -slso

deelpe duingi
-" o M ipede' ) wait a constant-press ure sun
l Conders an engineer nf the
W 1 byi
deerI
firm Rochling, Saarbirlicken, and inteniled to fire the Arrow
;(Needle) Projectile (q v ) across the Channel to I ondon.
The barrel caliber 150 mm (5.9"). was of unalloyed crucible
cast steef made up of a great many Y-shaped sections$,
each 12 to 16 ft Iong. With the sun about 450 ft long containing about 28 propellent chambets (distributed along the
bore), ;t was expected to'achieve a muzzle velocity of
.'absout 4500 ftacand a ageoabu 130 km (when using a
projectile B ft long and weighing 1$0 1% -

U>
PA 6U

gun could lie on the ground witiioit any car ria e


on wooden and concrete blocks sloped at a 45o angle.
The insaizdrrw
roctlwsisredn
the
eletrically iyjtnite d
barrel and the base Prope lnt chr
As the projectile passed the separatr: Y-pieres, additional
propellent charges in the side arms were electrically I ited
after another (in pairs) thus accelerating the vcoci ty
the projectile as it progreresed along the Sun barrel.
For servicing (tivioading the Y- sections with propellent
the gun required a gre-t
charg~es between the rond)
sodes twspaned to fire one round per itun
5 minutes but this rate could not always be achi'eved
because the sections often exploded and it was necessary

insett new Y- pieces.

A) L.E.Simon, German Research in World Var 11, ). Wiley,


N Y (1947), pp 191-3
2) W.Dornberger, "V-2*, Viking N Y (1954), p 247
rea;pi
3) A.l.Sprinz and H.H.Bullicco iain
vate communic ation.

"tepolit~e
dr11tso
Hg
(HE).ex
eeogeneral
sectioden.taofe(ihExlsv
Segnrlscin
(E,

Hoch'. und t41.drdrueklianoflne

(High

xlsvs

and Low Pressure

Gun, abbreviated to H/L Gun) (Canon i tuytre, in French).

Ithsbeknwfoalngimtatheoerhepk
Ithsbeknw foalngim ththeoethepk
pressure in a gun the thinner may be the walls of the
projectile. This means that for a given total weight of a
projectile, that used In a Stin wl'a lower peak pressure
can contain more explosive and do more damage to a target.

ofI pmt
rrL adi'tt,liornv
ict

ill tilt- rist (if shapiedi Charges (,rlr 1


petS charges wert' RiTNHrnd nex it.ltlX-TNI mixtures.
Tusiui
for RMl lead to a decrtease in efficiency.
nott depend uplonl
agtitdoes
rrtt~irto
1 ~IIN
ftit~
flit- .4t (iilit-l) but tinthe alC.iiuoft of tile
Thie addition of aulumninumn powder wats desirable but riot
t'N1losijvteiir.
[in order it, riehicyt low pressure it, a
i rreuniy
hotid b ttitdeKr~rinmt' was not fix- only place where work on shaped
gun ii.tirgnrihtliarel
lIoogtr anti tlir chariiibr antid crrtridgv carse latrger. S'uch
chiarges waits conducted. l~ sewbere die Germarns developed
tuitle.%ver built but were found it) lie uirtrisiahiit because cite
it 4haped charge shell wvhich wits shot front ni-. 0Mam mortarr
n vrplI
as d it)icalt tot Ignirte andi it butrnedi irregularly
c-rI tlt "IPunzerwurfkiinure", and the warheads for several
dif -~
-or
low pre ssu rt, Iiiiw
he haini her). Also, the in it ial
,~~~
ssi s
1
ye .v iIv~of tilt proijt tilt. vitritul frotii round tit round wh ich
lts-rcl
~tcvr ftehjlw(hpd
harge
(hoC) hliect ,s usually attributed to C.hE.Miunroe (U S A
be arleiivtd.
tivns thrlr flitirrc'.: ftrlrik ,ittid
whno described tire effect in the Aiffect J Sci 36, 18818. It
Bketter rvsults w144. obtaine'd in 19)41 whea D~rIliermanri
was claimed by/ I I.!4chardin thant Matx von Forst er lif
-6. col
A~eiiitll-iis
otnd voil ahioiritors of flth,
(,nermitny had in 1883 alrendy shown that bare hollow
d ine8 Hf)omi Anitak i un. *iu
.ttL
cii i'WK1
gave an enhaird fect along ctre axsi of the
C~iiitflcharges
gun
iiestript~int
i eciloh
ti his ul calledli Freviri "ao
untichirr
chtarge. Th'le first practical ap~lication of the hloC effect
for dentsl~itituet chtrrgesr, sea mines, torpedoes, projectiles
e.m
iveln by .1rivers anti Totichard (Ref 3).
rinodhtht l'ii 3'
et~,was patented in 1910 by 1i.Neitrn&teW.
~eairar-~S~e inenesh
clti~ dati~h
*I'ie "ur~ocutnt
fUliscii-Anfialtiscie Sprr'ngscoff A -G (l)RP Anm U136269).
ilIi Vr, rnte at;. iti 21) yvrsr. eatrlier may he considered ats tirle
Ntum~nfan's work is described iii S S 6 . 0~(.(1 911) anti
S 9, 183(11,4). Important work on military 1p plications
predetcessfir tit both the 11,1I.anrd recoilless guns.
'1 i,
by
thle HloC e hfect was done, prior and. during AV.
l
Tihe (it-rrntatl gmtn8 (-it I,%. K .13 had aI comparatively thirin
hi Schardin et al in Berlin. Sonic woirk- was also carried
lairel4 with lift irisidV diIattieter (if 81 nine rnin wias 341cal ibers
lilt by A. Stettbacher of S'vitzerlantir during this periud.
(105
rim)'and
Note: According to A.I .lere, Ordnance sergeant, t)ctober
hiIi prorjettired dfirtimetypenfl
Oftntiireketrierwl,
hiarge amtmunlition win
pp 3;13, hollow; (shaped.)
1945.
tpeHIttlli
(fniiti
wtli.
tiikt~
rheprjecil
iiiret
WV11po -4,
we(
used 11i Ihe 6perians Iin manny 75 11itinciiiIli
ii tiwd af shaipedl clirire ait)d weighteil 0kg)
il it liaiirettn , ('1111
over of Irjitil (flirt, I 1tt ii ol suti 1,1ii li i
or.lIttbi Inq11111. ~ 'iu~t
I ii ib Ilfiri (lilt Ini n:01114
%it4gIiintofivit
i ti il Ifli v, S111t uil 11qu l't frii~ti I l bIth'it
flillipi
o iil 111111
(i olit!Jj 'll~ilt, (I11tih elri$
. 'li , rsr i 111W
i,.
t111d

h
I'cis'
thyv s.1tregth
*

1t

ri

~l]

uIfa

tiltd 1114 mIlkti


*

acting on

i!1aiI4m
frt(Wielue jhirsur (of

prokeife lt
ttire

i
only

ddi00

w
i tnuj
tlielo Iases 11leveloped

kg/cm
i1
5t)11

tisciihd~
WItomlv WIWi [1(1414l
L(10i W,&
00 dit
,141reil)00
nextr '11
li '"N
11o 1 Ititr 09s. 1Se
P,
Atltrli'r
I)

I
becafuse the:

aidi AppendIx 7s

tegae

taii6ent fitt,
tireue:
ii*' disc.od

(1937l

Ill) Nirclls

inrtidgethcastridgte'a abower pre5


k/inbu
ur
thle borescourd
acLingvariled by itmcrcanin
sordecreasn
l '5
tireasi
eontirer
re tohrouhthe
i velocity dsI
gati*ispr of the in thesspsaing
iha
oee
methi diAwt
h,,,,istre thledicrf.rte
te
isd
resr
tarbordI
.rf
bincS
dIs rltonf p
Theli
carltridg cmaseic fortitelower prsurinwere
bore outlb
iorersize orngln.
ad utulirding or dncreasnd by
Trrves

(194),
A.Ste
8-120,
Nircluls8,818897
1) A..Stetbcklter Spengat Pnd cRiesstof4Appndi
,r2c5
,
p134
(li)
discl7iidadifraincnandre.i
rport
\WI
Secion)
nearali
e
Shaed Cargn thR
See al.Esion

rthe1 g d.5cm IAno000, bto drotet


iti
an-s
i(tilt! on
cme
n'~
1(
*oti descrobelati thele alo mntifon sptile ' cm
g.
t from
gun,
pronatied methree-prescwsur picipered. ih
wlifinchtwtsbilt
solid dicesofprarbdc~do

niadn
eixde( 2
ihlqudntoe
iigi
th0 necessatry extraII
Coxy
S undepr
130
attn
2
rssre
)
inan
autoclave.oraio'
cntied'hrei
rcrctib
te
hascrnotben uefof this mecthod as
i tiheGenirtlSchatlihoon)
uns
Senn
Shpe
Als subidary,

(liotbcerkonprentriert
4o)o
H9
frthmberacueo

thoer
2
(1948 of 2)
srtateksi Inst 246,sheen
Nfece
ofcetatothf intrna
Theory~~~~th
3
.rtedtnvnfcuer
two
lgtountitandk Mum
(195(i), sta
2-2
in (1952 14) cmd 27, 10-06, bu 245-7
Atile I8 26, 835-580
I) J.(Corner,

rofe:
At

(Shaped 6hren

dimlI

fIol Chrg)

found
wharg

nts . n this ppo15ss,


in tIf folwausding Isevinal Rermnpor12
by
walisic acf (5uns, wasly
8rd142(97.
HollgoitwiChar
li.uie
nitrogeadn tto
e(20)adadn
tholonChresst extra Atvnrt fodr50ambprssnurder toa

Costatnsier ablewrkast

thttie best eplosivest

chiighl-onentrasct'd) Puroces
,nticai~eelpddrn

thsaetodrikckich
ofime
ofcrpto
pressrerincple"
ee
tribuwtors biln thisild "tire
r
:..
-G
Amongiry
cvflpecahSWDSTAN
A
chrg wepos
the shapedaf
I)~~~Frbnn
gerebmchel
mayl belO)
mentioned:nbug;isgi,
eors
198 weihing
)
3r
n th olwnkBOg;a
u) Mag.O
netic
JFantli-tnk
Ishaped,23chr
14) p)8-8
Ymeim44
Wiy
to 25
p
Inrteriina ofarmostwas oGuns
blitorftil

oiloun

ic.plr

forn-

EK

SIDV

OC

50H

22(0

,pe11

HOLL OW

HHR

'DE IONATon

,~LINER

BURST-,
Al

INGQ

e.

Ora

FLA

PRI~t~

-onr
s
ER

500

-Dero-

~AIDAPTED TO

t4ATO~Har4T

ti L

/EO
#R~R-TOA-3

BALLISTIC
CAPN
SAILLiSric CAP

ILIN
SAFFLLLIR
BIT
II

.HA
j4
':.

,,\
8I)RS

.CHARGE'

DETONATOR.ETON .?R
18<
0BOST ER

NBALLISTIC!

CAP

TU UA
ULA

TUBEt

DIlNCE

IN7

R~EDUCE
NATOATR
-BOOST ER.

?a

ofI Gr.39

It PELL.E

NA G

G IE'BuA

*CA;eAIDO

CAS

CC

'R

PLAS14

elt el~i 'oit som'e es riliced i r. the eeeotrcld sie'tectio. It %as fe otfted thcu tilt,
Vtr~ Wc i~
141%%
lii g
itclilit gil 1.iir 1'c lie' tId
l H
euifI14i ly tee
kn r l ropc I lanlI~ prL'
C'ierenatns tiiecd It in sonenic eK'
ilt 1
e ecciS dl , lic I w ci g,v we l-IV
c~~reti I*' c ic
) wwt dvtor ItliIcc
ste'c listSt . ''l S I sitge
'oI itett I k I AttehI
the so,cne
iaese.
ce
.
stics
cri
c.haracte
in
g
horen
rve tht.
til fIn
~t~hiOn ~ ~rno.Ti '~
ces.'.1c.ic
ccii ~
ii ls.'
di'lcitsonns
b
u'c
! soo
as Icnit
si ents cieeaeterc
'.cotained
'inheitspuve
Iuis
lit dincProeae tiae rat
(S.eStoi
rocet iature.
inj stIownt11f4 bun
short del ay
lii
istok vrccvie''4 Nith
ecc
homb
tietar ~vt. Ihi' ll AP
1,,
.ce
d

ot 4-idpiilcdt. ceittl

orde r ite pi-ite.'o

the'

it

ciicl: Ircc

waes

ille.dt.' thlt

target.

Ire

i'reic atcre'ct d . tonatIion cite


0c'e i Lct'.

S,IJ v lv W-1 k 6'.'11 1 it, I lot( .iii,1 List


fill.'d with. seuditet .eild toliclivo.
Rt

Hoizmine 42. Svt. cicecr 1. etjhidineieie

~ ~ ''S~Ic

ei..

i'oI specie (Voci Iiues

~ec-v

Hollrstoffmasse W-1,1

&io. on I, -,.

ti

I
d 0.
du~
Hol ize I toff (Woeco
gcoit-rael ste.'ticili

It40,

it.I.A.

V'igers

l.ectrolysci'. of
1vI'tdc

kwiltee"I s e.' ii. C.

-'t

al,

I ly .1rovjee

P'e'roxide iProduictjion

5Ii Per ( .Cei Socl thutios

(Dei ts104'It-c'( iccI.

inof
(le H ydrogen'e

Perox ide,

c('ii

RSiepoert

11-IS (1945)
3) J.McAulay,

I ydrogens Perox ide Maneiufactured by AllLiq~uid Ilrocers Frome Amnmoniucm I'ernutlfatci, (.NIl 4)2SP(1014 Ro.-it 11-41 (1945)
4) J..%IcAuiay, Direct Synthcesis of hlydrogen i'eroxi~lc. Icq

en'ce'tl sectionl.
g~cp.ii
1

m eloticr j.I.ieii eai Wood f'

Petroxijde.s. It vci: ti'eci lie liqoiec toee.k'' I itrocelleeils all.


inc it s vc'i''l~ terleiit' d ic'ilic' fcer sooeiccceille!s 1,Y I Ieltl.

te'd Sler Anstaelt), BISFinael RvIceirt (,4i'9,15)


2) \'V.U.Siater et cii, 'The Anthiag,iiunonfe Autoxidet ion, Iroces'i

Ta.Se.e st'eio'raseictcicon unider iTer.


ileii
Holiseer Moode
1

prq'.rctior~ui'
eeltrl i s c~. I ott oe e, I't

Peroxide, We.~'cl~f.e''.Ad.I.
Clo
eed Irope. tt eR tirv ile.'iie'l ed icetie

Ildija

eve'

o eln)

looill. wiks

'c.1e'\% ihlcoil ill ytcice'ral Sec'tione.

Hot tjei It llScch '~ll

adP
tn
(Stm -rtre
fbrigltlw
9.1'1 , te-7.
Rveferenc.'e: Cbos Repioirt 1 clli

tll')

Ste.

I~leetric D~ischarge . CIOS Re.pr 13-44 (19115).


See' also r-Stoff, IRotcket I 'rope II ci c, L~iquiiid and I -Iioai
(Uiiter-wvleIetet) of Walter

11"dt
1irso'iiY
ect~ki
Hsoming Guidance Systemns for Missiles, Such, a.. %cokistice.'elkpliftOe
iv~eseliiv eicd
ejhiki
yrsoiUtoe
RacisT and Infrared aerciebrtfly' lescritied unsleir iteiidacedl'.
of determciniiat iocite re given ine tice.
Me.'thods
Moisture).
Syicene fo isil~.r
e't~i
~IC1h
tioccitier Iceuhi'.). See jndtt Vecer .c
rel
at
Igniter ('/'tnder). Th'le fo~llowing igniters
Hit 117 (Ile.nseiie.l I1I*,), alsoe known a.,eSchmctterlilog(flutter"
or listed in Refs 1, 2 &r1bi..l
eontrcellecd, misscleifor
ftly) wail ;I rocket prompelled, reediote0111l'
*
dscie
iti
wv'tL'
v.'Trqfion
insteomcier formatiionls.
useag
zunder).
A. Friction' (Pull) Type (lirenn macs used in stick grenades
It lisele' litiuid luel
pelClets,
delay
with &
aiir-to-air.
24,
293)
p
IlZ
1,
for
a)
03.14
inent
p
.
%
cInt
(Ref
;
i
-tea
S"ilbei.
n
usroccale-1985- Arnde
caerrie.r
A Callc.d
p162~
otygen
ii anTM
Icoalld"`
b) Nbll'/ 38, with delay pellets was used in stroke
gre~iadee (1e P 83.13 & I 11283)
H4s129 -3 (fileinnsciel 293) wit ' cI radio- controlled missile
wtith grenades andt'iesii wit boel' regsIe.Ad.'
srmhnarvat.Te
)ingE
target
i, teleased and directed to the.
savn stk rndc adnisaebxlre(ep
A.). Other
used was the Hit 293
developed an~d
Ileodel fully modls
284)
p
31,
&
12
8A.
D),
293
Its
C,
1k29
1cc293Ii
&e
29
uc
a~h~
lIZ 39. 'Jrec.' in smoke hand frencides (3, p 285)
s 2ull A-2lod 'If,
c
were no
moelstc
usedelto ignite safety fuses or
e full
~notd)
~ ~wderh
0-1
~ ~pip 2037
~ (95)
~ 952(1.
mt~~ ~ 1 29-,1115-2
etc ~
traps, to ignite ialcty
detonators, to set boobvhrcointe
ws arocet-ropeled raio-onhis29)98 hleschl
oesokfuses
frsoedmltn
as an air-to-air weapon
primarily
missile dcsirned
Itle
candles and to boolmy-trap sonic Teller mines and
rft s wel a th bober
to ld '.
grenades. ( 1, p 83. 10 & 3, r 285)
boi tp
t th
to 1w carried on fighter aircrf
) ZdSchnANZ 39, used' for the same purposes as above
th1actp
but
versions
several
were
types. There(1, p 83.11 & 3, P 285)
was called Hsi 298 V.2. It used a solid Prpelat
g) 13Z 42. delay 4 !", sec-. uses not indicated (1, p 165).
'IM 9-1985-2 (1953),Ppp 2 01-5
1B.Pressure Type (breec'lzfnder).
a) DZ 35(A), used in heavy an~titank mines and some
(llexogen),
RI)X
of
miixtures
for
breviation
ab
An
IITA.
prepareed charges (1, p)83.03 & 3, to 295)
prcepartioiis
iic'hlee?
:11
chUeIe
All(slueeei,ucec),
..ied also Phill. Relit NO 85,1601 (1946),- P 15 '.b)
('1rotyI)See
i'N',I,
DZ 35(B, ueinsome booby traps and prepared
40/20.
(1, p 83.03 & 3. P 296)
-mines
c) Hebelsunder (Lever 4~niter), also cal led Schukte
Igniter, Conesisted of an inverted L-shoot'u tube, the
I'Wbnei Propellants, patented in 1h595,were prepd by mixing
vertical arm of which was screwed into a mine. Tile
NC -(gelatinized by means of 2-311 soln of K yanthogenate
striker spring And striker retainineg pin. On top of the
nittronalihth0l,
of
quntitiets
smnael
with
in ether-alcohiol)
arm was attached a lug, an actuating lever (consisting
nitromolasseis or nitrolfugtr. :tof instanece, aro
of a hollow metal tripping piece pivoted on a rivet),
o5,;o nitronaplithol.
usdfrmltr
'roesIniie
After removing the Pin, the downward
and a safety pin.
C)aniel, lDictionnilirfe Paris (1902?) p 378].
pressure (as little as 40 lb) on thes actuatin; lever
forced out the striker retaining pin, thus releasning the
striker to fire the percussion cap. The igniter was used
i(umble 6ee). Nickname for a sielf-propelled mount
Hum
in Glasmine 43 (as an alternative to the Duck Igniter)
of
chassis
the
on
h~owitzer
consisting of 150 mrmMedium
and in some booby traps (I1, P 83.14 & 3, p 296)(1, P 83.03
Panzer).
under
also
(See
a PzKpfw Ill/by tank.
d) PX 32, us ed in some improvised mines
&3, p 297)
is describeid in the general section.
o
HydrzleHdat
I) .Weissmannf Igniter consis~ted of a spring loaded
the IG Farbenindustrie
emny
Yin t
Itsdmaznufctr
striker bolt at the top of which was a pressure head.
Ludwigahafen and Oppau
ofkuel
L
i
Plats aI uactu Germthfen
The bolt was helld 'c ainst the spring by a safety device
815 and 1682 (1946).
BISFnLeReportse
fedin
ins'sdescib
consisting of a amallI pair of tongs. A1fter removing the
chattered
pressure
on thethe
a blow
pressure
the
to drive
tongs
otpring head
allowinR
thus
rod or
the glass
(Iydrceluloe~.
(ldoells,
Hyd~teelllol
-4asolls
dr
der
Hydvceuse
IIIsolls

IGN ITERS
(
vit

OCLLOPMAhr
DAVD "Rf

.LLL

"'f

'F

ILI

*~~i

MATCHT,4j~LA

Ji~
.c

MAATCH

f-NA0A
N

A .TNB D

01.10ULL

W.VCINWRI

PONTloo

MChAOS

-*fitS
501.

500

AT10 I16

PUU,

Mt
IDICTYY

*1

PIN

SAFETY

P-*ATA10
COLL

.. C

IftLl

LEM

PIVO
RAI1N

l, I r 1),
-

,pmq*p0
a.

AnNNE
-.

E.~s

N_1T

PINI

cule0

-.

NOTCH-

P,~irp
h d~r

oo

EV
AIfIN111CAP0

61IONAtoo
t4ICING DIAL

MISSY

~SHEAfICR
' E

$PalNG

STRIKEER
RO0l

PIRCHIOPA P.,.

IPRNI.

-I

OLMINIAL

pus

RRIA

SmIHERACAP."

* I

t
t2~l~af

~
lii\*

0i ' i A i ll iti'1

ca[ etc. 'I lit. ij!Iiittt w '.,


"A" l lsiii ,
i1-IliII1I ill impoir,'s'
lI:%ll
'alien atlI-tdi .611
ltllwri"riM
ii,*II

i-'I(r,,tv.~,io

.
j:li

'o
i''
l
t' i
ti
di'1,.ii
IV\i. 0\ ttW
I *1
l~imii.Ici,:.~liim'
I I~,
~~~M VI
iel.
~ ~ h:~~ ~ i'iiIA
'~~~ ~
l~ta~2 .iii *ltinet.
lW

tim"I

~i

).

.10

T l

k,'i'l*

,1 4'4)
Mille)
Mhr.otIll
1vjiv
kk.'iilked l'ilg
,~
'I2 i iA
olt2
, tiI' 2.%
0n Antpitipersine
.,~"vuiiI mkitt i2
iiI.
k I/~S
t.1C7)
)
h te iC
6
hattIC
mallu
i~iitdl in twrinaly for uset
ItMsi/ S 410C

A*

~d

9
. p H.l~ & I
rp
v,k Ilitit'es al~l IIiI~
Nott..: Tlli igivitcr is listck in lRvf I it "llul I" Type, whereas
Ilt I i i%i4 it .1%.1 "Pressure and I'uili" T)'pe
anJ in
uis,.25 Iin S-\ 2n
Still Z. 44, de VI' 'PC
imiprovii%.d minles, c nisfaIsted (if it steel, cylindrical
i'ii
cvp, *itril'er andi spring.
'i'itall~iip~ it p2'Wl %IMa~~l
I.t'
ied a0 viwlcd pos~itiohn by t%%,i
I~'IiIl''
1w st ike r was:'1 etasvi
were attache"d.
tii , wire
in
-I Ic' t'l s , ito wIviich tul
la
1,4121mon b :I rt'til~fingcl
ie di
1
%sere
't t
Th
lii, d t t
Afrc'r arminge
pin.
safetyCI
liw
it
anii
ase)I
rhe
o'ln
hiiiani~tt'
ilfty pill), is pniss urt,
illii I.'cvic'' (11y wi thdramwinhg tileC

~llt

twitis Antittmnk Miti' S 10) ;1 1,~16


Itit-

'ilth

w) Tcp$!ir-mrd f!z.

TniioR Ed

Alt

tilt'd

c yli nder

at c'l ii
v.e lt' Ine -avid

whlich'l oil min;,lf


conitainin ii2~Ialtidl
w.v
,ilt'
gla'~s
los le tr .iin of the IPot Mini.(I ipf~itinei.
121 a'mit tile exs1,
.rs
mt'in
ua
0' Sui'i (it .ltwiilt
Itv'.1 l.iiimtiile'a C1, p) 300o
Type (Au)tlidvc).
usedl in S~2L% l~ittle'prepared chairges,
k.
1
.,

tMOi

*C*Pull

trapp~ling
trapls C-114wgtoil, irsanfoboy
& ~I,P?288)
les'hvnca for uime Iin antipersoinnel min.tes
I ye
9
trap's (Ii,
Ibootiy
1). Pull 'and Shear Trype (Y.ug-' uiid Zci.r'lr2chnde z'nder),
'lncalled Pull and' Tension Wirsi Igniter, such as
ZuZZ. 35. consistL'i of it br.Ass cast', coitainin$ a%pershtrike'r, striker sprinilg (located Iins ide at
cl'.ssinn cii',
Sl21020$ cylikider and helid on top by i2 pilunger), an outer
'oimpress -ion spring, a retaining (lockitir). pin and a
sa!fcty pin. The top 'ot plunger %-as connected to a
trip *wire held lunder tenston. Thle igniter w225 firedl
either bypulling onl the trip wire or by Loosening (cuttioiv
or lmreak'ing) it. Ili the first case the trip wire caulsed
fte plungeT in bXepulled upwardl .'giinsit thC resistance
1hIss permlitted thle two locking
'of tC Outer "Spring.
pins to )It-. forced '`outward into thle upper open space
thus (ftein the striker'. In the second case, breaking
ort cutting of the trip wire allowed file outer (compression)
sprling to frrce the slidiniz cylinder downwards. This
iflto
Permitted the locking pins wi be forced outwards
the lo'wer open apace, thus freeing the striker. This.
booby traps and preignter~.sused with S-mines, 290)
paitre chage. (,p8.5&3
e. Pearcus.sion Tpe ( -0 a Seiine Oder Aufschlagzlintder'.
a)Schliag74indet 35 was a modified ve~rsion of zu72. 35;
uses not indicated (2, p 163)
I.N Safety [-use Igniter' consistred of a cylindrical brassr
blody contailling a spring-loaded striker held in position
by a friction fit of tile Z type with a cap to which was
uattached a large steel ring.- A strong pull on the rin g
detached the striker release plate from the striker thus
piernmitting the spring to drive thle striker into the percussion cap. The device was used to ignite a safety tt25C
p 287)
Type 2 (Poll Percussion) Igniter was designed [or
use with the new type parachute antipersonnel bomb
but -wait suitable 'for use with mines and booby traps.
1'oroperation, a sharp pull oni the split, ring caused the
striker release plate to be drawn from the igniter body
thus releasinp the striker spring, which was under
tensioni (3, p 288)
for, use in Dutch Antitank
d) Aufschlagz'inder 355(h) p164)which
Mine355 2,
F.nPull and Presr Type (Zug-o'ulnd IDruckzinder).
29d IPniessrued in thPssml of antitank
a.
rted
n
ovntivelaicle or antipersonnel mines, could be
citlier' by pull on a,.trap wire attached to the coop of
head
pressure against tile setting
tue pull pin, or(3by p29)as
b) ZZ 42, con'sisted of a' bakelite Cylindrical casing
a percussion cnp, -A criker retaining waotheir
;otinn
citainda fstiker spring held under tension by the trip
wire hoop. flullins on the tip wire attached to the
rlaepin withdrew the' pin thius allowing the striker
1to hit the percussion cap. The igniter could also be
operated by attaching a tr[' wire under strong tension
tov th~e end hole in the strier and carefully removing
*the release pin. This igniter was designed (fo use in

of Tcl!ef mlin-s t 1, 1, 14.,

*(3,
ac)

Pull

of 21 Iii cit t pull of I I III tin tim- Win ged 'IleHtens opene*'d
-.9`1)
tilt it suffit. ic'ntly tol release. it' he strik.er B
Electric Type (Vlelktri-v ter /.'nderl. ESM~iz 40
I,
iu ng
c'onsais ttd of an2 Clon lte, ijoochI funnel -slha.~e
provided witih .2 pik C iand comntain ing a. r~eaapg
it e r aire a for o n e ta.i ne , u s u a lly
r t o en l alrge th e i Mf
r d et
In o~
.20
to

in

vcienof

these

igniters

wi-re wired up

nine igniters in each chain, andi spiked


laround the mineC. The chains were conl Of gru
ni.ecto.lI by inealia tit wires to two) plugs fitted into
sockets of cthe electric bridge (aluminum wire'), surond] screwed on
%&ilth ;I ilah composition
foulndedi
Of the1
ttitmn.Pesrorhepngofany
depressed the release plunger and lit-erated
1 'liiter,
2ife two -;teel locking balls in the head nf the striker.
to drive the striker hinto tile
rk ase h srn
glass amipoule. 1'he lbrated electrlolytc set up a current
between the 2'lectrodec-i anAi -hc current was transn~itted
to the bridge wire. The heat of tile wire fired the flash
composition find finally exploded the Ill: charge of
the,- mine ( 1. P 83 .08 & 3, p 300-1)
it. Chemical Igniter t(hemiischer Z'/dnden).
a) '"Suck" Igniter (Chemical Crlush-Actuated Type),
used with thle antipersonnel "llot" mine, consisted of
a thin aluminum foil drum containing a glass ampoule
with sulfuric acid surrounded with a white, powdered3
flash colmposition2. The drum was secured by crimping
to the brtass base. When pressure was applied, the foil
drum was dented. the amipoule broken and the acid
mixed with the flash composition. This resulted in
a chemical reaction which ignited the mixture and
fired the detonator inserted in the mine (3, p 108-9)
b) CMZ 41W (Clhemisch- mechaniacher Zilrnder), used
for delayedi action demolitions consisted of a cylindrical
bakelite housing containing a glass ampoule and other
items shown on tile drlawing, 'Ahen the ampoule was
broken by pressure2 othe acid trickled truhfu
perforations in tile plastic lid into the reaction chamber
(plastic cylinder) where the metal delay rod was located.
As soon ats the rod was sufficiently weakened and
broke, the spring was released thlus allowing the striker
to hit the percussion cap. The resulting flash initiated
the detonator, booster and the main HEi charge (3,
pp 313-l4)
1. All Explosive Pressure Release Device, desigged
for uisc as al booby trap, was also suitable as an igniter
Conlin mines and other items. The body of the device
explosive,
mslted of two oblong blocks of molded
hollow
two
(believed to be Nipcoiit), held together by
brass bolts. The inner surfaces of both. blocks were
provided with molded recesses to retain the metal
striker' mechanisms, For oeration, the device wasplaced under tilt obiect to be boby-trapped and as soon
as the object was lifted the striker retaining arm of
the device pivotted upwards, thus releasingS the striker
fired the percussion cap, etc (3, P 307-8).
J. Long-Delay Clockwork Igniter.
a) 21-Day Delay Igtniter was used in conjunction with
e
a
ea
lresaedmltoaweealn
quited (3, p 309)
purposes
same
b) JI-Feder 504 Igniter was used for the
the previous igniter, but it could be ac t for delays
osse
~hu o2 as h gie
rnigfo
bakelite body,
of a Bdchaet funnel-shaped aluminum or
housing a clockwork mechanism In the upperin(wide)
lwr(arw
portion 2nd a striker assebyifh
portion. At the "nd! o( the predetet.nined delJay period,
controldiscnag bore striinst
rotating
the tlkleveramoite
stieruso
ritnto disloengg the
cnyausin
The ,tri lvr,
(he percussion
cpThestrikr dIvng bye maspin, HExplodged
hre(,p830&
4
an
cattuinitnghe

in

para'llel,

Get 97

'ILIA11

SPLIT

Abe

CLEM~e
-Las
SILIAIC10
SPINGl

psg

VA~.W.aINO

-Re~~ave

IP.t

KIN

-~~~~T

fk~h" CHANNEL

~~

I.'

CAP-115U
ul.0

~ELLE

PAPN

5119LA

pgmc~
0

*,

YANSIY

IA

WAI

74SM.

-SAFET,

CAP _

..

~ .A

'I.

PINl

US
RELEAS PLNMPIo

Pr

tIME

Shot 1,(

CAPIIL

PL
AIN~I

lAGMMEN
oac, PiAYGA

PINGVI
Soots00(4 CAN,

Va
efo

LA IfSCPUL
A

LAS" 94.10511.0

TM

W
TAC
KAIC
Mos

IVA

s.4..tm ace,

-!p

Ils

MI~
_

OAKN
ilAS

BALSOLPiso,,SS4N

i Y .~

As.roC.ec

SSO.St

fl~~j,~~Asn

OfbIN
SUlTINSO

&.0AGUD

LASACUSSIONC

Is

~ 61"Note
std

OR

soes

WS

rat.
STRIKER

INAW

K66k
AU SRI

.14.

NoUtgum

CAP

CA

K'. Tilt. Typt l41niter Ij~t~~t


.11lu
i
""tt ""1,. in

~*.js.,i~1t.,

rod

ct lilw.

.t

vv fidt't'it
.,i

61 2it ! , t-is rtit"4 ill ally

'r

,:11
.-

Ith

i1ct(tnii
v
V0 fint iining tilt.

i'lirectot, o~n jtilt

tilt rod

Iuro
s a ulI
i si tiitr.4
I'tv
,slit.
4 i. jv~
iiwt
I ii. .ili'w..itiui rttiifur
dIl.
it, Slide tiiumitsa'l
11m,i r~l1I.l,sinj., flit
ttriker .Int
I; 3. t;ri.t I~ t ,ti~r
Pas
.. i t tilt per
Li-slotl V.i 1, i v t Alif ii e vxpI isioll tr.lin. *'lliss
igntiter
wiA.I tue. I in tlit itait
.ini
.1 antitl'r-son tit-1 minct5.s a wel
Wits It.iota. trials, (1I ,1
.Iit, N
li,
114-l)
,A
'ki! \t'n 1 ypei Irvttiittrd tlat- ltnsit prioi,-ples

It Vv
it.
L..

ii

it

0t4It-ct
u~i.
fthit it had .t 1 vi ltiriely dlit irets %afnety
It is. *Itcurjilw
it: R, Is *
$.11v.i at.. i. PfItt

Antilifting

Igniter

tlitit~:.iti~1

i uch its

E Z44oftit-flst
upe csing,
ILt;~
la.te, tilt. t lockwutr III,lidrc Nin
siikt.'r incaim
..:e Iti"
ll I.1xjItt.isive
ill inta: AIte r %%inoitttt the
it - c ki,wi -r
imitli
ii
it'It. eiiutitj~ Wa.. plce
it
jii
umter .1 i'll fl ort
otheir it!'tt
itt i*irt~gb,
di101
htLy
.1t..t,s of .1 isort or w...i
,...,..
bed ti. tilt
h

.mineUseq

*2)

*Igniter

Igniter Compos itions U/tnditz.


Inte
.
ntsition.-.
'e
for propellants are listed Under l'rop.!llults iand lIct
Wfliitcl ci' Coropos it ions u sedTor aic ers tire li sted uuidi.r

itely ised ilt- cilutek%%ork-, %%hiich rani only (itt 15-1(1seconds


grital I
ieciIIf
- -. fte
p
. In outwatrds, thtus
tttdrai ill~ tilt- Safety pin. 'lme stQ6~e was now rcIt
tarded byv littaijt. of timt, catch (so)lha
n on
wivt hteld i 1t !
tct b
tilt- c'olitlrcsseii 'Pling of tie(
AvaI-.v bttn
ltt
et ijjvsiI of til eetiaigli
oin tshe release
i~lrtt
titit
tilt. ignitier all .At-d tilt striker spring tot :orct.
upI tilt sear by mteians of the levt'ied ntop, thtus releasing
n.strike'r (2, 1,1I
I.
plf11-91Ins-ccss
M1.Snap Igniter (Kntackvtunder).
it) KnZ 43/1 conlsisve.i oft .1 m~t~allik Cylittdrictii body
aInd if 1 extenslion C-tt,,ti:4t' of five tubtular section.%
i'lame.i end to end nif
" a'
eclosedi in at thin metal
re ex tens ion housed five interconnected shteatht.
tission
hooiks., wnilt. 'it-e loth conitained the hollow striker
it tm't trsc ly drilled a`iit'2tv the striker pin, to accommodates th.e cr oss pin ito which Aass asstembledi the snalpping
t
OVL
t.. The upper end oIf the atllpping piece engaged
thlt lower' ten:,ion hook. Trhis igniter was designed
for uise in mines lying between two tracks oif enemy
mainei or fort ust in thick snow layers which prevent
tie functioning of the usual1 typle ipniters. The igniter
upi-rat d (-ifter ire.nitval oif the safety pin) when the
lalteraltiiessure on the extensiton caused it to bend
anhd to snap at thet junctions. As a. restult of this the
tenstin unk..*.tcd
i pal onthesnaping
ieceand
the striker, tihus breaking the snapping piece at its
~'theweak.%triker
link. to
lThis litaction
spring and allowi I
'tie released
liercussioncthe cap,
thus exploding
the inine (2. P1161 & 4 uI11)helnintttilemptreostnexoivadprb) KnZ 43Mf consisted (it a metallic cylindfrical body
1,houtlingithme percussion cap, striker andf spring) and a
plstic tbultuhr extensio (housing cthe lilaqtic striker
extetnsion,
retaining stuid and retaining pin). Lateral
prexsiur'. on cthe igniter caused thte tubular extension,
ats well ats 'the brittle plastic striker extension *ro snap,
This released the striKer and allowed
upon
the pierussion t".1l. ap,! consequentlyit toto impinge
explodc the
of this igniter were the sanme asm
for Kn Z 4 VI
I,
p 163
pp
II, 47-18).

gnto

I goit ioln of ,i ptrum~el I ant Ini w v~pi


ectoittllisl,.., in (,crinsnny Ity metcans of ai
WeAlpon u. requ ired .1 pri nte r icom Lineo.
ts;tli
oin igonite. t~'ii-o ta ing Iil,~
[;
I
w.v- r. isrmn we.Lpon..
ca i tiihr SO to 2)80 mmi had an if Igniter con0g 2 g of hiack
po
whle thibe utSualI prilt tic'. in tilt Navy wits to use
V; (if black powder per total weight of pr, Ipel hint. [-or
guns larger than 280 mitt tin extvit..iot teIleId Zundvcrst~irktc
aItl se.)t,.
aildition to tite pIontac extra igi, iters were stwrs.fi.
hotli jtt front a:nd rear of echt Isetion of the I ropel Ing
C4nduntgX.

tit' to SO) 111111


wa~s

('ritllci, while filpt


,r

~uwder,

v Ilairse.
For Flak and somte Army guns the use. of black ptw.Ier
was conisidered undesiroble on aLccount
of its
ity
it,! (ifit lnnptn ft vit . ri-poIt-1J Iltat charge- hmygroscorpic
sob jected to
jolitng contained broke~n up gratins whtichi c. usedi ton rapid
Ignitioin oif the propellant. %luItsl better results Aere obtained
...
rc.~
,...,
Ia
pwe
ytacg*cle
eldn
whichl contained NzManNP (Nitrozellul Oisc .%anivier Nude?_
pulver), it porous propellantn prepared b ecttg wt
wae
lollided NC coting nome K nitrate. This propellant
wt
i,,ue
neink cartridges. Another repulati',nteo
for strainght black powder wax NSP (Nitrozellulose 'Schwartzpulver) whith
i
ontainedi Mc
: 2 1.0, black powde r 75 .4 knd diipheny lainit e 0.2';.. ']lis arnountt of NC was sufficient tit
bild the blac k powder together into hard grains.
partic.ularly atlt-loading
where th. fililadung did not 4ive satisfactoryde~nsqtii-s,
ignition.
a Grundlodlung (hjase charge) of' special flake propellant
was used. The flakc was of a size inittarmediate between
the main charge of tie :ube propellant ond that ofn the
ab ove NzManNP3.
Practically all Ucirman cannon propelIlIin g charges
consisted of long tubes and it was considered eunnential
to ignite these .'i both: ends. hn order to ensure for the
printer flash a clear rassalpe to the front of the propelling
charge, a thin-walle I cordite tube oh fairly large diameter
was placed along the axis of each section uf cthe 0..hAze.
Reference: Il.Hl..M.Pike, CIOS Report if(p (19,16), pra7-8.
Into

Ifamto

rlelgain

eraperature Test
rintziindungstder
olnfamns
Verpuffunrij,
l~it
peritturlu~nb,.
For description of fle testse
it.4r,
(',eitichr Untersucliung der Spreng. unit Za tl-lstilffe
1,4,p
2niinte)eca
etot
Theinsnhwcio,(19.4),
2
opantsome
plonive
etrand
secttit
technic comtpositions was determicied by F.Lenze, S S 27,
1697.(92)
(S-ee
(1932).
ltyTet)
(SeasFlm bityTt)
I Wachs (16 Wax). During UYl 11, ctre I (I Fairbterinduqtrie
dvlpdsvrlsnhtcwxssri
fwihfn
eoe
evrlsnhti
ae
ne fwihIa
higher melting points tlhan natural waxes. 'L~ese waxes
were ulitd for plllegmatintitlg explosives such as PT

IAnon, Land Mines andi Ifinalty 'rrfaps, Vitar D~ept Field


rIndutoc
lath,
A
h)Ceisr
andTehogyf
ManitnIl- F5-31 (094A)
fiiv
A
rtiTeCeiry
ecnooy f
Anon, P.em
%tar Materials Invenotory L~ist, Supreame
Waxes, Reinhold, N Y (1947), p 389.
IledihartrsAllietd Expeditionary Force (19,15)
1) Anon, (ietmalt I~lPsi.
h
rllluminating
Iri~tcDpto
Comrpotations and Illuminating Bombs (Leuchti'ich,~iaiiil
9li)~~t(194).sitze
Il
und Leuchtbomfln). See under Pyrotechnic CoimStigs.: Acci-Mns.rd
to Ii. l{inglesltatrg, llt
Initianive
positions anti also in "itirtbacher, Spren;- und Scltesstoffe,
Aergeaint, May 19-14, Io 121,1 the Gertmans employed igniter
Zurich (1948), ppP124-9.
balgs 'r raIll their artillery amimunititn. 'hI ba'l uo thlt
trimertr
used Ily th 15Artiiy in fixed
1 dlitIe of the large
Incendiary Bomb. Set under hiombe.
and llet1i-fticed roun..s of ,atnmunition. The bags were either
n~dayC
pewl.: to the. 'ame' of the propelling charge or tit.yWre
Imotnsadneniy
Bombs,
Birandiattached by mneans of a string. Tiestandstrd 'substance
stoffe oder Itintadiatze und 11randbomben j.According to
Va.n~geljlytej intl.b.g
uig
va1
it
tn
e
2, p 181 Inlsit Ge.ntan incendiary projectiles eon"(Se alorrIgun-itinadudrfrph~n.
r
s isted of an lilektron (such. as IsgA I or IgAl alloys)
(seeal
s I gnitoneasing
filled with thermite (such as M~eoxide t-76 antd

Al r . fI'gli n s 'r'r

re

li~l,

,,

il

Gtr 100

11, P'l*
I tgos
I'll

,is:
0. 7, Pt'lystyrene 11 s8
87ium
i'l,'spl~ora
s . V6)
On
t peayl w
pr$I~tlp iv
t .l iii
'ncintr %.
wt
of Ie-%
ZeSc* Urps tl0
in tiitin
Pi
I'ltiru (
Irhi ..t* IP.Icrpul,
tilwidlivcvatIltjn
teit'll
p ,.A"tgrtye
f ir and runn ing
til-ionsistt- il .1 steel oliter C,,
into whrichg two tuibe.%
u enri in 'wrtd, tlte outer of celluiloid
arid tilt.
ilit
s~ce i bewetvn tber!;e two tubecs
Pneper;
was fillet1 awith
oilt'hb let' av Iixtunie
th inner- tun
l.,
)
Most incendiary ,horn s res cm ible in
,anpr..ran rt file.
o r~bi nniirb y*li he~ r ng d i s se
oIa 1kg m agn esiu m
b olt- (i 1lF) to th e 500 k g oai-fi
l l od lo mli Clm o i 5 0)0
i 'ndi vry b nhostn
). S e ra l
are listed under I~t-m
l e. The'sinai icr e vtyp
were llsialily cairrited in itilitainer,
whereas
the lar cr
bombs were cart ied inL'mhrcks
Ilikc wil similar s iz high
expiosi%'t bomb. TIhe I kg and I
ki magnesium bomibs often
hd a si a i a ntip e rs o nne c harg.
to iliscourage.
c orp ora te d in th e b om bR
lire fighters. -Iomcl' in
larger
types also had ai
small cxplosi e char,4c but this wats
for the purpose of
scattering the iocendiary mixttare.
See~
~~
tadohFanmoh
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ala.
~~~i
n Hoh
pcgrn
bollilicAm
01n%lvw
(if" thre 'tiertimn chtels li~nted in Ref
' wecrv
U li'iiv.
t it'o ~e
501mlm iII-'Inc-T (5 cut lrSpgrPatr
iisur wa uedin'A Gun, Fl:-ak 41(p
197). Another
w.as 88 mmin lr-Sliralpa ci (8.8 cmotn
AA gurs Flak- 18,.3It# ,nd 1".0 4p19). irfrSchr Ilk)urtji
~omG.r~~ii acinenIii~e~
.e~eiid b ~tttaeh.r
(1<04
Re~ferntice's:
na
eot123
l)5)
~
A) L2t .U.ilatem-ina,
Lisowski. 1:01,
10 Rep-irt
odRpr
12-1 3 (19.15),
pp
6 & 18-19
211
11) A.i'etthachef, spreng. und Scliiergstoffe,
Zurich ( 19.18),
*

* I)*iM)-08S.
(hS
3~)
T 9-9053 (1% 3
-D IM 11)I'M9-1,450"I
091).Reference:
1tIndustrial Esptilosi..es.
SeVe
Coloirgiercial Explosives.
Inetia
(~i~uce
Grvittio ystm o Balisic uidnce
Inertial
Systm.
Gconsisting
ee uderGr-dance
System-, for Missiles.
Infro-Red Comoufluge. Fee Infra-Rot
Tarnoung.
Infrared Gu Idance System. See under Guidance
tor., Missilesr.

Systems

Initiating Compositions (ntn~il~isof.


ur~
nd Iniati ating Compas i aiotns.

rlur

iiir
gen
-Zndraft).
'I'le initiating property o
power of Primar) or iniitiating explosives
may be determn~ied
byl aig
n emt
cp s l sth
tp s uedfrN
anmpycp(uistetysuedfro8
8
detonators) with u we~ghcd quantity
:)f an explosivet to be
testekd, co nprves.;ni thi. %a1mple and
~; clec tinga th r. loade d
c ap to o n e or b t
t e f l o ing te s ts: T) L ead P la te
-L a l
o pe s o
e t
T orst
hest2 L ad ec uloek
forntress
o T aest.os
s
'e~tssaeue
o
h
aeproea
h
A merican Sand Te'st and Nail Test,
derl.i bud in the general
section.
t r n e: A S e t a h r S ~ s
eeec:tSetaceSljs-udSp
- a d S r ngtfe
g t f e epi
e p i
(1933), p%114.
(Pulver). One of th~e sporting propellants: guncotton
79,
bichroniate 1.1.0, K bichromate 3.0, moisture 1.5,
and
i
Brrnswig, D~a% rauchiose Pulver (1926)
'aizC
25
''~4I.
Jagdpulver (hlunting or Sporting Propellant)
Two knso
propel iants were used in shotguns
b)llack powder and smokeless
and
spotin rifles,propellants. Their
UCS
Jul sporting smokeless propellant
was "'Schultze-Pulver'.
Other smokeless propellants used
for spo.tn purposes
were:
Amberit E, C (Pulver), J 'Pulver),
tn
Saxonia and
'Walsrode.
lirunswig, Das r3uchlose Pulver (1926),
p 134.
Jagd Tiger ('lank Destroyer Tiger). A self-propelled
of 128 nin A/T gun on P-zK;,fw VI (See mount
under
Jet Priopulsion is briefly .Iescribed
in the general section.
Sonie information on German jet units designed
and manufactured byI the 14alter 'Aerke, Kiel is given
in CIOS Report
3015(1945).

lnfro.-Rot Tornung (Infra-Redl Camouflage).


lDur ir the
that cloth covered objects cou~d
be readi~v detected fact
by
JtPouso
ul
e ne odrrisof
infra-red photography, evi-n if camouflage
b'een adopted, several dye% were developed
coloring had
'"ninii~ which miniimized or even
by the IG FarJTeer4
Clockwork logdly((
prevented
detec'ion.
ort
1951y),
igie`
ue1n
Iliii followling types of dyes were consideredsuch
eoiio9hrgsT--18-,115)
to be worthy
pp4913
4)f coinsiderati oin: A niiine
B
lack,
l
iphen
umm
ne B lack ,B
(:Arhtin
Bilack (when 'printed with organi vlabinders)
and
Jonclort .
l i n s c o .
See Yonckite in the Blinscin
liidanthrene Oliv GU Suo
prafix
Re-ferenece: CbOS Report 25-18 (094s),
PP 14-17.
Junkers Schmetterling. One of the
guided missiles (q v
Ingolin. Tlhe. na,,, riven L'-ylot 'ii 'iter
to hydrogen peroxide
dv
oe uigW
i
of very high concen~tration (such as 851,). Ingolin
can be,
Reference: A.lDucrocq, Les Armes Secrites Allemandes.
used as aofuel or ats a~soutce of srored oxygen.
As a fuel
Paris (1947) PP 03- 9 5 .
*it produces superheated steaiii which
can be used for driving
*isoneniesortubit'.
ilir
s
ource of oxygen,
alkommonsalpeter
(Chalk-Ammoniurn
at as rie insubaries
Nitrate)
n rle to.mlow hemto se
was aim
intimate mixture in gran-Iar form of chalk
and Am nitrate,
their mair. engines while submerged.
It
contained
20.5
to
21".
N
and
.
used as a fertilizer.
eeec:RJMreBO
ia waset89
tm22 (1946),
(See also Hlydrogen Peroxide and 'r-Stoff).
pp 12-29.
Inhbitng
inendd
patng t cotrl te brnig o
rocket propealints and those for
assisted-tatke-off (ATO),
* w as de v e loped du rin g WW 11a t
d he lDdn e be rg lFa brik , 1) A -G
its cmps~tmn
ws: olyv'ityl acetate
25, lithrophone 300
nidtiylamcrylate 5 and water 40'
Re e
f pr oetn e2: -2b
4 S( 19 5) , ~K
p
Initialesploslystoff oder Initialsprengstoff
(iitiating or
*

l'~~~riming Eixplusive). See Priming and


Initiating Composition.
InItialsatot (Initiating toi nrpommition).
See Printing and Initia.
ting Comlposition.:

ioltspritzen (Cold-s qui rting). See Cold Extrusion


in this
n ntegnrlscin
a t cl ro K l r e k n ( C d S r
t hi g . e e A o r t a e
Katregenera
i
sotection.
Cl
tecig)SeAtfet
nth
eealscin
amp lier (C am ph or ) . See gen e r a l s ect i on .
degntosfGrmn
atilrwaprsihter
gih
Kane()CnoPic
or
u)
ae2agvs
qialns

(jer 101)
Tabl

Field Gun
FK
Flak Antiaircraft Sun
Gehl[ Mountain ho'witzer

Feldkanorte
Fug ibwehirla none
FI
Gehirgsh.uiz

Muntin un
(,eirglcaoncGeb
~such
KwK Tr~k
Kampfw.geraanone
Kr)I
Railroad Suit
Kanone Fisenhahr'i
Ko:R Retcoillens gun
X.Ah(.rc ohne Rticklauf
leichte Feldhaubitze
1F1
I.ight field howitzer called
by the British 'gun - howitirer
Light gun
1K
lelichtc KanoneIoder
(G)
*
le ichtes Gesch'~ti
11G
Light infantry gun
Ielichtes; Itifanterie(11G)
S
Keschutz
P'ak
Antitank gun
Panzerabwehrlcanone
sFI1 Heavy field howitzer
sheeFeldlhaublitze
fleavy gun
K
schwert. Kanone Mder'I
!schweres Geachuitz
Heavy infantry gun
sIG
schweres Infantenie(,JG)
geschitz
*

Tiger or Royal Tiger.

25oKing

Kippitunder

(Tilt-Type Igniter).

See

under

I4nirer

Kitchen Salt Explosives.SeKchlzpnsofe


IAZ40.Animpact-firing nose fuze used in some rockets,
as il.6 cm R(l./4.5) and 8.6 cm 110./1.5).TM918(195 3), 1p256
KMA Block. one of tile substitute
Ersatzsprvngstoffc.

xp~osives. See under

Knullquccksllber (Nlerecury Fulminate) (M F !is described


in theg,
~.,nera~l s.'-r;on under kulmina~es. tierinan methods
of preparation, (from mercury. nitric acid and alcohol) are
given in I'll Rept No 95,613 (1947),section Q. MI: -was
usedi by the- (erm:ans in some priming comnpositions. See
al1so A.Stvttl~aclaer,Sp~reng. und Sclaiesstoffc, 7airich (1948),
pi' 95-9.
Ki'oIlsilbee (Silver l-ulminare). See general section tinder
Fulminates and Stt-ttbacher's [look (1948) n 96.
undschnur (D~etonating F~use) .See generalI sect inn uoder

(ee
Wapos)Kno~ll
lsoundr

*Kanone ohne Ricklo'jf .

43

See Konigstiger, under Panzcr.

IS

See Recoilless (,un'1.

"Karl" Mortar. See "Thor" and "Katrl* 'aeapons,


Se C. Ttridge,
Kaiusb

Knetmaschine (Kneading Machine). An apparatus utsdfr


mixting solid ingredients in the presence of liquids. Se~ eral
types were used in (,crmany such as the Columnar Type
(Stuektemachn)(e
2,spe05 106 and Ref 3. p 217),

KA-Sal: *r.hetermn assigned to RDlX (flexogeit) prepd by the


nitrute~nitric acid and acetic
interaction of ',examine, Am
t
section under ilexogcn.
aulhydrjide. it i% describet, in .111%

Werner-I'fleiderer Miach- und Knetmaschine (Ref 1, p 75


and Rief 3, p 227) And others.
Ref'erences:
1) Ei. de 13. Barnett, Explosives, Van Nostrand, N Y (1919)
l'.Naoilin,Schiess- und Sptengstaffe, Steinkopf, Dresden
(1927)

5
Pate.Secunde
TagetIndiat~g
~cb~od

Flre.2)

Kesoen ExplosIves. Several* explosive mixtures were pro


(13A.Srtbcecit5adSrnsof
latli~
(13)
posed by W.Kessen of W A S A -Gi. One such explosive
was patented in 1938 (Ref I). It consisted of a regular IKnIckz'under 43 (Snap Type Igniter).
See under Igniter.
,blasting cxprAnive plus an, additional charge consisting
of N6 aind/or nitroglycol mixed with a large amount of
Kochsallzspiongstoffe (Kitchen Sakilt
iplostives) Substitate
alkali Iiabnt.Tsmitrtnded
to P.*oduce 'inert
explosive mixtures containine large amounts of Na chloride,
,gases and to absorb hea. Idesie
hrescnann
which were used during WW III. Some of these mnixtures are
deridunrEsazpegof.
bicarbonate could be inserted between normal charges.
sazpngtf.
decidunr
These explosives 'were suitable for use in gaseous coal
KoenCroi
nmint.' (See also Ilikurbit and under Sheathed lixplosivei).
*Another
patent grantedl to thle'same
person (Ref 2)
Kohlon.Koronit IllI
See under Kohlenspiengstoffe.
dealt with thle 'manufacture of moist, Am nitrat e explosives
Kohion-Solit
contg carisinaceous materials.
References:
Kohliensprongstoff. (Coal Explosives)
This was n group of explosives permitted tor use in coal
P43 8,)9
,ln
33 27e19e an(1A9A3(
C
I)
219
(939)mines:
C A
3.
*2)
Ibid. tier P 67.9,511 (1939); C A 33, 9647 (1939).
Kohlon-Ceorbonit. NG 25, K nitrate .34, Bu nitrate I,
flour 38.5, spent tan meal I and soda ash 0.5%; hear
ds i copresedchage oninatonTe or
KH-Cargr
0
of 4:xplosion 506 kcal/kg, temp of explosion 1561 C,
oncmpresedchage
KH.Carg. Te dignaionfora
sisting of 4-8 pellets of TNT wrapped in paper glued on
velocity of detonation 3160 nt/sec, density 1.16 and
thn. insidelwith Ianacid-free glue (such as dextrinbVinnarris,
Truuzl test value 235 cc(Ref 2, p 401 and Marshall,
:etc). The wrappcd charges were dried at 60-700 and the n
2, p)497).
dipped in paraffin. They were used as bursting charges an
Kohlon-Karonit 11ll NG 4, K Oilorate 68, No chloride
Naval mines See IPl Rept No 925 (19 45), p 418 .1.1,
paraffin 8, nitronaphtlialene 5 and wood meal 1%;
oxygen balance -12% and TrauzI test value 195 cc(Ref 1).
* Kinetit ( Kinetite). (one *of the aides. (1881) gelatinous
Kohien-Salito NG (gelatinized) 12.5, meal 2.5, nitro7
compounds 7.0, Ain nitrate 41.0 and alkali chloride 3 .011
explosives containing no NG gelatine. it consisted of K
c liloriate 75, antimony 'sulfidJe 3, mmittobenzene or nitrotoluene
oxygen balance -2.6% and Trauzl test value 260 cc.
21 andI collodion cotton 1% '1Naoum
irgyei
12)
(Ref 2, p 441).
p 353.

Koronit V. O~ne of the permissible explosives developed


durill.t 14%1: M i -1, K chlorate 65. N:a chloride 14. napthalene
10, nitrounplithulene 5 aind wood meal 2!;. Naou,n Schiess-

2.0~(
m nitradTNT Hi.o, oxygntrt
2.6 Ni.w
Koh knWetr-utv
(Rel
xy n
h st at nd.0 'rairl 2. t vlll 10 ccd2.0;
- aus
I(..~N tetnd vlue230cc Ref2,
Kohln-WsiflltIV.Ni.~.2
Am itrte
Kohl oni estal
lirht IV M., me1.2, Aind
nitat

3.0 K itrte'
I .0, Kitraen

und Sprengstoffe, Dresden (1927), p 1417


Note: According to Nfarshall, v 3 (1932), pw112, the name
horonit wits given in 1931 tc Chlorntir 1.

(Re[ 2.
o
*8.H''. ideilraozl tes vau 200
I
'Kohien-Wesroalit V. N(, .1.0. Am nitrate 81.0, K nitrate
~.0*Ilanitrte
.0, otao mel 15 an NintanWaX
I ':oxytmc
n
'aulrs
au
IV, )
"!Wcc (Rd
*
lttereces:Lead

K Pulver.

Same as GiPulver.

Kroftiaht (K(Z) (Strength Number). In the usual determinat,on


of'ac
lpower
f13V (strength) of an explosion by the standard Trauzl

I '.\omnm
Semiss mnd Sp~remgstot le, Dresdenr (1927), p 1417
2) 1'.Nuam'm,
". rmm:,v:lvcriM,
etc * lialtImmore (0928), Jil .135'
& illerror,
Kohln.Wetfalt.
ee nderKollens~regstofe.tie
Ko~x.A
f tme
exlosve
arbnit tye, uchas:Nc;25,
Ko~o,
(f Ate exlosie
crbonte ype suc as NG25,
K nitrate 26, Ilai nitrate 5,.wood meal `14, mid starch 10'..
Ilere was also ,inSuper-Kolams.an exsplosive used in lingland
M~mslmll
p 75the(117)
Kolfit (Kolfite).A snitokeless- propell~ant patented in 1890 b~y
lI.Kolf of, iunn, which consisted of mixtures of nitrated
cereal 'flours, moss, oil cakes, residues of factories man1ufaicimring organic products such as starch, sugar, beer,
saltpeter previously saturated with
ectc .with
:1lcolitil

lilnoel Test, (see general section) one of the principal


errors is due to weakening of the walls of the cavity,
which, is obse'ved with powerful explosives such as blast-

ing gelatin, P A

p(1952).

*Kopfring (I Iead Ring). ' When it was desired to avoid execsisive penetration against land targets- and to prevent ricochet
against sea tarmets, rings were 'attached over the noses of
hmasch s SC (11% cylindrical, general purpose) or
some -SD (A/P cylindrical, thick walled). (See also Anti:Ricochet Plates)
.
'3
Reference: TM A-1985-2 (1951), p 3.3)ASetahr
'

/00

S/(

Blasting
gelatin
NG

NCOl
PA
P
TNT
DN13

inetgosuig
algsml
520 to 610cc
515
325
300
285

byetnrfr
a10gaml

to 600
to 420
to 365
to 300
250

554cc
540
400
385
350
311

It may be concluded from the above values that the


KZ' values for highly powerful explosives are lower than
are determined by the standard Trauzl test, while for less
powerful explosives (such as TNT or DNBI) the KZ is
higher.
Rerncs
Rerne:
I) ItebeSS
3 4(98
2) A.Marshall, Explosives, v 3 (1932), p 143
.ttbceSrn-udShesof(98,113
pngudScisofe14,11.
"Kiranlch", An acoustic proximity fuze intended for aomc
guided missiles ns, for instance, Rocket X-4.

Krsuxrohr (Cross Tube). See Distance Piece.

SC

4rid'

usae

KZ calculated

Krumbach Himtrat WH() Pulver.


Double-base DEGDN-NC
propellant with a calorific value of 710-730 keel/kig, used
in Flak. It contained a small amount of K nitrate as a
flash reducer, in lieu of K sulfate used in G Pulver (CbOS

SC earS
9

L0

Teat Values
aiu

Reference: TM 9-1985-7 (1953), p 216.

50 Bmh
*, S

2
Brori

I',\
~~~/o

on

TNT aind NGi. In order to eliminate this

Table 25b

nitobnsee.Trauzl
Rteference: J.lDaniel, lDictiotnnaire. Paris (1902), p 394.osevdb
Kantinuierliche Verfobren' (Continuous Methods) of manltificture of explosives such as those of Schmid M),eissner
and Ihiazzi were used in several Germian plants.
Som e; of thesc methods
ie
are briefly described under
Nitroglycerin, lpontrit'und Trinirrotoluol, as well as in the
Belgian , Dutch, Firench, Swedish andi Swiss sections.
Refelencivs.
1) A.stuetalmacher, Sehiess- und Sprengstoflc, Blarth, Leipzig
(19331), pp, 174 &:333
2) A.Stettlmacher, Spreng. und AchiesstoffC, Rascher. Zuirich
(148.p6097
.Note:4)
Plvoas
.Stttbche,Exlosvos Gii, uens Ares

Neubner proposed that, instead of measuring the


expansion produced by a standard weight of an explosive,
weight of explosive required to produce a standard
expansion of 300( cc be detetmnined. This may be done by
firing several charges of different weights ira order to
oti
values el~cow
.300 cc and above it. After drawing a
curve gi'.ing rhe relationsh~ip expansion vs weight of sample,
expansion in cc corresponding to a 10 g sample can
Ibe determined by interpolaition. Thir calculated expanrion
is called Kraftzahl (strciigthi number).
Table 25b lists KZa for some explosives

abov~e.
's

Kiumbach (Pulver) ohne Nitrat Offer mit DInItroteluel (1(0).


D)ouble base DEGDN-NC propellant similar to Krumbach
Nitrat Pulver except that K nitrate was replaced by DNT
(CbOS 31-62, PS5).

tier 101
K ummel Fobrik of Dynomit A -G ,located
ata Krimmel
near Ilamburg (See under War P~lants) manufactured during
%Wl 1 V~arious explosives p'rope~llaants etc noad wals enagaged
in research. and deve~lopmelnt work for the Armed Forces
* l'lown~'are
omeot hu. a~caieemets o Kt~naal
Falsrik pe~rsonnelA.Pressing of explosives. In loading aaia. inition (such
Lt. detun~atora,, boosttrs .11d pro'jectiles) one of the
most 11m.portant requiremenats, istPniti
h
e
density of loading for each type. of ammunition and for
I ucla kind of explosive. As a rule, the effectiveness
of an explosive is higher at anaxilouiura density, but an
some cases such high dlensity is undersirab'~ because
it mighat caiuse deud-pressing (as in the case of mercorkfultaiate
orcrakin ofpelets(asin he ase
of Npl0., which is PETN densitized with 10 parts of
wax ).1The eXact ri-quurfd density of charge was obtained
IN wvig;hing acctiratel- each portion o1 the explosive
an7
I d procced'.ng as described InloIn ~~~the
pirepatator of pellets fr
ootrte
werighed masses ol. an explosiv'e were transferred
to one or tso Idoren niolds placed in portable holders
undr~a~atuaaorrspodin
nuberof illng unnls
fastened thacrespriin
neroraed
plaes Durling finnllg
fastnedtog-.1er
n prfoatedplaes.Durng illng,
*loss of etp~losive was carefully avoided so that
the' required density wnuld be obtained. After macer*taining that' each mold was properly filled, the
f 'oreman "Incid the holder with molds under a press
Jlocated
behind a strong wall andoprtdb
rcmote control. Any spilled mate: ial was collected
.,and blendedi with the next batch of explosive. The
pressed pellets wc~e removed and inspected for

1;

successful, but Al or Mr. dunts could be exploded in


air whien charbed into a bomb mixed with it powerful
III- and a small amount of chlorate. The research was
not completed (See also Explosive Powered Vortices)
1). Shaped charges. See under liohilladung
E'. Flash reducing compouaeds are described separately
F. Structural exiplottives are desvribcd sept~aaaely.
Reference:
tJ.W.Stickland et al, CG-meral Survey of Explosives Plants,
Ili
Rept No 925 (1945), Appendix I anad Appendix 7.
Krummerlauf (HPat Barrel). A special bent-barrel attachnment
to a gun, iave",ced by Col ll.Schade of the RheinmrtallBoSsig Cot, was available in two degrees of bend 900 and
30 . The first type changed the course of the bullet by a
right an~le and was known as the 'Around the Corner Gun".
It was antended to be used (in a ball joint) in the parts of
the tank where it was necessary to protect the blind srots.
The barrel' was 185/, long and about 1l' in diameter. Its
range was short and its fire was not accurate. It was fired
at LPrandom because no sight was 11providcd. The second type
(3j bent) barrel could be attached by means of an adapter
o nofhesvceilssuch
as the MP 44. It was
prnvided with a prismatic optacal sight (designed by Zeiss),
which permitted fairly accurate shooting from behind a
solid barricade. The operator of this equipmnent waz thus
protected from enemy fire. Both barrels used the 7.92 mm
short (kurz) bottle-necked cartridge.
A more detailed description may be found in the book:
Pla.B.Sharpe, The Rifle in America, IFunk & Wagnalla, Co.
NY*p 3-0
1Wl

dimiensions and density.

'

Note: Most of thse pre'ssing was done with phlegmatized


PFiTN, (usually with 101.- wax), which was used to form
chuarges for the 37mm tank shell, 7.0mm solid oir hollow
chuarges, 20mrm huigh explosive charges and incendiary
explosive' charges, colored smoke charges, etc. The 20mm
incendiary 'charge consisted of about 80 parts of PUTNZes
:(previously plalegmatized with 10% wax) and 20 parts of
aluminum. The charge weighed 6.6g. Some TNT 'charges
were' also conmpressed, such as those for shrapnel burster
tues
eplsic hrges foir some mines, etc.
B1.Ejecting projiectiloespecial projectiles which ejected
incendiary missiles on approatchaing a target (such man
an aipae wer developetd but did not come to the
manufactuaring
stage.
These projectiles contained
s'everal hollow steel cylinders, each of which was
filled with an incendiary mnixture consisting of Ba
peroxide, aluminum and iron. A char.e' of about 15 g
of fIII: wa's required for ejecting eath cylinde fsoa
the projectile and to impart to it- an 'Acceleration' of
about 1000 in/sec. Each of these cylinders burned in
flight and if, one of them hit a combustible object (suchs
asaaoline 'tank of an airplane) a fire or even an
explosion could take place,
C. Spce
eplosins wth
arbon dust. Preliminary
work was done on the development of a bomb which
wa -hagd
with mi.lE and coal dust. It wa-i presumed
that the detonation of the III: would explode the coal
dust which would become' scattered in the air surround~~~ing
the bomb, thus producing a high pressure (blast)
efec t isacea
fr as 50 mnfrona the center of
*
~~~the
explosion. These bombs were Intended for antimircraft pu~rpose(.H. xperiments with coal (Just were not

Ir

!0meA

aU

Kap

au(rup

ose.See Experimental Tanks, under

Paer
K-Salz - The term assigned to Ilexogen (RDX) larePIl from
hexamine, ammoniuam nitrate anti nitric acid (See under
Ilexogen in this sectiont).
K-Stoff

(K- Substtance)

A highly dispersed silien Si0 2


Itwsue
urnSU1i
,.repd by a special pro es.ItwsuedrigW
n
sm
ea
xlsvs
Pl
et8,6
14)
"Kugelbilits" (Bullet Lightning). An armored AA %ehicle
hvn
a30m twn gun mounted on a PzKPfw Ill (See
under Panzer).
K
uel
-KrtApaau,
Seim
II ndr
ome
Kupehfrelbmime 41 (KTrN~i 41). A, spherical floating mine
weaging
about 901) lb
Recognitio Iandbook for German
Ammunition, Sup liqaAF(9),p21j
KuultvZJdng
eGgeatfieddng
utApaas(S
Bombe.

40Skp

om)

Seiem1unr

era.

T ey

erlll lll l , r~-lllc i%.Iv will 11

n 12I

ofI

*,e:r 10I.1
Primer or Igniter).Severa'
and It hd rmht, Rein ecci tohd
'.iunder !one-a ire priaer) are described in lcy!ing-I)rckpof,
,2.
t'%), PP

K urzscliusszjnder('.liort-Circuit

"t.e

ucc:fIl

Logerbestandlgkeit oder Hoiltborkeit (S,-rllity ill Storage


in Kast-'sc;ibed
oir Keelpinlg Quality). Several test% are.

heavv

pressure

plat"e

slring

and

detonated

the

iniic.

m\htz, chenmische lintersuchtr.g (1944), pp 258-61, "20-27

The TiMi 43 1also called Pilzmlne (Mushroom Mine)] was

C11- 15 and 40l-6'1

similar to the TiMi 42 except that the ptressue lid was


solid, i e there was no threaded hole for the insertion of

LANDMINEN

r.Sl'eetivvlv, witl I I and i lib of


'hey
Tille,,
werTN
I)y press rut on th l.ild of
TN T. .lnfIt mineis operarted
d , 'rs %-J t e igniiter housint g and
is- dt,re
20(0 lb or more.
sheared the pin holding the striker in the cocked position.
etc. The Tellermine 42 was similar to the 15 exu.-pt
that the pressure plate was smaller and did not include
the entire upper surface. Pressure of 250 lb alat over
the
worced
prss-ure cap dow.. Thi. conpress.d the

(S.e.

also arnhagervrsuche),

(l~and Mlincr).

gioat

variety

of land nurses

Swe,ie used during


II by the (;eruans
a
as can be seen
from tht, following information taken from References I SlI Antitank Mioe, called P oppmlne, bceause it was made
of special cardboard "Pappe", a non-metallic suistance
used to prevent the detection of die mine by electric
detectors. Pressure on the "pressure plimte" forced
it lIowa onto the head of a glass igniter, containing
a central glass tube filled with a reddish ignition
mIXtUre of unknown composition. Crushing of the central
tube ,produced a flash which passed to the detonator
.Mhieh exploded the mine. Pressure on the cardboard
of the mine would not set it off. The mine was filled
with II lb of TNT (Ref 6, p 261)
2) Antitank Mine, called Panzerschnell-..ve, consisted
of a wooden box filled with picric acid (13.2 lb). There
%ere two typestA and 13, very "imilar in construction,
The booster in both cases consisted of 200 g of an
explosive such as PEIN/wax. Type A was actuatedby
presrure on the box lid, causing the shearing of two
2-inch wooden dowels and pressing out the link pin
of thle ZZ 42 igniter. Type B was actuated by pressure
on the box lid shearing '4-inch wooden dowels and
exerting pressure on the heads of two Buck igniters
(Ref 5, pp 34-5 and 6, p 262)
3i Magnetic Antitank Mine, called Pc..zerhandmlne 3
was designed to be placed on enemy tanks or other
targets to which it adhered by means of magnets (See
under Ilafthohlladung)
4) '"ooden Box Antitank Mine (Holxmlne 42) was filled
with 50/50 Amatol (18 lb). The mine was in the shape
of a flat box. A pressure of 200 ib or more on the
pressure block sheared the dowels anti forced down
the shear flange, which, in turn pushed out the pin
in the igniter ZZ 42. The freed striker, driven by a
spring, set off a percussion cap, detonator, booster
and main charge (Ref 4, pp 81.06a-e and 6, pp 261-4)
Mine, called Sprengrlegelmlne (EXplosive
5) Antitank
lBar Mine) was of two varieties: Riegelmine 8 kg and
Riegelmine 4O.The lttter variety, abbreviated as R-Mi 43
was in the form of a long, flat box and consisted of a
sheet steel tray, an encased charge of 8.8 lb of TNT
and a lid which fitted nver the tray and acted as a
'pressure plate. The mine could be fired in oime of five
ways: a) Pressure on the lid sufficient to shear one or
'two shear wires; b) Functioning of an anailifriig or
'trip wire; c) Elecirically, by remote control; d)Boobytrapping the mine', es. by attaching a trip wire to
of oneplate
igniter
withmine
its wings
the
lid; the
e) Reversing
below
end pressure
so ZZ
that42 the
could
function in case an attempt was made to lift the charge
of TNT from the tray. Total weight of mine was 20.5 lb
272-3)(Schwere Pontermlne) was made
264-5 &Mine
Antitank
S6) (Ref
Hleavy6, pp
of cast iron and contained 37 lb of Picric Acid, Total
weight was 300 lb. The mine was fired by *a downward
preasure exerted on the cover plate, which pivotred
on the trunnions. This pressure compressed the main
pressure igniter, which fired the charge. The mine was
used for road blocks where action had been static for
a period of time. Total weight was 300 lb (Ref 6,
:
+ 265-7)
pp
'
+
7) Antitank
Mies,
'called
Tellermlnen (Plate-Shaped
Mineia, were
of the
following
varieties: Tellermine
35, Tellermine 42, Tellermin.- 43 and Tellermine 29.
Type 35 mine existed in two varieties, both of them
made of steel and similar in construction. The 2nd
variety, designated Tellermine 35 (Steel) had the
pressure plate made o(corrugated steel for extraa strength,

cthe igniter andi no sCrew cap. I'lit wall% of the musbro aiir
shaped plate wer- :hill and th,.re wa% no h,.;nvy sj ,ril
under the pressuri.. L.ike Tellernine 42 it wais fillud
with 12 lb o( TNT. *The mine operated by downward
pressure on the mushroomn lid. This crushed its lght
walls and forced the head of the striker down, thus
igniting the mine "rellerminc 29, also desigoated T-5
was a light antitank mine constructed of sheet steel.
It was filled with 10 lb of TNT. The top was slightly
domed and had three adapters for ZDZ' 29 igniters.
The mine was exploded when sufficient pressure was
applied to one or several igniters. Total r.ights of
mines were as follows rMi 35 20 lb, TMi 35 (steel)
21 1b, TNfi 42 20 lb, TMi 43 18 lb and TMi 29 11.25 lb
(1Ref ! & 2; Rel .4, pp 81.01-81.0-1 & 6, Pli 2(''-?0).
Note: According to Ref 2, the T*Mi 43 lPilz) examined
during U, II at Picatinny Arsenal contained as the burster
charge 10.87 lb of Amatol, consisting of Am nitrate 44
and TNT 56%. The booster pellets consisted of about 88"
PETN and 12, Montan wax.
8) Pot-Shaped Antitank Mine (Topfmlne
A), also
filled
body called
Saucepan Mine, consisted of a plastic
with 12,5 lb of TNT or 50/50 Amatol. Total weight
of the mine was 20 lb. Under a load of at least 150 kg
(330 lb) the pressure plate sheared along its groove
and thus came to rest on the head of the igniter. This
in turn moved down and crushed two small glass capsules
located inside the ignitet body. Tihe vapsules containmed
chemicals+ which on mixing produced a flash. This
in turn set off the detonator and then the lIE charge
of the mine (Ref 4, p 81.08; 5, p, 26-9 and 6, pp 271-2)
9) Clay Mines were of two types: Antitank and Antipersonnel.
The Antitank Mine consisted of a baked clay pot 8'1"
in diameter and 10" high with a wall 3/a" thick covered
with a clay pressure lid about 3" thick. On opposite
sides of the top of the pot were two round bulges which
housed ZZ 42 igniters. Two hollow passages leading
down inside each bulge carried the lenaths of instantaneous fuse connecting ZZ 42 igniters with booster
charges located at the bottom of the main charge, such
as Picric Acid . Pressure on the lid pushed the pins
out of the igniters, thus releasing the spring loaded
strikers, etc. The Antipersonnel Clay Mine consisted
of a round clay pot 8" in diameter anl 3" high, with a
wall 3"" thick, provided with a cover. The charge of
by means of the explosive
Picrkc Acid was ofdetonated
four ZZ 42 igniters, a detonator and
train consisting
a booster, when a pressure equal to as little as a
man's weight was applied to the lid (Ref 5, pp 38-41)
10) Antipersonnel or Antitank Aluminum Mine was filled
with Cheddite (7 Ib) and had a TNT booster. The body
and the lid Were of a flattened cylindrical shape. Three
DZ 35 i$niters together with NoB detonators were
insideor the
in boosters
inserted
in
the -aides
charge. located
Pressure120"on apart
main explosive
the
of lid
setoff.
off one
more ofofthe
three
mine
wasigniters
20 ib
Totalor weight
the mine
went
and center
(Ref 6, pp 273-4)
(Leichte Panzermine),
11) Liffht Antitank Mine, IPaMI
which could be converted to antipersonnel ace, conslated of two saucer-shaped, sheet metal covers morming
an 0-shaped container for 5 lb of TNT and an outer
cover which served as a pressure plate. Five igniters
were built into the mine and spaced radially around
it, Pressure crushed the mine cover and forced one or
more igniter housings downward over their plungers.
This action compressed the outer spring, allowing
the steel locking balls to be forcel outward into upper
recesses, releasing the striker, etc. For converting the
mine to antipersonnel use the bottom igniter nuts were
+Note. According to Dr Hans Walther, one capsule contained
liquid K-N. silo,, and the other ethyl nitrate or nitric acid.

(,tr

10P,

I'mrD

13/~4
(AAg

SHE

.?

R~

,4/AESJ
W-WCe)
pI

P L D A ..

A114C'I

out
,C

OLOSfi

Ad

;ne-

e.ffPfLSUAY

LI

TNCPT,

LAM -AE6

TS'HomAn-4 (AfIMAe
I

~$ICMV,~Ifv

of,"~ rgagkj

inIERP9

LAND
I,at ssioH

MINES

lellrAfe Po

16NIII

-IT-

74A f W

'Arcly

VJf,,n_7e'"-'

SCREW

Ft AME 7111-F
PiFICUSSION CAP

CAP

Pt KL Us
s0m

IVIA
TII,40
A, TICK

CAP

st r)ck

k7O

PUL L

NATb
som srEh

WIRE

BASE

AGE
A"VITY

DET
HATOR

MAIN CAVITY CHAAGE

#W-Nine

AFF Ty
PIN

PRESSURE KATE

()u T E A

SPRING

PUCL IGNITER
SHEA
PLAI

IGN-T

NITER

MINI:

PeOCUSSION CAP
lVoo
000

IGNITER

IME

01YONA-cla
PLATE
OURSTING
r)f MNATOR
las FOR
LOCATING
IN CHARGE

WDY

CHARGE.

O."AR
SSEPABLY
ou SING

XCMENT
r
CASt_ P

LAS'6C

Of TONATOR
A

UCSTI.-,

TONAIION

PIN

KE

CHARGE
DEMOLITOCIR

fouvrok

sm(nP Wl

&TV
Savo.

Ft'z9 I

OvoNA.Ox
'ELL,
AFEYY CLIP
j

CAVIrv

PULL WIRC
Wooo EN PLUD
ISHII CA APID 91VTO'
"^TOR

IGNITIER

LIT
PtLl,
Avlrrv P

Lim G PLUG

'10INTPOELAY
it Lit

SHORT

U.

4 IIA SECC
OELAY
PELLtT
TICK

)DCN PLUG
DELAY PELLE!

CAETE

;Op

DETOII4ATOR
MOO"
c
3TRIKLIA

GLASS C
SULL,
ACID

f4r."IT101

WHITS POWNE0

it

LIYF

HICK 6L AS%
OTTLE rgf&
A.
o"Tim
so

mmm C"ACGE
LASH C94ANNfL

Al

-8fTow^TOA

Ill
ti k

i 'tti l iri.., .... l!I eidi, it


~, rclli~ttd
i
~i ilt-ti pI a iiiat'c
~i11t
I: It sit rfactC.
%
' t'd tvit r
1-osui
t ~lvmls.cvrthei't- Cnir $I'little.
'Iiii~ttshr htus~5
il~~.rl ~l' ui'i~:
tii ltti'i..lCli.'
27 I-)
~ulilt
mid
' tI'I~(l ]ti WO 1, VI8.0%
Jlass
sii ti t
Mt~iiu
linvi Sl osr-il i' 4 3(f), %%.1.11.,4
iii tv

'

'I lit'Iliii'
1. ii

4011ililv~i"
o Ilk slih it.a

lii
Hisi- Ii!a".".,.
Iliti. 'stili . Ii 'itsj I i
1 i'Ti-

Ita.

S it

i s-ii iiir

,rI,iiI

.ilgl,
CI'at

'tiit I'i~ssutt
;-,
-e.i'
11i,

I'N

ifVitt

~r

111d seirved't as .m Nbea


wtt' . lmi e'id, tilt-. list
W

nt ,liei'.i

still
1

C
-rrirppeid tili.t-athuatinj-

levetr

-4

all

iit(
tiI
Cilt-

to RfItc , p 842.0)1-e thcre were ot her


S-Mine and Rtef I dc!; en ies .s-Mi it.
-111)Ei~mine 42 (Flasschencisnline) was an A,'P Mine in
,.,I'll 2Y-';,
ri ofiiitia w itle-iiouth hot tie* i nte nded for usc ne
li for
~ble t ~ i
~ ~t ~ ~l 0iiilI.~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~h
I~it ~~"tl
ice. The baottle cantainctd 5 lit 10 oz of (Ael-atine-lDonarit
Its Oi(I.A''5. It
1,
i\
%%I 16.1tid .4 it otid, Is is liit V.
anid wats providedt withi a pull or pres sure igniter. The
:,,,I ''t*-i utie. Oni C~ti. IIi
.t Ill. .!.4!.i "'I'
ac
1n.li i i'
mints were -also tined is antipersonnel land nines.;
1aMO
Stilior41t ill litilt~
, .i Wii01kti.t
IX
n~u
11tmtktt
I,' ktl
tilt.
F or thmis Che'y were encitoncd in concrete containing
' all Ctie b lock'
tit%tCick. * ilit'
1.'t'iiith .tii i icimiti
shorapnel (Hef (i, pit 2814-2)
ttii~l -t wats aiCttaied a Wirt ititi.-ttd
i~to
lit.
~ttnotok
I Behelfsschutiesonmlte was an improvised A/I' mine
IN locate'd in tilt'
'wi~ti flit. i'yi iii thet I-til 7i~iimci r /.
tir- pot and %wat;Iiit edt1Wittli powd'eri tmtlit- fiirin t'i ii timoms
%l lt'i tll-*
k-vv I ti Clie Its. Xlit.t'it t then.stic pus
cii I'ut'ric At'it (.1 oz). The mine was coveredl by a pfe'isaii
'
I hi, It mi~t till tiit- iguitiitr ( Hei'I. " PP
;si!,oif
Stockmtt'e, t'titsi ste
C Xiil~'f~tittsIlintt-, cailled It1t~l,
ineans of an
tcc I Ji %isil thle Ilmi irn i to atitaCtcihed inby th
stck
SCle
toisi. %
qu
it a
tti'i
c center tof
tletl'n'attr a :iu inserted
'*,l.
icktilalte
ali itI I I ,idu t..ie
I itilm
tnise got.( of Cue
pri .. tire
inodertae
A
c.tima-'
III
the
100l,
'ti
Iti
tolii'gnititi.
iliitj,
.iI'itt iii Vil~t
i gnitt'r wi'a* s i~ficient to iii.t off the mine (trif 6,,
9l~~
""Vighi'mng
staiidlrd 'iiOtmncl0,I Ct'.rtfid .
C(AIie'l .i
All

.
tI'lv
iii
.id
Us. an

1'l'l

loo

ii-I

tihe
wits sufica.ient to permilt die inine to rise in Af
detonators in tilt: t ube s were met
til,
and
charge
matin
the
ploded
enx
tilt.,
tors
de'rtoa
,*le
s1~ml bll were dis;persed in till directions.Te
ing
ran ge wats 2100yrs V .ii itos tintilit!2.0
i'Ictci e
1
as mitne (R f1;4.
dt.-Viv were einplttye wit
ad 6i, pp 21!0-1)
except
14, S-Mine 44 wit, similnar in ticsi~agn ito "5s-i I,
i iter (Smi/. -W'
tili ilte S-Nii -i-i used iU push-puIl tVP Ga
(whlich wits not locattted in tilie center its~ it, S-NI i31~) amid,
tilt, tine dletonated't at a pre de t;!rninv' he i ght ofta boot 30"

tubes

it it be'(tart. tile

i'l
VIM-tS
Vi''a
CthO

%t'tifli
lt tOiiW
O
l'itarotiiuliid
itt

i1ti''W

It.'Mai

H2112 ;

N iiite:A4t coedhiig
moiif jcjtint. of

A/P A ntipers onnel. A -'1 Anti tatnk, HE


Abis30rev lagits's:
olltilte p i-et' of slitiaptiel Whith were
tio~itv hol
hg
in Ili idirect' ionis wh-len tile mittie exp1 ltid-d A
thiroiat
References:
II 13 , wits~* sufficieint it se
)i t
i
-I tu'~rstirIli
kill
(31943)
Rtept 1240i
. ii.Sch itling, I' k, Arsn Tech
1) %
p 1, t,I.ill S-2.1.02 aIntl
Itlf liti
lit-n'
oi lti
Ct' Ilersotine)
litich we.ighte4i
I iil I Mint- itt e
( wit'i
i Il Anitt irs tinitt-I
21 A.Dl.Sch ill inig* Hbid I 37'(1-I)(TlericLtlMn
t
.tI lou-1t 11, Atr) t t n
altit C2.2 Ii. coi't- itmiv-.III
Type 0
pices%were CIIIitte sitraipnil'
. S51 liiI .
tl'itiitCu
hltid, I187 (1 9.1-) (Antipersonnel Mines
) J.1'.%t'artJlatw,
Pi *'
ti mtiltt-rIe plarci-i.. Thei ittiflt could
i't-ti'hid itt i "it-m
a"- S -41)
is, ihi.-. giriutul . i r ralieI.d dotwnit t hill lor cliff intii cmittty
1) ,Aoon, L~and \lilies and B'ooby Trails, War D~epartment
Ct'e igntiter Wit% pulled Is)
t-.tsI
Critops. In Cthe laIst
1
Fiehti Matnual FM Ni-31(14314) pp 141.01-82.06
'Ihandtl hritir t~it ri iitg tilit'kill, thtus ignitt3ing timt' tittie
Mines in tilt- spotlight, Intelligence Iiulletiii,
)Anon,
to tilt hiruintary thairge iii thle
(Saleti') fist- - 'iiticlCetit
Matr-it 19415,p2-1
-p2 .
1 1- 82.0%S wn 0,' t*
.ittttiii (Hal f -.
tierman I'xplosive ordnance, Dept of the Armty
teRlbmeatstialt 6 Aiion,
si.
lti th 1 iteis
iti:It Nieitlis []i~m
tii tilt

~'"~i'

'
I
AiHullinig 011111tbl
(0'Aiitiptr'tottiteI Mtiites C2,
as Schtrifine 42.cotnsistctI of at wootdent box contatiining
1t detitolitioti blockl ttigethier Wilhla Z/. I iglimL( r
l1
stlid

it

ii etiqiat~or.

Tile IKis

wits covered ,with it hinged

freeing
I il. Prnessutre ott tilt lilt piushedti lt-. pin out titus verislon
div strikeir. Tlotail weight wits 1.1 11). A Ittotlilied
igtiii-i (Ref 4., 1, 82.C04 Indl
tif$)i~jlttiirtvc iist' thte /2'I.
.Xnileroioe litttvitvt
Atiprsoine
-P Impov,11

W-1)
(Behelfestoilne
Xlit
inemine
%hell
ntortai
ainto
C
Frt'ncl

wasiii..efrnt tipurd
re'mloved.
-~dben
Irtni whtich tilte ntose' fouze and tail fins
k [sticks cheimical igniter and a detonator wecre fitte'"t
itisilt' Cilt. cavity in thll'h charge, Whicht was tither
cihn - ''.Apl
li'Il cid or graniulated ~ Nl 1fntls
5 Illt was required to
titt pries .Ue
mine' (ef 6i, p 279)
set oft Cthe
nitiglic inetin teither
IM8 Anttipersonneutl \title, s-Mi 35 Ivltu,.t 35.
'tilie inine was
Scheinptehlmrlre 35 Or Schutiteraralfe
prior tomthle cxatlso caltled) flouncing IMine ,(ecause V"as
projectetd uptite inner cast' of cthe mine
1ilosiontr
waril I Cii 5 teIt. I'lie British calle'd thismainedtie "Fruit
'I'inl becaiuse. it teietitbled a tin can in size and shtape.
'l'le tiniimi Consi~red of an outer steel casme and an inner
or Amnatol
canister whtich hittlu about 0,, ozt of 'TNT A
central
surtnded by atbout 350) shralpnel bWtIN.
hemncnani
hog
steel tubte running t isil
nislower part a 4 j
in ics uptper part an igie n
~for e'lecting
5I'cOlt'.i dlelay pellet. A lilack powder charge
th ine, was locatted beneath the inner canister. '1'Inee
dietonao tul 8 were spaced radially around the inner
le ntas
tpipart, adasotely
catnister, 120
fitted into tile bottom of each tube. 'Tile mine op~erated
by pressure tr 'by pull. In either case, When tihe igniter
wats fired its flamei ignited the '1~z second delay element
whtich in turn ignited the expelling charge. The resulting
prdio
gasresureforced the inner contne
short delay
ctie 'air aitd ait the sante tine ignited the
in these
delay
'1'he
pellets in thle three detornuittIt' tubes.

*fchtn icai'.tIMnual ''TM 9-1985-2 (1951), pp 20-83


Note: 'thte following mines (which are not descrl.dith
above Ijefurcti~cs) are listed in Che "1,Enernty War Ma4terials
Supreime Headquarters, Allied Fispet.itionarY
Lit,
wnet~y
Force (95,pp 156-7: Rampenmine (Improvised IlarnoP
o2(h) (Ditch Land `lirses),
n
LodieT40h
Ine
Mie. Bohol fsschlitzefl
Minze),rabwehrmne T4(b) lcgand H/
minens S 150, A 200 & A 202 (Belgian Improvised Pot
(A/ Mine, Pole Charges), Behelfs.
liines), Staieldn
5 "egg"
consisting ofMine,
E 5 (Inmprovised A,'P Mine,
made
27 cm (Improvised
hand grenaodes)l, Geschossmlfle
loi)
Plig
Rliob
-hel,
71m
Ita
Kugeltroiibmtine 41, abbreviated as KTrMi 41 (Spherical
I)rifting Mine, GOL and Flusistreibmine 4l, abblreviated as
FITfiM 41 (1iver D~rifting Mine, 61.1-).
See 15lcisa'id.

Load Awl1de.
Lead Peroxide.
Lesaid P lerate Lead

See Bleiperoatyd.
See flcipikracsi.

Styphnate(Blei grin i roresors inuat).

See

Trizinat.

Leaflet Rocket. See Propaganda Rakete.


Legonit (Leonite). Permissible explosive consisting
of K perchlorate 35, Am nitrate 10, Na nitrate 3,
crude TNTi 11, wood flour 7, NG 4 and alkali chloride
,

30'..aDzo
~
lt
eference. M.Giua cc
U'r-ui', T1orino, (1951), p 166.
"Leotopard".

zoai

ri

diC
iCiia

See I-xperimental Tlankcs under Panzer.

mc,

I.,,r INS8

"Laopil'

or "Anitio Annie".
A 2'W) Am,, Railroad (,un,
Mo'v (28 Vil K-420, Jlesign-1 Jloring VtW It by Gessner
-(Set- 41st, kessner, toun .anl under U~eal'ontt.
LeIitchiborbe

(Illuminaiting: flom')). Set. under


IhI
li.
.v

Horrble

U S Navy, Blureau
1 (1951). p 48j4.

Lichtspursotre. Sec

Tracer

Made-up-Charge. According to the description given


PH1 Repr 925 (1945). p 1.4, the Geirmans designud
the following system of propellent loading intcndtd to
replace the bag loading in large caliber gurs:
A large cylindrical casing, 18" diameter and
6 ft long, miade of shect smokeless propellant 3/16"
thc
a
lsdat
each end with a disc of the
sanie material. U~ach disc had ahl,3
imcr

L euchtspurstifie
*

Lever
ljnter
Igniter

lire up to I ,210 rou nds per minutc. For a more deta iled
dlrcription see: NI.M.Johnson. Jr , Army Ord,,ance
30
525
(1946) and G.M.rh inn, The Mach ine Gun,

odor
(.'ii'.~it't~,in

lbe'indt'r).

Se

ressure Igniter, under

*Lignofol.
Ahighly compressed lamnina~ted wood used for
the
contrution of thle I u.i ,At somle rockets, C g thle
Rheintocbter *' )982(93)
2
b , erln.
G
* Lgnoe Si~gstffwrk
t~ aplats nd Asenlsmade

eeunder

Liquid Rocket
L~iquid.

Littlejohn Gun or Squeeze.Boro Gun. SeeNote under Tapecred


Bore Gun.

Propellants. Atve

Rocket l~ropellants,;

of

Ordnance,

Wanhington,

1) CI

which was inserted a long pipe which was


of anmokltelt
Propellant, and porforrted with
numerous holes !j' diameter. The saebtenti
inner tube and tile walls of the cylinder was filled
with gr~tins of a propellant of desir-d shape, size
and calorific value. 'rte inner perforated tube served
to convey the flash froni the ipniter charge to rhe
through

LPZ Mine. A light antitank or antipersonnel land


prpiet
chsqr:nndtattepoe.etcareo
h
mine. It is brieflyv described in TNI 9-1985-2 (1953),Itwsiimdh.ttcpoelncare0te
above
the
on
made
was
Luun"
"'Sevastopol
ted
so
.-call.
p274.
Picpe
LT (Low Tension) Eectric Detonator. See Gasles't Delay
D etonaitor.
"Madrid' Infrared Homning DevIcie.
See under Guidance
Luckhs (Lynx). Sec under Panizer,
ytnsfo
isls

vutilizing

erl
Magntsisum Oxide(MOdsrbdith
Lurgi Spialtonlage (Lurgi Cr,Lcking Plant) operated durin~g
section,was included as a component of many German
U11~I at the Sclalebusch Fabrik. D)A -G It regenerated
solventless extruded proPellaots. it was claimed
teSO ) from strunk! s"!furic acid contaminated
U0(,,n
* wthoranic
material.s and'suspenided solids.
that MSO gre~atly facilitated the extrusion Process.
Ti e prncedutre as esenill
s follows.
h composition of some propellants contg 0.05 to
PaIrry sulfuric acid %as volatil zed intue crce (inn
Ni
nP
14),P8-1
195,p8-1
22
n BRp e
ie
0.25..gi
an oxidizing aitnosphicre) by means of two burners
(Seecalso under Propellants).
producer gas from a coke tired furnace. By
maintaining thec temperature above 800 C, the acid wasfoMisl.
Se
*dissociated
into So,, a~,nd. [1 C0 and then the bulk of the
Magnetic-Sallistic Guidance SystemfrMiil.
Se
StO was dissociat'ed
2nt
0 200Aand
thesetie
under Guidance Systems for Nlissiies.
orgjic c'oaui,punds burned to C0 2 and 1102 ndth
sulfur to So. The gases leaving the cracker were
Mognuskioft (Mlagnus Effect) .Scc general section and
rapidly chillc~fin a system containing dus eaaos
alsis
also booso
ain air cooler and two water'circulated gas coolingtowrs
rhe resulting SO was used ior the mannfacturt of
oleum.
Monnol.- Trade Iname for Ethylacetanilide described in
Reference: F.Ileppenstall et al, B'OS Final Report 1634
the general section. Its 20% alcoholic soln is a good
(1946), pp 9-1
.
gelatinizer at 550 or higher temperatures for collodion
Luvicar. Trrade narie of Polyviniylcorbazole. According to
cotton.
*
CIOS Rapt 21-3 (1945), 1P5 this plastic was unsatisfactory
Reference: Kast-Metz, Chemische Untersucliting (1944),
for injection molding'since it had a melting point of over
p10
Ma:~verpulver (Maneliver

Lynx(. See Luchs, under Panzer,

M4/71 Normal.Pulver. Black powder used by German


Infantry previous to' the invention of smokelesIs, propellant D~aniel (1902), p 414 ] ,b)
*

9 1/94 #P. 'vor).Smokeless propellants manM 8i8/91 I,


ufactured at the end of the last c'entury by the YeP i-Rottweiler Pulverfabirikcn at Rottweil,
reinigse
Dnil, icion<ie1902), P 4141.
Vbtnierg[Se
Machine Gun (Moschinengewehr).

See under Weapons.

un,
2) s a792 m
Mackn.
G 4(Mashinngeehr
weapon developed in 19'42 arnd which served during
sW-4 1I as the basic weacpon of the infantry squad.
'All its Parts wCre mnanufa.-Itured by stamping. It could

or

Blank Fire

Propellant).

The
olloingcompositions are given in lBrunswvig, lDas
rauchlose Pulver, (1926), p 136: a)guctn9,
diphenylamine 1.0, moisture 1.0 and gelatinizer 1.0!;;
guncotton 67, NC 32, ma~isture 0.5 and gelatinizer
0.5%.
MAN-Satz (Man-Salt).Described as Methylamine Nitrate
in the general section. The German technical salt
had a mp ca 1030, while the purified material was
109-110
One of the German methods for preparation of MAN-Satz
was as follows:
Nethylamine (97-98.5% purity) a.,d weak technical
nitric acid (45 to 66%) were mixed con. nns
at the 'rates of 1240 and 5600 parts by weight per
hour respectively. The temperature was held at

and abu

*(

inra
Ih

ic

resulting sohation of methyl-amine


.11tth steam. l'.
nitrate in acidic water was concentrated at about
5MAN-Salz
53
a
aliu oncen trwated
-%
strengt.
:)tt.ou; aqort
.'
i
tihd at pit of 6.5 to 7 was
aqlucous Ailtor,
I
Rtirred,
cooled to 206 with waiter while being
the first crop ot crystals collected (about
,,of
s
bte total salt). Then the solution was
to -100 tO recover another 40% of the
cooled

jectile was coated with acid-proof paint, svch as a hydrocarbon-type high polymer.
was also used in mining explosives, where
it was usually mixed with Na nitrate (/Ih- utectic melts
below 500) and a small amount of hydrated starch or o n:er
gel (to render the miture plastic). Small quantities of
RDX or PFTN could be incorporated when it was desired
to increase the velocity of detonation of the explosive.
References:

product'.

!1)A centrifuge was used to remove the


crystals. The mother liquor (about an 87% solution
MAN-Sanlz' was used to wash both batches of
in

the

centrifuge; a total

of

about

10%

lb) weight of the centrifuge charge was used for


a washing. Three washings were made. About
2/i of the final mother liquor was returned to the
salt
cycle, the other 1/3 to tile
evlaporaltion
regeneration and purification. Iinal drying was
done in stoves or by blowing hot gas through the
salt; pill control was necessary for economical recovery (Ref 1. P 22).
AcCording to German sources, the heat of explosion
of MAN-SalE is 1200 kcal/kg vs '1000 for TNT, the
0
volume of gases produced at NTP (
and 760 mm Hg)
81,4 l/kg vs 780 for TNT and the velocity of detonation
.molIe.,

, 6600 m/sec vs 6200 for TNT, at a density not indicated


The salt is practically insensiti',e to shock and stable
eeven, when held at temperatures ranging up to 150
In order to insure the maximum detonation rate of
NjMAN-ialz, it
is
advisable to mix it with a small
* amount (as low as 5%) of RDX (or PETN). MAN-Salz
is
hygroscopic, but the hygroscopicity is reduced
on the addition of Nal nitrate or other substances,
A mixture of MAN-Salz with Am nitrate and 15% RDX
has a heat of explosion of 1120-1260 kcal/kg,volume
of gases 740 I/kg and velocity of detonation6700
/s
It is inser,Sitive to shock and can be cast-loaded
(Ref 3).
tarabu.
Uses: Due to the high m p of MAN-Salz, it was con'
* sidered unsafe to Cast-load it into shells or bombs.
This difficulty was overcome by incorporating some
Amt nitrate, as for instance: MAN-Solz 25 to 30,
Tri-Salz 1 to 3 and Am nitrate 67 to 74%. This mixture
* coiled Formit softened and exuded at 60-700 and
was considered not very suitable for use in shells,
However, Luitable m ps were obtained when ammonium
nitrate was -eplaced by Na nitrate, as in the following
i"
mixture: MAN-Salz58 parts,Na nitrate 42 and RDX 15.

(Ref

3). This explosive

composition was practically

Rerncs
orStickland et &I, General Summary of Explosive Plants.,
P11 Rept 925 (1945), p 22
Rept 85,160
(1946),p 25
3) 11.Walter et al, Gemian Development in Iligh Explosives,
PI1 Rept 78,271 (1947), pp 4-7.
MAN-Salz Perchlorat (Man-Salt Perchlorate, Merhylammonium
Perchlorate) was prepd by Walter et al by neutralizing
monomethylamine with perchloric acid. As this explosive
had a high m p and was highly sensitive to shock, it was
necessary to use it in miXtures with substances which
would lower its sensitivity as well as its m p. The low
m p was desirable in order to be able to cast-load the
explosive. Such mixtures could be obtained by boiling
under reflux, a solution of Am perchlorate in commercial
oqueous formaldehyde. After distilling off the water and
other volotiles. i solid explosive, m p 90-1000, was
obtained. It was compatible with RDX. As it was inferior
to MAN-Salz, no further investigation, was made EWalter,
PB Rept 78, 271 (1947), p 7 ).
Montelpatrone (Sheathed Cartridge). A short description
of sheathed explosives is given in the general section.
During WW I1, the Germans used "active sheaths" (q v
for housing explosives such as Wetter-Wasagit A.
(See s
References under Active Sheath).
One of the proximity fuzes developed during WW 11
in Germany. The device is mentioned on p 229 of TM 9-1985-2
(1953).
Marder (Marten) (Called by the French "torpille humaine*)
A device developed in 1944 consisting of a torpedo with
a warhead and another on top of it containing no explosive,
but a small cabin to house one man. The two torpedos
were attached to each other in such a manner that it was
easy to disconnect them when necessary. The ensemble
was launched from a ship or shore against a ,argct and when

it approached to

within

100 or 200 m the operator took

oxygen balanced and proved to be suitable for use in


shells and bombs. It proved also safe against shock

good aim and detached the lower torpedo contg the warhead.
This left the upper torpedo (contg the cabin) afloat by

or bullet impact, but it detonated when hit by a bomb


or
or
2). shell. A
A similar mixture was known at C6 (see Ref

itself. After this, the operator had to swim towards his


ship or shore on the upper torpedo.
A.Ducrocq,
L-.v
Armes Secr~tea
Allemandes, BargerLevrault, Paris (1947), pp 33-34 J.

In order to eliminate the danger of detonation of


projectiles !filled with MAN-Salz) in the course of
shipping them to the front, it was proposed to in10-15% of water in the MAN-SaIz. This
corporate
amount of water was sufficient to render the MAN-SaIz
Sinsensitive to shock or to sympathetic detonation,
In order to make these mixtures sensitive to Initiation,
it was only necessary to add to the contents of projectiles (before use) some highly concentrated nitric acid

dipese

dispersed inorganic
15% ofahighly
and about
agent, such as sinica o
. ma.
In order to preventa
corrosion from the nitric acid the inside of the pro-

crystals

of a I IIIII

about 70( so that tile lihet of neutralization could


lt utilized ait the same tittle for tile vacuum con'entration of the salt in order to avoid using too

Sand,

15

Murder II. A self-propelled mount (alno called tank destroyer)


consisting of the 75 mm A/T Gun or of the 150 nun Heavy
Infantry Gun on PzKpfw 11 tank (See alsu under Panoer).
Morder 38. A self-propelled gun mount utilizing one of the
varieties of Czech tank T-38 (See under Panzer).

Ifdcac
IIId

av~~~ofw

ARMIPIKIRIR

PORTOWS1

IIIATC

TAIR

uooo~
LAR

p~tItSU

HUSIG

~AIIOSOAR
'

s~occ
ou~1

LINK11

UBE':1

ITANYCHAM

NCIIIJid
S

1OLT II)

COMPOSITIONIRAG

SAICNALCIU AID

FINS

(,er I1l
Marine Explosives of WW I and WW II. ;.dier this titlc
inl irhta~r (Svi u.0.,i) 9, 11-15 (19.13),
A\.Stc'ttb.w'het,
d ,scr-s hiv explos ive~s u:c by the (,wriasimes for fillel
torpdl.wou, s5Vc.a mintvs, depth clarges etc:
1: TNT 6(0, l.NIhIhA (liexanitro.it I:spl.oive of U
.dlhtlyld~uiaetn).*Wl

it) 'xpl.osivv ot Wk iI: TNT '..8, IINI)lhA 23 and A)


.?
Sh .
t,,,
Th.t st-cond, mixture %as, much wore effective than the first one.
Marine. Geschutz Pulve'. lilack powder
50/A
h stLC
mbs
htoflas
in
t
sitton of ts pwder
charcol IIW.. The grait~lation was 0.()8

.sed as a burster
bomb The compos
to 1.3 mm and the

nio;sture content I

iteftrence: TM 9)-11)5-2 (1950i, P 82.


Mark 50 Koskude (Cascade Flare Bomb).

See under Pyro-

technic Anti-Pathfinder Devices.


A pyrotechnic device used to mark a
Marker (n.nzeiger).
position. Nost of the Germian markers consisted of cylindrical
4*cardboard containers filled with a colored flare conlsition
which was ilnited by an impact type fuze. Some markets
a brightly colored powder, which was
contained
merely
sea from low altitudes to mark positions.
into the
dropped
Others wre
modified parachute flares of various colors,

The following devices, descuibed in TNI 9-1985"2 (1953),


couldbe classified as markets:
1) NC 50 WC NC D)/Slhh-, Smoke Marker Bomb resembled
an ordinary IlE bomb. it consisted of an aluminum
outer easing (empty except for metal ribs and braces),
t.al cone, nose and central cylinder which protruded
from the nose and extended aft to the forward part of
the tail wh.re it was terminated by a luze housing
crimlped to it. ,aterproofing at the tail was provided by
a rubber seal. Tile central cylinder contained the smoke
*Lproducing agent. Four finas and a plare (nliedt d~ogue)
were attarhed to the tail end. Impact o. the botib onhin
water caused the' drgue, together with the fuze release
rod, to be wrenched off. This action fired the fuze and
ignited the smoke mixture. At this time the bomb would
the heat from
'be floating on the surface. Evesiaually
the burning smoke composition destroyed the rubber
seal and the smoke was vented to the outsije, thus
indicating the position of the market (pp 58-9)
2) Mark S Flare, Types I and 2. Floating devices
which could serve as markers or for signalling purposes
(See under Flare and in TM 9-1985-2, pp 77-8)
3) Target Indicator (Red) consisted of an aluminum
cylindrical casing housing a flare composition enclosed
in a cardboard cylinder. The suspension plate at the
tail held an eye to take the Paracht shake anaa. pull igniter which was connected by a 47' inch length
of safety fuse to a small bag contg black powder.
T
This served both to set off the igniter pellet in the
top of the candle and to eject the latter from the casing
when it fell freely to earth and acted as a ground
marker. The pull igniter was attached to the loop of
the shroud lines by a cord and the opening of the
parachute gave the necessary pull for operating the
igniter. There were (for some unknown purpose) two
small fins at the'nose end of the container (pp -5)
4) Sea Marker Bomb consisted of sheet steel, bob..shnped
supported internally by a series of annular
. container,
strengthening bulkheads. The tail end of the bomb
was provided with four stabilizing tins an1 an extension
housng a lamp unit covered with a lucite dome. A battery
of six dry cel s was hcused in the center of the bomb.
At the moment of the release of the bomb from the
aircraft, the iraertis bolt was positioned between the
plates of the spring switch in such a manner that one
batteries
the lamp and the
between
of
the circuit
side
inertia bolt
of and
the the
bomb,
the between
broken.
Oil ofinpat.t
out
position
circuit
the
was"wasforced
lamp
filled

and battery
only

was completed,

po~rtion

of the bomb

As the. batteries
body and

as all

joints were made tight by rubber washers, the market


.lated on the surface of water. It is assumed that the
marker provided a recognition or bearing point for

H5.-)
(
aircraft(pp
aliet
,) SeaMarkcr LUX I/:Z 50 SC was constructed of joined
in two parts (nose and tail) loosely
together abotit V/3thedi:.mancc from the nose. Its external
v..w .noi a briei description are given on p 87 of TNI
0-1985-2 11953)
(.) Mark 3 Lrun (Sini, 'c Unit Greund Mariter, Green)
consisted of A sheet steel cylinder enclosing a cardimord container with the pyrotechnic composition, a
fuze with gaine (tilled with black powder), an arming
,.i~indle and an arming vane, which was loosely fitted
within the housing. On release of the marker from the
aircraft, the current of air rushed through the vent
it from the
arming vane, tious ejecting
holes in the reason
of its shape, the armin, vane
iy
houing.
rotated as the missile was falling. This rotation unscrewed the arming spindle of the fuze thus permitting
its clockwork mechanism to function. At the expiration
of Ipreletermined delay, the black powder in the gaine
became ignited. The resulting flash ipnitcd the pyroslight extechnic composition and at the same time acap,
fuze and
plosion took place which ejected the cover
for
burned
filling
arming van;. housing. The pyrotechnic
about 3"1 .iggmiutes
7) Lux N l:lame Float. A bomb-like device constructed
of sheet steel and provided with four fins. WI-.n released
over water the device went under the surface thus
he water to enter the ports and to pass down
allowin
the inlet tube into the calcium phosphide
chamber.
The resulting reactuon produced phosphine gas which
passed up the outlet tube through the nonreturn valve
to the burner where it ignited spontaneously to form
a pilot jet. At the same time, water entered through
the channels in the nose and passed through a perforated tube into the calcium carbide compartment.
The acetylene evolved passed through the perforated
diaphragm into one :omprersion chamber and thence
to the burner where it was ignited by the pilot jet
(pp 91-2)
8) Lux S Flame Float (Types !, 2 and 3)was cylindrical
s in the previous device, Ca
shape anda containedarb
Morspille or Mars Priming Drops. L.ow tension fuseheads
intended for ordinary instantaneous detonators. They were
manufactured by dipping .'e tip of the electric bridge wire
into the following liquids:
a) 1st dip composition consisted of 100 g of dry Pb
picrate suspended in 50 mi of a 2r, solution of NC in
amyl or butyl acetate. After the drop on the tip became
dry it was dipped into
b) 2nd dip composition consisting of Pb picrate 40 g,
K perchlerate 35 g and alderwood charcoal 25 g. suspended in 50 ml of a 2% solution of NC in amyl or butyl
acetate
c) 3rd dip composition contained K perchlorate 85.7
about
g, suspended inacetate
and alderwood charcoal 14.3 in
amyl C- butyl
50 ml of a 3% solution of NC
d) 4th dip composition %as a lacquer consisting of a 15%
solution of NC in 75/25 butyl acetate ethanol to which
was added (20% of the dry weight of NC) Sipolin AOM
(which is the meth~lcyclohexyl ester of adipic acid)
and 17 g of Sudan Brown for each 10 1 of liquid.
tes: A) For material to be used In tropical countries,
couperier
the 4th dip contained Al powder (200 S per
No
Iteral
the fuseprotect
to
supposed
was
which
lacquer),
head against static electricity
B) Marspille possessed the property of not igniting
pr pet ofvnoinn
t
es
p
B)rMarpich
firedanp,
was of great
C) The which
soldering
the advantage
bridge wire to lead-in
wires, the preparation of dry ingredients for fusead the
head dips, the preparation of NC varnishes
process of dipping the fuseheads are described
under Fusehead Manufacture.

6er 112

PU,,/
A

1) BItIOS Final Rept No 8 .3, Item 2(1 946),J) Al/16


21 1111Rept No ')%(il I (l!47), Section I).
Mosehlneagewehtr (Ml Iiint.i Gun)

Infer

See under Weapons.

-Maust
ws.
heavy tank desigined ily Porsche (See
VXtpertimental *ranks, under P'an?.er)
hi.i

Megonit

ok

of the IDA I straiglit dlynaiiiitrsi

om o

..-

N(; (.0.0, n~it,.atd wood pull, 10.0, nitrated ivory nut mneal
(corozo) 10.0 and Nis nitrate 20 .0"'; l'.Nato~am,N itroglycerin,
Baltimore, (1928), pt29-i .

St"CAe

F s:

Mehipuiver (Mleal Ilow~er). A finely pulverized black powder


used in pyroto-hnic compositions. Its preparation is deciik I-Y
tl.ecli~a
iinl Sprtergstffc, Leipzig
(l')1A), p 104 (See ulso Meal Po~wder in the general section)~.

'

/10Siu

Melon. A, jelly originally prepared by Sprengstumffe A (~artbnit, Swcilel'UNCi1, by boiling glycerin with an aqueoussolution of glue. it was incorvorated in some dynnamites
in order 'to incrense itheir plastifity.' Some glycerin-glue
Anixtures contained dextiin (See also 6elat ine-Carbonit and
Safety jelly Dv~namite).
Jtelerence: l'.Nao'n., Nitroglycerin, ilaltimore (1928), p .406.
Meldebuichie

(Message

Con tainer or

Message

Tube).

device for dropping messages. Two types of containers


used for this purpose are descri'icel in TMI 9-1985-2 (1953),
p-p 120-1:
a) Sea Message Tube consisted of an Aluminum cylinder
in which the upper compartment contained u smoke
compo~sition,. whereas the lower (airtight) compartment
carried a mecsage. On dropping the missile from a
PI:n, the friction igniter was pulled and the resulting
Iflasht ignited the delay fuse, which in turn ignited the
bottom part of the smoke composition. %then persons for
iwhom the muessage was intended, saw the smoke, they
approached the missile and removed the mnessage container by opening the cap'(at the rear of the tube) andp1
pulling the chain (p 120)
it) Land Message Tube was alsri cylindrical in shape
and consisted of two compartments. The smoke composition in the upper compartment %as ignited by means
of four strands of quickmatch which extended down the
side of the smoke container and met several rieces of
quickniath. bl~eo'* the smoke container. The strands
were ignited when -the friction igniter was pulled on
dropping the missile from a plane. The mespie wa s
,''over.
withdrawn by unlocking the nut and removing

(Nachrichren

a
A1
CAMit

Piatolengranate).

.C'SP

G
.

Mercuric Fulminate.. $ee Knallquecksilber.


Message Pistol Grenade
See under Pistol Grenades.

mesye
P7

a~

..

MA&e

Z/S

Message Tube.' See Meldebuich'se.


Messel (Measuring HEgg). A device designed at the Krupp

Methylafflne. Its preparation and properties a., given in

measuring the pressure developed in guns. The

the general section. According to lit H. Walter. methyl-

pln.

gssof combustion of a propellant served as a measure


oftemaximum pressure developed in chaniber. For 'more
information on this subject, see ll.Brunswig, Das rauchlose
PuvrBerlin (1926),p 412.
for m-Teiuenesulfaffilde
name
Tra Ide
wite crystals, mnp 1070. its solutionIiC
in some organic media wasl claimed to be a good gelatinizer

Metac"elludal.

Ii 3.C*1
4 ,S N~l*

$of NC.

Referencei Kast-Metz,
rnchweig (1944.), P 162,

Chemische

Untersuchuig.

IIntunt-

of its nitrate, called Man-salz (qv).


Mothylamin* Nitrate.See Man-Salz.

1I00

0N.
Methyl nIfrop.-poned lot Dinitrate,

'I

N0

described in the general section, was examined in Genmany


during WW 11 as a possible substitute for NG in propellants.
It was found to be fairly stable but not a very good Selatiazr o C
Peference: P13 Kept 925 (1945), it I5.

(;er 113
Me

sthyatff. A rmixture
of aluminum
dichloromethyl,
3:l' antid
alimainurn
chlorodimaicthyl,' A.C(C 2
propsedas
su'strut
fo phsphrus
in ncendi. 2
*compositions. Tlie mixture was prepared by passing methY'I
chlrie ap R trough ct-pper-free aluminum, turnings.
efrne
.l.ihron
e al CiS
5-8
A

Metrioltrinitrat
f(lctrini Trnitrate), (%Methyltrim etteylol*Alth.;nc Tlrinitrate or I'a~ntaalycerin *liirate), 11LA
2(.I
ONOt)1) Jci.vribc,cl in the general section, was d-

T11he'se mobile miaa "terent

ryeecibcae

they could tiot mDove in reverse. On account Oaftheir low


pedan thin armor, they were easily destroyed by the
Allies, artilley.
Atler journal 34 505(14)
Rfene AoFil
Miniature Tornadoes. See 1:Xpl1sve Powe-red V'ortic'lea.
ingEfet

eErh-ipacar,

Te.

MngExolv.SeCmmerciail 1-silosives.

Mipolorm and Mlpolorm Sealing Plugs. klipolams are plasstic


A
Boaihin
later byy
,*oc Germans.efi
andadpteernan'i.
lterbytlc.
omnpositions developed in (iennany' during WW 11 and used
'Ih foloingmehodofprcaatio ws uedat he
in thea prepn of se.als for some' delay udetonators. Previous
Krumwl
A G : Fbrikof i
o ~WII lad eals wetc used. The Mipolarn sealing lg
er made intheetyes
:a) 50 kg of finely pulverizcd and sieved Metriol was
slowly fed with stirring by means of a worm Screw,a)Ln
ris-enplgwtasngeoe
into a stainless 'steel
nitrttor containing 175 kg of
I
1
mis aid (6~~IIN)
nd 5% I~4)
aitaiedb)
Short gruyi sh-green, plug with two holes. Thel Mipolam
Inte I0"
aco jid, o65
IuIO
hadnto
15.
avo midedtaused
was composed of polyvinyl chloride 50., tricresy Iphosthncould lad to overheading and ulecomiposition of
lte3adsaun20
After~
irtoI
riue
eealwdC)
Iti Short reddish plug with two holes. The Mipolam was
r~letrol
an acidcomposed
of polyvinyl chloridI e'51, Spiecial Mixtr-e 31,
2
miute:
talcum 18!-..
for separation of b)
theofand
oil from
the
acid
Nt:TeSeilMxuecnitdo
at
rcey
'prs"rce
cnitdo
itr
pca
h
pNote
washed, first wi th water,
c)The sprtdolvas
tnwith soda ash soln rand finally with w 'ater. Theslit
2 t
aainlICnd2paPaiol
.Th
temperature during all the washings
asmaintained
cmpito
PltnlICwsotgvadthPlano
tit le because at a low 'temp the mixture wa too
Kwsbtlngyoptaae
ta
Nipolam was also used for covering the lead-`in wires
viscous. The soda ash wash 'lasted for'20 minutes.
ofeetidtntrsThthcnssfcaigfr60m
The yieid w as 200 Parts MtrT per 1.00 p of Mtr
d). hewahe
ol
a' tke t astrae an fo
wires was only 0.25 momon detonators not intended for
underwater operations and 0.35 lurn, oamthose intenided for
which it was withdrawn when needed for the preparation
such operations.'
of "ltofapulvermaiassd' (Rawpaste) (q v
Reerncs
cernian technical Sitrl was a beavy oil, Practically inso1
Referenics:
nttfe
i
~hishnKirs 61 cuz
iin water, with the following properties: N=16.00% to 16.32%,
1) .Krannic,Beulntaof
19
25rsi.ascu
m) tehice
j.4(;0~ ~ ~ ~ atman 2erli
l 2
i
(1943),t p25ltsta
2) il110S Kept (Final), No 833, Item No 2, London
0mas
t 2
bl es
d .40at20,stbiiy y
decomposition 'temperature ca IrA7 , impact sensitivity with
(14)rP
etN638719)
a2kg
hammer 1 'cm, calorific value 1270 kcal/kg (water
ci
etosIIad
3) PB Rep No9,1r14)
in liquid phase), volatility less than NG.
Note: According to M.F.Fogler et al,. CIOS kept 21-3 (19545),
it Was used in some smokeless propellants as an explosive~~~~~
o Ci pl5iie
iuo G
there- were three types of Mipolamr: a) plasticized polyplosve
IorNC
pastcize
n liu ofNG.vinyl
chloride b) Copolymers 'of polyvinyl chloride and
Reference: I'D Rept 925 (19415), pp 15 & 61.
acrylic esters gk,m.c) Piolyvinyl chloride and mal-ic'eaters.

ant aopted

Miedxiankit (Nliedziankite)., A type of, chlorate explosives


manufactured in Germany and Poland before UV 11: a) K Or
Na chlorate 88-91 land liquid, hydrocarbons' (With flash
point not below 30C 29~(e ) )Kclrt
0ad
Petroleum 10%.. 'the first mixture belongedi to the group of
Clotis3.and
References:
1) P.Nao6m, Shiess- mind Sprengstoffe (1927), p 131
2) A.Srettbacher, Spreng- 'und Sch~esc-toffc (1948), p 91.
Miltroversogerung helmn Sprengen (Mficrodelay In
is described by '/.Peithner, Explosivatoffe 1954, Heft 5/6,
pp 68-70.
K

Mini, Land.

See Landnaincn.

'Minenhund (Mine Dog), called hry' the Allies "lDoodlebu g"


or "uGoliath*~, was a miniature two-track tank operated by
remote control through a 550 yd 3 strand cable which anwound from at drum 'on the tankette. Separate electric motors,
each powered by ite own Storage battery, drove the two
ftracks
of the tank at a speed .ap to 4 mph. Steeringl was
*done
by brakting thm, tracks. The tank contained -about
250 kg lIE demolition charge which the remote-control
the
operator was supposed to, touch off after .stopping;
vehicle at its target.
.p11

Misehmetall (Mixed Metal) was an alloy of rare earths of


the- following approx compri: Ce 49.0, La 2'5.6, Nd 160.,
Pr 4.6. Sm 2.0, TI) 1.0, Y 1.0, and Fe 0.8%. It was used
as; a component of delay elements for electric blastingca'
other ingredients of delay elements: included: Mg, !Al. Ni
Zn homogeneously mixed with a fueIISuch as' Si and"
an oxidizing agent such as Pb 0
Reference:
4
H.M.Kerr, C.R.llall, 1) S P 2,560,452 (1951),
C A 46,
1259 (1952).
'Caglasting)
to,
r
xItueo
Misehiact (Mixed Cag.leintonforamxueo
lead aside and lead styphnate for use in detonator.Se
also Sprengkspsel A und Sprengkeapsel B).
Reference:
W.Schneider. Sprengitechni'k. 1952, No 10/1l, p'186.
M~te AEP (Agent AFP).-Tr ade naItme (at Ethyl 91Saier of
p.Tei'en.,'alfonlc
Acid,
H
I .SO DC21ift wilite
"2 C64e
2
crystals n P 11-3f . it. Solution Iin organic media was
claimed to be a good gelatinizer for NC.
Refrece
Kas-ez
emch UtrvhugBancweg(14)
lausheg 14)
1h61h'.~ruhug
stMp s

hi i v1 KIP
*1ttiC1
t
rade tnatiir
P-T Iaueresulfanic Acid, 11 .( i.ettI

I
I .24o a,t*S
ft.1

in'

mitr

, its

'rpanriv

for Cresyl

Ester of
:1;tny 1 olL~f

illvd.k.I.t

Run

)vltriliz-r
ti
for XCt

R 1ti-

Ka st%

&Mollit1.

WMt,.,( benit is.ct.~ I

(wnr wilr trade

Monochit (Mttt~iti
re
Iti2) Owsts.
ch

i t 'I

139411 I)I.p

t't~igo~ItsrlI(Ref I)

I .mwt
icr tvl,'t*
.Svis
i
ts lie.

2 6i 1;iv,

it Crs uclittitrt.

(Atwrrti ilt 1.

;jrrre fior

vi*Xltsive*s.
c~rV.1 t-lt6

mnona.-eW

According it) olver


biire
y Ksts in Germa~ny.,n

it
t' ilt-e ciipositiont of

solie

Inittn cft lea

8tora~e condenser) touched the charging'ring for a short


T[his resultea in the condenser of the fuze receiving

Tale26ill,
Table26tunle.
an

___________________________________________

I~cig~nton

Ant
K nd/oJNr
tra:
'Anirrat
1) 1esig;
I i

8
Nltnachit 1
itb3(
hlonactir 11
(
Mtonac~hit 11d
Ahhre viation-1 rNX
Acc11in ti

A cord~ing
ib tabl etfo

Flod
.Ca
Akl
oa cborid
ln
col

-I1
c0t

1;
14
12

,rIniroxlylena
t

1
1
1

v
1eons 19

.ti

.cttkvtc(Ref 3), Motntcltit was all,


ladn
rjetlsnd
it w is pte-

by mixing atttrttonitnim nitrate with) theIcs:Iolid and


Siquidl lirotidites of. nitrration of s;nivtc.t ri Iaitha.
j~svt' also Viller >%o%, undter Villurs)

pare~t

l~e

ercoe:MY'rol

64f
25
(19 )18),pl
gso lel W,)'A),
on)
(Aver-r
3) SerttacerSehe~sand~pr:r~stofe~'~)
Veea ecii
Monoliell . let

2) Coavrshl

2S7?i(~
~
7

eaponn.
Mortar. (\lir~ser). See undler %~
mortaer Bomb. sev itliulet Solid-e
II.I ati ttie
n~rr IrA~t
:o
Sfit
Inmethanol
MroretirlSel.
o deonips~a th T-tof
MP.1 (Silji sedf
ctalyt)
(hlydrotgen pcettlicide) tit liquid racket propellants.
brtoken l'twcelain~ pieces, previously soaked in a 50"
orwr
..oln of /.-sroff (41v ) and dre atn0fr2
tookc..l fr i~i ,tttnutes an a 50% solo -of 2 prsCa perat 1100
redie
inIartganate :mn-iI part K chromate and then
for 24 hoiurs.
sAntw genterating ilteam from T-Staff, Copper coils T'.exe
tlitied stith NIP-Il1 itt order to accelerate initial decomPo sitiont.
llo.C r.1tiit tif catalyst to capper was about 2 to 1.Inasmuch
lt-fewcrtie: C1t)S Ilept 30-115 (1945), p 11.
mthy aloho,
p p0.76,
sedas
M.Soff(otniecil
.1 voinspitnent. of some liquid rocket fuels, such as C-%toff
ft.,It
_SStI
I,, p 10).
`Multipede". Sairie as, [lot hdruclr Pumpe IHipl-I P4re~sute

*
*

L~I

,r clailtedl to

electrical

charg,.

called

'vernier"

charge

which could

range front -9(0 to +00t volts, depending on lthe voltagecontrol


mechtanism referred
Thlecharge
'vernier" charge
was a supplementary
charge toto atbove.
tElo intitial
oft about
.0
volts; rectived by each electrical fuze prior to firing.
a
us
pletetneo
If no vernier (hreWt
t with the' vernier charge tile time could
16.
be adutdtetween 3 to 30 seconds, depending on the
voltage Applied at the charging ring.
II
References:I
1) Anon, Dept of thle Army Techt Manual, TI 9-1985-3
(1951), pp 6~05-7
2) it. IBullockc, Picat ;inny
s
Reduction
d action in P'ropellantrs

Muze'F

Arse!nal; pri vIate communication.


in

Propellant.. See l~la%;l.

Re-

(M r"Dl) A liquidJ explosive consisting of a solution


o. methyl nitrate in methanol or: otther bolvenrs. Tile term
Myra!f was alan U~ted to 'fegignate strraight methyl nitrate.
'The material prepd prior to VW ll(by cautiously dropping
methanol into a mixture of ni~riC and, sulfuiric' acid)p.-oved
to be ibnpaire, unstable in storage and very sensitive tto hear
and shbock. D~uring U14 11,Ualter er :al (Ref 2),developcd a
continuous method of manufacture of methyl nitrate from
and dilute nitric acid, whicht gave a pure andi much
mare stable' product than that preotd previously. A detailed
description of the method of preparation' is given in Ref 2,
pp 9-10. Pure methyl nitrate proveA to be an ex!plosive
ote pav.erful than NG, wiiith 'a briqanc~e exceeding a-,'
other high' explosive known and with a sensitivity gu aitoc.,
camparable to that of PETN. Pure methyl nitrate is a clear
mobile liquid with a b p of about 630 (145 0 F)and is
insoluble in water.
as me'thyl nitrite is very sensitive to mechmn-

Munition.-See Aranninitioti.
MusardPotMine See undrlanmiie.

icaf action, it was found much safer to usc it in solution


in mthanol. Such solutions, called Myrol may be obtained
directly in the process of manufacture of methyl nitrate, all
that is necessary is to use, an excess of methanol. One
of the most suitable solns proved to Le :thle azteotropic
mixture consisting' of Abotut 75% methiyl nitrate and 25%
methanol. This mixture has a b p' of 57.5U.

Multzle Charging Device, used far finer adjustment of the


.attge 'It some electrical time fuzxes 9consisted of a cylinder
:which fitted around the barrel of a Itun just behind the
muzzle and was connected by, means of an electrical cable
to a battery and a voltage-control mechanism located at
of the gu.A charging ring, located in front
rehend
dr
held by means of three arms placed
nf the mu: '.,hwas
arms also served for conducting the
hese
Apart.
120
electric currn-ot from the clinder to the ring. When a projectile equipped -with an ercrical
,
time fuze, such as the
fyeS/30 (EI.r'/.I S/30), reached the murzle, the "feeler
~st,'
locatcd cn thr outside of the fuze and connected to

lev hzrdous
1o00g
rn la ebyn i2%mtratoe. l o e~
et
ehlatae
laehxres10
Note: Rdneir (Ref 1) calls Myrolf the mixture consisting of
73mehlntaend7%otcnilmtaolotiin
smyshnca thatnyol containtedno
n R 7. f3)oahne
irt
0
73% mehy
.cnitdo
110 weight percent methyl nitrate and 20 weight percent
methanol.
r sm rprie
fm y'olwn
nitrate-maethanoll
Floigaesm
rpriso
ehl
' 2400-4900
from
mixtures- velocities of detonation ranging
to 7500-1t200 m/sec, volume of games about 873 I/k8. heat

o1cspcs
talIin:(
I'I Ik
,' ,p)a'ila
a 1 (i'tl1
p r.ai
h ei I't
ist.
ot Na, ., " aaW.aua'aa ; i. . ' '
tha~aato ONI , .aaa to xi cii>' 'craaiarate
lit, a thaat ofa ail iphatic

aa arte,
s t caca
u.1 l'~lN.Lik M Nyrl atascS
Ia'clvaclac'es and pa 1st e'x ciat cioin. 'hat cicc-Y dih app.'r~': r.:.'ce
a.ap dI,
iv
floaaa wit Ia'Na.. (t IIIvi ola
aCoffee p'roved most Nucsi
!fil ia alec rualsi iol 'is a. excS atai 0.
h lktreata c': N'it uaa
alt', My ril Exsplo'si ves.:
mwrOl

Explosives .etlavlyl
aijarcate ' and its mixtures with
aaaeh~ani,
ttlin',.'atc~tClot.'d
lenztna',ii
C1fl6VC
'appli cationa curits,1 %%%
11 as' iaagretaeats of aica','raaus Iliquida
pl~astic atad saaild pircpli~aaacs anal elsi'
vs. saacaa.of
slsiue
f ~aaa sL assragtfa
exIplaccsaivtaes).
explosves).
In the acae. -"fI ilquid cl;iosivt's Or prope'llaints, Myra'!
(naaathyl nitrate phias aacetlaanol) w~as used citiaer lay itself
trifaI riatic'ares w itia othaer liquids, sucha as laenzen
etc. In soaae c.tses aniethcanvo was teplaced comapleteIly bay
balenzan' , MNli Ltc. In tlat case of pliastic cxpa-ot-'ivcs oar
propellants, Myrcal wasteodwtasoalaaonso N(.
to-ra oft jclly. . In ba Case Of 5 olid eXPlosies or
proellaat,
was reaed
Ny~al itl aalare anaont 25-0)
of NC to formait haard jell>' or was miaxead with tlac usual
solid ingredientcs of dynamaaites, cluela as. kieselgular,' adut
inogaic
igaia~ee.witha
itats,
D~ue to tiac tact thcat Mlyalt is a volatile liajuid, '11
mixtures Conri it Ila.] to lie kept in air-tight contain ers.
Several Nlyrol manufacturing plants were builtr in ~r
anay drig iac2ndlaf
o W Iian tic ota cpacty
was as haighlais 20,000 nmetric tons per aonoth. The largest
d~ee
tlcpant
Caritinscdc
wa
~alrikof ynait

I)
I.iajaa d Ni>'ral wits faauaad
tat he su i tie fot c lear in g out
eat:'aaay treischae,, oIat) l e, w o s
t. Ii
iea ia ~
op;er~atijon w as
o''slrscntaslmOrrlacetay
jf5
ctr
explalisive or toxic devices le-ft bV tile
ric~
.C1Y. 'Iacha
follow ing iaajwfl iou f'S
wacts
od using Myo
naitI,
tile Iaaril of ''capon, was daecpdby tiw. (,eraaaan s:
A laojid ; Isroa'ideal withi two fuzyes, fiilaed ii lta%>ro' an.d
coot g aa Xs.,aHc box wid:,iiaIud caarlion adloxide' was t~ical';e* I
from ca plane' on at'etIargo: I. 'l'he inilpIact of thle ImlitiaCau.SV
tilec first fuze to burst the laog witha C0 andi to break the
111)m.
'This caused thet v'aporization aindcisajtrjbuzion of the
klyroI clirouehotat fliat- french (or foxhaole) without igniting
Or explodin,4 it. 'aT'e sec'and fuze (timei fuze) caused the
ynl
detonation of tice explosie flttCClitaaof
and aatmosphleric oxygen. 1hitia sufficiently strong initiation
tiae following reactioan lass been postulated:
2C1l v.N
aH
...
=20
01S*)4
.1
2
2
2
2
2
IN1 37
Wiaen using~ dais amiai in cold weaather, tae vupor pressure
'i the ataxtu-ccan' lie1 inlcroased by incorp orating it .small

'

aaaua3a atalntie
l
E)Liquid NMyrol, or straiglat aretlayl (or ethayl) nitrate~was
used in the following device developd.1Iq Staudingmr
1
Two small g:iats aaaapoules(buibs.),one filled witha methyl
te
h
ess, volaieehlntaea~
nire(owt
metallic isodiun. were placed inside a fuze close
to an lIE. filler of a land aiaine, but Separatc.1 from it by a
fca
ub
a
fpatcmtra.O
o
tansae
a 'glass stopper. P-ressure on thae stolpper caused
lcd
crurhing' of the bulbs. Thin wan' follriowed b:' ;:n explosive
oia~A
irt
n
reci nlcwe
ehl(rehl
rsuit of this the rhee t of Plastic wats pierced anad tire

A -GIts capacity was '400 tons/montla.


Myrol explosives were used for the floigpurpss
follwin
1) Liquid
Myrol mixtures
used as ln
rocket
propellants,
aot
baglr wcere
toredes
mieb
b,
spchal fuesanspeialfuss
fro'cernoutrnhsfxolec
ceatng
ad ut renlac, fxhoesetc
iiay d m lto
ad a
c)hPargstiand m niigxplu sies wr
n
hre
sbrtn
Mining
explosivesweei
cha)e anal
handasbrentins chf-argsi
wro
)Slandmyres, explosge etrImie,
chandgrena'ofs wazrhads
lon minkets, V50 kgd Vr-2thermine,
of ndV-2
ockts -Ith bustig hare o Paseraut

explosive Charge inside the mine or bomb detomarted. liased


eio'ITe
:ipasvrllnana Wea
UN thsIn
smallest and simplest land mine consisted of a flask containg 80-90 g of Mlyrol. Through the: neck of tiae flask was
a test tube reachaing, nearly to tlae bottom of the
inserx-ad
flask. An ampoule contaanang metallic stadium was placed
in the test tube and on top of it a long plunger was carefully
inserted. The Pressure of this plurager caused breakage 3f
the ampoule in the test tube thus bringing sodium in tontact
with :the Myrol. This action caused tiac detonation: of the
?dyrol in the flask. The efficiency of thaese small mlines

ore detailed
icforme),
ioaaonMroeEplsiesanttei
Morsesdetaioed inomto
i yo
xl
sadter

wais sufficient to disable a motor vehicle etc. Larger mines


Consisted of rectangular' sheet-iron bo xes filled with 2kg

A) Liquid Myrol explosives could be used for military or


commercial blasting operiltions. Whlen used for destroying
enem intalatios,
ock. s~, M'ro coud b pored
directly into holes or cracks, thus avoiding boring of holes.:
If no holes or crat-kii were present, they could be easily
produced by exploding small demolition ch!arges '(such as
an tan cans or boxes) directly on the surface of a rock,'
uderroud wok, iqud Mrol
usd fr Whn
conceteetc
work liquid (ayso
e
Concrete etc.eWhn usedeafor unecounnetd
coul
n seera
beplaedbaxesconecte bypips (lso
fillet' witha Myro) and one' entl of the train detonatred
Bi) Liquid Myrol explosives; were found to be suitable for
-stance,
use in bangalore torpedoes
s

~explosive

C) Liquid NMyrol raixture, sucha as methyl nitrate 75-80 and


methanol 20-25% was considered to be satisfactory as a
liquid rocl'et fuel. Since the rate of propagation in this
liquid is slow, there'sec n3ro danger that the combustion
zone might run back from 'the combustion chamber to the
supply tank. It Wasl found that this mixture could not be
exploded unless Iaeat.'d somewhere ita the range' of 200 to
%3000

of 881-Mty n itt/
imxuranusdta
yrsodium fuze
F) Liquid NMyrol explosives were' also used to increase
the penetrating effect of shapead chaarge-;, such as of 40/60-

T-N'r/RIDx explosive. For this, a small glass ampoule


(bulb) filled with 90/10-Nlethyl nitrate/MNI mixture was
plcditharspe(tn-ofpc)lewenlacnav
surface' of the shaped chcarge and the object to be pierced,
such as Warmor,' concrete, etc. For maximum effect tlae
initintoir (fuze) should be placed at tire end ot charge
frhs
rmti
agtadpitn
oad
t
o n
fatetfo
h
are
nonigtoad
t
o n
'in shaped charge torpedoes, initiation of the
should hxae
started ifrans tlac tail end and not frona
the nose, as it is done' in ordinary torpedoes
G) ,Soft jellied explosives could becobtained by incorporating
3 to 5%of NC in any of the M~yrol exIplosiea o ntne
the 'ones containing XINB. Thaese jellies could be also Mixed
with pulverized solids, 'such as sodium nitrate and/or cork
powder, thus obtaining solid explosives. The solid mixcure~s were found suitable for filling the 50 kg projector
mines. These mines exerted a strong blast effect

* i*IIh2''
r.
I. *..Il
i.~ I.
.
I .l . t*w:ik~ .

I, w

.
.1

it

X.lt
t~t

.1

,.i*

..2 ,ii

i V ..II
,
. '

,kf-ru
V..r

1;.2 .1 lo

"

4112'

.2-

ii i.

il

l2 .

..

. ,.tr',.*l~l..~

Iml

l.uin
t~ilt

1,.

it)

ii
utt

MI,l

f\I

'l

, 1 .6% .6

tZ us

Rdferencie:

Ilu

,I

\tn.I\rol I

Slll

.. Iit

...

\firi

tiq

lq

Ititd

K.A%*,atlarid,:

IevJ01--netit

of

"It

the

(.uided

10 &

WlNw

,*

sih
italiltv

22tti~il

Sitrite,
vn

Ft- 349A. A surfce-to-air, piloted .iiisile developed


ist til e bich e m Itlerk .e C m i. t w a s pr o pe il l i -Iy
i rogen perox ide 'll' zlganol
0 hyd ra~in e hy drate
and
carrsiedA i (It
Of rocket p'ro rI~es in its nose. Launching
vt. g:11 .281(1 ill, overall lemmgcl. 2125*2ft, v id(th In.o..* ma x
11

rin
241.8 miles .ini 111:25 altittli'l .04 00It ft. It took off
from:, ;I vertkivl rampi ar~d climbed~c at at velocity of 15,g1)0

.*

:hI 1methyl 'illttti.lcr


afl tile ox% el.W
alt
ci 1i.
infom lfazorop.Fit
ite
mixtures
%%.I%
aboutil
Ii~~~~~~~~
itY
pn21.s..

I\*21%

.t~i~,

I..

had 101 Iltlrt c is

tiroO..
s

*j'nra2l.1

Io 1.2,,r

Ii .. 11 voiit Ilf: it% It~gl

riptt tx
ne a~ct

taa

li. *~j
12.1.ffter
l . l . . I i i ' l Iin

tklht nirut. .nni

k.,
i
.1

r~ .
2

r ,1
\IX.. I

ii:

for

11

wlsu eapor
az
mthanlor

sui

itI

it

1.oltl

anixture
.%prs-ftIle g l~ir tyol
ft. WiIcIR is a1
I s*. lltrll
extir
eted til
bondtat an-ii in mthanol,
watil
,IiXtkitv,
lis
ith
nzeriipa i of Itilt-sl nitrae Isen
ofrt s'.nv iliver

Olto

la'rtp:~m

Ibirs~

ul

Viiiscftheilt)1

Oftiethianol
togoitoIii.,

:iltl.ilIlethl ilitiateliAccrned

in. th
*

llt

ir~ IIwith

is
hen.

morxlaer whale
nY. Itr
Mp
n Ii

folirxlmv
of
cllgi'azetoi mixtures
consisbot25mtiangof
mttdcl f mrethelnitrtand
exesiv pislr of -O trnenemesthy

Ntl
Cai' niratoe, f) ofe inel polverized- voluntinln
erk
n14
t~mn
mehao
benen
nitrbenene Il ordetriueti.Lanh
21lt12111g11isuc
a'ro4
m~ixtoetlt
I
meuchlityro th'. 1211
ofh
mis
22ityir-iv,

a 48
t:noce 24s

ioed'sie
eeo
Jbl
twspoeldb

uraet-ar

l
73

aliuea1)f.I

anhdvrial

wtilho balenzneorNII
okt
in
-I
tsnc
V-f .m
wroaterdar
This. causedcet.healad
ievelopmen
intodetielquou
wil
of the
nielMisrtres ..f ethyl nitrate wi" th hinenze or
%
"Fiht uliainLndn(95)p
145
%Neel'ur
coonsititino
(Fogsiv
Acid)g is ai smitsre agxtnt
90sator~ige relivi
Ctiiitrat.
and 10yrsof
mituenzene' plus 5a5il
Noft 50/5 349h.orosurfa-onicr pcidulfurd trnsioxid~
iit~ h1rapilydtedC
rlltncl Iy c
finely
iof
rulefrcived auiminne
1efeenceat t.Richarmo ret a~ilCiOSIetwas
;'%nA l;olidf ulexpedrlitmie
yo
cositinofye ba/lancethyll
pyroe
6.
oieiehnt+hda.n
yrt
iiite'NIetiIt
was1 hithl
br(:i n danI
with
fi
wegt4awdustvrallnth2,
fwdt
atind tyiliatsd(1nitrat oten wvas
suithloefr* utean chandf
a
abltiuerr 50.00
See uneIoktwslaunchedvrs.
TriiiTe or
at185"
in in
r
T) Thi mixur
otole
yardoln
oh
ioncnucribedit
%Ngrendehluad
unde, (SutCici
Igie)i
as. 1Afl) s,1i1 warheasnt exposivet V-1stn
fMyo
and
aV-2
tRefrne
bok.Ga
byDyin-eveopf
d
(196)
en ph216.
;1ak:
.,

-. tav .ixtufs

A., itablrefor

tixtueo

tifK nitrate,9'" w~luhimbenzen


10%
wa
mind sgrnades, lant miange, ind imrck blast ing.

Th~A~2er
oeporition xpofies
MyrlL
mitreps 85,16 (1945)
I'll
Ret 78,27 (507)/50od.
Ow) rapTscidyetermined fyeckng
New
t3,'5s
(1954)iv(Prlita]it consiamin ohf
Millshydrate (lIiniteratewas self-ropeled
*NOw as th
punderiPazed

lrnisatexposv
consistinganof
a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i
onamdfe
itr).
fKntaeslmnrii~

morusint

harndel

lg

Nel

ubiain

on

Nebedlse
or ne

Lno

rlcie

152

p145

roha

ile,
b eelht)
1 (1945),d
b
n
are
(,O,

aly n
despooe
Mssle

rjcie

(Fogetl
eA
rrowsoke-ctiee
Pr
agndalonsistneg
T hename goive
afterSulfur troexpoives usyedgt
blastce
R.inguprootng etums etc.CO
Thes exlsie
which consste

mn)6-(12n

ofv

nt85ih/y1

ro a8mATgn
on
Rfrna
Sealo
l.a1m
tile~ boo/k brchiess-ind
1zpwI
rengsopff
(19
ei

pre) e (291)6p71

Neudohmenit (Newy Iahmenit ).One of theerie


ristr17
miigexplosives: Am nitrate
-TT10, flour 2.5
nitrate 2.0, Na chloride 15.5. and618
ccoke dust 2.01" Colver,'
Neudynamit

(ll8p
49.and
Austrian n.m fo ;lii

N
nkrchen Testing Gallery (Schlagwetter-Vets
it- Netnkit..hen). See general section under chassrecke
Gallerip,
lestring and A.Stettbacher, Schiess- und rSpirngstoffe, p 248.
Neu.Nobelit C ew Nobwlte).,A class ofol permissible
i
eXplosives used before, and after WU 1. Table 271
gives some
'-xamples.

Cmoiin(~

TAL

'oi
ioi
tubes
Sticks
1n~ig.N~Z6l.%N
4.1
29.1
30.0
20.0
35.0
50.0

dimensions
DFiGDN
PET.N (unwaxed)
Stabilizer075.7
_i
(;rajhite

.0
0.1

gimtraofn

= lDiamet~r
rfo x~in27
liole
liole Depth
%eight of grain
Calorific value, cal/g

2a

80 mm
9.1 mm
mm
30 mm
4
1100

0.1
'(0 mm
9.1m
mi
-

Note:' M10 was added to neutralize acid developed


Table 27decomposition,
on
sad fraphite was added to prevent the
&ccumulation of hazardous static electrical
CopstoC()adI
charges.
Composition_____
Mf
aiaaitde
n
For the preparation
in a edlnd of Nipolit,a
esiitch water slurry
eirdaon
of NC was
some~
pr opr ....
ti e.L..+..
.....+........f..........L......
f DEGO!: A fte r :15- 2 ,ainu te r s t i~rrin g. th e m t
s w.
Amn itrate
21.0 36.0 311.5 54.0 54.0 50.0
centrittged to~reTaove all but abouit 25% of water and the
12. 1.0120
NG + NC Jelly
0
etil
ting,
rake
was
26.0 30.0 30.0 1201.
kneaded,
at about 50 C. in a Wcrner20
P fleid rr machine with the calculated
amount of pulverized
Glycerin,4.0
PETN, some water, stabilizer, MSO and graphite.
After
Gum-suigar.
3.5
about 15 minutes of kneading the mass (paste) was transCereal meal
9.0
6.4
6.0
ferred to rubber lined bags where it wai. allowed to age
Woodmea 1.04.03.0for
48-72 hours.
Woomel
10
4.
3.0
Notes:
Nitrocompound
.
.
of)Acording to Ref 4, all raw materials wi-:h the exception
Nat nitrate
'-3.0
o PETN were added in the paste mixing stage, while
Alkai chorie
290 3.5 3.1 2.0 8.0 0.0
PETN was added during incorporation
Alkai clor~e
2.0 0.533. 28.
:80 2 *0
b) It was claimed that the aging process insured
DNT
8.0
gelatinization and reduced the tendency to fire duringbetter
the
Talc
.0
rollin5 operation which followed
-~
- -C)
The
calori fic value of the materials was carefuilly
Oxygena Balance,%
-14.9 +41.6 -1.6 +0.6 +2.8 -0.6
adjusted to between +30 and -10 calories as
prmissible
TrauzI Test, cc
230 220 230
225 225 220
variution from specification value for the propell ant being
Pb Back - rushng~m
3.0ptocessed.
If outside these limits! tne Ma~terial was returned to the mixers and the r~alorifc
Velocity of Detonavalue either reduced
4600 by adding centralite or hydrocellulose
or increased by
tion.m/sec
adding wet paste consisting of NC and DEGDN. Ea~h
Dniyof Cartridge
1.20
mixer was' sampled at least every 8 hours. For a total
Senstiveess
o No
h'ar~e, of 18 kg a maximum of 3 kg of rework material was
Initatio.
atC5PRolling Rquirs
and granulation were carried out as follows:
least:
About 18 kg of the aged paste was passed,' about
Gap
Tat,
m
25
15-20 titues, through a pair of v-rtical rolls maintained
GaHeat,
of Exlson25
63
at 90-100 (Ref 3).codte
a
Nt:According to Rcf 4 lollwgir was odce
Ikcal/kg
ata
J
.....
L.....temperature not: higher thtan 75 0 C.
The resultine sheet (moisture content about 3%,
(See also Nobelit).
made by hand into a carpet roll and transferred to was
the
press-house where it was kept in a steam heated oven.
Referen.-e:
~~~~prior
to transfer to the extrusinpe 3
hntems
P.Naolmt, Nitroglycerin, etc,' Baltimto re
(1928), pp 411,
waSsrde
tapesueoi
441and444
tue
o~abut 00 nd heresulting tubes (or stcks cut
into desired
lengths.
A ,er dtying the cut material for abiout 24 hours at
40-50 ,the
moisture' content was reduced to aboait 1%.
The next operation consisted
Neuwestfollt (New Utestphalite) one of the permissible,
each stick
of Nipolit with acetone and pushinp ofthewetting
stick into a tu'ue
lterWWued: A nirate70., DT 1.9.
of Nipolit flush with one end. This left a cavity 30 mm
fxlourve
2.0 an explsivs
aclrd
68;Taz
et
9 cc.
long in each tube to accomodate a detonator.
The stick
Reerncs
Nipolit (core) acted as a booster.
1)Marshall, v 1 (1917), p 391 2) Barnett (1919), P 138.
1) O.W.Stickland et ai, PB Report 1820 (1945), p 3Pi
2) A.A.Swanson Si D.D)Saoer. CIOS Report 29-24 (about
Nigu. rGerman aIbbreviat hion for Nitrogluan'idin, Also called
1946), pp 3-4
"a(.Satl". Abbreviation used in this book is NGu.
3) T.lirbau~ski, Przemnysl Chemicxny 27(4), 487-94 (1948)
C A 43, 4465 (1949) uRecent Development in the Field of
Explosives' (Translated by Dr Ivan Simon of Arthur D).
Little Inc'.
Nlpl~t'Niol
typ.
AtP o NC-DEGDN-PETN propellant otex4) A.A.Swanaon, !D.D.Sager & L.M.Sheldon, Ordnance
plosve
develoed during WW 11 at the Kraiburg plant of
Turget Report No 88 (Spec Rept No 2071), Manufacture of
theDetsceoprncei
Gbl.Tefloigcm
Soetes
Type ,Powder and Nipolit by the Deutsche
poiions are listed nRf ,3&4~e~be2a
Sprengchemie, Kraiburg Wks.

Nitric Acid Isa I pctrrhtire).

Its t'reparat Iion, properties and


us es are described 'in the general section. Nitric acid
WaS produc~ed in Germany during UVt 1i, mostly by the
anim~n~ni oxidation procesii, in quantities exceeding 140,000
toiis per year. In addition, there was also available the
17,00)0 tons produced in occupiedl Austria, Cvechoslovakcia
i~dPoland.

Nitrocellulose,

Nit1`02ellulNSO

odor

Schieaabaumwoli.,

abbreviated in German to Nz (Nitroceliuios-e, abbieviuted


in this work to NC).Sce general section under Cellulose.
lDue to the absence of native cotton in (ierinar,, 6viir
nir-lulsa
rp repaLd 1:om wood pulp.
a
ntoells
Following is a brief dcscription of the method uried titrug.
~
Iat
the Kriimmel labrik of 1) A -6 , as given in
Refs I & 2.
a) Bleached cellulose in the form of crepe paper ~made
fo
odpl)
a
rkndw
nseilmcie

For the msanufacture of highly cocnrtd(oh


konzentrieuic', istric acid, the sn'-called "iloko" (qi v )
l'rocens was developed.
Production of nitric acid in Germany was controlled
by the Stickstoff-Syndikat.frmwopupwsbuendninpcalahns
Following is a partial list "of the principal produccrs
into flocks and then hlon-r into large drying chambers
ofnitric acid in the kecstern Zone of Germanyi
where the moisture content was reduced from 6-7'. to
it)
Ba.dische Anilin- uid Isodafabrik A -UOppau
12
) 25 kg of cellulose
ocswere fed with stirring
-~,
Iere, tic(fonielyA-GG arhnin
4i) llergiverI:gcsellschaft Hlibernia, A
tck
.1
flocks
into a nitrator of 0.7 mn capacity containing 11l25 kg
stofiwerke, Wanne-Eickel
c) Chemische F~abrik Kalk Giapil, Kbln-Kalk (Founded
of mixed acid (MA), prepd by fortifying the spent acid
in '18571)S)fo
rvosbths
d) l:lektro-Nitrum A -6, Rhina, bei Laufenburg (Baden)(S)foprvusath.
Note: For NC of 11.25-11.50% N, called pE-.Volle, the
e) 1Farhwerke ll8hcst, bei f11rankfurt a/Main (formerly
MA consisted of 201. nitric, 62-04'; sulfuric and 16.-18%
IGi Farbenind A -G
i
ciswle
fB21.%Ncle
Witter; frN
f) (;ewerkschaft. Victor (:hemisch(, Terke, CastrorpUwit plntsittLevrkuen
g) C, arbninustie
(formerly Fried, *Bayer , Co), Bochum*(,ertheI Ruhr
(later called Chemische %erke Lothringen (;mbill (was
founded in 1916) and lierne-Sodingen, Ruhr (formerly
(UAVI:(;
h) Ri;hrrhvmie A -U ,Obcrhauscn -I1loten, Ruhr" (founded
in 1927 under thle name of Kohlenchemic A -6
i) Uirtschaftliche Forschungs Gmbll (WIFO) with plants
at Emrhsen, Kr L'Uneburg (founded in 1939-1940) and at
l.angelsheim, Iliarz (founded in 1919).weesprtdadhntoheftie.
According to Ref I the following plants'in the Eastern
Zone were dismantled and shipped o Poland or Russia:
j) Christianstadt a/d liobert, BrAndenburg (Dynamit
A -U)
k) Bitterfeld South (described in Ref 1)
1) Di~beritz
ni) lleydebtcck
n) La-ina
o) Piesteritz (Bayerische Stic kstoff A -G
p) Sonderhausen
r) Wolfen (described in Ref 1)
References:
1) R.J.Nlorley, DIOS Final'Rept 889, Item 22 (1946)
2) WI.Kenworthy &F.R.Dcll,
BIOS Final Rept 1232, Items
22& 31 (1946)
'3)F.M.lrvine ct al DIOS5 Final Kept 1442, Item 22 (1046).
~by
Nitraobronit kNit .robastimite). An early type of alumitoized
*explocsive. The following mi xtures, described by L.Midard,
.Mein Artil Fr 22, 5%6 (194R) are given in Table 28.

Tb
l~moiin(r)and som
Compositio
properties
Aluminum

*Liquid

Amnitrate
Nitogycein5.0
~Collodion c tton
DNT
Petroleum tar
meal
~~~Wood

Ntro~-

~up
NtrocE%

baronite A
5.0
82.0

5.0
1.5
1.5

2.0
69.0
22.0
07
3.0
2.0
1.2

51-

sulfuric and
composition of MA was 21.5 nitri.67.5-.5
9t0 tepeater.Te
tim ofntaio3a00miue
n
tetmeaue3
C) The contents of the nitrator were emptied into a
centrifuge. (one for every 4 nitrators) and spun for 6
minutte s at 900 rpm
d) Th~e separated spent aciJ (SA) went to rotating
filter drumwhere the small torn particles of NC
wer) seprae
d and thihe to thremoe
frmte centrifuges and
a reoe frortifer
hc
e)TeN
the filters was carried by a streatm of water into prewashers where the bulk of the acid was removed by
;itiring Witht Water
f) The slurry was then pumped to a preliminary boiling
vessel provided with a double bottom of which the
upper one was false, rollsisting of a screen through
which the wash watet was allowed to flow off at the
end of the boiling period. Boiling was carried out at
atmospheric pressure: 3 hours for lI'L-Wulle and 6-8
hours for Schiesawolle
g
fe eoigteai
aeteN
a are
g afestream
eoigteai
a
of water into theaeteN
pressure boiling are
plant,
where the material was cooked for 6 minutes in stainless steel autoclaves, sitarting at 100 0and finishing
at l142-1450
Norc: P'ressure cooking had a doublc purpose. it ieduced
the viscosity of NC, to the desired level and it speeded
the stabilization. Tie details of the pressure cooking
varied from plant to plant.
h) A sample of cooked NC was sent to the laboratory and
if the viscosity of the NC (as det'nd by the Ho~ppler
method in a 31. acetonic soln) was within the desired
range, the charge was dropped into a pulping machine
th
such as the Hlollander or Banning-ebd.er
NC was beaten for several hours, while the PH1of the
slurry was maintained bertween 7 and 9 by adding soda
periodically. It usually required 5 to 4 kg of soda
i0 The pulped NC plus water was pumped into vertical
h
d..Hr
oewtrws
rotating sieves whers
smaller particles of NC passed through a 0.4 mmcsueve

(Picric acid = 100)

larger

(Se Ci iithpulped,
French Section

while the slurry of smaller particles went tc a


dewatering device (rotating drum sieve)
j) The dewatered small-particle material was transferred

particles were removed by scrapers to be re-

Nitroeellulosepulvet( Nitrocellulose Prtope~llant oi !in~


titbiliz~er consisting of a rylindrical vessel
B~ase P~ropellant). see under Propellent.
the
until
steami
live
with
treate~d
was
NC
thle
*where
inhe
exoieolus
NirhllnAIofrcit
dewas
warer
thle
Nlurry wats brought tt it boil. Theni
Inth
ilu
xpsve
o-ezng
irclrnA
canited, the INC washed with water and a sample sevir
manufiacture of sonme dynunai;&s. It consisted oft $0*; diti) tilelaboratory. In Ca:;e of collodion cotton (PE-Wolle),
niitrtochlltrolydrin andl 2O' NU and was preparedl by nitrat;.,n
n
'h
;isuulysfiin
treatment
above
,thle
glycerin.
containir~j
innnochlotoh)ydtin
nomm,-rcial
ofp
iliuterial, would 1 ;ass the llergiiinnnnjunk Test (licating
Sc~hiess- und Sprengsto~fe (1927), p I113
Na.loln,
than
nore
produce
not
should
C
13?
tit
for 2 hour.%
Nitroform or Trinitromnethone. described in the #ceneral
of NO perI1 g of PlA~oll)
alml
section, was prepared and investigited during: WV 1I in
k') If the material war. guncotton (Schiesswolle) the
Schimmel %chmnidt, lie recommended the
Germany
aboe teatentwasnotsulicentandheainghadto
rieparation byof Drnitroforml from tetranitromethane, potassium
cratientwas
ot uffciet an betin ha to
abov
peroxide, according to the following
hydrogen
and
hydroxide
wats
value
Test
li-j
be continued until a Isatisfactory'
reaction:
obtatined (Not mnore thao' 2.5 cc NO per I g of SchiessC(N0 2 ) 4 +2K011+11,l0 2 =(ND 2 ,rK+,KN0 2 + 02+2li20
wolle)
preference for the above method was based on the
aiis
and
content
N
ijesir"'
tile
of
NC
I) In order to vibtuin
1
claim that thle method previously suggested by Orton and
in large vaus
vmscoitv., qevfirn bnrrhleq were blended
beteneratomhq,
McKee, de pending on the. reactionhazardous
since, in additiun
provided with stirrers. Tile blended material was then
K hydroxidle and hydrazine, is
acid and not nitrogen
hydrazoic
nitrofirin,
of
salt
K
to
through
run
and
water
stirred with a large quantity of
was previously believed), is formed.
raps.(as
grit
Nitroform was liberated from its K sal by ditation
bas
tile
at
conical
round'vessels,
were
traps
Note: Grtit
att reduced pressure in the presence of si~lfuriacd
Sluryderese
IN f esu:l;,61, product had 4 fit p of 26.4 as against
nrtired from below and its velocity dereIe
lur
Th
;I flfoWeJ !Iward (due to thle increase in diameter of the~ 220 obtained by some previous investig~ators.
D~r Schimmelschmidt also found that nitroform may be
of tile vessel) to such an extent that all the heavier particles
lene and nitric
from the reaction product of atacey
extracted
the
0 asaolet
As grit or dirt) dropped to tile lower part of
dioxide
*(such
acdusin~g liquid nitrogenrecover
a solent
wasnsied
acid method of nitroform
vessel while thle' partices~ of NC continued to travel upward
could
obtaiined
so
prodct
the
since.
mportance,
i
great
of
up
thickened
im) After "dc-gritting") the slurry was
using only a small amount
to tetranitromethane
be ronverted
dumfor
otuig
adewterng
Tetranitromethane)..
gh
under
also
(See
acid
sulfuric
of
o
whichdelod
oaigdu
by passing it throughaJwtrn
Note: D~ue to the shortage of sulfuric acid,
a
The partly dewatered materiat
finadewtern.
which could he
substance
any
in Germany during WV.l III
sent to a centrifuge where 'it w..a spun at 1000, rpm
was considered hifiily
acid
sulfuric
of
place
in
used
zinc-lined
a
C was shovelled into
n) Theutn
ni rero~
Of liquid of
use extraction
the the
it
this reason,
desirable.wasForproposed
a
also for
dioxide
iron container' (provided width at coverweei
nitrocompounds,in addition to nirrofoon.
lbele an dsptched either to propellent
weihe,
wafontobaneclntusinbtr
N itrofr
plants or to a plant manufacturing "Rohpulvermasse'
when incorporated in polyvinyl acetate emulsions and
~(Raw Paste) o) A*ates
also was found to be superior to Na nitrite in that it did
anuactue o NC
foinwatehe
th 'tewate
destroy the emulsion.
Inot
6) Aater
in the course of the investigation of the reactions
contained an appreciable atitount of suspended small
between nitroform and organic compounds Or Schimmelparticles of NC I it was required that these particles
schmidt obtained several substances which were highly
be remloved before the water was allowed to lpave the
explosive, as for instancekeo,
itormwhvny-ehy
a)O trtig
latst.One method was to Allow the water 'to run
the follcwing reaction took place:
through so-talled Dunsch traps. These were conical
C11 2 :01CIIC0C11 + Chl(NO 2 ) 3..'. (0 2 N) 5 CCI 2 CI12 COC1I3
vessels with, the narrow part at the bottom. The wittei
The resulting Trlaltropropylm~thyl Ketp-0 was an
the
of
area
flowed from 'the bottom upward; as the:
explosive comparable in power to RD%
vessel increased, the velocity of flow was reduced to
b) When a stream of acetylene was bubbled through
settled.
particles
suspended
the
that
Such an 'extent
containing a little mercuric nitrate thle following
emoed romnitroform
prioicaly
wee
ccuulaed
ine
The
reaction took place:
'wre prioicaly rmovd font
fnes
ccuulaed
The
IICiCIIl + ('10O2 .).-W4 (1 C.fl.(~
2
the vessel.
interaction of this compound with nitroform gave an
Note: In many German proplellants that were examined at
iPicatinny Arsenal 'during WW 11, the nitrogen content ofexrmlporflxlsi.blevdtbea
bea mix
exntrlo
belevd
powernfulexposive
eturemely1.
the NC. was around 120.2%, which means that the NC was
One
intermediate between the PE.4olle and Schiesswolle.
ChO).
of' the DEGOIN propelItants contained NC with N=10.3%
13 1
3
2CICN
2I
Propellant)
uinder
(See
2 +I(0)
Stettbacher (Rtef 3) describes briefly various methods
I
-CN
ki
Of manufacture of NC and gives compositions of m(xe
'3 -' 2 ".Ch.-(N 2 -3
contents
nitrogen
with,
NC
of
preparation
the
for
acids used
C) Reaction of nitroform with formaldehyde gave Tniand
of 11.6, 12.5, 12.75,) 13.2, 13.4 and 13.7%. Yields
HOlC(N0Z) 3
Cf
nICItOethanoh
3/1-ether/alcohol
in
aolbii~i~sof various nitrocelluloses
Rept 709 (1946), pp 2
Final
BIOS
Reeec:W.llunter,
mixture Ar mslo given.
-0
References:
.ailicina
10.tte
6irfitltr
-irqe.ne
O.WStickland et af. General Summary of rxplosives
p52 desail~~cribaied
title
tis
Undr
rtpicrhue.
NlroMatln@c
50-55)
PP
Plants, PB Repit 925 (1945),
slsivesg Pafi (10)Np53deci
des Mire
uttnget al, Manufacture of NC at the Kr~ummcl
2)
ee
itheaou
id
ing jly
ofVNGN
an explosive, cuism
of thi Dynamit A -G I PB Rept 16,666 (1945)
VPlant
g did7 nyoth
acid. This mixture, patented i
picric
tf
10%
ZUrich
Rascher,'
Schiesaitoffe,
und
3) A.Stettbacher,SprengSprengatoff Gesellschaft of Hlambudino
(1948) PP 62-66.Deutuche
to be very stable,
p 6266.prove
(1948)
tO

r1)

io final

Get 120
Nitroglycerin und Nltroglykol (Nitroglycerin and NitroglysFo, atLbreviutvd il this work to NG sad Nic). The
.manufactute and properties of these substances at" descrilw.| in the general section tnder Glycerin and Glycol,
respective!V.
Geanny tlhe nhiration of glycerin or of glycol
I in
(ethylcneglycol) was conducted either by a batch process
rr by U contilluuu. i-'tutsod, such as that of Slchmid, Meissner
o.r Bliazzi. The nitration was made either separately for
glycerin and glycol,' or more often as mixtures, such as
glycerin 60 and glycol i0'.
The batch method ,, nitration of glycerin, or of glycol
or of their mixtures at the Krnmmel Fabrik Dynamit A -G
may I,(. tjiven as an example:
1a) 100 kg of glycerin was run into 1470 kg of mixed
acid, consisting of IINO 50, 11 SO 52 and 11p.-2%,
conu
in0acant" in a stainless steel nitrator which was provided
with an air stirrer and. cooling coils
at
in the nitrator
maintain the
s) In order
about
room 'to
temperature,
the mixture
brine, cooled
to as low
as o12u was circulated therough coils
c) Afro, ats~u1 25 minutes of nitration, the air agitation
Pwas stooped and the mixture allowed to stand. In order
products,d
he nitration
to acceerate
t7o
an
0 the separation
separatioturofthe tahoride
ndnitrateonpr
70 g of an 0/20 mixture of Na flouride and of ignited
kiesel&guhr was added
. with 400
at
air-stirred
%us
d)
removal
of the water, the oil
water and oilafter
literslileof separated

of a suction device and led to an alisorption tower in


which they were met by a spray of water tc dissolve
them and form nitric and nit.ous acids
k) A sample of washed oil r see operations (d) and
(g) 1 was sent to the laboratory for testing. The Abel
test at 820 was usually about 40 nminutes.
Note: The results of the Abel Test were usually higher
than in the U S practice. The high German results aie
presumably due to the fact that talcum was used in the
separation of the oil Lsee operation (eAj. The Americans
do not use talcum to improve the separation of NG or of
NGc from spent acids.
The Sythen Fabrik of W A S A -G also used the batch
process, while the Schlebusch Fabrik of l)ynamit A -G
had three different NG installations:
t) Batch plant
Ct~ncaste
ontinuous plant with 'Mltisner nittratot at.-- Biazzi
separarors and washers
c) Continuous plant with Biazzi nitrator, sertarators ant
washers, installed by Mario Biazzi, Swit7erland.
In the Biazzi installation, which had an output of
800 to 1000 kg per hour, the nitrator was a cylindrical
stainless steel vessel approximately 2 ft in diameter by
deep (See Fig 1, p A2/9 of Ret 5). Cooling was
ft 6 inout
8carried
by running chilled brine through a series of
six concentric coils suspended inside the nitrating vessel.

0 a fbout
was air-stirred for 12 minutes at 40 with 500 1 o
2". soda ash soln
while still continuing
to 280,
mixture talc
t.)o After
was added and then the
pulverized
stir, cooling
50 jg of the
mass was allowed to stand
f) The separated oil was run through a pipe which
ended some distance short of the storage tank. From
that end of the pipe, the oil was transported to the
tank by means of hand trucks
w Shed eof
g) The spent acid. which in the case of NG weighed

Scomps:

tanks, sometimes installed in ca.ceadc form


) In order to economize on the consumption of nitric
acid and to prevent poisoning of personnel all nitric
acid fumes (as well as nitrogen oxide gases) were
drawn from both the nitrator and separator by means

Procedure:
5 parts, and glycerin (or glycol,
a) The mixed acid,
or glycerin plus glycol) I part, each metered by means
a rotameter, entered continuously and simultaneously,

The emulsion consisting of nitrated product (oil)


about 1200 kg and had the approx compn: IINO 7.5,
euio
consithe nitrator and was run straight
NGc
an) The
acid leftthniroradwsuntagt
and kgin and
the had
case
'I SO 75 and Il 2ege
0 about
17.5`; 1030
spent
and
approx
the 6?
(nitroglycol)
a tangential separator placed about 2 ft below the
from
1% , fromlelofteultfrmhentar
Io 0 17%
and 11_O
gNe II b5utI100
omtpo: AINOi 8
SO- 74i.5 k.and
8.5,
the nitrator
level of the outlet from
which the" buk of oil "hast been remove, was allowed
c) The separated acidic oil went to a stainless steel
to stand for several days in lead-lined vessels, called
1%'jft in diameter and 2 ft deep, provided with
sevetral das ilepard ovessel
r
to standfte
in
washed
was
oil
stirrer, where the oil was washed with
eprated
aanical
me
he
a
with
then
and
ss~~~rqeara~r5.
water
with
first
vessel
"asmall auxiliary
an equal volume of water, while the spent acid (which
f
sad ash
ulrolutlon
"a2%
Note: The total yield of oil was reported to be about 233
parts per 100 of glycerin. Other plants reported yields
ranging from 241 to 234, and for NGc 230.
h) The spent acid of (g), was blown by compressed
air to a tank and from there to a separator is, order to
recover some more of the explosive oil. Then the acid
was transferred to thme Recover,' Plant where the nitric
acid was distilled eff, leaving weak sulfuric acid as
n residue
1) As the waste wash waters of operations (d) and (g)
contained small amounts of oils (NG, or NGc) it was
necessary to remove tlse oils before allowing the waters
accomplished
was large
lake,toetc.
stream,
to
by run'into
allowinga the
waters
run This
through
settling

Stirring was carried out with a mechanical stirrer situated


in the center of the inner cooling coil and running at a400 rpm. A tangential separator was placed about 2 ft
below the level of the outlet of the nitrator and a 2nd
the
separator followed the 1st. The mixed acid used in
nitration was approximately 50/50-nitric acid/sulfuric
scid.stored in a tank for at least 10 days and then passed
through a stainless steel gauze before use.

in case of NG, had the approximate composition:


to a
14 and NG
1.5%)wenr
IHNO. 11, 112S0 4 73.5, 110
special lead separator, called Scheider. This operation
permitted the removal of some additional oil before
the acid was fortified to be reused for nitration of the
next bath, or before the acid was sent to the recovery
plant
d) After pre-washing the oil with water, die emulsion
flowed continuously into a tangential separator from
which the separated oil went to the next part of the
process
e'l The acidic water (which in the case of NG had the
1.1,
H SO
approximate composition: IINO 10.6
II0 81.6 and NG 0.7%) went to another separator
outside s mound surrounding the nritz.tig ho.e .her
some oil was recovered
f) The pre-washed oil of the operation (d) went through
two vessels in series, each of them equipped with a
stirrer. Simultarwously with the oil a 157, soda ash

'Iit)III, measured sY it rotanie.ter,.,iwrett till vessi.

I'hiere was no sepl, ration of die emul~sion be-tween these


vessels., and the 01il/soda emulIIsion weist liolsi them to
ii IIIIX
i
(Iwa' "(' 1use), located outsi ide thie mound

~-I

surromn'ding tln~. ilitrating house.


!Note- All tilt atLove i~stedl 'vrations wecre condlucted in tiir
nhi a-timaghouse. It shuould he mentioned that the niitrator
was provided on the botitomi with a lasI'I att'h
%i cit cldCI he
brok~en when it was requiredl to drown u charir;- A pneumatic
hamlmer operated by a1handle 'at the door oif the build:ng
was used for brcakiong the glass.The drowning tank. ltwated
below the iuitrator, contained aboot I; time., tile volume of
the nitrater of 95*%sulfuric acid.
1 :)the emulsion from the previous operation went through
two separators located in the wash house. The separator
oil was collected in :a, rubber lined aluminum truck,
holding 600 kg, while 'the wash w.tr went via a
cascade syst em 'to it tunnel leading to the Rhine River
h) The 'truck contg neutralized o)il wats emptied into
a, storage tank Iwhere it was allowed to stay for at
least one day to
permit ,the water to separate.
Note: In a newer type of final se ,ttling house, there were
6 iliazzi tangential lead separators placed in cascade and
working continuously.
i) The dried oil was remove"f from the storago
4
needed, by means of heavy rubber buckets i
cpcy.preparation
'Ihe average yield of dry NG from the Biazzi plant
was 232 parts by weight per 100 pts of dry j&lycerol. The
stability was 14I min-ites by 'the Abel 'rest at 81~ When
th e nitrating "acid was :made from acids recovered from
TNT manufacture, it was sometimes necessary (in order
'to obtain Satisfactory iftability for NG) to include from
0.1 to 0.2% of Na sulfite in the soda washing !;quor. During
the war, howeve Ir, dipheniylamrine stabilizers were sometimes
utsed when: the quality of the NG was unsatisfactory.
'In
the 'manufacture 'of doable-base propellants. NG

%lll
.S
o 5lslsv:N.cily
i'
9.1 to 96
andl 4 it) 6'; of a SO'! aqueous solution of Ca nitrate
ce) %niug L~ist~ No 16 Ex.plosivje* NU+NC ielly 97 to 99,
and I to A'; of .subst ituted urethanes.q
Reflerences:
'No,,
rlcrnec
flioe(12)
p495
2) J.1 pio I dual leu r, 104oudres, etc,*Parts (I.A') ,J. p' 458.

Nitroglycerinsprengstoff
lv nami C.

(Nitroglycerin

l'xlplosi..e).

Ste

Nltroglycerlnpulver (Nitroglycerin l'ropellattt). A propetlant


based on Nc and Nu., also called double-base propellant.
Ilregli, andu prope~rties of iojpical NG propellants are' given
in the b~ook of A.Stettbacher,Sprenr- und Schiesstoffe,
/Arich (l'948), 11p4141Se isunrIrollt.
Nitroglykol (Nitroglycol), ablbreviated in this. itook to N(ic
is ,Iescril'edt 111 0t. j-,'nvrsl section under GPlvcol. Thse
manufacture tit %'(c in%(,eriaany Was coini.hrted in the sname
maiiner as io- \t.. Ilecaust of htigh' volatility, it is not
adiale to use
sometie did)nu
el in
siv compoisations
(althugh the twrman. oeie
idbti
sstsatr
to add Niuc to N(, in order to depress the freezing point
-)f the latter. Such nuixtures were used extenrively in the
of com~mercial
dynamite-type
espla3s ives.
References: Saine as tinder Nitroglycerin.
Notroguonidin (Nigu) [Nitroguanidine (N%(u)j, described in
the general section under 6uanidine was prepid in Germany
by t. eatin#g guanlidine nitrare (GuN) with eoncif sulfuric
acid as described1 by Schnurr (Ref 4).
reytemhowaasflos
In order to obtain 100 kg of Ntau, 135 kg of GuN was
added gradually to 300 kg oi 981 sulfuric acid while
stirring and cooling so that the tempeirature was not
00

dynamite-typ
explosives it Was usdin mixtures with
NGe (niittoglyco:).
Keteence:
'a
.1) R.Escalis, Nitroglyzerin und Dynamnit, Veit, Leipzig
(1908)
,The
2) P.Naolm Nitroglycerin and Nitroglycerin Explosives,
Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore , 1928) pp 25-178 & 210-239
3) A.Stettbacher,Slihiess- und Sprengstoffe, Barth, Leipzig,
(1933), PP 146-172
'4 ) o.w.Stickland er al, General Summary of Explosive
Plan~ts, P B Kept 925 (1945), pp 67-8
5) R.Aslhcroft et All Investigation of German Commercial
F~x;,osives, B I 0'S , Final Kept 833, Item 3, If1M 5 0 ,
London (1946), pp A 1/4 and A 2/4
6, A.Stettbaicher,Spreng- und Schiesatoffe, Zurich 0(948),

pp 59-62.'
Nitroglyeeorin-141trocelhulose Explosives- Commercial ex,plosives suitaible for blasting rocks were prepared by
mixing double-base propellants (left as surplus after the
termination of %V 1) with, other, ingredients, such as inorganic nitrates and organic nitrocompounds.
*Following
are the .compositions of some of these explosives:
a) Mining List No 33 Explosive: NG 30 to 40, NC 60 to
oun
70 ,with added 0 to 5% ofntoeiaivso
ofntoeiaie
ftlee
*(and/or
naphthalene) and 0 to 10% of paraffin (and/or
urethane, sAnd/or centralite, and/or dicyandiamide)

run into a dilution vessel fmaintained at 00) in which


the precipitation of the crude NGu took place. by using
centrifuge, the crude product was separated from
the liq-iid phase which contained about 20'. If2S04
crude material was dissolved in boiling water,
mixed with the mother liquor from the previous batch
(seblwmd
xcl
eurlb
en
famna
filtered and the filtrate cooled to at least 450 at low
pressure. The resulting crystalline suspension was
transferred by air pressure to a centrifuge. This gave
purified NGu with a water conten! of about 6% and a
mother liquor which was later used for dixss.,ving the
crude NGu of the niext batch (see above) (Ref 4)..
'le
Th preparation of NGa was also described by Stettbacher
(Ref 1).
Uses of NGu:
A) According to D~avis (Ref 2), NGu in adm~xture with
Amntaeadwx or paraffin was used during WfWI
for loading various bombs. These compositions were
fairly insensitive to shock
Ii) D~uring %V 11 NGu was used either in propellsatrt
such as the cool, erosionless and flashless tulplebase propellant, called Gudolpulver, or in explosive
compositions.
Note: When intended foit use in propellants, the NGu crystals
were required to be of such size and shape that when the
ingrocdients of a propellant were rolled into sheeta, the

Get 122
inc~arporation wits smooth and rapid. Ulhen intended for urse
in explosives.' two kinds (if N(,u crvstals were used* a) finest yrain crystals (dust) obtained biy tapidly evaporat.
iua hot aqueous solution of NGj under high, vacuum. These
*crystals were,found to be suitable for press-loading
10b crystals withhg
bulk density (above 1.0), obtained
* by crystallizing N(;u in the presence tit colloids. 'Such
crystals were found to be suitable for the cast-loading of
lNT-,N(u n, xtures
Q) As an example of the uses of %J(u as a high ex* p~losive MAY be cited the 1800 kg Ali bomib in which
solle N,(u win. placed in the nose ats a sort of protection
(biumrer) for the more sensitive main charge consisting
" of"11l1c, I(,,)"
Note: Acco.diir~gt to CIOS Rel't 2-8(9),
emn r
dJuction of N(;u towards the end of wt 11 was about 1500 tons
per month.
Itl
Vereli ces:
I)A.Stcttbacher, Nitrocellulose 7, 141-145091,)30 (Nitroguanidin)OxgnBanpr
..
~
AryOrdnaii..s 20, 71
,
*..
3 11"it elt 925 09195), pp 22 s. 116
* *i b.danrrI'l
Ret l 66 (115)Velocity
5) Allied and Einemy Iixplosives, Almiee
;~oin
round,
mld (1916), p 1.19
6) A.SteIttbachler, Spreng- und Schiesstoffe(19418), p 44..

rj

Nizol

.See

Tablea 29
Copsto
n oe
Nhlt
oeie19
mpropetonrtiendsom
oeie
Nbl
poete
NG (gelatinized with NC)
28&7
26.0
DNT
2.0
Dextrin
2.5
Wood meal
1.0
1.0
Potato flour
10.0
Vegetable oil
0.5
Am nitrate
39734.10
Am chloride
1 7.6
32.0
Saturated soln of Ca nitrate
-5.0
.

Nobels' Sprangloer

German research on the preparation and


proertes
f
itrparffia a described in CIOS Rept
33-41 (1945). See also general section under Paraffin.
Nltrpant
Se Petri
(N).(PEN).oberfl~chenbehandlung
I SeePenrit
Niropnto NP)
PET).aection
Nirpnartitt
Se
enrt

*Nitraparaffins.

See general section tinder Toluene .chance

Nitrous Oxide0,

N2 0. Same as GM-i. See also general


seseriin.
Nitraryll. Se uder ylen.
geeralsecton
Nitrwyll
eneal sctin
- ee
uexploded
Ni~azglulos.
Sme a Nirocelulse.phosphorus,
Nito
alU0111-The

* t~troacker(Nitosugr) .Seegeneal
mitroucks

sctio
(Ni(See

undr Suar.

-3750

(See also Wetter-Nobelit)


References:
1) P.Naoauaa, Schiess- und Sprengstoffe (1927), p 150
2) l'.Naouam, Nitroglycerin (1928), p 407.

NitrilttpeAnamaol
xplsiv ii wlmcliTN~s (rii.aso usped trexplaie iiNT.ic Themi n tureo
TNAns 60 and Am nitrate 40%~ was of light yellow color
* iha
bot70which permitted cast-loading. 'Its
strength, brisance and sestvt
omchanical action
~~~~~~mr
sestvtFom
were simlilar totoeo iO6
mt
It was hygroscopic
And in the presence of moisture the TNAns hydrolyzed to
*
picric Acid, which would attack metals with the formation
* of dangerous I'icrates, while the Am nitrate could hydrolyze
focm Ammonia.' Nitrolit was lised in some sea mines
*
aind torpedoes.'
Reference:
;Illied & IEncimv Expovs Abr
PnIrovine Ground.
* Md, (1946), PP 110-11.

H itrotoluol.

-17

of Detonation, rn/sec
Tauiesc2720

general section.

go-neral aea~tion under Starch


Nltrstoke (trutach).Nitrstgke Set. (~trstathe

1.7aln-e%5.

Density

.NitroanilA)

*to'

undvg Swiss Section.

Nobelit (Nobelite). A type of permissible gelatin-dynamites


ue
~fr n
4
xmls
gvni
Table 29
atr
I
w
r

NItroi sobutyl glycerintri nitrot


N
(Nitroisobutylglycerin
Tr:.
ge-neral section and also A.Stettbacher, Spreng*nitrate).See
tand Scbiesstoffe, */.irich (119-18), p 69."1*e
* Nitrol

*See

pnglSaesNi-ycr.
peg.Sm

sNtolcrn

wtednmtI.Oeo
h
le
emsil
Nobels' WtodnmtI*Oeo
h
le
emsil
dynamites: NG ?Q, Na nitrate 31, flo.ur 30, wood meal 6,
napthalene 2 and alum 1%. Veloc of detonation 38360 to
33 nsca
.6~Mrhl
(97,p421
Sm
fteGta
NnDsrc~eTs~go
aeil.Sm
fteGra
oda of testing are described in BIOS inal Rept 609
(1946). See also general section.
Normales Gasyolumen (Normal Gas Volume). Volume oo
gas at normal temperature (60 or 20 C) and normal pressure
(760 mm) or Gas volume at NTP. calculmtion of the volume
of gas develriped on explosion is described in the general
section.
See also A.Stettbacher, Spreng- und Schiesstoffe,'/.arich
(1948),PP 13-1
NSP. See under ignition.
N

oMPSeudrIgio.

(Surface Treatment). See general


under Surface Treatment of Explosives, Propellants, Pyrotechnic Compositions. etc.
designed in 1944 for controlling
Ger~t.point
A device
Oberon
bursting
of the air-to-air incendiary rocket, R 100
BiS. It was claimed that the Oberon device improved the
of a strike fromt a negligible value to a prnl'abiHitV
of about 0.4.
ReferenIce: TM 9-1985-2 (1953), p 255.
Bulletf, caliber 7.92 mn
developed by the
Deutsche %aften- undt Munitionsfabraken A-G Lbck
with a flash on hitting the target. The bullet
con sisted of a steel casiong containing a charge of white
a dtoaran a striker with a steel opringS.
base of the casing was closed with a, leadpug
Reference: Il.Peploe et al, CIOS Rept 33-20(196,p 26drawi ng on nex t page).

Miin n g

the glis liressure. The,1 itest! :if( rcji~t,!Ws

cha~rges increased 25'; andi then with charges increased


%T~. lle "( givt's raultb of tes~t% ctooducted by

litutilswig. ( Siee beClow

'r

/Ji*finRe

ire ,c
:

Lead Di

auhlo'.v Pulve,, W. dic (.ruyter,

B a n

stlhwtig (INN2,), ji', 2*.1.'.2l.

Deii
-r;ker
for

Wsher

Optolene. A litl..ia rocket fuel consisting of about 50'


Visol, itI-20t3; aniline and the rest being ()ptnl (a Co.l
tar p'roduct cotitainilig phlenol), benzen e adxylene. Density
(3.9I wits tsed ii, thet Wasserfail missile in conjunction
with cOll nituric acid (toamtg about I0OL sulfuric acid),
which served its ain o~xygen carrier. The ratio was 0.24
parts of ()ptolene per I part of acidl. The theoretical specific
impulse for this mixture was 214 Ih/Ib/sec, but the-aictually obtained only 181. This value was nearly equal
tha~lt olttbtined when using Visol/nitric acid.
(inllin, CIOS IHep 29-56 (1945), p 19.
Pak odor PAK. Abbreviation tif P-anzerabwelirkanone, which

Bross
CUP

3p~r
9
('lipil

Lead
BoseReference:
rQ

means Antitank
D~efence 0annon.

Cannon,

or

more

literally

Anti-Armo!-

Palatinol. T rade. namne for aliphatic ortho-pihthalic acid


eaters of the general formula C
(co( NI11 2N+I2 po
G4
'1
''7 y No 1 ats pllas ticizers for NC. Pa latinsol s
posed in I1)
Ibyil'IUlabinure
3rflanfstrdduigW
and used in so-ne propellaints amnd
explosives.
Following are examples of l'alatinols:
Potatinol A. Diethylester of 11-phthalic acid
C0l1lauo).Dibutvlester of o-phtlhalic acid,

Uco~n.t.ertljnt~tine lor Cyclotetrcimethylene Tetranitramine, (112: N.No 2


caillved by the( British HMX
-IMting lxlsve).
ii
r
A
,
!I is M-i~testy's lIs'Xoiv
itson
Il
Sh.i'rt
g
dl, tit.3
dV I'.
tItlItt
li
MIX it . ( yvllllitet 3(111 fl prepared either by the 1l:-erfahren
or lvwthe' K A-Veriit thrn. it wits found by the Gjermnans that
Itgiti I
mote seflsitivt' i(1 friction thani 'exogen, but
isee11r st~abeitohea
setin)
-MIintegefltatl stPalatinol
*

D s

d 1.05-13 antil b p 1200 C


HC. I li-iso-butylester of o-plithalic acid;
d I1.0490 and L. p 305 to 35C
Palatinol M. Wimethylester of o-phthalic acid.
Palatinols sire practically non-volatile(an advantage over
camphor) and do not become rancid in storage fart advantage
ovrcsroi.
References:
)'.rniauntfLem
nBln(14.p'0
~)Kast-Metz, Chemische Untersuchung der Spreng- und
/nstfe
iwglruncwi(14),p6.

Ofenrohr (Stov:e P'ipe). Set' utider 88mlnn val-ons.


Offnsjitt
rebmites
aes (ffesities
o al'r,-Pnlatinol
Offesmtot
r~eimittls
eies
(ffesiveess

f a

ro-

In order; to, be sure that it weapon (such as a1rifle


Lel::t
o~r voli vwill nt t burst on*filing, it is necessary to know
the I'r&e5sur.. iLevelol-il' onl coitillustioi, of Lit'e ptpl~lts ant anti
thte rate of pressure' increa~se (Geschwindigkeit tier M~ucksteigetung). if sily 6f thes-e value.- are greater than calculated for .3 given weapon, the propellant is not suitable.

;Also, Iit mlust' be certatin that the combustion of at ptopellant


will slot dtvvlup into a detonation. Th
atrthe rate of
AWr~aeof prussure of a propellant the greater is the
Ofiensivitit.
Thisproperty of a propellant may be judg~ed from tile
t,,st:ago
filllowig
followingt
t20t
;UsualI fixed charges of various propt'll.iot% to be tcsted
are fired ;it a wealpon provided with ai device for dieter-

Pnoolt
aieuauatr'
oeta
0er
yer
oethn5
ynmtmaucurd
PnolitA
tit Opladen, near Ko"ln: NG mixed with napthalene 70,
Basl.t
ndcak1.'Daniel, lDickisgui20lt

toarPrs(

lftc7an
9~

)i)

cak3.

Table 30)
(Offensivit'a't)

Sample ISample
Charges
___________

* Usual fixed62
Increased 25%
Increased, 50
*the

G'ss
pressure
(atm)

1000
1160

Pjressure
increase
Atm

380,
160

_______________

1.

61
16

Gas
Pressure
(atm)

540
840
1040o40

Sample 2
Pressure
increase
At
.

(atm)

Pressure
icr
sac
Atm I%

400-

60

Gas
Pressure

4
3

890

490

1300

410

122
416w

Note- Of the three samples the last has the highest Offensivit'nt because the percentage increase ian pressure is
greateist.
PANZER (Armnor or Ariiacd Vehicle) (in ctollabuoration with
fMsuAede
I
.~.ep
n
.*art
ca
provin G~l.around
and M
.. epfo
suiAede
h
Pirman
znlde thrm
te
troindeGroud
iclddhe
U
term Paa's er, teUrin
loipndrthed

u) Aufltlrungstponste (AufklPz). Light armored reconnaissance vchic~e


b) Flakipanzer fI:lakPz). Special vehicle with full
armor cover* used as AA weapon
c) Pliefterisltpanster. Armored observation cat used

(sr 12 1
til Itii 1111t S111l"

i~r

"

Fukekoizr
ttlcieore
Funlonkonzr
Itdit &iitli
111; ir~iort
~
v) Funkpanxer,.Araino.,I vehicle. for troofi r~adio communicnkit
"till)

fl Geranzerh. Munitionstronsport Kampfwagen. Armvored


1clefil asmitiitin. tI elogi.The
cl.,ss
iit'ci~
te (02,) .'r .iselit- it,.,.*'ri
ge O z
V.oI1k. dtroiver, tank huinter or 'surj.uit tank. It w
hidl
113
o1 llgtyamoeadIe;cl
re
,,It 11;4,ilom'ig~
~ht ly aeninsrectnd ;ihvl
are
or~~~~~~~~ ddindtocthu
asi
ti
wian
ivstrov ene'my taiks. L~ike ;i tank it wi. abl to le*,ve
ridis toidmaneuver over rough terrain
It)
andpaner.Armredaniliiuios :oopearer,
i)
ufladeonor
Lgh
.\uris andepaIn
gtanoamoedvehicle usedI with
i) Muni ti instran sport Kampiwogen. See GJepanserte
Munitiontrn gport Kamimpwagen
om ner
tnk
LIPo trbeehswga
it carried it uper-structure, a two-way radio andi A
w~ famraarm
sa
rm'
ti)Pni
enbeofbraeundswarms
(Pz~lcol~g). Armored car
1) d for artillerycpotingsae
* ti jadpazerdesignated
Pozer~ge.Se
in i Poer h~rkmf:..
iKf
or!z'),cle
alo Kompfwagen (KpfW$), Panizerwagen (MzU4) t
.. mpy anenws
havlyaroedauomviecom'bat
vt'hle ,mounted on 'a tractor (quz h -a!; a caterpillar
ve
typ) o
ad cpabe
trveringver
rogh errin;
tised in organized front line units for a spearhead.
Note: The first tank was built during WW I by the British
atid used in ,septembet 1916 on the Sommne. In order to keep
sectet the construction of the new weapon, it was listed
inorersas"
lio
Waer
afier from Messopotamia" and
t 1hop orders as"I~iq%
Cu.dtoTn".e
r
lterhWaterhrt
nme
nirc-e
as toTankOle
8)flame
i') Pranxenkampfwaogen Flommenwerfer. Armored vehicle
e'cttippeiI with, a flame thrower
0' Panitermunltfonstronsport Kan'piwagen.See Gepanzerte
*
uiitontrnport Plopfwagen
r) Panserspithwagen' (PQ'IW or PSW). Rapid, lightly'
armiored vehicle for ret~uinaalasance
s) Panzerwagen.Ser PaniziIckamrnfwagin
t) Panzierwerfer. Armored rocket'projecor
u) Seh'~tatipanzerwagen (SP3W) Multit. itIose armored
.ar used with Armored Infantry, e g to tran, -or ItPetsIonnel
orammunition
~)Sehbstlahrilafttel (Sf1 or SfIt. Self-propelled artillery
connaitinp of gun mounts (gun cartiages) --hich had
their own motor power to carry them into combat. Each
mount could have protective armnor and heavy caterpillar
treads to enable it to leave roadway-; 'and maneuver
over rough terrain. It differed from Towed Guns
w.1 Sonderkraftfahrzeug (SdKfz). Any specialized vehicle,
such as a' tank, taiik destroycr or self-propelled mount,
mnigit be'designated as SdKfz
x) Sturmponxer (StuPz), called al so Sturmgieschutz
(Stu (eL-ch). Front line support armored vehicles supplying overhead fire power against infantry
Floigis a brief description of tank development
in Germiany before and during WW II:
D~ue to the restrictions imposed bythe Treaty of
*''Versailles
(1919), the Germans did nor have the right to
build tanks. Nevertheless they by-passed the restrictions
and starred to build tanks as early as 1926 when Rheinmetal] Co came out with a 21-ton tank armed with a 75 mm
gun. Inthe 927-928
o-clle
Lanwlnsckatllksr
Schiepper, abbreviated as 'LAS (Agricultural Tractor) was
constructed, which by a-clever arrangement, could be
easily cuiiverted into A tank and this wasi later clone. The
result~ng tank was designated as PzKpfw I or SdIKfx 101.
Its first variatinn (Model a), which 'appeared before the
SpaishCivl
ar I 94),eihed5,7t~n ad had a max
speed of1 25 mph, while its second variation (Model b),
weighed *6tons and had a max speed of 32mh
oh
mnde-In were armed with 7.92 mm machine' guns, MG -3
cDryse). The chassis of Model b, was also used for the
commander's tank (PxB*IWg 1) for the tank dlestroyer
PaJag I 'which
was armed witti a* 4.7 cm Pakc Wr
fo asef-poplldmount carrying a 15 cm sIG 33 ~.0 mm
F.
medium infantry gun

Several otheLr tanks were constructed in the pieriod


the Naz'is repudiatedI the treaty o
esils
u
he real work- started aifter 1933 when the frilinwing plants
went int'o tank development and production: a) Friedrich
Krupp, Essen; b) MAN, Nurrsberg; c) D~aimler-B~enz, Berlin-

iiMarienfelde;

d) Ilcnscehl, Kassel aund e) Rheinmetalt,

first design project was a 10-ton tank begun in


19314 out of which the PzKpfw 11 in SdKpfz 121 w as eventually
developed. The handling oif this project set the pattern
for nearly all the tanks deve loped up it) about 1941, such as
1c~
0-t, 35- t and even 60- t tanks (designed bry Hfenschel
in97-1919), but they, were never mass-proluced.
tgrm
ak
Ph
zKpfw If SI z11
exe
ot'ii
tak
Ih
zpw I(df
about 11.5 tons and
carried one 20
mnm gun 11
(either ege
2c
Kw
0 r2 mPk 38) and one 7.92 min MG. Its max
speed wp~s 30 mip. The tank was made in several
modifications (it, 1b. c, f, g & j). Its chassis w-as also used for a
tank destroyer, a aelpoeldmutecsc
s
a)an
elpoeldmut
tcsha:
it)~eg
'ran destroyer, nicknamed Mardef 11 (Marten Il~and
designated 7.5 cm Pak aut Sf 11 (SdKfz 131) which
carried one 75 cm A,/I' gun pattern 40/2, 48 calibers
long. Wt 11.6 tons and max speed 25 mph. its modification carrying one Russian 76.2 mm A/T gun was
7.02 cm Pak (r) auf Sl 11Ausf B (SdKfz 132).
Note: Morden 38 is -letrdb' at the end c-f thin section
uneOzchtns

b) Self-propelled

mount nicknamed

Wespe

(Wa sp)

an*dsgte
105 m lIauSfI(dfz
2)
carried one 105 mm light howitzer known as 10.5 cma
l) Sllf18protalle m. ountdsignaxtped 25cmphG 3
u
c)Sef-p1cropeledon15 mount, mdesmignfanted 1uncmosiG.z3r)au
Slcridoe10m
eimifnr
u hwte)
pttern 33, total wt 12 tons, miax speed 25 mph
U) Flame thrower tank designated as PaKpfw 11 (P1W)
or Paniterkampfwagen 11 (F I ammenwerfer), carried two
throwers and one MG 34, wit 12.6 tons and max
speed 34 mph
e) Reconnaissance tank, nicknamed Lucks (Lynx)
and. designated as AufkI Pzit1,
IPzSpWgII (SdKfz 123)
iaredoe20m
un (2 cm wK38) and tine MG.
Wit I13tons and max speed 40 mph.
PKpfw III
Although the design of PzKipfw Ill started sev'eral
years before WW 11, the tank did not reach the front until
1941, later than the PzKpfw IV. The tank IIl was known in
several modifications and some of them were eupe
with torsion bar suspension designed by I)r eUorrpce.
Ignrcl'p
In 4rca
1-zpw III was considered
one of the most
of ginal and succesasfiti Grerman tanks. About 6700 of them
were produced between 1941 and 1943, most of them at the
D~aimler-Bienz factory.
Following are the principal tank Ill versions as well
as a flame thrower and self-propelled mounts utilizing
PzKpfw Ill chassis:
a) I'zKpfw Ill (Models A,lI,C,l) & 11) (SdKfz 141)
wr
ak
egigIlt
0tn
armed with one
50 mm short barrel gun (0 cm KwK) and two MGs 34.
Max speed 28 mph
b) PzKpw Ill (Models F, Ui & 11) were tankr wei *IIn
about 25 tons and armed with one 50 mm short basrrel
gun (5 cm KwK) and two MGs 3.1. Mtax sPee-f 28 mph.
Note: The above gun fired a 4-,j lb shell at a muz vel of
2250 f/s.
c) PzKpfw Ill
Models J, J(Tp) & K
wr 50nmm
ak
weighing about `24.5 tons and armed wit onwee
long barrel Sun (5 cm KwK 39) and two MGs 34. Max
-tpeed 28 mph.
Note: As the short gun of previous models proved to be
inefficient against American medium tanks M3 (General
Grant), it was replaced by a lung 'Un (60 calibers long)
whch
adaiulihe
u
y
MdlImrkdT
(Tropeni) was insulated again at African desert hest.
d )zKpfw
III (Models L, M, N & 0) were tanks weighing about 24 tons and armed with two %UGs 14 and
one 75 mm gun !71 em KwK) or one I", min long barrel
sun (3.7 cm KwK 39). Max speed 28 mph
e) Commanders tank, PzBeflg Ill xSdKfz 143) weighed
24.5 tons and carried a dummy 17 mm or 5n mmgun
and two MGIs which might also have- been dummies.
Max speed 25 mph.

(;(r 12',
st~e~
II
i.v
.- ; ni
.!'!~ 111riti
fl1.I5
IIIe
Ai raI.ll
ir
ti
'
M I- I Kuge*,.
i t ushand 'de
I- I) anti eirt r ft1titu k e,i
.. i mWdt
1sig
u etw.l t t
n
F IIc
Iokpaze
t r eon
t)
IIIItwn
A~A gun calle-d
t~ttt
!lk lot.S
I~ l~ L *:~ilih1,
' I~rIo( e~e n o ui s. I c i : d
u s S u u q s h(ze
II ( ) Sttt, Iii Zrt~~
e 0
V ~ t
dKI e1I12
ciirTi cd title -, mllo shtort as,..lu I t
gun~
~~ ~i i ~ osadta
~ ~ ~ pe~
2) 1;d11
I *2 /I
c ri j
o
~~
~IKWK I18.
gull
S CIII K. SK 1 I or
w 7.5
*cil
A)tdf
I1i2,21 carrd
ied
one~..
2% i ala asal
howitze
~)arred
1K '. 1,'
IIC I0%
ssalttank
MO cill S~ttl 4ii2 I. '8).
k t 27 tons1 and mxsed
1

'.'muzzle

"In'sll"uf

SI IV flSdU fz

I4661,

CvIs gedV oti

.9 150 41111mte tliIIt, Ili l.vY It viteszt r son a t~snk IlI IV


c hta s si s~. It '- a
Ilic k n aiti*tu Hu mme l CHu
m b le . li cev.

U~t 28 tonts .1-1 ',lax sipeed 2S mtph


o mt~
e mo dlifi ed ta nlk IV c ha si~sis wet r u %s. its a mmttu n it ioun
r t r
Mu nit io n str ge r ) a mn
d on e of t hle u ni ts car r ie d a

crane

and she~lls for beavv. Iti rtalrs K arl and Thor. (


Karl 1t.rtart,
IIKKI
~~M Sios(,f tilt! above itanks were verv sueccessful in tiltin valsio n of Po alutd (19 19 ), Bld gi um , I lul .nd an d hfranc i.
f 19410) but proved to bec inadetquate during the camlpaign
in Russia (1941)when the heavier *l-i-Itank was encountered.
As result (If this failure, a complete revision of the Gsermnan
program wsordered (in 91)by th
ugh Conintattd.
It was decided to develop mluch heavier snodels, e k; , 50 tonls.
This did not mean, hlowever, that the production of all
11w ~t'rkPzxf
'Kpfw
IV
urevious mtodels stopped - over 910,000 I'IzKpfwA Ill
pt~tt~
aund
tit
rup
.eveilltnett
pl.221t
tC
1 3(,ai~d te
lzKpfw IV were produiced in 19.11-1941 and only abo'ut
titlt Krupp5 plka
eahVrly
', ill tsi
tumme.'r(If ltAal
ie
100( lzKpfw 11 tanks
W)
tcampaign
sed iT h
'l
i 113
n
rnh
iite first tank constructed under Clie new programri was
- Iollo~in
tg are- tile ve'rslions olt tant- IV its well its thi
the Tiger I (P) or PzKpfw Vi (P) decsigned Ity Portiche.
.,i.Ltn t.lil.i~i.iu,
tiss
iti I-,.lI,% IV
As'~ss'U
it5 di
Cvrflu
iimc-ta~nk, its
* I'Kpfw iI/UIV, VV'Jiig IV or II.Jag Ill V:
chassis wa.- motdifiedl anld used for the tank destroyers
3
at) l ~tKp~fi IV (Models A, lb(,i, & 10. (SdiKfi, III) wer
Ferdinand
and Elefant (Elephant) (See belo0w)
tank,; wei ghinti 2!2. i to 21,tonls antid artnaij with one
Slightly latter (ill 19.1-) appeared the tant; developed
Wiltligull, 24, %'alilers bIt
wtMCs3.
;.J1 Mlax
HtIenschel Co and teit n'I,. 1as Tiger I (H). lt
oe
* sed2 tp
wits adopsted for service and its production, started in tile
%Itl1)zPKpfw IV (Models I' & Ui) (.,*dKfz 16, I nd (Models
fi
f14
t
I:, J & K) SfdKfz 161, 2) were tanks weighing about
iAt
at slut tit(- samte period antothier hteavy tank known as
tos
ndare a fllw:
ne7.tmile1.2
Panther wats develolped and went into production early
*or
one 7.5 cm KwK 410 1. '48 for models 1; and G, and
in 19413. llthis tank was intended to replace Panzer Ill anti
one 7.5 cni KwK 1 /48 for models F, Ji & K
Punzer IV because Tiger I, called since 19.0 Tiger E or
Notes: The 75 him gun, 2.1 calibers loing, fired a 15.5 lb)
PZKpfw VI ( F), gave rathter irnadeciuaate service alt tile Russian
shell with a velocity of 1650 fUs, %hile tile 7, mm
front.Redesign of tite tank- was ordered by the Iligit Commnand
.48 caliblers long, fired the same shell with a velocitygun,
of
in order tot nttet all the requiremtents of tile front. Tile
*~~~~~~~~~260fs-ro
dsge akWl called Tirer 11 or King Tiger(See
c) Tank
destroyer
designicted
as Jagdponxer IV fJIdPz
bltow).
IN'),~~
Ihe
rS~z1ollo~wing
F1z~
is thle list of P'anthlers ;Ind Tigers:
abhout '26.5 tr.ins and carried either a 7%)-tm assault
Ianther (1PzKp~fw% %I)
gull, .18 calibers long,~ (7.5 cm StuK .12. L/48) or a 75 mm
a) Basic model of the PzKpfw, V (SilKfz 171) Panther
assault gun, 70 calibers long (7.5 cit. S'tuK .12, 1-/70
ege
1
osadcrie
n
%nt.gn
atr
The enkemble wrighed about 26.5 tons and Ilad a atax
412(7.5 cmt KwK .12) anti two Mis 134. It carri ed
a
speed of 25 mph
,411
gunl in the top frontt, a *3"' gun in tilt-. ottont front
Note: This weapcin was listed by G.li.Jarrett as a selfNalnd
21
guns
alt
tht
sides.
Max
speed
10
mph11
* propelled mount
Notes: lThe tank enjoyed immunity from ntost Allied proe) 8.8 cm Pak 41/1 auf l'zKpfw IV (SdKfz 1(.A), nickjectiles as far as its front was concerned, but the sides
natmed Hornisse (Ilornet) consisted of an 88 mm A/T
could be penetrated. Its 75 matmgun was capable of firing
!gun on a tanfk IV chassis, Muz vel of the gun was
a 15 lb shtell with a muz vel of 1066 f/s. The mtost striking
17221 f/s~. T'it,. wt'dpon served rucieessfullv at It
feature of this tank was tlte long frontal plate similar
R~ussian front andi was later r,-designated as' Mashorn
Cu tile one found in the Russian T-3.1 tank. Mlany of the
(see
below)Panthers
were covered with a centent- like. paste, whicht
f) 8.8 cmt Pak .13/1 caul PzJ'aglll/IV, designated also
had a very rough surface. The paste was intended to prevent
81.8 cm l'ak auf Sf IV and nicknanted Nashorn (Rhinoceros)
magnetic mines sticking to tlte tanks, (some mines were
consisted of an 88 mmnAlT gun, 71 calibers long on
drawn to the tanics by means ot magnets)
,A tank IV chassis. Tfhe ensemble weighed 26 tons
b) Tank destroyer Jogd Panzer V (Jgdl'z V), Pz4ag V,
and its max speed was 22 mph
SdKfz 173 or 8.8 cmn Pak 41,11 alif PzKpfw V, weighed
* Notes: The gun of the Nashorn fired a 22 lb shell with
51 titis and had a max speed of 30 mph. Its 88 mm A/T
a muz vel of 3280 f/s. The gun in the Tiscr 1l had the same
gun, pattern 43 was capable of firing a 22 lb shell with
velocity and used the samie ammunition
a velocity of 3280 f/s.
Both the flornisse and the Nashorn were listed by G.B.Jerrett
Tiger (13zKpfw VI)
as self-propelled mounts
a) Original model, PzKpf%% VI (P') or Tiger I (P), was
C) Self-propelled mounts' (Selbstfahrlafetten IV, .altan 80 ton tank developed by Porsche, t!.e designer of
.'.v...cuor,
alo ssalt
ulle uns(SrurgeahU~e~
the Volkswagen and Porsche automobiles, The tank
existed in the followins models:
was equipped with an air-cooled engine and an electric
1) 2 cM' Flakvierling auf Sf IV, nicknamed Wirbel.
drive. About 100 tanks were built and shipped to the
wind (Whirlwind) was a 20 mmnfour-barreled AA go',
Russian front for testing under battle conditions. Because
on hasis.
atan IV t ws usd snce 944
of some mechanical failures, the tank was not accepted
service and preferrence was given to the tank Tiger
2)17cm Flak 2)auf 37for
Sf IV, nicknamed Ostwind (East
I '(H) developed by Hlenschel
(See below). Meanwhile
Wind) was a 37 mm AA gun on a tank IV chassis. It
Porsche modified the chassis of his tank
and converted
was
144sedsine uf P~pf IV daignted
it tot self-propelled motor carriage known as "Ferdinand",
3)10. astu.5cml
I
4.'2 a
SIVcosteofa
Paul; VI Ferdinand. SdKfz 184 , jagd PA Vt (P) or
also asm
liFht
m hoize,12 caufer IV
lof onsistedified
Tiger Porsche. It was equipped with one MG and one longtank mm lihtsshowItzwer,1 aibhers long
tons an hadia
barreled 88 mm. gun (8.8 cm KwK 36), very effective
tan
chsss
oV
Ith
weged1.
*os
n
a
ginst armor. This tank destroyer was superseded by
max speed of2ap
lfnt
(Elephant), designated as SdKfz 184x whic
4) 15 cm Stull 43 (or 15 cm sIG 33) auf llzKpfw IV,
carried one MG and one C'8 mim AlT gun , 71 calibers
designated 'as SdKfz 161, consisted of a 150 mm.
long
(8.8
cm Pak 43, L/71). The ensemble weighed
:medium heavy infantry gun 31 on a tank IV chassis,
aot7 on n a
mxsedo 22mh
It weibohtd*15
tons and had a
speed of 25 mph.N
mtax
It
wasi
log
aled
Str.pase
amxp
and
43n
ckna25med.
ni
Note:
F.
von
Senger
und
Etterlin
itumwbsIal(GrizzlydBear)iiine
9,0 p 192) called the
a3adncnmd
bove tank destroyer, the JgdPz VI (Ref
Auusf Porache~and gave
l11tI

Iond

* Its Isroputti.ra.s
It alcd3

s
S *Il

I;~tr1
d''~"

ind111A
\I:'aa '~
-'

it(2aal
''

*isr

n~.-t"ric ttn~l. (albout


aa it Ca~rried
ugI2xc
l'ak,

,n
ne

I1) Ti ger I tank

dt,
ndb
e cdC
n
dpa'i
b1Ytile HIigh Coni'mmtn d for set i ,7 wvas clofled Il'-.Kpfw VI
(II) Or SdKfz 13I
Tl**hedeSignationo wi'ts chage
in
I 9-1 to P xp fw VI CE)iar Ti ger E and abu
lox
00
f
thesea. tanlks were prodoced tlhat ye;Ir. I'lle' wo, caf the
a.'
tank Was a bout ('0 tons,
earried one :48 w~il point
;I, ,anio two Mtx
a)
Is Mii

*~-a

maix speedI 2S foapla and it


en Ii
clbers
liong (H.43 cm Kw K,

c) Iigro TIge Btan d'.iate l'Ki


VI (I
or SJlKf. 182, called ailsot Kaoigstl get (King *ri aer Or
R3oyalI Ti get). wei, hed 75 tons, had a miax sp'e tl of .1mph
ctnd wits tqu ippe withI two MGs AtI and one 88 mnin gun
Icc i be~rS oa
88cnKwKI,7)
I icaart~
thae sloping fronatal plIate airmgor (,WI ti ik ), whicha ha~d
prov5en
*ry
succeses fu I in the P anther de'sign *l.
5ida'
irtamlorwasNsI ligtl y thticte
Cthtian V1. Tll' taiuk wit
LaN

1.*,' plant 1110~


",
l)
(XM~u
5 ) A I 60- toii tanflk di'veflope I if, I 1).12
'lal.'
Lot Nilac'lifagen Uacerke. it wa,
.ap!
with
drive.', imeli(11
(i
n calm
arrriwed
Li
on it i,;i
( s-clectricz
mhn*N'VrI
. inla ceaiIM
I.)and
I kef 'a. 1P1 11 -12)
I* Krupp-Maus fKraipp Mos).IleLvy ranks.' l(till'Is'0- 44nd 1701 ton, developed in I 9.12 lay*Krupp Coa.
e .1I ,
d ) Series E tanks of whii ch E-103 wit isn super-liea vy
tanilk
of I 10- I i0t tons. .The . - 100 w;-' de.si gned ini
31-I')il lay til.encagiaave*riaag staff of Adlerwerke
Ir~aiakuiu a-I'Munader direction of I lU A (I leereswaffenait')
iil3.inr
O'~

I-) Maus

RIefs A;and 'i)

0')i Bti livar) was at100-tim


liri''chl-o~adi tip, morttar (ii (t

I10-o

iarmala
n~.'.'
...

lts cI'( fotaltc

tanlk whaich cairri ed a 309 Intoi


rocket tylie) (Ref 4, p 6)
taank anou nti~ag can 800( fialm g~un a sNmincn

Im-- a'

150 min guns its rear ciuartttr turrets.

arraaa wasi 2511 main thick an..f placed cit

I a l'gas
CRef 1, 1,(
Hc ec
I 3Au ''i, I. i c-Id Aatiler JouraaaI -,3a,
1(41
a.1Ii.hI iftttt. Ilaid, 35.,. Jil (I1915)

'de'si gli' . for su lners ion up to I! it and all the jol a, s


1
lkvcre aatadvi waterproof by tosinag rcahber seals
. It re scmIblda
(1944-1
fil- .
aIai tia r -iti appea ratc eN rlioa was lta','? Lan~l-I' t,'
a'ffct'tki
ill p~er f*r..a nce. Al thaaigha its' de's ign
t.
i. IC.1(IS Rep t .4-31 19 363 l hevvipelanet ofi "E" Tank
-ilsad nl
n1)3*mrthn91(I'igers IIait
)II
1a.I I2
f a) lIt) IlisNtorv (if (;e raan Tlank D eve lop*
p roducedl by* Henschel (,o before tile war w.I as~cr
im'l
1) TAI
l
*I~'tr,,)-,Lr, Jagdpaniset VI (Jgdl':. \*I) aor l'a.ai.S
4'a
IKRapt
1-t (1C9.i6),Tlalik Ilevelaa;anw~t.t at the D~aiaaler* ji get %'I It (Ilzj.!g \11 1)
:aS7- ton alramored vehaicleIa'azI.14tory
bauilIt by- thet Nilaclungenwerke. It carried One MG and 1 .I) C If IS Hc'pt U2-15 Mill) D~eveloapment of New Series of
tine 128 afim A,''l gunf, SaS calibhers long (1I2.3) coti I '*.,
t aa.rwal Tan
i ks f it to ILnJ of MaLrchi 19495
L 55). M~ax speed 22 mph
) aI.c~et"Aciatung t'anizer'. Th~e Story (if (Geruaan Tanks
(3 Jag Tie orTgr
'ger wa st a
ton ttank decs:c-r
in Utirld arW llI, Great Oaks, 1R1) 1, Abcrdeen Md (19.18)
equipped with a, 128 faam gun, a60 c'alibers long (12.8 Cn
)\iaa-cbtr'
cwIttatoa
Iitoay
lria
*
lak V14or 121.8 cmnIK .44). \tax siaced 21)ap
"'I'lliel
'.,
Mass (1991), p12577

~('I'

f), Sturmitlyer (Sturmpanzer VI fnit 3AScan M~rsc'r), calledl


* also Sturrntm~irser ,was a%self-propelled aaacuaatcailsistinF
of m
c 'iORocet rojctor ;1,c'aem Raketenwerfer 4.1)
mounted on a Tiger I. chassis. It weighed .8S ton,
aind had ; ax vnI
e! of 25 mlph,
Durig Wrld~arfl
CechTans
b'uingWold ar Itthe Germans also casea' solit' C.xecli
tankS,
Its 'the T-38, manufactured lay -kmaichwrke,
l)il'uen. such
'The original miodell, 'built before W'W11, was tclsigned by the Germans as PzKpfw 38(t). it weighed 11.)
tons and carried one 37-mmn 'gun 3" ((Cxch) [ 3.7. cm KwK
37(t)
and one MIG37('Czech). its, niaxinatin %speed 'c15
Ilecausc Life above 37 mromgun had insufficient acrmor

pecrt*.,i
was replaacedi in 1942 by a more fit-werful
At the samie tunev the speed of the tatnk was incre~ai'ced by
install1ing a more powerful engine. The resulting en'amhlv
w'as a, tank destroyer designated as Jugdipurizar 38(t) nicknamed Hefter (Blaiter). It weighed 17.5 tons and had a
*max Speed of 23.5 mph. It also carried one MG 34.
Note- a"Iletzer" resembled in appearance PxJaq 13(Schwelm)
except that the gur. on this Swiss tank had a muzzle brake.
Another version of T'-38, designated JogdPz 38 Flain,
carried a flame thrrowe'r in'lieu of a gun. Other T.38versions
sered
slf-roplle
s
monts th
fistSP mount,

I..1.38,
150m

*.Landswerke

meiumheavy

infantry

gun (howitzer)

33/1, the

second, designrated 2 ean Flak auf PzKpfw 38(t), carried


a 20 mmnAA gun, and the third, noniknamed Mat-der 38 (Mlarten
38), existed" in two modifictos : one, designated SdKfz
carried a 15' 139,
cm Pak
40/1a 1.62
L,116. while the other
desagnated SaIKfz
carried
cmnPak 36 (russ).
Not: Terewasals
a nnkdesroyr Mrde II whch
is biefy
boveundr
decried
Pxp~wII.Besides
Somfe of the French tankst such as the Lorraine, Renault,
llotchkiss, and Char B served as gun cifrriers, Oine of the
foreign tanks used by the Germans was the Swedish
(L-60), designed by Weiss. Thle tank wast
built during W%'11at Budapest (Re I 7, pp 110-115).
in Germany, Sonme information about tlaf.'
is given by
nortei (Ret 7. P I116)V
rSeveral Experimental Tanks other than those previously
mentioned ,and also tank destroyers were designed by the
Germjans, but none of them was put into production.
Following is a partial list of these vehicles:
a) Leopard (Leopard). A 28-ton tank developedl in 1942

4fi Or

F. v

111.

)-,lelaln,

Sealger u Etterlin, 'la4ylleilboud


'ra.
imcher (1994).

der Panzer

Panzerfaust (Armored
Fist). A hollow charge antitank
rocket grenade fired ftont a tubular discharger. Its smaller
nodel Panzferfaust 30 klein, was formerly called Faustpafrane I and its larger model Panixerfaust 30 was ca~led
Foustpatronre 2. Tile latest models were Paniterfaust 60
and Patizerfaust 100 (See also 4.1.5 mint Recoilless Grenade
lisc'I forger, under Ueapons and also Faustpatrone).

zle

n e f u t6
pa~nxergra'iate
Pzgt (Armor-piercing
Projectile; Antitank
Sel.
s 'tpsosuh
rjciesaeltdunr
Granate and 4- -scribed in TMI 9-1985-3 (1953).
the conventional type
of AP' projectiles,
andi projectiles with1 hollow (shaped) charges, the Germans
uosed some Sabot projectiles such as T'ype G Sabot Projectile
(p 367) and the 75/88 mmnBrand Sabot Projectile, developed
by thle French establishment of Edgar Brand. More effective
were the Arrowhead Type Projectiles with a Tungsten
Bore f.,un Pzl1 41 (p .472), 3.7 cmnPzgrPatr 40 used it.
0' 3.7 cat Ilak(p 373.), 4.2-2.8 cmnl'zgrl'atr used in *r.ipercj,1
If are Gun Ll~ak 41h(p )75), '1.7 con PxgrPatr 4U used in
Czech guns 4.7 cmi Pak(t) and 4117cmn K 36(tXp 375),
I cm I'zgrPatr 4o used in Tank guns 5 cmnKwK & 5 coi
KwK 39 and in A/T Gun 5 cmn Pak 38(p 376), 7.5 coni
PzgrPatr 41 used in A/'1 Guan, 7.5 can Pak )41(p 378).

Get 127
niuse
t4gnk
ige d fA
l'roje.ijie
fotrinus*Iinha'd
e itt IIIt , to iad opt-fetv
wish V
tiAll
(
V
T
r
g
u
s At fi s
P ar am
m on. M iwt ior,. c f A in pe1rc
the
ai ,t~t~
i te~n,
d
lhlar u te 90 and par.t1 1I 10 1.
K earrowhead type pro.
jecit Igr .10 hlUt found o it aop
' '
I or nIi itry pLIrlo..e
unsuitable. In it% place
.ttbi,,r
they
ScIlh'smsolc,
oe.
If'
c,
n
I'IHp9
deelpea projet; Ctof Is~irmal s4h11ll
design, but employed
Zrc
)9
n
i' laslneio
til SL'd
Ie~
'ttWide tstihell
btil
Paihlnde
kIV folrlow ing ely lig t. T : is) itgivene~
Bombilg. A night
il,1id .stiribedp
tactic developed
of u~In gl;urg
dui
-o
I thI
11W
I in Great Britain and bombing
)r
olnanc
Seg.,tNy1911
used against the Germans.
32
ilsisteal
of
h,
T
thfll~aig
tactlc
conisdbmsonatre
ionto
a
almtcca
fu
alumi.,um
viously
Coils
stil
iluinated by flropnitbmb
of nt
., the
tll l, 6) 'it ar nlor-pierc~ing core,
na age
planes.
te
y fa e
opped
cossti~o tnsten carbide. platedl
ro the le aI eg
with
nik
l,
e
d 'fiss
iltol )
plhes.frh
sh -t eelc re liolder, d a S ev
r ol d
This m ethod p erm itted m ot*e accurste b m
i go h a gt
P~sqmIk surrounding tile 'orV and it% holder anti
fillinj h
Reference: A.lLSchillingof
Spteb tatngm.
I
siyai
iatnyAea;pive
bs
com(nnt
foin
Cmnmunication (1955).
il i lg'e.d,
it0h diet ballistic cap. The plastic
had afairly Iligh1 shock
(SelliI'rt~hnic
Antipathifi,,dtr Devices).
resi %tancv.
St;l
no re vffvctive
were Arrow or Needle Type
P'ro0
Patrons. Set- (:tif,rtIdj.,
jecti k's de signed by .6Vssnm'r.
lIme .1 oiettie
I .Constructed
at $UaarhrU ck
l(&hii~1q. Pllant
were very effectiv.e ait
for the
penetrating
cloncrete.
PC 1400 FX was a radio controlled
* (Se
nderArrw
aso
JrmiecziesArrwbeid lrojctica,
from aircraft anid designed fo. attack glider bomb, released
~.,amat,
'oeLls),esne
against capital ships
Projectiles,ait Wielding Projectiles
and
o aalrojcs
IM91815)
p156J
Ponzerhondmine. Sec.'midmer Hafthohlladung.
Peenem~nde. A rocket rv-tvarch
center, Including an air
tunnel, constructed
in
1936-1937
in an isolated spot on
.Parierschnehlmine: Seethe ternian Baltic
under hLandminen and also
the lirst rocket developed at
p 262
l'eenemUnde was the coast.
A-3, the predecessor of theA-4
of
(1 T M 9-I
~co85-?
Rocnmket,
mmon ly known V -2.
Ponxerschreck,
Panlrirfou~st,
A
-fairly
description of Peenem't'nde
und
Puppchen were' the s'hape d charge Panzerwurfkanone
C:enter and its detailed
Rocket
activities is given in Ref
wcapons. developed before'
4.
peei'~
snwi
In duin
, ', II
heEsenZn
i ;'rmiiy
fGray
u l~neschmreck
nlm
References:
wa,; the shaped charge&
rocket,
I
)
A.l)ucrocq
,Les
simi!..g-.
Armes Secr~etes Allemandes,
tofi
arica h11 ok,
but wams
Paris
heavier and had
he
I ltte.
bythe
*l'anierfaust. which Was
(1917), pp 10.3-110
at better weapon with a range
of
2197 P.E.imn
15() meters4. Anothecr Lweapon,
33
ma
Reeac
called thle Il'ippclien, was
n130,Wie,
es:. kIntially thle 8.8
(14Ap)3
LI, el'fanzerschr .eck mounted
3
on a light
J
.G.T'schinkel,
. ;lgae.Chem hag News 32, 2582 (1954
The Panszerwurfkanontc was
a long-range
4) 4.l)ornberger, V-2, Viking,
weapon for shooting at shaped
N Y (1954).
charge,
developed by the
Rhiilitl (o. It walISaLsotsbr
.c
otr
Pento . Same as Pentrit (PlETN).
(See also under 80 mm 'and 88
mmuWeapons).
- leferenj,- 'sPenastith . See Swiss section.
I1) I.. E.Sim'on,
( er man Res earch
19.1-J),
pp 187-s
nVA'1,wieN
y
Plintol odor Peatritol corresponds
2) A.Stett baclherSpreng; und Schiesstoffe,
to the American Pentolire,
Rascher, ZUrich,
described in the g~eneral section.
(19.8),11 1 -1.(See
* -I'nzerwerfor
also Fillers Nos 16, 17, 28, 42 and under
42. see undcr Rock'et Launchers.
Pentrit).
Petii
See under Swiss Explosives.
P anzerwurfk anon.
,VVeund et' Paa. ers chreek.
Pis ierwurfmine 1(L). A
shaped chargc hand grenade,
Pontrit odor
Peteyhiottairt Nitropetnto (NP). See LeeRl*ction under
int'oduced I ly the l.uftv6affe for
(PETN). It was manufactured
use in close combat against
armored vehicles
of all types. D~iameter
in
of body I11", overall
length 21"1, weight 2.1 lb. It was
Germany by batch, continuous
provided with fourcoliapsible
or semni-continuous methods.
cloth vanes which were folded
A) The batch method was
essentially the same as that
against the handle. When
used in the U S A
:the- grenade was thrown, the
vanes
sprang,
open and stabil, zed
Refroencte:infih.abrik,
11) The continuous method,
as conductceJ at Troisdorf
)A G consisted essentially
:1) A.J.Dere, Ordnance Sergeant Oct
of the following
* 2) Anon, Intelligence Bulletin
1945, p 8
operadons:
5,No 70(345).
a) Nitric acid of the highest
concentration and PE in
the ratio of 5 to ? were introduced
sitaultaneouslY into
a
nitrator of 54 liter capacity.
means
of
The
a
"dosing'
60
PE at
wastheadded
feeding
rate by
0g every' -17 seconds. machine
of
The temperature was mairitained
at 15-20 by mcans of cooling
coils
b) The solution-suspension of
_______________________
IJETN in nitric acid wait
IIled to an after nitrator, where
the

Pappmlane. See Lunder Landminen


TM 9_19)R5-2 (1951).
Porach uto FlareI.

See under IFlare.

an lso on p 261 of

mixture wr~s maintained at 120


0) After this it went to a third vessel,
where u strong
e
f ae diluted tile acid and pr~cipitated
of PhTN, which wan
that part
'dissolved in thle stronger
acid
d) 'Tile slurry was run through
a vacuum filter and the
ppt was rinsed several times
with water

0-5 ati
in diltlu
od ash soln to 80H i a d
fromwh da toa
~liNwas
2n sthilserat
1) A ft e!"svepara tin, g th ru
eltIiquor by v aIcuum,filtration,
tile
waIIN~
s %vashed with water andi
aspirated to a
mo~tar
o 'I %(20
cnen

Nuix; A--cutdin1 . to (jerman Rtailroad 'regulationspi~


matized PETN wa permitted to be shipped
if it co hljed
least 6-. wax. Unphlexmatized PFrN
required
at least
30 ".of w ater fo r shipping.
PE -TN wa s also phlegmatiz
ell by the addition of TNT
to 4,0") and tile opt-ration was cnutdby
suspendinr
Prth,.utevd to 50:" and: allowed to run
1
gradually and
Ph.
inaot6pae
vese caixrn
fwtr
a 70 hIeating to about
codwaer
80
f
nd'a bti
adding
coo molten
wihsiraacinton
fnt TNT
a; vessiel tiff and th coytald ze
agitation. *Illuis
a
h1) The atnewaditldofanthcrslled
Ielolwed by colng, filtering andwith
drying. The mitre ws
allowed to be shipped dry (Ref 1).
PLTN
eparaed
tuber
ulig of th
d catrer
by
It was
tacum
:thenl 1p ckediion
The manufacture of Phlegnastized PETN at the
ubrlasadcridt
Wolfrarsh
hausen Plant was described by
Swanson Rcf 3 and
i)C.ll P ~nhousatzng(esesrzn)lITteTos
Clos
i)Frlot
Rept 25-16 (1945).
gla ig(eeri
izn)P.',teTos
Abbreviations:
don iniI
P'E
Pentaerythritol.
A -G used either Monta
ao
Referencer: Same as under Pentritsprengsofle.
synthe tic I
%t~ax.- .4l4. *hamount of wax added
to
PI:TN was usually 10*;, although mixtureswith as
Iio:
1
;(0we~re. kvown. 'l1ae crystals of I'lETN
were
Pe3iintvltsprengstoffe (Pentaerithritol Tetranitrate
susp
tided an
Explosive)
4,dwter
containing some common sult
Straight Pentrit (PUTN) was used under
in solution. The temperature was raised
the name of Fillet
to about 40
No
3-NP
as a bursting charge in some grenades
a'i'd mn;olten v'ax was added in a thin
and small
streamn. The shells (such as the. 20
to io mm), all well as in a lower
temperature was ra~ised and the mass
mnaintained at detonator. Straight PEITN
was also used in a propellant
the b~oiling 'point until about 20'; of
the water had
called Nipolit.
evaporated
The use of PETN desensitized with
8-10% wax
j)' The slurty was 'then, cooled (by adding cold watet)
was much more common.
alnd filItered. After wash Iing the phkegroati7.ed
product
Note: The wax used in German explosives
With water and removing: as much water
was usually
as possible
Montan Wax, obtained from the lignites found
in many parts
by suction, the product was dried to reduce
the moisture
of Ge-nmnny and countries occupied by her
during VV 11.
adPa.:ked
Carnauba Ivax imported from Brazil. Germian
lCbrik I) A -cninuwas
method as practiced at the Kr~mmel
mixtures were usually dyed pink. The explosive PETN-wax
Fark)A(
asessentially as ;los
properties
of such mixtures were the same as those of the
a)Tenirtn
corresponding
apparatus cnitdof
3 stainless
American mixtures describe under Pentaerythritol
Tetrastelv .sslsconnected in series. A charge of 200
kg
nitrate in the general section.
99
ircai
wsfdit
h
The principal uses of PETNI-wax
first nitrator (which wvas Cooled woil h Irin.
mixtures were as
cireaglare-d
fol lows: fillers for various shells, bombs,
in coils and in a, jaIuIcket) where the main nitration
grenades, and
took
some sea mines; fillers in some shiaped charge
ammunition;
plaet 15-60during about 10-15 minutes. A second
standard boosters in ch~emical and incendiary
charge ot PE and IINO was meanwh~ile~
ammunition;
weighed and
standard sub-booster in all types of sammunition
alid as the
transferred to, the first Initrator immediately alter
the
core
in a detonating fuse.
1st batch was transkprrel :to the 2nd nitrat'or
(which
Explosives, desensitized with TNT, are briefly
was also provided with jacket cooling). Following
dethis,
scribed under Pentol or Pentritol as well
as Fillers Nos
the
wa s:trasferedto
atc
he 3d ntraorthe
16, 18, 28, 32-34 30, 37,42 etc). In sonme mixturesAl
was incor2nd
he atc
nd ntraora,,da
to
3d chrgewas
porated and these were used in underwiter ammunition.
introduced iiato the 1st nitra'or, etc.
The total time of
Bedsthemiurshrewsaoapltc
pitration was aLou't 40 minutes
explosive (see Filler No 43) and explosives
b)In the 3rd nitrator, the mixture was diluted
consisting
with
of PETN, RDX and waax (See Filler No 45).
wiater to give La wasttf acid of about 30% strength
References:
Afte
of PTN
fiterng rom ast acd, PTN as
1) Anon, Allied and Enemy Explosives, Aberdeen
Proving
washed %iih water and then digested with soda
ash
Ground, Md, U 946), pp 138-1 42
solution in a stabilizing vessel at 660 until the
slurry
2) O.W.Sti'-kland et al, General Summary
was weakly a!kaline (time, about l!Aj hours).,This
of Explosive
was
Plants, PB Rept No 925 (1945), pp 42-45
followed by water washing'directy In th itr
3) A.A.Swmtnson et al, Manufacture of Phlegmatized
PETNI,
d) The next orperation, crystallization
from acettone,
PBRtNo30(95
was done in a continuous manner in a battery
of 6
4)A.StettbacherSpreng- und Schiesatoffe, Zurich
(1948),Ppp
distillation vessels connected in series.
In these
66-67.
* vessels, water was added to the solution
and the acetone
gradually evaporated leaving a water slurry
of PETN.
*entrltoil oden Pentol (Pentolite). SIee general
section and
* After removing the bulk of the'water by vacuum filtration,
also under Pentrit.
the moist PETNI (10% 11 0) was 'transferred
to the
wax phlegmatizer
2Plarchlorate
Explosivits. See perchlorstsprengatoffe.
0) Phlegmatization was carried out in a
water slurry'
ofr 315 kgsof ...
cn g 10% it 0) plus 1200 kg of
Perchloratlt (Perch loratite). A type of
industrial epoive
at 5 axtowhch
uualy 2
r IG
ax
w4ate in the proportion
based on perchlorates. Table '11 gives some
of I part wax ontn
to 9 parts PETN
perchloratires
epo
by dry weight, was added with stirring
lIt.sted in the book of Naofim (Ref 1).
I, ate

Get 129
Ta~lal

4
Icommercial cxplosivcb, ruch as Perclhloratit, Perchlorit, Pcrkoronit and Persalit. UXhen :he supply of ,.uiplu%
perm'hlorates became exhausted the manufacture of perchmloate explosives was nearly discontinued because time price
of new perchlorates was too high.

13l

lngedintsC~smpoaition,
%
IngrdiensK jperchlorate, of which up to
0O-75
10%" of the tistal. explosive may be
r~mitrae
'ced an/arused
ith
m
K nitr atecopstooftoprhrie
K aIn/orlo Am perchlorate
Am nkrate i
Note: When Am perchlorate is incorporated some of the Am nitrate

62-75

Plirehlotit (Perchloorite). A type of perchloristt explomsive.


in mining before antt during WV L. Table 13 gives tilt
copstnofwoprhris

30-40
35-45

Table 33
Ingredients and properties

Cornposition, %

is replaced by K nitrate in an,

amount chemically equivalent to


the amount of Am 'pr:chlorate.
Vegetable meal
Vegetable meal and/or ?olid
laNi

ky ceu
rinl
u
ng el a ini Ze d )

N.;i Iodrrivatives of toluene ad

1________________

1-5

1 -B
3 -6

K perchlorate35
Am nitrate
DNT*
N4

3-8

20o

20-30 20-01-0

OxgnBlne

,in which up to 4% of the total


* e ,xplosIive may be substitut :ed
* with nitrocellulose-

4
48
1

a0 p o wd2
NG

or r.apthalene anid/or diphenylamnino

42
10

Oxy ensalnc,
cc
ODTraT est ccepby

-DNwapedbytenrtino

4I

17
31.7

i n of m
M T4
-MT

+.
34.0
340ira

Reference: Nao' m, Nitroglycerin, Baltimore (1928), p 131 .


*Stettbacher (Ref 2) lists the following perchioratites:
'Table 32
____________-

--

Compositonh7.
-________7_

K pechirat
148
Am nitrate *
TNT and ONT
DNT
Woold (or vegetable) meal
NG (ttrglyeri)
MNN (onitoglceitrn)ptaee

*Paircoronif (Percoronite). A blasting explosive which replacedi C~oronit in stone qua.rties and ore mines.: K perPrchlratiem:chlorate 65, NG S, aromatic nitrocompounds 25 and veJge- st-t
table meal 5%.
1
2 1
Reference: J.Bebie, Manual of Explosives, Macmillan,
68
10I
-

16
1
4
1

35
42
14
-

5
4
4

4
-,

12
6
-

n."Clel~es:
* I)P.Nomim
NiroglcernCt, Bltimre 1928, p431it
2) A.Stettbachet,Schiess- und Sprengatoffe, Leipzig (19313),
p 316.
Explocive for
(perchinrate
Perchlorotmiriensprengstof'
Trenich mines). According toP.NaoumSchiess- und Sprengstoffe (1927), p 133, the following castable mixture, de" W I ait Zentralstelle rfar wjassenaChaftijchvelp durin
techniache Untertsuch ungen in Neubabelsberg, w*fudt
be suitable for use In Wurfminen (trench mortars): K, Per1%.
-manufactured
chlorte
2 andDNN
56 DNB
Note: 'This explosive was called Perdit by Davis (1943),
p J64, but on p 118 Nao~zm gives.'a different formulation for
lietdi~t.

* Perchloratsprishgstoffe (Perchlorate Explosives). Explosives


based on the perchlorates 'of ammonium, potassium Or
* sodium were u~sed to a limited extn iGermany, as for.
intace Paamon, Psrchlotatitep Perchlorit, Perdit,
Perlornir~tc.described

(See also Perchlorate Explosives in the general Gection).


Note: According to'Davis P 364 the' perchlorates recovered
from surplus bombs etc of WV I (see Perchloratminensprengatoife and also Perdit) wrei used in the German post

N Y (1943), P 116.
Perdit (Perdite). An explosive developed during WIWI its
a replacement for the Corps of Engineers Lxplosive,
(Pioneermunition) Donarit. The composition and propertie-s
of Perdit we~re: Am nitrate 72, K perchlorate 10, wood
meal 3 'and a eutectic mixture of DANT and TNT 1V%.; densi Y
nsiityo
1.20-1.25, Trauzl test value 370-380cc,
nit~aton - required atleast aNo 3' cap for detonation.
was used ntot only as a demolition chargc but ala'
n rnhmra hls
ob
o.odn
References.
1) P.Naodm, Schiess- und sprengatoffe, Dresden(1927), p 18
2) A.Stettbacher, Schiesa- und Sprengstoffe,Leip;:g(13)
p 309.
(See Note under Perchltoratminensprengstof fe 1.

(Percoronite). A type of mining explosive


after VV I irons K perchiorate recovered Iri
surplus military explosives. Table 34 gives two examples.
.(See nest page).
Petirkoicani

Permonit (Permonite). A type of mining explosive man


ufactured before VV I by the Sprenrsstoff A -GCarbonit.
One' such explosive , called roesteins-Permonit . was

in this section uinder Gesteinissprengst4oe.


Table 35 gives two examples of permonites.
(See next page).

(jer 130
P ETN.See Pentrit.

TubI~ 3f
(Pcrcoron ites)
Components and Properties
K petchlocttite
158
Am nitrate
DNT + TNT + vegetable meal
NG. (nirtoglycetin)'

_____

12
59
t0
At

8
30
4-

Oxygn Blanc,
~t2.2
*Density
Velocity of Detonation, rn/see
TrauzI Test, cc
Pb Block rrushing,' mm
* Requires for initiation minimum
Gap Test,' cmi
Hleat of Explosion, kcal/kg
Tewprtr of Ex sonC

P E-WaIle. A nitrocellulose of 11.25-11.50% ntrogencontent,


used for the manuf of some smokeless propellants . See
Nitrocelluloses and also Propellants.

151.2
5000
340
20.0
No 3 cap
6.o
1170
315

peratre o Exposion3145

Pfellgeschoss .

tiRPhenanthren (Phenanithrene)wais proposed by Rgmer to be


used as one of the ingredicuats in explosives based on
(R-Salz), such as : R-Salz
cyclotrimethiylenetrinitrosamine
4400
330
96.5, phenanthrene 2.5, and DPhuA 1.0".
Reference: G.118mer, Report on E~xplosives, PHlL Rept
18.0
No 85,160 (1946), pp 10-13.
No 3 cap
4.0
Phenix Sprengsatffe (Pheaix Explosives)' were mininte
1160
explosives patented in 1899 by the Sprenestoffwerke
15
3115It
Nahinsen & Co in Hamburg.
Table 36 given -tome examples

References:
I) P.Naou'm, Nitroglycerin, etc, iialtimore (192H), p 41~0
2) T.L..lavisq. Chemistry of Powder and ExPlotives, Wiley,
N Y (1941), pp 364-5.

Table 36
Inrdiets
__
__1_

NG

Tebl* 35

___________

K perchilorate:
Am nitrate

NG

~~~Collodion cotton
*TNT
*Starch
Tomn meal
Moisture

VeocofDtonatior, rn /sec
Density

j4

32.5
42:5

31-34
39-43

Na nitrate
Ryawflust
Ry1lu

3-'as

1
j

2"-

25

25

34

40

30130

5
[30

-I-

35

Composition 5%
3J 4

32

30

I32

338

40
4

eeecs
1)' Danuiel, lDictionnaire, des Mari~res Explosives, Paris,
(1902), p 449
2) L..Gody, Traitcs des Nlatiires Explosives, Namur(1907), p

-5

11,0
12.0
3.0

Gapuz Test, cm
Impa Tensitivt (2gwigtm
eigt)20_cm_
(kg
mp' ctSesitvit

I nitrate
K_____

(Permonites)

Components and Properties

See Arrow Projectile.

11-13
5-~9
1.5-3.5

-0-2.5

3780
1.13

Phenol (Phenol). Sec general section and also BIOS 7.aal


1
P
4 14)

Phosphorus Bombs. Some incendiary bombs contained


phosp~horus. For, instance , the 50 kg Brand (:50 B bomb
contained white phosphorus whereas the 50.kg Brand C50A
bomb was filled with 30 lb of a mixture containing phosphorus
4, benzene 86 and pure ruber 10%.
Refcrcnce: TM 9-1985-2 (1953), pp 54-5.

365
8.0

* Penonteswer
usd i potsh nd n oe mnes
ie.
n
noe
npts
eeue
eroie
Some permotnites were 'on the British Permitted List and
elianSG
on Lit.Phosphorus
he
xposvsLodo,~'197
Mrsal
efrec:
1(197).
Fefeenc: .xplsi~esLononv
AMaihal,
*p384 and 'v 2 (1917), p 493.1fo

Grenade. one of the incendiary grenades manufd

UV' 11 in Germany was describe.l in 11105 Final


during
Rept 123.1 (1946), p 2. It weighed 1.390 g and waq prpd

* Prsalt(Pesaite. Oe f te'perchilorate mining


muirit
plosives manuIfactured fromt left-over stocks of WW I "in
ir
explosives.' The name Persalit is mentioned inP.Naoum,
*Schiess- und Sprenjstoffe(1927),P 126, but the composition
in not gien
'
not iven.as
Protaitoder Hto&oliastit. Oneof the pre-%W I explosives
Na nitrate 69,
tn
uve:
use
inpotshmines an
K nitrate 5, sullut 10, coal tar'pitch 15 '-d K bichromate
17 c (vablak p-...er 08)and
I!,. TruzITestVale
(s backpo.:er 08)and
1%,
vlue157cc
raul Tat
Sensitivity to Impact with a 2 kg wt 100 cm (b1%-k powder
65).
References*

a casing weighing 300 g, having a tdiameter of 105 mm.


After filling the casing with a mixture of cotton wool
g) aind naphthalene (300 g), the air was exhausted
Mx
4
and the mouth of the grenade was i. mnersed into molten
750 g
yellow phosphorus. This operation allowed about
impregnate the cto
of phocoorus
n hopou to enter t:he grenade macd
an naph thalene.
Photoflash Bomb (B~litz :lichitcy lindrischie P:ambe. abbreviated
BLC or BIC), called also Photographic Flash Bomb.
ocn
German bombs were similar is, extmia! pernc
ventional 50 k& bombs and parachute flare ca-tes. Their
fillings, which could be either flare compositions or incendiary mixturtes, were ignited by electrical or mechanical
aerial burst fuzes.
Following atre examples of photoflash bombs:
a) I3LC 50 bomb weighed 10 lb and resembled in appearancc the SC kg Type I bomb except. that the case
was made of sheet steel with a heavy nose section.

1)AMrhlExplosives. London,I (1917), p 89


2) *A.Stettbacher',Schies's- und Sprengstoffe, Leipzig (1933),
~p11.b)

Body diam~eter 7.81, body length 26.4', and overall


length 4.1.0. (Sceealso tinder Biombe)
IIL C 5 0/ bomb consisted of a light steel easin

"ireolvtt, Which, ileted as a h~illast to %tdI,ilit.e tile


Ilii.dt omftilt- billmb. i lie outer sectjion of the lsimb conttainvd 15 ikg%of AI Pyrosehliff (q v ), while the inner
tube
t.4ow
~
`1.
*
kp of black powder, called Marine(icscitv~llVr ]Ilui"
served for expselling, scattering

lf

V.

amd i~foitinmg die A] powder, which continued to

of

burn

long detonating fulse pla~ed hisside the


ttilve
lassitin
throufi
time blact- powder Jiharge. The
fuse was
inmr~ntcd
by means
of an electric delay fuze
inserted ins the fuze well in the side
of the bomb. Total
%%eight of the bonib was 421kg. The bomb was insensitive
tit bullet impact.
%ote: The Ilyroschliff aluminum could be replaced With
M) istomni:zed Al powder called Griess, or by mixtures cOntaining magnesium powder described under Photoflash

Tod

Fin

anits%
N

stin

Referente:

19t.914)5.2 (1953), pp 65 & 81-3.


Photollash Compositions. Among the compositions used
by the Genmians, ma be ment one the ones used ira the
BllA 50/ Abomb:
aj U,of flked luminum, called Pyrosehliff (q v
It was insenmsitive -o bullet impact and had time following
cinvmrzmreriqitjcs: peak light inteneity 450 million llefner
candles, tuiett to ruiada peak imntensity 70 milliseconds
and total light output 63 million lImtertnutiosnal candle

Flop&
.S

*Ion1

S &S

b) 10 kofe atomized aluminum, called GrIes. ( v ). It


was inisensitive to bullet imr act and hadl aspeak light
intensity of 800 miltlion Ilefrner candles. The time to
reach peak intensity and the total duration of thne
were longer than for the 15 kg l'yronchliff
c) 2H kg of pellets (13 min diom an,t
ninto heigh) contposed of magnesium powder 39, 1:4 :ittrate 53, synthetic
phenolic resin. 6 and talcum 2";. It was sensitive to
bullet impact. its peak intensity wa3 800%of that
of Plyroschliff, and th tm to a.
pcak intensity
WU% 100 mamilliseculads
d) 28 single-perforated pellets (60 mm diam and 220 mmn
each weighing 900 g (total weight of pellet .25.2 kg)
and consisting of Mg powder 50, No nitrate 45 'and wax
5%. A length of detonating fuse wai passed through
each pellet and the ends of the fulse bound together.
It was sensitive to rifle bullet impact and had a
intensity (measured through a yellow filter) 20%
greater than for 15 kg of Pyroschliff. The time to reach
peake intenposr wito the same an for l'yroschliff, but
the duration of flash much longer.
*Reference: TM 9-1985-2 (1953), pp 82-4.

.7
51,4to

Jab Wdlerflash

Block OPow1'/'/rifle
-d~r
r'

Fuzehigh),
I et
BL

sopeak

.11

,yn

8/, C,

uz

P10

frdif
o

*.eliminates

num

PH-Salz (P11-Salt). German name for Ethylenodlomnlminedi


nitrate (LDDN), dcscribed in thne general section. in Germany
PII-Sulz was prepd by treating et::ylenedichloride with
ammonia and NaOll, followed by nitration with nitric acid
not .stronger
than 50%. Although PiI-Salz has a high m.p.
(1850), it has thmeproperty of depressing the mnp of other
high m p compounds. For this reason, the Germans used
it to obtain castable explosive mixtures. For instance,
a mixture of 45% PII-Salz and 55% Am ni't..te melts at
1050 and can be cast-loaded. Such a mixture has anex
plosive power equal to that of TNT or Amatol, but it has
the diaadvantage of shrinking ronsiderably on cooling.
Adito of aqueous Ca nitrate to this mixture practically
shrinkage and results in is vety good cast.
Thefollowing mixtures contg PiI-Salz were used for

fillin some shells as a substitute for TNT.

boc etA e
Fa n

AK1,

Its

K3

~Ca(NO

Lv9

a) Ammonit: Nil NO5 46, Pit-Sala 46 and CaINO)


4O(tech) 8%; density of fragments 39-40
411
en.(ee
rget
Density Test)
b)Ammonit: Nil NO 55, Pll~alx 10, Cs(NC2)) .4 0
0,n 46NI 5%; d 1.53, casting tesml lb
~ NO, 50, NaNn 50%,
density of fragmet 4(
,ef 3)

) .411 C) 15, -ind RDX 20-7 (lef 21


d)
S-lI& tll[bAlz 10, NH 4 N`0, 32, NaNO 6 or 8,KNO,

(.er 132
*.2

or 0, IWX 10 and Al (powder) 4i01. kilef 2)


e) S.22 (Iiex.i: PiIl-Salz 141, Nil No AS5, NuNO
KN() 3, ROX 14, and Al1(powder) f5%Nef, 2)p
(I S-h2 (llexa): Pli-.Snlz 14, Nil NO *15, NaNO
KNO 3, IINDPhA 14, and Al (powAer) ?-,% (11ef 2)

g) Lao
ilial

,X1

41: Nil 'NO


nd

5?, PII-Sals 30, Ca(NU 3

.9

Pittit (Pirate). A :solid p~ropellent rocket used tsa an assisted


take-off unit for Yeuerllii -55- .IM 9-1985-2 (1951),
226 1

9,

Pistol (Piar-ole).

lontan wx2(ef).tion
C.oniposition- containing A)n were particularly suitable
for underwater weapons because they possessed high
blaist effect."PII-Salz could also be used straight or slightly
phlegmatized . n the latter case, it was paiticularly
.,ut~Lle
i aticncrte
~ uc helscaled
le-rante
'forusein ntiuncfte
hels, alle BeGraate
(116 is thec abbreviation for lleton -concrete).
1) P11 Rtept No 925 (1945), p 24
2) 1B194),
tf.pt o29consisted
120
2)l'
Rap No1620(195),
29plastic
1)) PiHL kept No 85 160 (1946), p 23.

See under Ve~apoom.

PistolenPuiver (Pistol P'ropellant). The following coqoi


is given in lirunswiS, lDas rauchlose l'ulver,(1926)
p 136: guncotton 96, Ila nitrate 1, DPhA 1.5, rt-sidual
volatile g~elaitinizer 0.5 and innkrsure l'L.
Pistol Grenades (Pistolengranatcn).
Several trpes Of
German grenades were fired from special pistola, such
as fihe 27 min Walther signal pistol, etc.

Following types of pistol grenades are describedI


Pistol Grenade (Wurfkbrpcr liar Lcucbtpistolc
461)
OfRnormal egg hand grenade attached toa
stem (body) by a retaining tube. The plastic stein
contained the firing pin, delay igniter, detonator and a
base adapter tot the propellant, The end of the stem was
PCIAcd-see Piran'le
closed before firing by a cardboard cap. After arm*ing the
Picui
Acidgrenade
by withdrawing the safety pin, the plastic stem
was placed in a barrel reinforcing tube which was previously
Piercing or Penetration Test. For this test ar- explosive
placed in the barrel of the 27 mmnWalther signal pistol.
enclosed in 'an iron tb, 30 min in diameter and 100 mm
The cap and the propellant in the rest section of the stem
gwih
als 3.5, mmnthick,wvas detonatedi horhzontAlly
were fired and the grenade went towards its target (maximum
"ing
Srangeithwall3
80 yds). The impact of the grenade caused tie firing
against a lead isheet 30 rum thick with sides 100 mm long,.
i to strike the primer and the resulting flash ignited
Thepentrtio
prdued
ascompared wit
hto
(through the flash tubes) the delay igniter. kftef a delay
standard exploalive such as TNT.
of about 4.5 see the grenade exploded(pp3G)
Reference- G.116iner, PBlL kept 85160 (1946), p 10.
b) 27 mm IT Tyrp- Pistol Grenade , d~escie on PP 3412,1 was rt
fom the latest type 27 min %either signal
tube inthebarel.Thegrenade was similar to the type
Pike (4ct
~sl.A'eprmna uddmsie
31ecp
nteconstruction of the stem
deveopedin 141 y~th
Co Rhet-meallBorsg c) 6 m Pisol Genad (Wrf~tnatfirede),f
fromfrtheh
Kefretce K..Galad,
eveooentof heGuiedMissile,
smooth-bore pistol, 326 Leuchtpistole, cor~sisted of a
Londn (952
ppIt617.projectile
having the appearance of a small mortar shell.
A brass cartridge case, Containing about 0.1 ounce of
rifle propellant, was crimped over the rear section of
Pikrns''urprepaicratio
n
the prnade where the fins were located. The projectile
and~~
r
ivni
~ ~ hegnrl~ ~ eto~ I woulde itac I consisted of an outer casing (oy) and a loosely
beknw
o ineret
tat t n 192 he hemach Farik
inserted inner casing, containing the detonator and the main
Grieshimipt Get Pat 69 837, -developed a unique process
ChreTefidfrngihldba
ws
forloain
HEshelswit,
0A.Thi wat arred uta,
it
prevented from moving forward before firing by two
folows
a ixtre f PA ad
to 10% of TNT was'placed
metal bails fitting into a
r hlole ill ibe t.1l section of the
in sutabe
oldwhih w'sheated fat a short time' to
projectile and resting In grooves. An arming (safety) rod
'hcissihysov
e
fitdbetween the balls holding; them apart. The withdrawal
a tmpratreof bot 8 C waihs formghtd
absolid bloc
of the rod, caused by the set back on firin th
rct-le,
,m~pof
aoingthee'
NT.On
as ormd asold bock
allo'wed the retaining balls to move towards th center
CyStl
'o PAcemented to the tiinethus releasing the rear section of the inner case. The case
meitelyesofsli
NT nplace of TNT otlher solid
would pow be free to move forwardiftwanohedb
nitrocompounds with riot too high a mnp may be 'used fsuch
the tension of the creep spring. This tension was overcome
* D~rs
asDNTTN~,
DN~, DI3, itrtedon
impact thus allowing the detonator (contained in the
-syleNe, ete). t was, clamed that
nthe te naphthalenes,
inner case) to move forward and strike the fixed firing
had high denstyf were slaimed
toa preparei
nd werelosive
pin (pp 342-3)
hadecilyh lensitwresd
ae*tza
t
prchariclacind were
d) 27 mmnlHE Grenade (Sprengpatrone) for the rifled pistol
p*esight PlAs(seesitief
cal.amehnclctI!nhn
(ampfpistole)
consisted of -a die cast aluminum body
a staih
P A 1o)ue.
wasemRufctre
providad on the outside with live grooves making one
booster (compressed), as well as a filler for aonme shells,
cylinder containing two PETN/wax pellets separated by
la~nd mines, depth charges (see Filler No 2) and' as a
a cardb-oatrd disc. The nose section contained the direct
filler in stick hand grenades faee Filler No 5).
I
Iaction fuse fitted with a protruding striker head. The
CastP
sed A nde
as thenam of illr
No24.
ker was held away from the fuze primer by 6 steel
Cat Awa'ie
ude ten
ram
N
4
hfFle
alls which tested in the groove of the striker ard on a
Abbreviations: , HS Dinitrobenzene;' Nr Dinitrocresol;
platform of the fuaze. The halls were kept in Position by
DNPh Dinitrophenol; ONT Dinitrotoluene; iNCrs Trinitroa steelcollar which was supported on three aluminum pins.
creol
rintroolune.A
nd NT
creep spring was located between the striker andj the
primer, and beneath the primer was an alminum gamte
R)eferenesV.CovrHghEplsve,
a Nsrad N
in thfed uapper tart a mixture of lead azide and
F.~lfgExlsvsVa
~ ~
~
~ otndNYlowet
~
~
la
ae in theet
part pressed PETN. Between
(191),p
69
31-20
th gae and the main filling there was an air apace. The
2) Anon, Allied andi lney Explosives, Aberdeen Proving
propeica
hrewscnandinacpwihwsp`e
MYm
the cartridge
attoached to the tall section of the grenade.
Ground, Md. (1946)
T
ere ter 10 holes in the cpto
lead the propellent gases
31 A.Stettbschief,Spfing- und Schimeastoffe, Rascher, Zdrich
to the base of the grenade. Onfiring, the gases propelled
(1948), pp 7547.
the grenade and rotated it because of the rilling. The
setback caused the collar in the fuze to move hack crushing
P~itSe ivithe
aluminum pins and the
centrifugal force caused
a)

P.a

Ii6

STEEL

%'ASWI

3)I

E
EJSU,
.-

'ASAFET

Ct&S;,NG
WASHER---

fiALSFELT

I~.iF~IPATPEF1

It

-.% jr

~OPELLA)JT

VENTJMOLES~
Et

SYPBE.

FLAIWNFF

PLAETIC

PELLET

CAP
ELASH

MJ

-~
SAFVSAFET

DELAY
PEPLETTI

_FLASM

catkr

5Uf~E1wCr

OU~~~"OTENIJ

amme~ a2

f!ML-2

CflEIEP s

.&

-m-T

P~CAP

PRE-RIFLED BODY

*Ch
biIs
to
str ,i r.. I,mr
t

fly
outward *This
1)atrtlIy
i r ee.d
the
1;,
h'i.!.. Ib
rhc
, t.
I-, spintg uth
striker hecad hit it solid o bject (Ipp 143-4)i
0) 23
inn
I
Ci~'Sga1
to Grnai
" I'll101U
'W
"(laierurk
ror 1.lw
Sgirl euhPistole)renade
fired
iron thP 27 miii wurfkter 4i2,.
frL
hpistolfted wihas23red
riflted
ljin v, a speci~al sight and 11 foldintg butt. The
vairlicad
- w
oftin
s pgrar
inan
s.ha ed nd
n~,aoe th s h ped
c hi rge and an imlp
act cap. To the rear o-If
the w arhiead was
h emldt~n, tgiihe containing, 'thn
graze fnt.e -dvtonart' and
*the

Athe

gamne. A slnottletigtln of this tubew~as ptcrif'red. A. thinn-.,


tubewconriaigir,ig a shearing bolt, proPCIliat and at percussion
*Cap
was attu.-hed by at shear pin to the prerifled section.
I it firing , the propellent gasevs drove thne shearii,.
1,01
forward caus
ing it to break the shear pin. This released
* the grenade andi armed the gra ze fuze
'by setback)(pp 314 -5)
f) 27 minll Pistol Grenade Message was fired from
a 27 anin'
*rifled
sii~nal pistol ,(Kanninfps tole). The rouind consi-ted
o.prerifled aluminoM eviinder (containing a smnoke geuerator,
a *aoloed
sreamr an. a ejetionchage),a blck
plastic Lead (cc.ntainin - a mI:ssage or other small
object)
and An aluminum cartridge case. On tiring, the flash
from
*deppliant ignited the delay
pellet in the grenade bs
Iplat
.5rain turnaigniedrth ejecting charge
e ad thiei
Ieldtenc~aecnanr
silk- streamer and smoke
g1enetrator. (p 315)
g) 27 rmr Minltistar Sign~al Cartridge fired from a signal
pistol, consisted of a light alloy outer cylindrical
casing
(thc base of

~k

which contained the propellant and percussion

cap) andi an inner cylindler .which cnaadax


,Itod red star units. Itunning throughi the center of the5 star
units was an assemubly of two
brass tubes
* which were hedin position by aconcentric
central c:arnelure into

~,

,,which the inner cylinder was indented and fixed by means


of at steel pin. The outer brass tube had one set of 6 flash

a~~~~~~

hole
t theinnr
adacet srfaes o th si strs,
The inner brass tu be also had a set of flash holes which

by means of a setting cap could be aligned so as to perinit


the ignition of at selected numb~er of combinations consisting
ff red anti g.reen' stars
a) 3 red & 3 green. b)a. I sccodin
red & 2 gteen, 0) 1 red & I green,

red
i green, P) 2 red & 2 6reen and 0)2 redl & I green.
"
The inner bras- tubc was filled with black powder and
w IasclIoscd a the lower end by a:screwed plug which contiea(eayple.Colvef
In fring, the inner 'cy'lillderf
V-as ejected (by propellent
guses) front
the oeter light alloy c~ase, an d after the delayalongpleIte
o the
h flash
ne
rs
had whl
ue
burned tlnro-gli
giig
passed
immediately
and ejecting, the stat
in accordance with the setting.
-The stars wh~ich were nic Ltinited fell t o earth intact (pp 3467').
dlI

PE"I'N~ eels
Ameicn
asein
unviIal.Tetatrmxue

~nGrayd
~

(eeNot)

plst dd
wic no cntina

~be"

its~lng
:beaus

'*

for

adca

andX
o
reate
tD
WV

it.On
Unilthis vaseline becpme
called Plasrit and llexnwere sed.3)
olnsidwered mostesd tbl
bestretched like dough to
suc astheRusian is

threads. Euo
v s

eanvaer
lipl stich
ivheRs siasdn,ise
:nottacy
ad i,-snotproucegood exas
plastic
explosives,
generaly
77.

e Press-stoffe). Mantifactur
n
desried
n hefollowin
Refernces:with
I
)W,'rannich,
Kunststoffe
i
n
tech
nisehlen
Korros
ions
schultz,
Lehmann, Milnechen-B1erlin (1943)
2)II.S.JBergen, 1113 Report 7032 (1943)
'I nn PB Report 91836 (1945j
4, 9 6 1 9, 1 4
5)Msclln
IO
eusReors:1,,
Rprs296,3-6ad3

85,

87 and 98 (tfter

3-23 (After

WW 11)

otc
glwing

nUra
rnac.DrnDV1
hr
a
use. of plastics in plants, whichi man uf%:tured
acids, explosives and ammunition. For
instance,

linings4
for tanks and pumps, funnels, pipes,
plastic trays for
drying explosives, sealing plugs in delay detonators
etc,
w e re fa Lric a ted fro m p la stic m a teria l. On e o f th e pla s tic
s
vljdi
emaywsMplm
thr
eeNvlc

eeoe

nGrayws.Joa.Ohr

eeNvlc

Lignofol, lgelitrpnilver, Trol itul etc.


Refercrncc
1113 Rept No 925 (1945).
P 107-C,

pp 7 and 25.

A plastic

expios" t:e uf VV' HI: RDX 64,


olloa
eilqi
atoldoabn64,n35adlqudo
125t to 3.5 a ns les fiqu
id or
n
a i them
q lA eica n Cohyd
o sitions
25L twsls
fiin
hnteAeia
opsto
C:2 because it contained less PUX fAllied
adEnemy
ives,

Aberdeen

Proving Ground

(1946),

p 127

Plostol, Colludol, Celludin odor Comphrosal Trade


names
o
.o~ns~a~;CI~l
*~ Nlwiefae
mhc
i p
1370, obtained as a lw-poduct2 ot
saccharine manufacture. Its 20-. alcoholic .soiution
gelatinizes collod

50

cotton complctely at 5
Kast-ItletzCensh Unescug

163

eice

nescuglrushwi

runcwiC14

14)

Plostamenit (Plastomenite). According to Dianiel (Ref 1)


latm leswr
poelrt
invented about 1889 by
6tlrThycniedomxuesfthntae
pdcs
itlr
hycnitdo
itrso
h
irtdpout

of cellulose, sugar, starch, aromatic compounds, etc

with

oxidizit,,. suba 'tunuic


such as inorganic nitrates, chlorates,
chromates.etc. These compositions were modified beginning
187binrpatn,05o1%ofclpny
codn

toMrelow:f2)Patoeit
oMrhl
Re

'atmnt

an

early -(1889) sporting smokeless propellanit prepared by


gltnzn
Cwt )T
geaizngN wthDT
(Ref 3) stated that Plastomenite was a German
propeilan:' prcpaied by blending 5 parts of molten DNT
with one part of nitrolignin and sometimes small amounts
oIetanirt.Atricroaintefsdms
a
granulated.
lBrunswig (Ref ii) gave Plastomenit as containing
guncotton 67
anitrate 13, TN(3
admitr
1) Daniel, Dictionnaire des Mati~res Explosives, Paris
(1902), p 634
2) A.Marshall, Explosives, 3 ,(1932 ),p 98
E.Colver. Iligh Explosives (1918), p 169
4) lI.lBrunswig, Das rauchlose Pulver (1926), p 134.
Plastrit. See Plastrotyl.

7
a
3
N z
O T a ad mitr
oetin)
Ploetrit. According to CleHigh Explosives
rtl
wereP plastic
explosives patented
906(Ger
181 574).
were prepd
by ni:xing 85 to 87 parts of
TNT withThey
liquid
solid
eis
as copaiba balsam, benzoin gum or orstyrax,
or such
without
liquid
DNT.
The
plasticity
could
be increased by incorporating some co~lld cotton. Table
37
gieeoe
(Sveenoet pxampl
xmls
118,p29by CE.Pchelinla

Plattenboascuss
etmto

(Plate

ofhebiac

Shooting). A

plate

ofexplosives

ts

similar to the

Tal'ftj 37

POlYvinylccirlozol

~factory

% onpoitonpint
TNT'

I ) .1
14.01

I~r'Iuuprnine*
10 11
t it~y Osl

I(efternice: CIO

-l

0
45

Iloazoin gum
Liquid DNT
cotton

k.Collod

iiiif'T"

1.0

d iph en y a'lmnin e '0. .7, soo t U)


. 1, 11ois t ilre 1. 1) an d re s idu a l
volatiile gelatlnizn'r 1.0'..PrfrN(oenme
09
am
intFilltUlVer
IM
109 (11p 109). dCSLribCd
under Filler.hyclri:
POL( uvr ohisne LI;saungamirtel )(Solventless Propellant).'ee
under Prop~etlants.
Pollopos ,On ,e "of the plastic materials% developed prior
to A~Wit by th~e 14yaatinit A -6 , at IroisdorfI. it is a ureaformaldehy de cond~ensation Product-

It

V3)

1) W.Refrenics,
KnrtofinTtchnischen lKofrroS10nusch6,tz,
IfehmKann, inch,Knst'erlcin(93,p2
2) l.Schring
&
.ebowsi,
untoff-lTaschenbttci,
2)C.lnSer Michelng
+192) ppze
2.10skij25
if.A.Tisch,' Pica~tinny Arsenal; private communication
Poluler

se OLSimilar

Poymdo. Acco,rding to C1I.5 21-3 (1945), a Nylon type


po1Yaamide was evelriped at the Troisdorf Plant of Dynamir
A G.no
desrpino it nn
and poe tieigve.
Poly tykol (PI`") (IQJoI'VgI',c!j.
A liquid product consisting
of abut 75% Jiethyleneglvcol (MFG),' called in Germany
Diglykol, and W5%ethyleneglycol (EG) called Lilykoll (Lic).
* hspouc was Franufd before and during %V.' 11 by
'I G Farbeninsdusttir starting with ethylene which in turn
was obtained either front blast furnace gases (by liquefaction
and subsequent fractionation) or by hydrogenation of
acetylene. This means that no food materials were requ'red for 'its manufacture, whereas for the manufacture of
glycerin criti cal food materials such as fats were mequired.
* When this 'Proitduct Was nitrated, a liquid explosive was
*obitainsed which proved 'to be a better g~ratinizer for NC
than NG. Another advantage of nitrated :polyglycol (NPGc)
Wrs that it prode-ced much coolecr propellants (possessing
low calorific value) than was ever possible with NG.
(See "G"` Pulver).
Reference: O.W.Stiekland et 411, Gent.Cal Summary of Expleosives Plant, 6B Rept No 925 (1945), p 13.
* when applied toth
Apastic composition which
Ppygn
surfaces of combustible solids prevented them from busrning.
it was used for coating the onbrigufaeofold2
rocket propellatnts.0
Reference: M 9-1985,-2 (1953), p 201.
Poy.yrn Pli.
A1odn
to CI,
21- (14,
p5, the RI Fezbenind at Ludwigshyen produced two types
of polystyrene which softened at 64 an62 epciey
No cfppolymers of styrene were used.
PolyretanePepartio
Platic.
an
prperiesare
described in CIOS Reprirt 29-12 (1945).

-,,lf-1 Luvirton, w.,is tinnadI


~jf rejitirc
iri.1. 1j

cItsep rapid 5 ),1)5.

rcla

r e p ar ith
f b m of v ilri u ..
pi t ui c t ( I e , 1) at d ti t r,o nt
il t p y r or
leclil ol' Io wi'iujprlifm 004'
II- Itllt?,PWlI jon
poll y I I Itf
l
i lde' jr1,11"finI le( lc itirollsed
ini Ref L

a)Vinidur 0q v
1') fifipofam ((I v
0) After-chlorinated
PVC. It contained till to 60O"; of
CI drnd was ve ry stabl e. It dissolved in methylene
chlo~ride in which the original PVC was niot solbl e.

10.0 10.0
1.0 10.5 10.5

I
P itzotrnepuver(ban
c~rtidt' 'rtlli~,,).Tlic'
followin g Conlwi)siionn is givenl in Ilrunn.wig, I).s rauch Ionic
I'uler
p 131,:c~lld
(926)
C~t~n
3,
~
74

Plustic,

file in iLcc~in
molding: bec iiiist
oIi,)i~1
(over 200 '). Considrabrnle l'rcbrsure wal;

ieferences:

1) M.Pd.oqler - 1,.J.Curtis, (30S Rept 21-1 (1945), PS


'f.iUrbainski, I'rzemysi Chernniczny, 27 (4), .187 (1948).
P r f r N C d
u b r f r t e p o ut p c d b 6 I ab n
o h
rdc rp
yI.
ahn
indot~rif
Wcondensation of acc.tvit, wit' til'ttiwn cyanide
anud hrlvrrAo'int .a,lftte, followed by treatnment witi sodiuff:
2)

2NXrCN + II2NNlI

((.113 )2 C(( :%Nlii


(:t)Q_)=(Q
CI 3 )C(NN

II.s)4

2N"
2'
-II~i'NNQQCI
l~i
3 2 '('C)CICI) 2

The product was used in the manufacture of Porous


aeil
such as foam rubber sponge and as a coating
for Schnorkel tuber. and submarine periscopes (see under
Zetl-I gelit). It has the pro perty of evolving nitrogen when
hea01,e
together with viny I chluride in an autoclave at
properties were displayed
by Potaofo
13B1
(Diazoar'tdo ben zefte) and Porofor 254 (prepd similarly
ito Porofor N by using cyclohcxanone instead of aceon)
Reference: CMS Report 25-18 (1945), P 30.
potato Masher or Stick Hand Grenade (Stielhandgrainate) consistL'd of a wooden stick (handle) to which was attached
q moetallic can filled with ain explosive. A similar type
ws the JLapancse Trype 9H Sti-'i: land Grenade and also
the Russian Stick Iland Grenade,
Reference: TM
-952(95)
p3932
Silad
granaten 24., 39 and 43).
Powder Metall urgy. See Pulveriaetralurgit
Pro-engraved Projectile.
Pro-rifled Projectilo.

See general section.

See Rifled Projectile.

PrsGn ofEpoPe.(erl
rcdr
scribed under Krammel Fabrik, Dynamit A -,Pesnrieflyine
of Explosives,erc.
Prassling.C.Monard et al, Win poud 34, 179 (1952) startI
that Pressliang was a German explosive of WV 11cohi,aininjn
some tetrrnitrosulloxydiphenylamine,
(0 N) CI
~IIC If 2(NO02)22
)2C6 2'-SO" 6
a yellow solid with mnp 368 . The terra compd was prepd
by nir~ation- and oxidation oi tlmiodiphenylamin (phenthiazine)
N
614
with concdl nitric
oad

No other information is given by

PrimryCopostion.
nd nititin

'1w

illwingGeran

Mercuric fuhninate was uscd extensively during

W11.

1"TI'mryandIn~iaingComostioi. I'l(-fi~loingGeran
terms vr'. uisd in Cormpection with this subiject: Z~idladunq
(P'rinwr (hlkrgt'), Z't'ndhutchen (l'0wier (:ilp), lnitialsatz
(Initiait ing Composi tion ), Initlialit'under (Initiator). A generalI

WW 1, but only in a few types of primers during WW 11.


T'able 38 lists some German printary anti initiating coinpositio'ns used in fuz es, 1,rihers anid detona~aous.

Table 38

Composition______

Ca silicide

cC37.5

Abrasive

430

lass 10

~28

88.7

S
-

11.30)

4.2
-

45

5544

6(l)

7.4

5.1
-

Electric fuze primers

--

Same as above

12.4
15.4

856

Uses
Primers in shells and

some bomb f'zea

94
4.

lla(NO 3) 38t.5
lla(N03 )~ 35*5
Ba(N,)2 479

Primers
Primers

primers

-Gls11

Ptrimer-4etonators

Standard detonutors.
S
Smas
above
Detonators

*16 compos Iitions (ii) anti (cr) ill.- INC %ats made into a paste
ignition bridge of a primer.,
T14b le'

Oxidizer
KIO3

2.

-I

g-

NC

235

aI3.
b

Tetrii-

S. S
2 3 .j

using aniyl acetate.

Then die paste was beaded to the

)9ist.
s so me' cartridge case prim .er compositions

Table 40

1Composition
laedrn
'

-Uses

Table 39
__________

Composition %

__

__

Uses

KICIO S/Sb 2S

KCO

bS

20 mmnHE Shell

3and

3 7mmn APMB, 37 mm APRN~,

L St 88.7 and NC lacquer 11. 3 50 mm HE, 50 mm APRN,


abr asive 6
47 mm APRNLI, 50 mmn
lIEH,
50 mm A PHV, 75 mmn HE and50mAC
C,0mAPN
75 manAPC
50man APC SC, 80 mm CM
CI
5S
7MF 21.5
20 mmiiIll S,20 m~m APLC,
Lnd 88MmiAnSe
ll;sm
tanp8i
50 mm APC I1C,50 mmn APC
Ln
ie
SC, 50 mm A PIV I.C, 88 mm
KCl 3 58.5, SbI2S327.5,
47mhPe
nd75mmsP
IIEMTF and 88 nun APC
carbon 9.5 and abrasive4.Shll
KCIO 3 44,Sb2 S 24 M .1F 23
37 mmnlE, 37 mmn HlEM,3~ a
l JC10 40, M F 29 and
47m
IShl
and abrasive 9
imPN
, 7mAIVad
S
2S31
05 mm HE How
KCIO a28.2, -SbS3 3 1. 1, li F. 417mm AP, 47 mm APRN, 47
KC10.q5, Sb2S 3 4a,MHF 14mmHFw
Shell
an10m
25 i.7 and. abiasive 15
mm APIIV NP and 47 mmn HE
and abrasive
)412
9.5
How46,
7
fi.Shell
3CO291S 0.3carbon
S 4.4
47 mmn HE
10.7 and abrasive 5.2
MF1
16.7 and amnnsive 10.86
5adC ucd 5
75 mm HoC and 1 05 mml HoC
Ba nitrate, L St and abrasive 20 mmnAPHV
over PETN
hells
KCI
37 HF 2, 5 2 530 88 mm AP Shell
Ba nitrate 47.9 arid L St 52.1 7.92/13 mmnlIE
KI
7MF2,S
L St 19.2, Sb S 6.1 Pb.80 mmiCM
and Sta.; 7
ita ari
362 abaie2.
5
'L ISi26.4, Sb S "18.2, Pb50milm TM
nir4 50.
3n
abaieK_____________
nitrte
brnaive'and
0.1 nd
4 lits
Tabe
oni prmercomosiion
during
40Wli ssm
rtlrc.aoiin

~51,
usd i
sdi

fues
ue

Abbreviations: AP Armor-piering;
9APC Armo.r-piercing,
* Ccppe;
Chmicl mrta; H Hih xplotsive; HOC
Holwca arpe;,
Chmclmortar;
How
HEVig
lpet-elty;
I n
cendiary; IC Inert charge; L A Lead azide; LC LoagSohrrae

Sb2 S.24 and


50 mm Mortar Shell
abrasive 25
Sl
2
admn Tlemn 5
ICIO3 38, M F 14, Sb2 S 342
adMn Tlemn 5
glass 6
Land Mines (Tellermirica 42
L St 41, Ba nitrate 41,
Sb S3 3 and Cal sulicide 15 1nd 43)
case; L St Lead atyphnate; #4B Moanblock; N F Mercuric fulminate; MTF Mechanical time fuze; NC Nitracel.
ulose;PETH Pentaerithritol tetranitrate;RN Round nose-,
otr
OS~-eiryn~MTec

0'r 1 17
IA
kI

rype
of

S.s -itLJIi
,th

ty~~
O
:i~sdel
ldininOg lead p i ra! e,

1<..' st~les,
.e~i

.:;.;,l
ayi ditmigttirs witii fusilcIads c-onanion , cothe, in jed i n ts .
F~i
:use

A.Stettbitcler,

Initii

Epl~posivstoffe,

~loc

Veit,

Afiwinvm

191~

1) A.Stvtrbacher.S cIiiss
in'd ;preingstoffe,
1-(913) pp324 1559cPwe
i ) Anon, Allied tod Eneiity Explo ieAede

Pr'imer con sis ted of a lias~s primer


. UEs
bdy. a plastic printer P!.,i in siil Stfr, ai lbrat5
r's
lug
i,
anl ignit cr a ssemlly , at sliect brass. i .n it er retaicier,

B~arthi, Leipizig.

5) 9(.R.Tomljnson-

6) F.lPristera, lP:catinny Arsenlil Chein Lab Relic Nii 127,024

7)Anon,

Army Ordniance 31,

No 101,

-:

1555 (;9415)

r, Pic Airso Tech Itept

pip 451-2 (1947),

-cina
Ikl*ecric IPrimecrs
of WW If
0)

i..crcbaiie~oren-

__

nd Schiesstolle, I achvir, Ziirich

Primry
ompsitl,~sdesribel
~inTkI9-195-1(191),pit
TM9-195-3(193),a
Primry es-ibe
ompsitons
355-7(were used in the following primers:
* a) 'Percussion Primter C/ i2nA, ue
in5
mm
f'
cartridges for Ilk shell, contained: M 1: 28, K chlorate
14, Sb) sulfide 32, and 1,l:iss powder 61;. The upper
recess (naaie
fteprimter containe
0.65g of
granular black- powsder and a l.4Ig' pellet of black
powder Ilich1 served to i,nite the prc..iellant (pp 354-5).
b) Percussi on l~rim,.r C, l~InA used in of- cartridgfes,
* contain'ed: MIF 52.0, K chlorate 23.0, Sbt sulfide 19.7
and a brasive 5 1';. The upper i.!cess of the primer
ho6us-ed 9.7. jgrain of b~lack powder %%hich served to
gnite the propellant (1p355)
c) Percussioa Pli-nvr C/31, used in of. cartridges,
con tain ed: NI
T21C
hloae
37.6,
rcssb
29.6e
and abrasive 8
h
pe
eesof
the -rer

sulfide

th~e propellant (ppi 355-0)


.sufficiently
di) Percussion Primer NI 33, used tn 47 min cartt'idges,
contained: M F ' 16.7, K chlorate 29.1, Sb sulfide 43.4
and 'abrasive 10.8'. A charge of blacl: powder (3.1 g),
placed above~the primer, sevdto inite the propellant
I'P, 3j7).
In (:lOS Rept 33-20 (1946),p3-'_*Aescribed in the followi~ng primary composition used in caps for 7.92 mmrsteel carcridges mintifd by ithe D)eutsche Waffen- und MunitionsFabriken A -G, Ld
Lick: lIf nitrate 42, Pb styphnate 40,
T~etracene 3, IPb peroxide 5 and Ca silicidle 10';.
Abbreviation-s; C Conruction; HE hligh exposie;S
*
Potassium; M F :Mercury fulminate; nA New Plattern; QF
* Quick firing; Sb Antimony.
(See also Abbreviations under Tsble 40).FARCO~

- - --

-The

Primter (Zuind hitc len). According to Ii. Engles burg, The


Oc-dnance: Sergeant, May 1944, pp 120_1 , German Artillery
primers were all threaded on the outside anti were screwed
.into

the

base of a cartridge

in comparison

case. 'ihe

primers were small

with those used in U S ammunitionI and


* contained only a *.Small amount of explosive to amplifyU
the action of the' initial fire. Io facilitate- ign~ition and to
insure complete and uniform burning of the propellant,
an igniter bag was employed at the; base of all propelling
*charges whether fixed or semi-fixed,
Note
)
Note Noseprac-lodinarnuniion(suh
Noseprat-lodinammnitin (uchasa iatheU
n te USSA
Awas
was ermns.a
sedby he
body and the inner components of a primer were
originally made of brass, Lbut there was a tendency during
VW 11to make the bodies of ste'el.
.from
Two types of Artillery primers were used: electric-A pliercurs primr were employe ialamutinfmuition
A.d pEreckic primers
on
"ak
g uns above 5 cm in caliber, for tank gurl- of
5 cm an larger, for the 7.5 cm SttuG, for the 8.8 cm lhak
1a4
aciofeor all cal ibers of anti-.aircraft guns larger

thn8.

n,

E/ec 1,-ic P-1Im er'~

I19-iH),
PPit951 19.

*i

IvwdCA

PoigR~*
Grouind. hid (1946), pp161 & 71..
I) Collective, Pit Ift(
11,544 (19415), varc III, Tables 1,.

Bl1cCPrC

G'osjin-'

screw, a loose black powder charge,


a brass
pressedretaining
black powder
charge, a cloth black powder
disk, andi ain alu~minum Closing disc crimpe d in position
to c-lose the forward end of the prime.Theinie
assembly cansjsted of two chin aluminum lead-ins
placed on each side of a fiber strip and connected
toec
te
ymasof
a platinum-iridium bridge.
one lead-in was in contact with the primer plug, the
other with an igniter retainer. Th bridge and the fiber
assembly were encased with a suiall quantcity of lead
scyphnate coated with a green colored nitrocellulose
lacquer and around this was placed a loose blackc powder
charge.
When the firing circuit was closed the currenr
passed from thle insulated prme plug, up one of rhe
lead-ins, through the wire brige, and down the other
lead-in, to the igniter r-'~inwh.ichgcr:ldt
to ignite the lead styphnate surrounding
it and this in turn ignited the 1bzk powder.
B. Percussion
primers existed in the followii tns
C/12nA, C/l2nASt (Steel), C/13nA, C/33 and MA37"Asll
these types, as well as the RussianPie
2/
sdb
the (;ermans,are described in TIM 9-1985-11 (1953), pp 354-58
The C/12nA Percussion Primer consisted of a primer
body threaded on the 'outside and recessedi. h
center to receive a brass anvil plug. The plug had a
central flash channel and was recessed atteraward end to form an anvil and to hold a brass primer

VARNISHiED
FBI

GAUA
PW
GIUMN
CAP

WSE

--

Flw

UPWE
GUPWE
AVLPU

P IME18

cup containing the primer miuxture. The cup held the


Directly abevec the plug
mixtureaantteavl
amount of granulIar blac ItPowder
Was .placeda .small
with a black -powder' pellet covering it. The pellet
held in position by a brass washer crimped over
varnished fabric disc. When the firinag pin hit the
primer, the cap pushed the primer mixture agaxiinst the
anvil, thus causing the mixture to ignite. The flash
the mixture went through the channel toward the
black powder charges and ignitedi them and the%;e in
frorpfeldingunshange 1hoitrier from
usem
tueeeplydirllamnt
firedithen poropiellgng carge [hnis rier ws uro
s7.dc
to 21 cm (excluding the 7.5 cmStuG) and also for file
5 cm Pak and the-8.8 cm Flak 18 and 13,.
(See al so Primary and Initiatin g Compositions).

:;;~:.i.L~~:
.. *''j~~

Tj~

..

ciisinr ifoil:L,,

1W

55*jl~555

It

coniisit-d o
ai -.0 indica,;l L.asil,
i.In
plated Stce,!)
ontainmpIiil a przimer I ixiiirt litrvstiiily
lead~is diirtii rere sy Iat
andv
'11
'1
,i
vlzd3 kiccv iiisiiLatilly vul'. lead tin foil
wa icr
(attaced1.! i
slit'-lac to ani insu:lating matcrtiaJ

A)

:1iiiisirian

~SI~ln

7'

nickel

brss

sollfere.d

to

two

Ammnunition

foil strips
h e bridge wire
a paste formed by
metal

with

eeti

uisc

rai'swr
rnewr

sMues

ZINCLPLATED

Priming Compositions Used for Tracers,

~JL~L~2INSULATING
SEEL
ZINCPLAED

In addition to their une for Synchronized guns:-. elCctric


primers were used in sonme Turret guns andi in AA guns.
Reference: 11.11eploe et al, CIOS Rept 33-20 (1945), pp 73-6.

CUP

Rifling

SPLASTIC
ATERAl

STEEL

or

Increasing

See under *Iracer,'x


System

SHEL

Twist

briefly

described irnthetgenerel section wider Rifling.


ollowing (,erman weapong. used progressive
a) 75 mmnXwK (60 titOr twist)

rifling:

lDrall

oder

lDrall)

VAachsc'ndee

b) 75 mmnKwK 40, L/413 (6o0to 90)


c) 7% min StuK 40, L /.13 ((0 to 90)
d) 88 mm KwK (40 t
00

to

10.05
TOGETH- .INSULATING

of

is

(Z/urnehnierder

LEAD TIN FOIL


WASHER

WITH

5m

Shi IS I. 20) mmn%K, I 'S1:'200 and 20) tni MG 21'i. The bridgeexiste,' in two typecs:C/ 25 and C:/27, each
priner
requiring a firing current of 2.1 volts.

Progressive

ER

mt
.sl

us
s:

PLATED
SHrL
STEEL
~STEL
SELL
ZINC PLATED
STEEL SUPR

RING

STUCK

steel) con-

islaretl

igi IrN- compvound (Such as, lead styphnate

Imisheliasl.eltrc

frsnhsaz'Iarrf

*-.ZINC

ZICPOLAED

\%-ire

'~s
r lead picrate) sus penile! in ai N(; varnish. (See under
lutsellead)
.0*A
fillimmr cuomiposition: K perelilorate 47, 11b styplinate
1
:nl
a silicide 30';, loaded loosely around the
n
2

FILLING COMPOSITION
AT 1200 It
PRESSED
IJEAD LOAD OR HIGHER

LAD'/TIN FAL DISC


VARNISHED WITH NC

platedI

eparated I yan
llbad(n'lao)
\%.t.. CoaJtesd b\' Successive dlips in

md
ll
rictin)!. A , r.,,ir s.f12oiII(,vokt.
r' 1irdto iirt (lit- prome,, r.
Relcrelice: Il.1'Is,ot,
10 Rep
3
i'
-20 (190),
vp) 7S ,

brdg

c) 88 mmn1lak, Modifications 16 & 37 (4 to 0)


0
0
f)l100 mmK IS (4,21 to 6 )
g) 105 mmnHowitzer (60 to 120)

0.1 MM
RING (PLAS-

TIC MATERIAL)

h) 150 mill Howitzer (50 to 100),


i~
)1S,0. imi K39 (40 17' to 5'59')

LACBRIDGELESS TYPE
.ELECTRIC CAP

40" to 5 58 42)
k) 210 mni 1118(5a 7' 45" to 50
42"
1) 210 mmi,K 38 (40 29' 27" to 50 ;0)

i10mmGnf16

rflrime:. Electric, Bridge Type was devloe

bth
eshe
und Munit ionsfabrikee A (;.Ltlbeck and manufactured
*by threRhein metaII.Bts i 9A G At consisted of a cylindrical
FILLING COMPOSITION
BRASS CLOSURE DISC
IUPESD
(6.05 MM THICK'.

m) 240 mmnGun (20 15' 4 1 to 70 9' 25").


Ref ercrice:
R.P.Iiaumnann of PicatinnY Arsenal, l)ovcr, N Jprivate
communication.

BRASS 'sup- 'Projectile


POR RNGBRASS

Projectile, Flare. See under Flare.

Wlafeico-

CON-

FUZEHEA ~'TC

Propagandorpanate

IG

BRIDGE IRE

ervinga

~
PRS
OLETPICE

ORT
~~~~O
COTCTPATCKPAED

WSS~
~

/underA'
\'V'N

~- MTHOD
OF' AKIN

FUZE
MATCHEAD
COMPOSITION~
*

BRIDG

TYPE

burster.

The

shell

One suh

was

fired

ro

from

~41

(Leaflet
caliber 73 mm,
wa Rocket),
pi
owe cntanedthe rocket motor with propellant
The pat
consitingof acylindrical stick with nine longitudinal
one in the center and, ight in a circeaon

nnr
BRATSa-rpgadrkt

leaflets wrapped around

a steel spring which was kept

.ompression. rhe missile was spin-stabilized and was


The propellant was ignited by means of the percussion
p nd when the rocket reached its destination, the igniter
(located between the propellant and leaflets) fired the
fired from a single-tube launcher cal led the Propagandawer!*r-

EA'BRIDGE

T P

(LaltProiccctile)

18/39 and 18/40o (See drawing next pag~e).

ETAL FOILperforationsMILLBOARD
*

Sce Granate.

WIE

bursting charge. The resulting gas pressure ejected the

inner cylinder and the plastic cap. As the split cylinder


emerged, it fell apart and allowed the compressed spring
to scatter the leaflets packed around it.
(1953), pp 234-5.
TMI 9-1985-2
page).

APReference:
ELEC
RIC
EL
I CT
C
P(Sveedaignnx

(,er 139

cap

sg;

Leo//el'~n

Roki

&ee

73cm
~Percussk

'Ir Acar 5, K bitattrate 2, residual solvent 0."', and


moisture 1.3!'
PROPELLANT; SMOKELESS POWDER (Treibmittel, Treib.
C) WUIrfelpulver (Flaked propellant) (Rifle): NC (12".N)
60, NG 38.5, Cent or Acar I and moisture 0.5%
Pulver oder Rauchiose Pulver). A general description of
('ermtqn propellants is gioco' it. Refs 1, 2, 3 and 4 listed
D) W~iirfelpulver(Cannon): a) NC (12%N) 1.9, NC (13".N)
at the end of this section.
29, NG 40, Cent 1, and mois-ture 11; b) NC (12'.N) 31,
Propellants, uhed bIvyGiermarns during VW I were deNC 013%N) 31 NG 30, Cent 7 andi nmoisture 1'.; c) NC
seibed by ILL.Nraour, Wm~nArtil Fr. 2, 507 (1923) and by
(I12%N) 10, NC (I13%N) 31 NG 20, TNT 14.5, DNT 3.5,
j.i-epin Lehalleur, Pydc
~
.
.
.
Cent 0.3, and moisture 0.7'
* pp 290-291. They included the following propellants:
.);hrenpulver (Tubular propellant) (Cannon): NC:
A) S (Rifle); NC (12'-N) 24, NC (13-1N) 72.5, DPhA 0.5,
(12%N) 32-34, NC (137.N) 2-34, NG 25-29, Cent 4-7,
Cent 0.5 Am 6xalate 0.7, gelatinizer (residual solvent)
Am oxalate 0.5, Na carbonate 0.5, graphite 0.9 and
0.5, and moisture13
moisture 0.9%.
Bl Tube (Cannon): NC (12'%N) 21, NC (I 3%N) 70, Cent
Table 41 lists some propellants of WW' I described
0
~in 70,l0 41 Ref 2, pp 114-s6
WW I Propellants
Composition
%For
CipoiinStrip
N'C (soluble)
NC (inaoluble)

Small Arms
C-ub
_
_ube
24060.0
72.5

.NG
TNT
IDNT

Tubular
-

66.0

-70.0
-

25.0

--5.5

0.5
(or camphor)

Diphenylamine

(or

1.0
acardite)

0.5
-

32-34
32-34
25-29

29.0
290
40.0

31.C
3.0
30.0

-1.

4-7

30.0
3.
20.0

-3.5

1.0 I

7.0

--

2.0

o.3

----

0.7---

--

0.5-

--

--

0.

INabicarbonate'----

Graiphite
Moisture
Volatile solvent

Cu-be

(or urethane)
22.0

Na oxalate
Am oxalate

CubeOdnnc

5.0

0.5

K tartrate

Odre
-

21.0

-38.5

Centralite

0.1-

1.3
0.5.

0.5
-

1.3
0.7 - _.-

1.0

Note:The
m oxlatewas added to diminish the danger of ignition during rolling.

0.9

--

1.0
-

Aheitos

1.00.
I

ne

al

"I.e.

1.16

Propellants of WW 11
lb
jit
1 I oriaIit,
iioi It rtittinj.,I
b "IOw w its 41teri
vif, from
rtOilts of
i' ol
til tIipturif %,rit.rlll
frotefltt con-ductt-d st Ii I latilni
A rsen a!, I o vvr, New Jirs e-y (niostly
!1.-I..IIosken, jr~u~difJ
laoW
it -of tie Gjenleral Labora tory)
apd al
.so
fro
doctn
itryS
matei als gjatjtitrv, by vatri ous
Aill' ri call all
Is
sli
iIn se
o (i ritt
trC
11 Brtt'i~ittitittiiwl
IWir. oos Itfi tis
Gomn
ircl

TI
it-pi r s qi-I sb
l t. ei 1nd it42
vi2 c4 1 oII
o'
ir
IlnN
iiedil.a.12on
i*l.
uttr
(if featutore's which
tC it! worth nttot in g, such its:
:1
oey
ieepoelnscnand;
ufcetaon
a)Nn
ft
Cfrp
lwt
'
ts
i ie
to t
1
ill too-vol .t il lffast~i ir to co)lloid1 the' NC o~s efectivelye
irssy ge tiii Is re q u ire d. I t i s ats s tu itvd t lit: kt I volI rti Ic

~taii

ilvelit

. iffWll:.
ri
'.~e
t
'~ifitsucd
Vv% If:
iloth si nlgl t .imllilubIf
hasl' I-rope Iflan ts w r.' Us i'd by tile
11erm1
it Ju ii
t\
I
n111 itIaNCfio)lIansi
tilt- tthin'
tsiilcy t~o replface NG( by I tEG(f N. This witsN

duiii'

1tirt

di'
IlIt

rtti'
li-crug '

~I

I (f)Nis it bette r ge laltiniizer


A4-itvietnIei . ' Als,
N(. thtan NI., Itmi for thin rea~son smalt~ler .linouitts
oI Dl-,)l.I
Coiuldl be used. The f)EGI)N pi opelfaiits
piis;vs4ss'J 111tw4-t lower calorific vatlue~s than NGi profuel latlts but they were not sttitabile for usC lit tropicalf
chiniatti's
Ott acutotehih
I
apor pressure (and

which

wits laiter

c) S veratl proplelanlts were not only coatted with graiphite,


bUt Somte itf tilte grail~itC was incotrporaited in the grains.
Coatinig

witht

putrposes:

ito
ieltectricity, ili

Lialphitewais usuallfy

donec

lair

theC ttllhittsng

sf~eas
the possibility of igntition biy staitic
matke tile grains more "free flowing" while

loading the cartriidge Cas-es and to decreaise (slightly) -tt


inttIial rte
if htitnitin g. incorporaltilon of gr-iphiite in thte grains
was appailrently lIone to imtprove the biurnitig cfara cteris tics
o h 'ti''
it
.only,
it is j'roliaillc
di 1 hnga~fic
rpiewsue a
sdfreutoi)
that the gratins weie previously given at surface treatmiit'i
with centralie orohrsaiie-gelaitinizer ats at deterrent
coating to tmake the propellant more progressive burning

"5111111
sucthi

as 'Sulfatte, chiloridie, nitratte andt~ oxailaite.


wire frequently supplied in biags; for itse only alt
ats ?the prodtuced smtoke whfich was visible in ctie
tilite., (Sr.
V'orl,e
I
lirtlfaits
conttg Viu
wais nit necessity to use the above salts- because
*flasftredcercatme
N~u ars s a
propellant .s contatineJl between 1.1
Som e(rlIan
c) SIII
ail Ime; of ity1frocel u lose:, presutmaibly to improve tlte
buirfli.ig chiar~icteristirs, or to reduce flash
J'l Ail intere~sting Ifeaiture of (termain piropellaints of
Il%
hi
-.,Iirific v tlute was' thle it.w.of mtixed gelatinizersstblzrmcft as cettItralites, ateardites andf urethanes.
It wats Clatitlied that these mtixtures htatd a bletter effectr
thtan when
otit the workin1 : properties anid statbilfity
* fu al
usCal
lvlare ndivi
e) O
igreiens,
th oter
ilaliteiutnOxie
included as aI lubricatnt to fatcif~tate rolling and ex* Opraiuon,
trtdig
grtphtt'Waistdled o reucetheone
formitin
o stticelictrcity
durng
anuacct~,

uft)fudi
lm
e) Potassium salts (such a
6.ennan propellants, were evidently used as iflash reducers.
lit, some cases, however, mark~ings on the bags inchitded the
abbreviation Man Pulv which stands fot %lanover Piilver
Note
These we-e usually rapid-burning pr~opellants bethey wereL porius. The poiosity was obtatined by
incorporation and subsequenit elimnination of most of the

antd thle inclusioin of altout'11 ailpfa-MNN resulted ;


reducing :the chairge !of low caltirific propellaiits
ilch
tItts
I0'
(I
1) It ,Scills thtatt thtere were no restrictiotts regarthiny
lie Ctitlllfosiiition of cthe propt. Ilatitts providLIed thle ball istice
lirtipertuiis Intl statbi lit;es complied with sfiecificai~iotts.
'Ilte comnpositiotn of firiolell.tt
tauatrda
ifrn

ircltossot
fNcotn
esthnl.,
n
another of N content more thain 11'.. The gelatinizer use'i
Nitrochemie Inwas an alcohltIacetonc solution. 'see
P- 71 5,811 0(941 ), C A 38,
ditstrieanfatgen A -(G , ir
2211 (19.110

plaints 'but intendfed for use in tfii# same type atnd calibter
ofl guti were "not the saime, It
although they all patssaed

Pulver %Nitrocellulose Flake Propellant., which was prepd


by thoroughtly mixing in the presence of ether-alcohol,
3 patrts guncotton (Schiesswofle) of at least 13.11% N content, I part of soluble NC (Kollodiurnwofle) of at feast

;ite>'
itightt
ltay
there
*

manufacture

pirogressi~ve'ly

lor

in their

thtat c amiiphor '%%atsutNC :tt soint' propellIaints5to super fici atlly


g.efat in iv
flIth !:f~
u faCC( of the glainis, lThus, it would act
ats at dettrrent atnd caiuse lthe propellfant to [turn more

Oli

t.itils'l.-1Ilet Ivt
high vtlattility) of DEjGDXu
(see also
"Wi ilu51 iti). mtill cooiletr propellfan ts, which were also
tesserciive.iitf
pa~tiall fre
liit
nuzze~flisb
uiii - it. i :Oitt(' jwhein l arge attmount s tf nitritoguanitfine
(N(..u weee intctrpioratedf, as% for instance, in tfte comlVolusit iot: Mitt 10, N(C 11, IW GlDN 20, stabilti zers and
-ltticizenr. 71;(.a s (iudolpul ver)
fAsflahreutste(etatsuesalt
i
ta-

use.1

~t

ex i'Css5iv e Vros ion c ausedf


by N ,;
paolrt ly
becaus e oif thie' sliortaigi
of
ut'iv HfAi Coufld Caiskl
be prefid synthtetically

to

wats

of these prope-llunts would not lie sufficietnt it


gea~et in i z
fthe hi gi-nititrogen NC that Wats us
seI in d entu but
would lit- suffl i citit as at stabhiliizer
) it~incc ani 1,iii
aiff tt amnount of C Cnttrailite
CwaIs present~t
for tilt coinlt-tiiit gel altinSizt~ion of tile NC , it is pri' ni

s.a.i
Nfi

potassium salt by leaching with water


f) Some o 'f the propellants e~.amincd at Picatinny iArsenal
contained i)PhA as well as lDluPh. As none of the Gierman
1ire-%V 11 single-base propellants contained DPhA, it was
urumd that these samples were reworked captured French
or Blelgian propellants
g) one of tie sumples examined at the ArN anatl containied at
amunt
f
-*TN (63.8!.) dispersed through themnass,
NC. None of the Allied propellants Itad such compositton.

~of

.. iring

In

*insp(ition ii'stis.

*
at ticititit
Arenal.

n.om

tof the stngle-tiaie (nitrocellulose) propellants used


WW 11 was prepd by gelatinsizing a blend of two

Ref

;, p 41 is describedf

Niitrocellulose-Bathn

aind I"! of flash reducer (such as Na oxalate). After the


maswas flaked, the surface of the grains wits treated with
centrafite and finely pulverized gmitpl'ite. The flakes were
hc

and their surfare wats 1.1 mm .

CGer141
Table 42
Single Bose (Nitrocellulose)

ww 11

Propellants of
Form

~.

NC

%.N:

Suare
Square
P,

95.1
95.2
34.3

13.2
10.0
12.2

Square

95.1

13.1
Sq ar 1 .2-9 .

~ DPhA

Ca
Cent initon

1.8
.

-.

%-----Acar
Graph

Other Ingredients

se

0.2

.2
0.3

Unac
U
PETN

1.0

1.0

Unac

1.4

Et carbamate

5.0

3176
mMu~
3.1 7.(j2 mm
Maus
6.3. 7.92 mm AP

& K sulfate
32

SP
S quar

12.5

OA
0.M

Squre98. Sqaei9.
1.1
99.5
13.0
56.0
13.2

0.9
0.5

Squre
12.
4.1
12 . 72
S P1 .2-5.

95. 1

PETN
nac
Unac

Graphited

Sonle

.6Cent
2. 6
.0-

7.0
0.7

7.92 mm Balal, 7.92


min Semi-AP, 7.92
rpm APl and 7.92 rim
7.92 min IVAP
7.92 mn, Rifle

-GtanadeA/T

PT

0. 31i
.1U

60.0

.2m

a
n ac

4u7.92/1 mminVAr
&DNT

10.0
3.0
2 .9

'.92 m mn
AP
*;.(3 MM M au ser

l'istili,9.0 mmn
Pistol and 28/20
mmn
APIN
3.3 9.0 mat Pistol
2.1 9.0 mm B~all
2.
. ni al .m
Pistol and 50 rmm
Trench Mortar
2.1l3.Ommn All and 13.0
HE
0.95 2 0 mm AP
31
0.1 20 mm HE Mauser
4.6
0.3 20 mn lIE Miauser
1.8 2
1.1
O0mmn Inc
0.5
1.0 2 0 mm Solothurn
.
2.7 13.0 mm AP, 13.0 mm
HE, 15S0 mm HE and
t

SP
S r,

95.0
97.4
96.4

13.1
13.0
1300.7

95.01o

12.9

SI

33

.3.7.95atm
03

13.1

94.
SI

TSb
SP'
Square

9 8.5
96.1
93.9
Sqar
9.4

2.0

SP
37 311.5

s 131U00C
9.
31

SI

0.5

Sqar'
13.2

9...
Tube
13.1
SI' 13.4~S
13.1
13.0
131

Unac
Unac
Unac

.2

S131
Squ.e

1.7

-0.5

3.1

nc21
0.4Unc

0.25

-0.3

Camphor
Unac
DBuPh

03

3.4

0.5

nac
K sulfate

2.8

0.6

1.5

K sulfate

0.2

1.2

0.3

1.0 0.4

2.OA0.

23o
8.

1.1
-

Camphor
ljnac

.8

ampo
Unac3.4
Unac
Unac
Li-na

2.6

0.9A

.6
0.2
. 2-Unac

0.3

lp9.31nac
K sulfate
Unae
Unac

0.5

1.0

1.0
3.0
1.88
1.3
3.4
2.2
0.7

0Omm APHV, 20Omm


AP, 20 mmt HE and
20mmn Inc
50 m mTrench Mortar
75 mm APC and 75 m mn
HE
75 mmnHE
80 mi Expulsior, powder
17.92
m mR ifle Gre nade (AlT)j

Abbreviatiot'a: See under Table 44.


Compositions listed in Table 43 are fordubeas
(NCNG) Propellants aaialyzed ast Picatiany
Arsenal hitrivar
1Ww
it.
(See rext page).

Ger 142

6~.711 8
For.G

% 2.

Str~

4.0

300

12 . 3

3 0.0

63.1 30312.4
*e619.7
u
1 )

~St,,

Tubec12.0

s
9.
l~isc 59 5

Squrip'
Sqar
Su are

Squre

29
13.0

tPorated)fx
659.2
123.

D ps
63.0
e.5
6qa.
Squre596
59.4
56.
596
.0

D i sc
56.
Flake59.6
Dsqur
62.5

22.3

13.0

39.
38.81

12.9
130

31.
4.1

6.0

12.7

0.

.s
39.0
0-

K sulfate0.

0.8

0.18
O.Z(incor-

06

03U

9.
0.8
6.

0.K

89

7..1

Un T

0.4
0.5

Vaeln
U n ac
Unac0.

1.5
0 . 67

0.4nc1

N
Un fac
UnacZ

0.
01U

ac.3

1.0.7
08
0.2

03Unac

a lt
D~U

r t

3.
r

InSqua

c)

'Rocnketeb
'~~e

0.94

i
l a eu
0 m M ra
75Omm Rocket

amount

1.2

ofa co mu.i o

of c3.r0t

were

d.1 Gra. it

and. to2 r ed uc

s1r n.7t a s

w asused for

0.85

was

e dase
lre, pre se n ti ' o mel prsetat , as su p selti'(
act~ rl prm
asrai
axen
cooling aten (to owe th te pertur

ee
ne t op
g )

N DE D .~

at d a

soepmoan
opelat (Bsee

fqurrlo3 ntrte NC.8 Thehmontgarg


'o
N
ial i0.epe
grai si.
much as th.1
css'w ee th
m ut f 3ome
cnraet
a
m l,
e As. in.
ote Germa
6.he
N55
amoun
was inresewue
h )ho t n a hsab eof0
n h n en r a it i u ed i n ar eu
w
t d hr ug o u t h2 mass
'~~~~~~.
suficen

155 mm Ho

1.5e

Dic615
1.9

lre

a mndA PHN
m p

1.0

1.5

Squaree

Sqa)rncssinw

0 mC4c
mm H

155 m mnH waPd80

U rn c
02U
0.21
0.1(nc r

0..7

7mnAM
5 m H
o
75 m l C ( e i
1.- 37Om
m H EC
d
14
B m
E M ra
8
4 0mi Czec
7 0m m; HE
.
0 m
o
0.3
105 m mHE w
0.84 S
m Ho Bs

a
h et0

-D

13.
0.0.07
13.23.0 22.
13 34
12.36
12.0
.0

6.0 .

970-0.
28.5

38.1

0.7

60ipoae)15n

30.0

'12.9
3.1

ranlc
asena-Double-B

28.56.3

m3 150 mmnd How andmm


p pelnts
rah itEa
ma0 e
.9 ia
. E
s e l ae oR
ma ks c

r pe

ns

(;er141
le-Bou

se
NC.DGDN)andTable 44
Do~l-Bas
MC-EGUN andTriple-Base (NC-DEGDN.NGu) Propellunts

-D

Fom rm71TnCompos
NC
'NC"
Tube

66,1
ae651

Acer

Graph

11.9

30.2

1.8

0.2

12.1
11.8
12.0

31.5
29.4
2.
26.0

2.7
2.7
.4
7.4

Tube

68.7

11.8

28.4

1.5

Squawe

38.4

12.6

32.0

13.1
12.9
12.4
11.8

TueZ5.
v
3.
Sti

96

Tb6.3

38.4
0.9
32.7
29.8

Other Ingredients

-0.2
-0.3

0.1
-0.3

(incorporated)
0. 1
0.3

0.7

0.7

0.1
0.5
2.2

-0.2

12.2

29.8

130

344O

24

39

12.8

38.6

--

11.9

28.2

7.3

12.4

!1.5

0.4623

0.1

0.4

0.1
0.2

38.4

Square
Note:

62.0
12.4
26.0,
7.6
0.2
76.2 mrmand some 8 mm weapons were those
captured in Russia
'12.2
30.9
-0.3
67.2
11.8
28.2
3.3
43.0
11.0
18.5
0.2

0.4
(incorporated)
0.2
(incorporated)
0.2

I38.6

Tube
Tue

be 1

ub

-66.7

K sulfate
Unac
Unac
Vaseline
K I.alt.%
Unac
K salts
linac
NGu
K sulfate
(added)
Unac
linac
linac
K sulfate

0.4
1.4
0.4
3.5
0.5
0.8
0.4
0.9
29.3
2.

3 7 minmf
4
7 nin Ai'V
50 min Al3

0.8
1.6
1.0
0.5

157 in APHY

linac
K sulfate
Unac
linac

1.5
2.5
0.3
0.7

EtPhUret
Unac
Vaseline
K sulfate
linac
N(;u
linac

1.2
0.4
2.0
1.1
0.7
29.0
0.9

Etphliret
linac

3.1
0.9

NGu
lnac
NGu
IDPhliaet
EtPhyirer

30.2
1.3
31.2
3.2
2.2

76.2 men.HE
88 mm AP
88 mm AP

75 mm HEIHoC, 75
mmnHE Pak 40 and
50 mm HE
76.2 mm AP

88mmn HE

0.4

0.1

lin33
ace
Unac

1.8

0.3

0.3

150mnm Hlow
(Zones 1-6)
150 mmn
fow
(Zone 7)
150 mm How
(Zones 7&8)
75 mm Rocket

36.6

0.4

0.3

0.1

linac

0.'

13.0

38.7

0.4

0.5

0.2

licac

0.6

126

3.

0.2

1.5
3.0
2.1

12.5

33.3
34.8

DPhliret
EtPhliret
line:
lnc3.3
EtPhU~et
Dpbliret
Carnauba wax
linac
lnac

60.06

75 mm HoC,
Semi-Fixed
75 mm HoC,
Semi-Fixed
75 mim Tank Gun

37.3

.13.0

Tube

75 mm HE

13.1

62.1

61.1'
59.6

7m

.3

L
iquare

ube
Tube

liE
TM
APIIV
APIIV, 47

2.2

11.8

50 mm
50 nun
50 mm
50 mm

K uft
0.9

I61.6

ube'9.

50 mm liE

1.1Bore and 42/28 mm

~quare

Dic59.

50 mir APHV

AFJHV

gq-are

Flake

3mmAShl

Unac

8:8

I1.4

Uses

lnac1.

0.3

66.3
6u41.
61.5

60.01
91.1
65.1
66.4

____

_____

Cent

Tube
Tube
Tube

Tube
Tube
Tube
Tube

'ition,

DEGI)N

35.4

2.1
0.2

02
0.2

150 mm Rocket
1.2 210 mmnRocket
2.0
0.3
1.7
4.6 300 mrm Rocket

wr I .
'Abbreviations: AA Antia~ircraft; AC Aircraift; Acar 'icarditc; Am Amminoniumi; AP Arin-r-riercing; A/P Antipersonnel; APC Armor..
ED
pwri~',ng-, (appelf; A.'T Antitank; Cent (:entrailitt*; CM Chemical Mra;DuhDhrlhhl~;DGlityeelcl
Il~irhy 'i114l10t'ol l'iiiitraitt; DN4T lVinitrnotoluc'ne, DPhA DpiivinieDPhUret lDiphenyl urethane; Et Fthyl; EtPhUiet I'thjvlHo hollow Charge; shaped charge; HV if yperPhenylurethlitn;' Flak (;. designation for AA; Ortiph Graphite;JE hliph ExLosv
Veli~cicy: Hydrocci hlydrocel lulost'; Inc Incendinry; K (IKJnnonc ) Cannor.; K sailts Potassium salts; LC Long Case; MB Munobloclr;
,MNT' Motronitrotohiene; N Nitrogen; HC NitrocelIutolose'; HG Nitroglycerin; NGu Nitrogtuanidine; Pak German designation of AMT
PETN Pc'ntaerythritol Thetranirrntre; RN Itotinif Nose, SC Short C'ase,, SP Single Perforation; T Tracer; TEG Triethyleneglycol;
TEGDN Triethyleoeglycol lDin~trate' TM Tren'-h Mortar: TNT Trinitrotoluenc; linac Unaccewinted.
Remark 4 fil TablIe .14 Svt, pre vious parr).Tbl
IlL)
n
u
hv'h',h"
NIthnnhit'
pnrl'ollantus were siri lar itt composition -,o Nt. l)riilt-fl 1111
listedi it) Tablle' 1 the%('hllt SO~llt.feaitutres5 whlich are' wotrtht
tntiotiog, stithl

Composition and

-, s

a decfin ite' relati onship

p rope.llantts tnwy lhe vxpl'aitic'd by the fact that


in l)l:'(iD
htigh~l N clintetnt NC is mucli tiore- dificuIle1t to gel atit, ize

German lDea'~nation
S6702
p1]4232

ete

t:po

between the pt*rlt pe`ccntagL Of


ofi NC MidI 1 l.(;N usSd is
n't':ntagm
W;_ t -c-o -,:-d thte amount of l)l'*(;l)'N (which has
allotit ther samei potetntialI as NG) was inc rea sed. Ic v.'i
notted tha t nltc tea Silg amiounts of. c'n trattltc were
dIsb
i it cre'as ing amoilunts of D)EGlN
atbyp~t e
Ii)'Im'osttdIow tnitrogen c'onte'nt NC, such ats 11.8-12%;,
a)'-trt'

5
NC-DEGDN Propollunts, of Dlinehbera Fabrlk D A .0

NC485
IN in NC

1.

29)4526.1
Am nitrate400
I)i cysnd iamide2.0
Cleaie110

01

lii oxide
Graphite

01

0) Se~veral :.riop'I iii is tottillit cm a bout 10"; N(tit and only10.0

isribunt
Anfomev

ointiE

viewu

the grins.It

rto
ip

ehlit

noted that NO(;t~es not geainz NC eve ~iof owN cntnt

manufatur
i~~te,

lii

11frplanj

1) A -

tt719

beohanuse in
anti 11omlitz

to ignite

ublink
fithIlowil i, plantis. 'Irol udorl
Fabrik 1) A -(; , R,)ttweil Fabrik
abtik of Wolff Co.
Ithprpofroelnsat
'blend consisted of 20 parts NC,

ill Morc toxic itt personnel handling them


.1) 'I'liy contain an ingredient (IWGIN) which is mtire
difficult tot stabiiliz.e tihan N(;.
l, .l~ltiptid 3, 20 (953 ,~vcathe
hl.luioutet

80 parts of NC'. N content 13.3%.


rnn
Table 46 gives some properties, including the berin
characteristics, of several German propellants exatnincd
at Picatinny Ars-etal during UU' If (Refs 4, l~la, 101 and

il

litiv

tit.hllw
iss int

a~gc's

ove~rpiolvel Ilintlin blit el

on NG:

2) L~ess

:I

0.0

voail
t)Teyeitort.
sensitive' to flame and thus more difficult

coniposititon of aGerman ptopellant, used in rounds for


airplane cannon,a follows: NC. (N content 11.81')
50 mm111
635, IWGI)N 26.1l, centralite 4.o sad vaseline 2.01;.
ot II~I)NCingredients
Sonc nfrmaio
!`D.%NC propellants
Som inoratinI,
b on
a
prepairtJ 'at thle W~nt'itr
in Ref. 7. Two tof these prtipellants used in cannons are
listed in Table 45a..
,cnee tclti)

ath'h

na

the
~thZ andf CP lantue
giv
maie f by
roellnt
28.6,*
C ( coten i2l5)
Witsroe:
as 0.5,mltz
rNCen (N 0.ondt 1215.ating
N
30'~
-1X1

Soedoiible-laise

(Senext

vauy5vka/g
NODCD)adtil-se(O
proplllnts
manuactredat te lUneetg
ef . T~ir
in
tte I.escibe
Dynait
'i ale4b-be
in
give
able43b.breech)
pcgj

1) A -G

,E

tile Rtottteil Plant the


N content 12.51., and

Se next page).
Remarks
anTal46
a) In the comptositions given in Table 46 only the main
are included. Othei components, such as
stabilizers, graphite, etc were given in Tables '42, 43 & 44
IIriI)AI Force of a Propellant (hlxV) is a~ function of its chemical
composition
c) quickness (a) of a Propellant is a function of granulation
as well its of its compossition. The most important variables
pproimatlyinvers-tly proportional to the web size. In
h
ucns
e
ie
irs
oa
oaiecnetan
small armis propellants the concentration gradient of the
krent
is usej to alter the quickness
d) The relative quickness of propellants is obtained by
comparing their burning rates with the rate of a standard.
If comparison is miade between a German propellant and
a standard American propellant, the results ate likely to
ev
Li
misleading since the German guns ( m.d
Used propellants designed to develop the maximum
rssure rapidly and after the shell had travelled only a

Get 145
Table 45b
Double-Ba5 . (MC.DEGDN) and Triple Bose (NC.DEGON-NGu) Propellants of Dimneberq
Fabrilt, DA-G

'FN

NCC in
NC

Form

Compositions,

DEGDN

NGu

Cent

Acar

Graph

alue

Ago)

Igeins

Flake
Flake
Flake
Tube

63.65
54.40
38.03,
67.65

13.0
13.0
13.0
12.0

35.80
44.50
31.12
29.00

Tube

68.'22'

12.0

29.23

Tube

62.33

12.0

26.72

Tube

61.51

12.0

26.37

Tube

64.08

12.0'

27.47

Tube

43.51

12.0

18.64

30.00

Tube

39.48

12.0

16.92

30.00
jEtPhUret

Tub .e

69.92

12.0

14.83

3.00

0.10

tube

60.55

12.0

25.95

3.75

0.10

Tube

44.00

12.0

18.85

0.50
0.50
0.50

3.00

30.00

1.70

0.05
0.10
0.10

0.05
0.05 K sulfate
0.25
0.25
-

0.50

0.10

0.25

0.25 Vaseline
Phthalate
0.25 Vaseline
Phthalate
K sulfate
0.25 Vaseline
Phthalate
0.25 DPhUret
itF'huret
0.25 I)PhUre

8.00

0.10

7.50

0.10

5.35

0.10

0.50

0.10

0.10

20.00
0.40
Jalpha-NINN

0.10

5.00

9.00

2.50

0.50

12.00

0.50

r -Ihe,
Tube,
Tube
Tube'

69.38
65.53
65.71
58.55

12.21
12.2
12.2
12.2

25.27
23.87
23.94

Tube

35.50

12.2

21.75

40.00

Tube

42.45

12.01

18.20

25.00

6017

12.6

35.33

59.03

12.6

34.82

Abbreviati ons: See under Table 44.

0.50

0.10
0.10

0.50

K nitrate
01.' 5 DNT
alpha-%INN
0.15 hlydrocell
I'NT
alpha-NINN
0.15 LINT

825

870

DPhtret
EtPhUret
Ilydrocel
K nitrate

q4

kcal/k
ka/g

otheredet

1.80
0.80
1.60
0.65
2.00
1.85
0.90
3.25
3.75
4.25
5.00
4.00
10.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
2.50
3.50
2.00
1.50
1.50
4.00
4.00

700)
-

Uses
Uses______

Various Ilows
Various Ilows
Various flows
88 mm AA and
Heavy 100 mm Gun
(K18) (Army)
37 mm AA and
37 mm A/T(Army)
Heavy Army Field
Ilows
100 mmnArmy Gun
(K 18)

730

88 mm Army AA Gun

750

88 mm Arm~y AA HIE
Gun
88 r.,n Army AA
and AP Guns

730

730
730

88 mm AA and
other Army Guns
Various Army Guns

720

Various Army Guns

0.25
-820
Naval Guns
0.25 Phthalate
1.25
730
Naval Guns
0.10
0.25 alpha-MNN
7.00
730
Naval Guns
0.10
0.25 TLGLIN
25.10
650
Naval Guns
K sulfate
4.00
0.10
0.25 LIPhUret
0.70
820
37 mmnNaval Gun
EtPhUret
0.70
K sulfate
0.50
.10C 0.25 DPhUret
4.50
730
Navai G~t.,q
EtPhUret
4.50
K sulfate
5.00
0.25 llydrocel
1.50
900
Universal conapo..
LIPhUret
1.00
sition for Rocket
EtPbl~ret
1.40
Launchers
IG Wax E
0.35
Knitrace(added) 0.80
0.25 hlydrocel
3.00
865
300 mm Rocket
EtPhUret
1.901
Launc'~cr
-Vaseline
0.0_____________

r nol.. 46
Prolerties of Some Germon, tPrnoellarts
Comipos~iit ion ,%

"orle j'rorertiesIiinigIhl.%eit

For.__
*

'HS-

~~~~~141C
11
85

-3

"I 1 ue82.57mi
1.6
Cod

SISI
Squaire
I'
Sq tiarcIilimter
*Square
SI'
.
*p
*
*
*

5.:7
si.,

3.08 n0,
IJ. 5
SI' I.9
630 38.5
11.3
3 6'0 12.0
65.10 11.93
6i;
.3.5 12.4
39.4 12.9
.
59. 6 12 .55
12.4
-.
1.A
12.8
*
13.03
13.0 44.4

30.3
30.2

Squar e

4.d
7.4
94)
)8
:I'
92.75
53.1 5

quar.

61.64

13.'1

37.3

Squaire

62.13

130

36.6

113.0-

38.7

5I I)Disc,]59.6
Ilibre

- tfltitank Gun

3m. 8
6.
16.!
331.X
21.2
J3,9
30.9
33.6

~~1(7-8

If.HC
0304
.062H
2.46
.0337
.0577
.0209
.60
.03
.0249
.333

881.5
890
829.7
740.1
706.9
H77
12.1
893.8
9)10U.6
850.0

776
8412
705.8
1407.4
680.1
777
722.3
711.3
706.2
'21.0

(u~
I3b 1X'
67'4,846
'438
585,602
597,55(,
466,762
681,42()
512,349
(35,76.o
643,066
617,608

.10261
.0279
.0237
.0211
.0007

901
883.2
829.7
829.7
1235.1

767
76.
705.8
705.8
588.6

691,067
63222
585,602
585,602
727,333

5.6
0.94
09
9.9

.0484

1015.9

685.2

696,094

85

017

167

.0313

993.6

696.7

692,242

H.A

.009

144

Jo
.722

989.4

704.5

697,037

8.8

,1

i~o

-IOc~et

8
34.8 88 nwm1111E:
32.2 76.2 min A, T
-75
mm AP"CI.C
75 mm I'll-llC
28.. 75 mm I-iIl~lok
75 mm L~eaflet
Itticket
28.1 75 r~m lIll:Tunk
31.? 42,'28 min APiIV
28/20 mm AI'H-V
214,20 mn AI If%'
. 150 mil How
(lSase Charge)
.150min
L~ow
(1-6 zones)
150 mm How
-lOmmK

-15

0mm
zones)

6,.62
5.53
5.08
1.2

42
'7.0
7.26

.0)

211

1.21

15

____

.1brviations:
A on tnt called Vivacity, C Raite of evolution of hot gases at a pressure of 20,000 psi in liters at atmospheric pressure / sq cm of surface / second; H Ileat of Combustion in kcal/kg; P Pressure of propellent gases in psi; V volume ~of
gases'liberated in l/kg .Sring rate (quickness) of the propellant at 20,000 psi in inches/see; (s)Freo
hr
modvnn-ie'
I'rlt'yal
er
(ither abbreviaitions ire given undier Table 44.

.%hort distance along the bore of the gun. o n the. other


hand, in American guns witl. a lighter breech the propelIlants
a re, Aes ign ed to develop the m~aximum pressures more slow* ly and after the shcll has travelled a greater distance
alon j the hore of the gun
e)In tlhe relation of quickness to composition, it may he
nnt.-I flint tOw -zingl..-L.iise propellant% ant she. slowe.s
anid are comparablce to thoses doublew-base propellants which
conutlin NGu. P~ropellants containing NG are usually the
-fastes:t

followed by OEGDN Propellants. in some cases,

tailiing NG. This 'is usually the ease when the NC in a


IDEGl)N propellant is. of considerably higher nitrrgen
content than that used, 'in a, co rresponding NG propellant
I) The burning rate of the German 2:0 mmnrocket propellant
*
was given equal to: -0.35+(29.qsIQO l) While thW Cosresponding value for tlie standard American double-base
* 7/8' s4tick propellant is: 48.6),l0 5 1.. This means :that the
rate !for the American propellant is: about 65" greater than
for the German Propellant
g) Experimental procedures for the determination of the
bunig
ats f r~dl~ti~iare dsrbdiPiAsn
Tech Retit 1235 (1943)
N Methods. of computation of properties of propellanits are
given in tile l)u Pont ilurnside ILaboratory Mevorandum
*Report
31.
*References (1Propell ants').
1) A.Marshall, E~xplosives, Churchill,

London, vI (1917)

v 2 (0917) and v (10932)


2) II.IBrunswig, lDas rauc~ilose Pulver, U.. de Gruyte;:
Berlin (19261
3) A.Stettbacehr, Schiess- und Sprengstoffe, J.A.Barth,
Leipzig (1933)
4) Collective, P13 Rept 11,544 (1945)
5-) .1.Striklandl e't al, PRt Rept 025~ (194 ')
6) L.Nutting et al, I'll Rept 16,666 (1*945)
7) F.J.Krieger, NI.Plesset. P11 Rept '7826 (19.15)
8) R.Ashcroft et al, BIOS Final Report

833 (1946), Item 2

Visit to D)~neberg Factory of 1) A -6.


9) A.Stettbacher, Spreng- und Schiesstolfe,
Ritscher,
Z/.~:icli (1948)
1)PctnyAsnlTcnclRprs
a) Collectivte, 1282 (19413) (Foreign Propellants)
b) A.It.Schiiling. 1358 (1944) (Propelling Charge for
155 mmn Separate Loading Ammunit~on)
c) A.l3.Schilling, 1439 (1944) (Separate-Loading Propelling Charge Asseirbly for 105 mmn Recoilless Gun,
L
1
d) J.l'AUardlaw, 14413 (19-44) (Propelling Chargefo
Separate-Loading 100 mm Gun, K 18)
C) A.I3.Schilling, 14153 (194.1) (Ilropellio-g Chsstrgc lut
210 mmnSeparate-Loading Ammunition)
f) Collective, 1456 (1944) (Foreign Propellants)
g) W.R.Tomlinson, jr, 1555 (1945) (Chemical Coinposition of Material used in German Ammunition)

Ger 147

j]Navy,

Propellants: Artillcry.
According to lI.ll.M.I1.'i:,CiOS
mo
Tal-1gvscmoiinadsr.poete
of
1
Reof
prpfat
t110 Report~~~
t9tI 1113l-l
4-8 an t*
,tleflowing
r1
common artillery Propellants jaed during VU 1I ..
~*'Pes
the Germans.
(See following pages).
Weriporis:
Propellants, !ntern al Ballistic .Data is given in tables at
A. Nitrocellulose (NC) Propebllant, designated ahs Nz
the end of CIOS
-6 seor
( ()94().
(Nitroszcllulose Pulver) Was
te following varieties:Reotl.
di
a) NzBIP (Nitrozellolose Bl~t~tchienpulver) was used in
Propellants, Rocket. Sce Rocket Propellantr..
105 mmnlight field how itzer
* b) NzMonNP (Nitrozellulose Manilvr Nudelpulver)
Poolns
tblt
f resaiiycaatrsiso
was used in bla~nk (practice) ammo
rplatSaiiyo.Te
tblt
hrceitc
I
c)NxRP (Nitrozellulose R(Shrenpulver) was used in
some German propellants were determined during WW 11
sonic 20 'mim & 3V' mm AA guns, 75 mmntank and selfat Picatinny Arsenal and described in Technical Report
lpioiilledl gutis, 7/5 mmnNavy gun 0231, 105 mmncasemate
I1H56 (194 4).
and 'tower gun arid 105 mmnlight field bhowitzer 18
if. iNitroglycerin (NG) Propellant, desipnated astiNgIP
In cases .vhert. sufficient material was available, both
(Nitroglyzerin Plulver). was of the following vaCricies:
the 120e and 134.50 hfear Terts were made. The results
a) H9161P '(Nitroglyzerin
BlalttchenpulvFr) was used
of terts showed a tendency toward pre~ater stability for
in 75 min iountain gun 15 and 80 mim heavy mortar 34
those propellants which contained a srabilizer-gelatinizcr
b) NgIPIP (Nitroglyzerin PlIittchenpulver) vas used
in 75 mmi infantry gun 18 and] in 75 mmntank- .nd self(such as centralite) in combination with another stabilizer,
Oro,-cllcd guns
i
such as acardite.
0c)hglRqP (Nittoidlvz erin Rlingpidlver) wae oseJ in
Sufficient amovulas uf propiellants were rnot available
80 mmn
heavy mortar 34o
ecigadfiiecnlso
ocenn
h
eiso
forecigadintcnluonocrigthmrtsf
d) NgIRP (Nitroglyserin pblirenpulver) was used in
75 mm Navy gun C/14i, 75 mmnmountain gun 15 and
disubstituted urctbaisies in combination with acardite.
88gunPropellants
mmtorpdoboa
containing NG, DEGD
and NGu-1EDN
C. Diethyleneglycol Dinitrote (DEGDM) Propellant, desig~iated
proved to be of satisfactory stability, judging by the 1200,
asDigiP (D~ilykolluvr
a
ftefloigvreis
le~at Test of the U S Army (the test paper should not
a%)DigliiP (lDiglykol Bltlitchenpulver) was ured in 50 mm
tr
amnpn
oo nls
hn4
i~e)
casemate and tower gun, 105 mmnlight howitzer 18,
tr
amnpn
oo nls
hn4
iue)
105 rma mountain -howitzer, .S15
atm heavy infantry
As to the single-base propellants, only a few of the
gun 31, and 150 mim h-avy howitzer 1S
German propellants met the U S Army S ccification which
b) DiglLgP (lDiglykol Leuchtgescho-s lPulvcr0 was
rqie
httets
ae nte1459ietTs
hl
used for proplln strhelai
88 min Navy guns
reurstathtstperite13.
atTtsal
C/30, C/32 & C/35, 105 mmnNavy' guns C/213, C'/.12
not turn salmon pink in color in less than 45 minutes.
&C/33, sr. mm torpedoboat gun, 105 mmiiNavy guns C128,
(:/32 S: 2/313, 128 ninn Navy gut. C/141, 149.1 mmnU-boait
Propellent Charge In Fixed and Semi-Fixed Ammunition.
gun L/45, 149.1 mm' Navv guns C2/25, C/'28, L/45,
According to hi.Enblesburg (The Ordnance Sergeant , May
&,L/55. 172.6 mm Navy gun L/40, 201 mm Navy gun
1944, p 321), German propelling charges may liesubdivided
C/34a, and 209'.3 mm Navy gun L/45
into two main classes:
cI D191PIP (lDiglykol Plilttchenpulver) %was used .in
a) Class No I (Fixed round) used flaked and tubular
75 mmnfield gun 18
propellants. In this case, the grain& were packed in
d) DiglRgP (Diglyko! Ring~pulver) was used in 105 mmn
a silk bag with an igniter bag sewed to the end facing
mountain howlizer, 150 mm heavy howitzer 18, and
the priner. With tubular grains, they f-ould be either
21
mmra
acked in a silk bag (as above) or tied in a bundle
e) OgIR
ihrnpuver
(Dglyol wa usd i 37mm
y means of a fine twine. The lower end of the bundle
AA guns, 37 mmnA/T guns, 42/28 mmntapered-bore gun,
of tubes waa; placed in' a short silk bag, whiich had
50 mm VlT guns, many 75 mmnArmy rguns, and 88 mmn
sewn to its bottom, a coarser silk bag containing
105 mm, 128mm; 149.1mm Navy, 150 mmnArmy, 172.6 mmn
igniter composition
203 rpm 'Navy, '203 mmnNavy, 209.3 mmnNavy,
b) Class No 2 (Semi-fixed round) consisted of base
210'mm, 238 m'm,240 mmn283 mmnNavy, 280 mm, 283 mm,
and, increment charges (zones) contained in silk bags.
305 mmn150 mmn,380 mm, and 420 mmnweapons
An igniter bag was sewn to the base charge. The charges
f)DgIfrP
Diykl
trieuve)
as
sdin
were shipped inside the cartridge case and if there
42/2 mi tapredboregunwere
too many increment% for the desired rfirige some or
D.Triethylenegtycol Dinitrate (TEGDN) Propellant. desall increments, but not the base charge)couP- be removed
inated as TrgP TilklPle)
a
sdised(before
fitir.g) and substituted by the "distance piece'kq v
of DigIP in hot climates, because lDiglvkolnitrat (LIEGDN)
!ncs
oflgraefin
auprhre.pc
IS Ver
oaie
n
uhpoeln
rg~P(rgy
in a cardboard or metal container, was provided.
kol eucteshs
Puvr
a
sd by the Navy in
Some Propelleint charges had -3 bag with a flash reducing
star shell ammo 11agent
(which was placed between the propellant and proE. Nitroguanidline '(NGu) Propellant, designated GuP
jectile) while others had a decoppering agent such as lead
(Gudolpulver),existed in the following varieties:
wire wrapped around the bag.
a) GuBIP (Gudol Bllhttcbenpulvc ) was used in 50 mma
A/T
m un,105
muntin hwiter,150 m havy
Propellent Groins and Thairi Dimensions. The followine
inantr gun,331050mmounhtavy howitzer, 180an 150amm
typical German propellants are listed by lI.1iNI.Pike in
heavyhwte o friiain
CIOS Report 3 1-668 (1946), pp 4-5 and tables;
b) GuRgP (Gudol Ringpulver) Iwas used in 210 mmn
a) Tubular (R~hronPulver), designated as RtP 40 (810 x
mortar 18
13x4.3) consisted of tubes 810 mmnlorg having external
0) GuRP (Gud'ol Rcohrenpulver) was used in 42/28 mmn
and internal diameters of 13 mmnand 4.X mmnrespectively.
tapered-bore gun, 88 mmntank and A/T gun 43,. 105 mmn
b) Syrip (Streifenpulver). designated as Stri' (100 x 10 x
recoilless ui,128 mmnAA gun 40, 128 mmntank destroyer
0.6), consisted of grains 100 mmnlong, 10 mmnwide
sun 44, 211 m~mgun 12, 380 mmn
Siegfried gun, 406.4 mmn
and 0.6 mm thick
Adolf gun, 533.4 mmngun called Gerat 36 anid 800 mmn
c) 1.lake (l3lattchenpulver), designated as BIP (3 x 3 x
Sevastopol gun
.
0.8). consisted of grains 3 mm long, 3min wide and 0.8 mmn
thick
F.:Ammonium Nitrate (AmN) Propellant, designated as
Amman P (Ammon pulver), was developed towards the end of
d) Disc (Pllittclienpulver), desi~nated as 1-IP1 (50 x
Amon tP o r ge f om
at ri l.
h p op lan
.2). consisted of discs 50 mm in diameter and 0.2 mra
thick
(Ammon strei fen pulver) was in the shape of
stripsr
500z0x23
is cmpostio
ma~ad
wa: N (1~N)
e) Rinx or annular (Ringpulver), designated as RgP
litel%.The strips were coated with a regular DigIP in order
to overcome the hygroscopicity

in diameter and a central hole of 10 mmnin diamn

k-9 r I

V%
Vii.
0iii
OAN

7,

'

~~

I.~

~Oe\b~UO0 ~o
~>MiZ

tz

-D CD
sr.0000

00

ao

co

a =

~0000
L^0"

(1-

coo~

*~
N,NO

C;i
(D

c 'ZsZu~ bi :

7. a

00 00

0 %1"

f4'.
.4

ir-

10

ID
N41

0D
N-

.0

10

N4

.'."

rI,

N1*

-0

"t.'

00

f4

-0-4

'a-a-4
-2J

'~'0
-

--

so0

'C N.0'
U
- WW%________________
f4 -f4

f4

m0
-

t^
NtNO
fl C4

v'ea
ii4

~
c

z4 z

U~0 0

o 0~

00 00

a, 00c

0'l

V-

V.

G\ 'I

-q00

I8

Onammo

0-

C^

v%

.3er 149

Z
u Q,)z

-'Id-

14~t

14bO

N;

Z.

WIN
-_

t -.

aa

gOC

05

Wu.VU

0000~I

V.VU

'

to

Cs

U~~~,

2~'0
oI ,

-U c

~~~

0U

14 z~N

d
co

in

I 1;00

Nl

0,
u In

CA a3

'0

J9

<W0~~

Cw

I'~~E.-

tW-

9994:R

XWWw

b-% W%

s .- uU,~

-;;a0-ca
e

W%.

WN-4

"0,

22
4ux

a,.,

(;er I150
Table 48
Igjniter 8ag Compositions
Prnpe~lent
Iand
P~ropellent igniters

ood).1
o l .3

1.0

-5.2

14

12.4A
1.

Cordin

91 A

12.7

DPhA
K sulffate

Ca mphor

0.8
0.6

9.6
6.0

131009
70.2

13.1

.0.

13.0Tapered
-

6.8

37mn-R

su19lf t
P~a
Unac

0.3

3mm IE o

0.4

Ua
Unac

2.2
2.0

0.35

Acar
K salts
URIac

Bag
Grains

13.0

04.0

-43

Ilag90.
2.3
88.2 ~
Gr~i
13.0
88.9
8.U23lnac
Gr~n

lDag

0.-

0.8

6.1

12.3

91.0
92.8

123

8.7
.7.
10.3f0.8

0.9
0.59.0

11.7

0:5'0mmq APPC B)

0.45 5m

0.25
.

forg

881?.7

12.1

.4
0.6.

15013.0

10.8

1.0
7307.5

11.7

13.1

96,6

734.
1.
qu9e.

6.

88t.7e

C o r
Cord

32127.

1. 1

567

12.1
13.3

63.1 (o2
736.

3.4
2.7

Vn ulac e
nc0.
Unac

2.5

tUn ac

3.4

0.

1.0irte13

1.3

Unac
Unhre

066
145.
( n c o p)
.8
0.47
.9Unac0.

U na c

0.

.
5.1

See.
Abrd vais
Nte Pe t te if

0.3

Una
Cna cp o

rj~
fuarg

mm APC (BAg)
50 nmAI'HN

-50

K uft
K

1.0

3.
1 .

Bord

APHY
42/'28 mmn
42/28 mm AP
Bore Gun
0.15 50 mmnAPC
2.5
0.8
0.6

Ksulfat
-

5
O10.
1.3

883.4

7.3
:()9.

1.3

1.4

(:r1

I~od
'Grains

mAR

043

KNsu.1t

Vtag..

0.9 20mm Solothurn


P
0.5 7 m
0.

3.

1.
13.0
rain80.5

*~ ;ri,56
Gan89.5

0.3

---

rain

*89.6
*

13.1
13.0

21

.
0.8Urin

13e.ta0e4
otiig1EINadN
rplat
Icut fintn
oethn5e1tIN
ofahghdgeeo
itainwihnt
NC~~~~~~~~~~~~

750mm HEkAi
PL
5m
62mmA? u
2.0)
m Il(lg
8 mm l~ .
m Il1oC(a
3.0
2.1
(1harg 1)3
18
,
0.5875Ummn Gun
(-harg40 )
2.8
3
5 i in AP L
0

1,03c
A a 0.3

1.

8
100mm Gun(
7.2
ssian
mm
155 tre

K nitace

1.2

HoE (P
155mmn

Acar

50 mm lIEN ([lag)
mm HE Ho
75o
75m4i~ l C

h igitr

2.4 I210mm Roc ketS


2.7 (Chaite l1d
th)se ()or

i co
mae
n nsisted

3217006()5 (hre2

Io )

(jet 151
Nt'dultr *-,r
O~q
(Nidielnulver ) desi imated as
M~ 0.' t'ile (nn
r. rao range. .; %c.rc built in tL. fir
* NdNI ) (oI . s .%, cosis~llof rais I* 5mal
of a V, thtr gun being placed ait the point of intersection,
tt while tile other waci
s that it could f ire. in to :,oe
fo Nava sta shll and
iLnple)
iiiii
gIt~i~dI.on
bcinb P-epared. The officer in charge sat in an usar
fo Navl sar hels ~
g) Ioii; (~anpulvr),use
office oehiaid the gun and overlooking it. The Lefloulengii
* esnatd
a 1.l, (180x 30,28),consste oftublar
&irrtin%.180 mmnlo~g. laving external and] internal diameters
chogapswr
in
r
bldgsfter
akad
of V.) min andi 2.8 mmnrespectively.
hronoult ph were
n other buildin
ie
urthapier
fhr
ackndeo
(See ballitic
;list, Table
46 of th is ofbooktypical
where web
dimensions
and
sysutsm
wheebua
sn oten sre
wic
re
thruahla piped
conveyo
c~iriteristics
Gernan
propell ants
sytm
Theloeig
sren
weeualypad50n
ballisic
chrat.
part at approximatellyd30 and 80 mnfrom thergun.
are given).
The proof procedure for a propellant was to fire it
in comparison with a standard propellant, using 7 rounds of
*
each lot under proof.* A normial lot was 50 tons Thei
Propellent Itinoers aind Propellent Igniter Bag Compositions.
3Cfr
ryan
0'C orhe
fimgtpeauevs
at licatinny Arsenal during
work onuc(.the-odutd
Acoding to the Accr
Navy. Prulpellent chargvs (cit use! in tile tropiswr
we
nrie
as t'
at25"
th saebliic
md toiv
uu, 11 most of thle blags (containers) used for propellent
rhar,,e, at 100C2. The upper temrperature for tropical A/I
igniter compositions were made of, co,lloided smokeless
propellants was 600C:. Propellants were stored at the
propelien'r 11areriaIn. Thei same investigation showed that
required temperature for at l east two days r~rior to firing.
the pr~pellent igniter compositions may be subdivided into
pressures were measured by copper cylinders
classeb:Chamber
crusher gages).
th~eeclases:
The proof procedujre for a gun was to heat a Service
ae) NC-N(;cmoiin
propelling charge to 350(2 and use it in the gun being
'DNcompositions
b) N C-DiGN
copstin ann
nroved. attempting to develop) a pressurc (design or true
pressure) of about 3d0 atm (sq tonls/sq in) above the proof
c) Black powder compositions.
presisure, as necasured by a copper crusher gage. For the
table 418givcs' the compnos'ition oi typical propellent
Adol gun the pressure above the proof pressure, was only
ilgniters,classes (a) andfli) ,and of their contairners (bags).
150 atm( I ton,'st in).
Itis to lie noted that the valties ushiall be considered as
Reference* li.Il.M.I'ile, (2105 Rept 11-68 (1946), pp 10-12.
onely approxshnate because there was a possibility that some
oif thle N'.. or OI~LOlN vol atilized and passed from
the
PoiiyFz.Acrigt
M918he
Ibgovit
, topllat ve Itoa.types
tie
of proximity fuzes, for use in bombs, were developed
in Germany: the Acoustic, thle IR (infra-red) and the Electron* (see previous page).
I)

SSome pr1
op Iellant Iigni te.r comp.ositIiotns of Class c (black
powder) a re given'in Table 49
Table 49
______________________________

* Form
*Grain

Composition, %
Sulfur
KNO 3

* Grain
Grain

75.9
775
74.9

9.5
95
9.9

74. .2

8.96

76.2

9.8

Grain
*

rain

.14.6

Several other names of pioximity

____________

.30
15.2

Uses
20 mm Inc
20 mm AP
20 mm H~E

16.84

47 mm APC

14.0

47ranAPLN

___

Abbireefiationg See under Table 44


'According to R..f 4. one ~Ithe propellent igniter coinmanuldl at the Diinebierg Fabrik D A -6 contain-,positions
ed: NC (I 3%'Ncontent) 54.39, NG 44.1A rdt 1.0EMg
0.05, and IG Farben W.ax E 0.05r.. oxygen balance + 1 0.967c
land catlorific value 1284 lrcsl/kog.
According: toRe'1! *5,6ne type of (;erinan igniter for propell Iat.its conste ofN (13.lV'N) 75.8, NG 24.0, and
* OPhA 0.2%.
'Reference%:

fuzes are mentioned on

2129, such as Kokodu,Marabu and Fuchs, but the type of


each of these was not stated.

_____p

fCharcoal

ic. Among these tilic Kranich (briefly described on lip 216.-17)


was acoustic, the Madrid (developed by Kapka of Vieniia
infra-rel,siid there were also)
fp 232)i was
mentioned
and
by the'relefunken (:o and others.
developedl
fuzeson
electronic

i~

AIR PRESSU
SWITCH

EIAZ

..

BAINE

I) Picatinny Arsenal' T1echnical Reports 1282 (1943) and


1456 (19414) :
3)Pic Arsn Tech Rept 1555 (1945)
Rpt786 TehiclItlieeRpt17)(95
4)P1
,Wiley
I Internal- Ballistics
Thoy
J.onr
5)~~~ ~~
Teorycharging
5) ).orne,
p 29.

(1950,

ubtiuts.See Treibs~tze.
Proeleft
P rooilitint
Sbsttuts
ainside
*

roig fAmmunition mnid Weapons. Preliminary testing


wasodone at prof ranges attached to most of the ezplosi~Vic
te ynmt
wammnto orwepoes pltt spch atheof
buth finale (acceptane
Kuplants
ammunition orSwapn
(forepthneAm)
alen
t finle
et,
W SaretcdGct Kreither th
tests
(for the
at the ihrNay)rrvngyruns
eecndc
Mepprleen
oet
or a teth Nay)
MepenIfo.
rovng rouds.and

A different type of proximity fuze is Aesciwbed in


TM E9-1983 (19,12), File N 2322.6. This faze, designated
h
otie
n
hp
(26), wsclnrcli
as EIAZ plungers
A and B (surrounded by insulating material).
a charging condenser C1 . a firing condenser C2 . resistances
R I & R2 ,an igniter bridge ID, a trembler switch TS and
an air pressure switch. T1he latter switch consisted of a
fixed and a movable plate. The switch was placed jusr
of an opetiing in the flize case and was aligned
with. the air tube leading from the nose of the bombC25O
Flam. (See drawing).
Tile base of the fuze case was threaded to receive
ac
the gaine, .which housed tbe prinier (con ,taingcomposition and blackt powder), the detonator (containing
and Pl:TN/wax)
lead azide/lead styphniate mixture over PIi
the booster (picric acid).

tier I2

P uppch en

(I il ly ), call elt. al si, W.v, d


oLo w.
c irri agi*-tin~i ted Hl; tam roc ket launcher with breech- block
It usdtistI itliltflhtliii ti~
titdiiiifg the s iift
in c
dshapd
- shtr
chagev
warhea'd ,as the Ponserschreek (Ofenrohr) but with
rociket mointor lxiod'. It was. firzcd by means of a propIl ant
conttaisedt it! a c ariiidgt' plate'el ill ilit' breeci. T'he flit-il
from thle cartridge i gal tvd the rocket propelltan t .in dthe
misii le priiied ei tow'ardls il e target.
Rf ft-rt. ace: lace iligencet
Hltlit-t il, MarchI 19 459 p) 14
also uind er 88 mam%vuCapoasI.

Bei'fort'e t
1,111 YNid rOpl ed Irom ta I'lii
t'itrile curren't
h 'Pl
;tlilt. hittvriv's pasd
S IdtI.
rou
It (PI iiflge A was
'Iailil;11i ) iltiti ( . ll i'ii
tilt' relealse 0I ct'e 1101,10)
tile current
tccuitttlted,
i
wert
l~ ii (
it~ak..t
hroug l~wlv
-As
, tilt, Wi
on.i
'lproacha'l its taij~gct
ct'e pres suit
of air
lialt III, it t
.i.-. ie.adiiig to ill(' ;'ri'nure icwitth) pushed
la.
imov
aIe plat oft Oti s witch
ciimoard s the fixed pl aite,
ciis
tlousing th
tilt - ire nit thiroughi Ill and fi ring tht.
iiint
in11
1tv.ve,1taui Iv tly
le tad1in chia rgte (if tilt! bofll.
*if tilet lirvssS5Ure Itizet shut1 fll
to
i
operate twen the.
trembilehr sn itch I'S wa15si stulvoe
l
to act oni imipact oif tile

N cit.-: Ac cord inig itio ,


8nt
ot Ili catinny Arsen"al, 0rhi
tpe i tii't.
Wz
tiulI bie initiated by tilt- a1ir burst pfodutted
lI,%ot her 14 !-t- i': 1.dint- iii tilt vca in ity andi this would
be i tid tt i. .
d it Isuii. was -not vet ciotse it) its targe .
til
tn i lli' othevr band thiis property of tilie fuz~e coclddlie usted
O

to iuittntjtioiallv produice air bursts tof bombst by dropping


them 'n at train.
Proximity Flute, Electric, l,:IAZ(2(,).Set' under P'roximnity Fuze.s

PUPPCH

Pudeli (hiotidlc). Aui ai'oiistiae homing device intended for


essiiti.ilhl
Ow s~ime ar for thit Krninitbaosi
rxmt

II

Refetrenice: 'tMI 4-ll04S-.2 ( 1051), p 217.

fu xv.

Pull Type Igniter (/cigsi~iidvr). Fie ttndti Igniter.


PuU. cici low ltr) ,Stuslrtitlat.Pyrofulmin
lu'l hini iii1 akrc' cit'( priiicipil (,erimnz
ai,breviations'
c-"
i it, lii.l i "itt vatriotits t Vp e-s (it I~p t'eli lit s
5b'
tilla I.a
ti
a)l PulIver 0 i oI ('1,1' DI )i . A 'lol lt v dii Se
and NC(
ciil ks Irincipal iiigrteditentu DEW).\t
pril- 1hlini C011. A trip!ecdiist'
ii) Pul ver Gu I
M(. aind I) lA iI9
si Sin ogcfN (ii,
Ng).
tr)'l-basl' Proelant
e) Ng
Plve (lp

.Sete

P yro Il it
P yi i it)Iil . A cordIi ag in) Nmii~iti M et' 1) IPyrol it.
was it tytit. of e.xplosisve prep~d fromt stinok c.si propellant s
le.ft liver after\~ Iv. 1.hIle finished prtoduct al so contained
m';iso5tu re. "'a n itrate
5 ito I 2% gy ps urn andJ at 1least 11
r..niax I 5"j) were
antd or K pe' chl ira te (miax ;0';) and *.1
soinetitites inecoi~cratedu in PIrolit.

~ttidol)

~~ciinsisting of %,til,N(:
A) ~~~Pulvr .i14, "1' r

p I-

J.lepin Lthlialltui Mel' 2)


posititons. called pymolithes:.

anul IWOMl)
. Aiilc-i;eN(drp'lant

e)Pulver OL(l'ulvt'rjohlne 1-6sunrsm ittel ) A slv'eniless


propellant
a, leaf ori flake propellarnt
I) BIatstchenoulver (lIll).
g) Rinqpulver (iigl'). An utinular proipel lant, :resembling
at Washler
10) R~hrenpulver Ml). itiltular propellant
1
i) Streifenpulver (Stil ).A itrip priopellant
Kr'
WifelpuIw er AV~ P1-.A plropcIvlliiti iii small rectangular
*t;itai
i ,s calledI tiotijerlites Icube-cut proipellant.

~ ~

K2

l~
t lt 'f ier .ece: 9 ** i ii c

ulvermosse
as
sulfate11

*
*

* .

pG

.lan

f as

Ig
irduit
I

general section.

containintgK

lists

the

fiilloiwing

ecorn-

ar) liallistite -. 1-76 and Na nitrate with or without


KClt) 26-24",
I) Hallistite .10-42, K chilorate with or without Na
nitrate 45-41 and aromnatic niltroconipounds I31~
Niite: 'rhe aromatic nitrticornpcincls of thie last compolsition.
should not increaste thle sen aitivitics% to shock to any
I 'TNTI.
e~reater extent than rthe acdditiion of 3
Rvfer%:nu.v-:
Baltimtore (1928), p 451
it-t,
I) il.Naourn, %itrtiglyctrit,
J. l e pin L v ihia ll ci ir, I im r s u tcc , P a r is ( I 9 15 ) , pp I57- 8.

~Pyroschitiff.l'uh.'erixed
technic composititrns.

ciumitituin intenided for use in pvroIt was req'iuired that the moisture

-. atent be( 0.1";, (max), atid falts 0i.(,,* ("tax).


StetallIurgy).
'['he
techiniqhue
Pulvermetohllurgie- (Plowder
of potwder imetallurgy was applied on a considerable scale~ Reference:
during WWVI1, chiefly in thlt- prodittictin of . aibidu tools andde
V,1
ul*ZApetg-uZ.~d
Kast Metz,C hlicmscte lintersuiclung c
some ammiunition and we:%pon components. For instance, the
stoffe, Vieweg, fBraiinschweig, (19-14), p)510.
following articles were' nanulh frorn sintered iron or %trel:
heldriving bands ranginF front 20 to 210 mmi in caliber
Note: According to 'I'M 9-1985-2 (1953), p 82, thle flyoschliff
estfaet
auiu
a
neteeylnlw
(sintered iron);, fuze bodies and bullet cores (sintere,,
lmnn
estfae
o
neteeydie
a
steel) and alsio'bearin'gs, rings, gears.,etco
Al metal
characteristics:
following
the
having
`(A1
powder
Cornqveel
and
Iron
Sintered
Reference: C.J.Lead beater,
87-92, fat content less thtan (0,1 and moisture content
ponets,
Rpt IOSI'anl
55, Iem 1 (145)contcrnt
of 0.5%; the rest being unspecified impuarities. Straight l'yrodescribed
IC51Abm
ifwsuedfrfligte
~
Pulvermetallurgie (as prat-ticed by the l3Pc,). A jet of
under Pho~toflash Bombs.
monlten -iron together with a strong jet of water were
directed against a fast rotating horizontal disc enclosed
Pyoehi
niafndrDvcssuh
ste15m 15m
evcsuhath
Anitfndr
Pyoehi
itn a cylinder having a conical bottom provided w~ith an
simtulator rocket and Mark 50 cascade flare bomb, were
outlet. The' resulting product, powdered iron slightly
employed as. a counter measure for die Allies' P~athifinder
oxidized on the surface, was dusted with a small amount
neddt
lvcswr
qV)
1wGra
lotlii
reduced in an atmosphere
otf yellow lead oxide and then
0
of ydogn
t bot
00 .B
hspoesteio
conifuse the raiders by firlse signals which cloisely resembled
h
ytm
PhIiie
the signals employed in thle
particles becane: coated with lcad and thus rendered,
devices were lauinched into the air by means of rockets,
rust-proof. T'his powder was used for the Ilierit of sinteredi
or were dropped front planes aboitmoS wiles akwry from thle
(in lieu of copper bearings 'and other
'iron rotatingOr hands
true targets and over unimportant territory.
a'aier
riva
II
artice
iioAgainst thc daylight raids each rocket was equipped
1.omn .ntc
with either three smoke flares or with about WuOpellets
permissible
following
the
pate'nted. Ain: 1895.
Puliwhts of Berlin explsiv:
designed to produce black smoke trails. Against tile night
nitate1)20,
piennthene 5.~andK U
raids, there wete niany dIifferent arrangemients oh colored
explsiv- 9.0,plieantren
'm ntrae
5., ad Kbilights.
chromate 2.5'" Daniel, l)ictionnaire, Paris (1902), P 659 '.

Ger 151
*

*Signal

was' reported that the cernmn devices were used


It~~
also fto designate Lording fields to the Luftwaffe pilots
0wst
indicate the direction
during lieavy fo.Aohru
and naiagitude of Allied air, attacks to Flak batteries and
.IM.
I J
Luftwaffe fighter pilots.
A ntipathfinder
Following is a brief dce:.cription of soflit
devicest
'A., 15 con RSSG kRaketen ';cheinschuss~ietUt,i~kokckt
Simulating Device% was constructed of two sections:
.the rocket motor tube and the rocket head
The tube contained seven 2 lb sticks, of N(C-DFIGI)N
rocket propellant, while the head contained a pyrotechnic

fIantae(1
C)~~
,enfae
c
flurning
C;pvc: (0'V; CD' 21, kfg I I and lK, wax 7,;.
timer2 mninutes anti candle'power I fW0(.
Nozc: Trhe composition of the red flare was: I~r nitrate (2.S,
tI; wax i.u .urnitig
115, Cf '\C (0.'"; ( 1) 18.0 an
tie2mllts:ndcnlpowtrI0))

chresuch as:
.F(Follachirm)

Pationen 'parachute Flare Cartridger) which containtd,' among' other itemis, the red,
gre,en, v'ellow or white flare compositions.
cartridge consisted
I *or instance, the red floar
of thle f(.1lowing 'components:
odr
go lc
ie(.
allts
1)) intermediate (1.5; g of a mixture of K nitrate 16.',
AI 10.3, black powder 29.3 and Zr 208%l
11.I
c) Igniter (17 9 of a mi::ture of Sr nitrate 61, PVC 22 and
0 PC
d) Red flare (6.7 kg of a mixture ofS irt
is1, Mlg 18, Iii waxL 3 and vaseline 11). Burning time
opstos
flr1hdt1flown
OSnlnther,
ad ompsitins:Rocket
flres
othehe flloing
'Green flare. Ba nitrate 60, CPVC1 20, Mi; 17, Ri wax I
and Vaseline 21. Burning timne about 5 minutes.
Yellow flare: Na nitrate 45, Sr nitrate 2, Mig/Al alloy
time50)minutes m
wainadvseintancrnned
40,e o mea
t505i mine
Whte flare, l nitrate 68.5, Knitrate 8.0, Al17.5, S .
an vsein20% urning time 5 minutes
initermediate
Note: The composition of the first fire and of theignition.
comth sme for all flares, but the
mixurewawere
sasflo:
posixtionws
(60,
nitrate
Bia
of
mixture
a
of
positors gereen sfolare:1
ax I and vaseline 2';.
?,M lf.iv
CPV
lazcs":, 17 F ofamLueo ?~Ii)
ht
n
2o
elw
grist' ',B2% fluoride 6, S 10, Al (flakes) 20 'and
n telnitrte
h olwn
trcnitdo
re
fn h
Th cartrid
htecmgso
a)tPmim:
b) First fire (1. gOf black powdet)
(1.0 g of mixture: K nitrate i5, 513,
*~c) intermediate
Al 11)and black powder 12%e)
.d) Red star (10. g of a mixture of 'a1nitrate 57, Mg 20
IThcopstoofohrfaeanthistsisgvnn
*andi CPVC 21%).,
The composition for Ithe red star was: Sr nitrateas 60,
for
16'"). TUhe first fire was' the same
g.24 and CPVC
grenbuttheintrmeiate contained, B., nitrate
* th tar
powder
black
and
11.7
S
1.9,
A
Ke nitat 15.,
t1.
15.to

`i) ';Rz Rauch Potronen (Smoke (,artrid ge)containled


three smoke candles (Nebelkerzen 1,911) consisting
of a maixture of 1IClE 4%, Zn dust 5i) and lia ni tra te10.
Blurn~ing time I minute.
cntidabu
whc
keCrrda
lokS
)
i

mk

atigs

hc

otie

bu

. 15 cm RLGS (Raketen Leuchtgera~t Schezingeschoss


Illuminant Simulating Device ) was an improved
version of the 15 cm RSSU rocket. The RLGS rocket used
flares of the following types:
1) Single color flares: red, green or yellow
groups of colored stars, at intervals of abcrut 25 seconds.
whrtiche ejcnited
ren ane grello flarescatig
For intne-4enfae
onitdo seve
the follwn itemns:
odr
Igo lc
a) Frtfr
b) intermediate (1.5 g of a mixture of TeNCbz 30,
Al 10 and K ntitrate 40%)
c) Igniter (20 S of a mixture of Ila nitiate 60,Mg 20
and PVC 20%
(.ieen flare ( 1.15 kg of a mixture of Ba nitrate
alloy (50/50) 6.5 and PVC 28.5',.
7.5,4 M*/Al
Mgtime
57.5,
minutcr1
Burning
For flares which burned with the ejection of stars,
the composition was not the same se. for ordinary flares.
For instance, the green flare employed for ejection of stars
.o.,tamncd: as nitrate 53, Mg 25, PVC 20 and graphite 2%. The
corresponding stars contained: ba nitrate 55, Mg 18, PVC 25
and graphite 2%.

containing
Note: MlIost of tile: intermediate' compositions
in 19415, by mixtures
owdr ndsulfur~were replaced,
blak
and Al and the reason
.nirate
blark powetr a,,toctbd
for thi- v, ey,:piained under Te-.ranitrocrao TNb)
Patrone~n (Cascade Cartrid es)
2)"Ka (Ko'sirade)
1 "K"Abbreviations:
:red, Yellow or white) without
(green,
contained flares
fle:
I,1.,,re
parachutes. ,.IThe
folowin c bnation was used fOr gre fae
*
a) igniter (5 g of black powder)
b) Intermediate (7.5 9 of a mixture of K nitrate 34.
TcNCbz 34 and Al 32n.

(F eUerwerkerei). The compositions of


n us bewee WWI ad W II
yroechic
variusevies
WHe
ane, Lewene (Re 2) Tn
e inf
p yrotecnihc n (Rvi
werei ven
applied
tesrs
Iious
var
*described
also
.gator
investi
latter
siton such as Fntz~ulndlichkeit
cmp
protchnc
* t.
Inic
opstiononp
Etudngtlirtr
(Ignitablt)
to
zmfnlckieensohiag und Reibung (Senty,
(iriature

PYROTEC14141CS

lc

100 smoke producing pellets of the following componiri.,n6lf~(1.5,Mg 1'f.5, antliracene 8.0 and naphthalene
12.0%. The igniter trai n consisted of a [)lack powder
40
and an ignition composiincnaiigKntrt
Iich, 24.6, *TeNCbz 18.0, anthracene 5.0., naphthalene
2.4, Al powder 18.0) and Mg powder ".";.
Note: There were two types of I5 col RSS., rockets 0I and
2). Type I war, equipperd with a delay igniter V-22 ,'I v
h
which w n fir-1 ivy the hot ganer fro. Cintolw.plluiu,
while type 2 waF equipped with the electrical igniter for
the rocket motor tobe and was gidseraly

Thcopstnofthrlreadteisasisivnn
pp 27-29 of the Reference
ed
C. Mark 50 Kosk ode (Cascade Flare iomblwas emplo
o.' the Pathfinder sy srm
simulate the cascades
filled
case
used by the Allies .lIt consisted of a cardboard
with about. 62 candles. Each candle buined for about "?
minutes with either a red or green flame. The composition
of the candles wits the same as described for ireni A2,
.yiichode
"Ks" (Kaskade) Patronen.J
chord;
oyv
CPVC Chlorinated,
DEGON Diethy leneglycol dinitrate; HCe llexachlor ethitn;
PVC polyviny Ich loride; TeNCbz Tetranitrocarbazol.
Reference: ll.p.'ppig, Pyrotechnic Antipathfinder D~evices,
dos, Item Nos 3 &IFieN3-5(14)

sitiveness to Shock and Friction), lDetonatioausgeschwindigkeit (Velocity of Detonation) and lBrisanz (llrisance).
A brief historical description of the development of
yrtcnsincemyisgvnb
the science of
Lotz (Kef 3).
lzxo (Ref 5) lists numerous German pyrotechnic compositions as can be seen in Table 50. (See next page).

Get 154

Seign

aio

.....

.Pyrotechnic

Cight c21. : 57.2 t of:


Ilana K.
I "a
K

IGnitin Str-.

6.0 160

Comnpositia.,

S-

10.
S

&g

1.

80

Ctherc a

* signal

107n-21

o dr

18.

00

5,

enk e2

lc o

SinLigt5P
Gre
6 0e 4

Si U nah

R
a e d.3
Signal ih214
SNo1es7
a)

5 0

50.

-7

. S t .6

--

sr~yi
~

~cd

7 .0

r Ao.c

51a
0S

P21oy2y
e~
~ g Ternt
~
~ cra.~

t r i

30n0

p29

Pyrtecni

C n ai e i n w

arride
es

wAs de-

thIinlaou

co t i i g K n t a e 3 . , fn n tr t

- o C

hl r d

AStatrine

a)a Cop8t6n.o0i

t)
or be usned nac as tarckmpwarnion.

275
.4

" d Ame e

t r ~ m l s IgnVl

9ed
nea wV
h st l , . souv
n d. The

5,

5, 22f19

a L C 5 fl r s

55.evices.
R
~~~~
o cen e~~~~~~~
f ~ at n )

h ch a s dimsl v

15,

Vh'itrmdit
.xt:

17.0

C1

5,p 212sgalwsaot

i n Hl :w
a .

25,c
Sta

por u

RPe

eod

40tr.en -0

. 1

5.
Abbreviations.
hord;Rm
~ ~~ ~A~

PVC

20

iuratioflam7 foraa0.
11.

A
nd)~3
sm k

27cr.05

u wJ

discusStdrin0t0i- wor0
Hl i n t r

p r1r8e.0;l
d b

dfee t

ooe

an ls

ue

1 5,b M I . r ol c 8 5 C a * ,
acd Te~
oNotes:
Tetr
hitrc
r: 1az ntato9 I el t 61, Kn nirt
o l 21.ckpwe wast and
sd
i s tnl ur igie3botIg
o

91

ab n9 2 a d A

11

*leuchlte

~S~

'0111'~

use,
d

Ian tih.

wound

fI .rc,

Jn

(11) J i S021I Mg (granular) 14.0,, Nat nitrate 11.,


gYp.ru iaa .5 sand
W.itter H.(w'
c) lilue light comiausitaon us.ed for shaip signals consisted
ot K ni traze, s ul fur %adSb sulfIid e
J ) R,,d liJI I coaipm~itiiin for ship signals conaincil
K
cloritte, shellac .and Sr oxalat
~
F.It ems mentioned in Ret 1.1includc t;ome firework dv-'.Ces,
such ispaper caps for toy pistols, etc. A typical cap
composition was made by mixing K chlorate 70, phosphorus
15 and %ulfurlwith lime. suspended in water 151',
6. Pyrotechnic items of Ref I5 include the .amorces'(n v)
afd somne firework composirion~n such as Bengai lighit
said star compositions
11. Pyrotechnic items of Ref 16 include the following
red colored lhtmixt~ire used for signallinp: Sr nitrate
50?-6I, Mg 17-1%, polyvinyl chloride or chlorinated paiyvinyl chloride 14-28 andi vaseline or synthetic wax 1-5-0.(
I.' According to Ref 17, the Germians miade great use of
kieselguhr as an exr,nder for expensive organic dyes
and dy'e intermediates, used in their Pyrotechnic compositions.

v,

7r

I- 71e

4pl
nt

'I) A.Langhans, S.S

17, 34-36, 43-45, 61-62, 68-70, 77-78,


w0-91, 105-106h. (1922) Leuchmi~t~ze(fPyrotcchnicComipositions,
2) F.Lenze, S S 27, 366-71, 406-9 (1932); Ibid, 28, 14-17
(1933)
-3) A.Lot z . Das Feuterwerk, lliersemann, Leizig (190)
ppS-45,
86 &, 89-103
Lepzg
A0
4) J.Goldenson & C. D~lanner, Chem Engr News 26, 1976-8
(1948); C A 42, 6116 (1048)
.5) A.Izio, Pirotecnia e fuochi artificiali, lioepli, Milano.(1950),Ipp 2111,212,1221 & 227-229
-,Vkn.NY(94,p20
6) r.G.Ilaverlak, Pic. Arsn Tech Rept 1,140 (1944) (Tank
Reference. W.Dornberger, V-,VknNY(5),p20
smok311)Note:
cadle,
NK
According to K.W.Gatland, D~evelopment of the (;uided
srnle andesa Nbid31505 (14)Micatclrdsoe
issile,"Flighit" Publication,London( 1952),pp 122- the R4/M
7,) 1.1.GHavrla"'iid,
155(195),Airraf coore smke
was an air-to-air missile developed in 19-14 by modifying
signls
.
' 'the
:
RZ 73 Ffihn. Its diameter was 2.16-, overall length,
8) .G2llaverlak, ihid, 1519 (1945). Colored smoke signals
.2.75 ft, launchin'g weightj 7.75 lb, range 'I mile. It used
9) l.'..llteaaara
CIS Rport32-3 (945)
Prducion
a siagle tubular grain propellant which had a burning time
nf Imoke, Incendiary and Chemical Warfare Weaponsof08sc
10) C.G. Bridge, CI1OS, Rept 32-27 (1.945), German PyroRadar Guidance System for Missiles. See under Guidance
technics
Systems for Missiles.
11)llJ.Epi,COSRep 3-56 (1945), Pyrotecl-nic Anti pathfinder Devices
-0Radio
Commaid Guidance Systems.
SeudrGiac
12) lf.Peplov et al, CIOS Rep? .33-2 (1945), Deutsche
Systems for Missiles.
Waffen.und
Munitionsfabriken, A -G
13) F!L t r Lisowski & P.Milholland, BIOS Final Rep? 1233
Rakete.- See Rocket.
(09416), Geri-nan Pyrotechnic Factories
14) C.G.flavies et al, HIOS Final Ro~t 1594 (1946), Some
Raketenponxerbuiclasei. See under Weapons, caliber 88 mm.
German Pyrotechnic and Paper Firms
15) T.M.Bennett, BIOS Final RePt 1313 (1947), German
Raketenwerfer. See under Weapons, caliber 88 mm.
Methods of Production of Amorces and Sundry Pyrotechnic
Stores
.Romlets.
See general section. Some infurazastion on German
'16) TiiUrba~nslki,' Przemyst Cfaemiczny 27 (4), 487 (1948),
ramiets is given in CIOS Rept 31-13 (19415).
P'rogress in *the Field of Explosives During the Past
l)ecude (Translated from Polish by Di Ivan Simon)
Roschig's White Powder 1%cisspulver) (See also Raschit).
17) J.Kaniegis, PB3 Rept 102.500 (1951), Colored Smokes
Acepbat~
odr
rprdb
.s:ci
n11
(General discussion and some bibliography).AchablsigpodrrerdbyFR.ciin11
as follows:
(See also undrer l11uminating Compositions, Incendiary
A concentrated solution of a mixture of 65-70 parts
Compos'Itions, Tracer Compositions, -Smoke Compositions,
of Na nitrate and 35-30 parts of Na cresolsulfonate
Siga Deics Flares, and Antipathfindcr Pyrotechnic DevnicDevice,
was run in a thin stream onto a rapidly rotating drum
c es).heated
by high pressure steam. The tbin layer of dehydrated material which formed on the surface of the
Quelunggro
Ceffcien).
Swllig
se eneal ecton.drum
was scraped off in the form of flakes which were
packed in waterproof paper cartridges. Compositions
R-4M. ;A 2 'in ch solid prorpullent rocket, which carried
patented in 1912, consisted of: a) Na nitrate 68 and
about 1 l b of a IE and had tail surfaces that could be
foldd
as
hck.It
assprouce toard th en of
"Zellps-ch" 32% and b) K nitrate 70 and Zellpech 30%.
TVW
11, by 'the
Deutsche Waffen- wad MunitionsfebrikE'n
Note: in selecting the components of such explosives, it
at Lubcck,' As many 'asi 48 of these missiles could be
'was necessiary to bear in mind that if their solubility is
carried on the iinderwing racks of a figliter plane and
not of the irame orler thcre wiil be a tendency for the
c!' 1200u
simultaneously
agains:t
a bmbcr
formation
a,',tja
to10
rs.I
a camdc
ingredients to separate during the evaporation.
downa bmber

liuor romthe

ulfte clluoseindustry.

tra
t14 in riflei!s or ini tI'
rfov usl
.itu hninduv
.. dl,. ,. (ilat
er o s ncnos
ot strips (Streffi p
References:
1) II.Blrunswi) ,. Dahs r,.utch lose P ul ver, Bierli (1926), pp 6-7
2)! I.1.' srn i r, MwjiuI32. 2-44 (1950)

.:

.",.

(
I )p
IMarshaill, v I IQ~
p16
N .koulll, schigess- untd Ispreii gstoil C (1927), 1,
i) lDav'is 011-11), p)SO.

*.

Roschit (ldsclhitcl. A Class oft mixtures% iiw'iiltuti.


it% tile

tf~ss'~i~JllprviprvI
* \l~ii

(allv.I
solub
ra
SlIila

samie

uitiminr

its

I-.

Ii..schi&hs

lv~lr.~r %Yiiii u~sedii' durin VI tis.A propl~lantsii.


lro
i.tv rtna- %s
ic
wshdo
i
tvrv
i s ** vr'
V.s
means of ater
wlili
;Ie gci;ivesl 6ern,
~leP sr.s io
oipsti
lgvStl
iI
-s'ill .
l
e~rl I .4ciit45
Table 51
J
Composition,
Na ~M

*~~rn

Ii..

AmIn~ce
sulfo-~

Raschit 1

74

Ras'chit 3
Raschill24
Rasht

86
87 .
.69

-chi
R
Raschit Type I
Raschit Tyl-

1-

solIfo

13

14
31

65
68

Iraterecoilless
laW
6Flinnish
--

-c
32laot1400

lef4,P352) stated thiat Raschit was invented in Ii011 by Adolf Voight of Germany.
.
:
Itefurencis
1) F.RASIsdig, Angew(:li1in 25, 1194-1)" (191l )
9,(92)
,SS17
2) F.uc
Noe:Clvr

.3) Marshall, v 1 (1617)1, pr, 96 & 192


(119),;~p352
(:lvc 707and738sliding
leimiilciur, Poudres, etc, Paris (1935), p 287.
* j.Pi.pii

Rauchlos'e Pulve'r. Smokeless Plropellant, also called


rpelRacshwocheIs Pulver, hich mean WekSok
laint or Siemi - smokele~si Propellant. (See Propellants).
auchlcses Gesch'tzule 189.SeRCP8
p
Rauchioues Rottweiler Pulver.

Ple)

See RI.P.

Pauppitenschlepper (Caterpillar Tfractor) was uaed for towing


or carrying large guns and -other items for military use.
some information on caterpillar tractors is given in the
enger u Etrln Tshnchdt
Loo
byDr ~v
'anioer 1941-1954, Lehmanns' Verlag, Munrchen (1954)
G.B.Jartett,"Achtung Panzer' ,The Story of German Tanks
in WW 11,Creat Oa "s, RDI, Aberdeen, Md (1948).
iRvw-P aste

See Rohpulvermasse.

Pjulvrer) (Rottweil Cellulose


(nttwiberCellulose
RCP
efis GemngltnzdmltrCmkls
RC Opelat).Th
utten-s
s
Carl
6~angeltiize] ml
,I~opelan')Thefir
ute
propellant which was invented in 1883-1884 by
P.Vieille
of
1843 died 1903) inidependtently
(rn
hoffr
who invenlred 1Poudre B1 (see *in the F*rench Section). The
Plan by-snitratingid
was prepared at the Rote
first lIC13
am,.- kind as was used for
partallycaronizd wod (he
wod (te scoiller
partallycarbnizd
ulvr C82)ba vaethod
o brwn
preo owdrcaled
simla totat ue inpiepo of.Schultzews Powder. The
a
rdc
iitratet'
di(dand gelatinized by means of ethyl acetate. The
gelatinized product was gtained either in the form of small

Recoil less Gun (Kanione ohne Rucklauf). Several 1model0


Wert- develIoped in Germany between 1917 anti iii. beginning
these were of Rheinmnetall - liorsi g Co
of V# 11 %oft
design. Oine of the best known was the 1LG-1-lRh (later
.lsign.uatei as L-40) which was a 75 mmngun with a range
ot about 0800 yards. It weighed 32S Ilb (complete), Nwas .15
inches overall and had a barrel 29.5 inches long. it used
~the Rheinmetall horizontal sliding breechlock which ca1,rried
thle counterblast nozzle.
11w larger caliber recoiless gun.%inclujdeda' I'." mm, known as LG-2Kp aind as L6,-0. this h.d
a breech system very similar to that in the Russian~
gun which was Jevelope.1 before the RussoWar.The German model weighed 850 lb complete
sodLG-40-2,
LG-40-1
as LG-2-Rh,
mm, known
105 used
breech design. It weighed
b)
the Rheinmetall
which
1200 lbs
155 mai, designated in service as LG-42, weighled
lb in firing order and projected a shell
d) l)KM (l)iisen-Kanone-Marine), developed by Rtheinmerall-liorsig Ca, was made iti two versions.- the
l)KM-43,cal 88 mm,(or use on light patrol c 'raft and the
gi....t l)KM-44 ,enl 280 mm. These two guns were still
under d~velopment at the end of the war, but te~K14
was almost rciad7 to be put into production. Bo0th guns
were supposed to use the Rheinmectall horizontally
breechlock with counterblast nozzle
e) Aircraft recoilless weapons, developed by Rheinmetall-Borsig Co, included the D~evice 104 (a 34-inch
gun firing a 1500 pound AP projectile) nnd the SG-l 13A.
designed primarily to attack tanks f~om the air
f) DUKA 50 and 1)UKA 88. Iwo recoilless aircraft
weatanns produced by Rh. -nmctall. Data and description
of these guns are contradictory and little is known of
them
g) Rheinmetall Mk-ll5 was a 55 mm weapon of very
origiiial construction. it was still under development
at the end of war
The above weapons were ilrieiiy described by R.March,
ordnance 38, 887-78 (1954).
F.G.llaverlack, in Picatinny Arsenal rechnical Report
14837 0945), described a complete round of unfired hollow
(shaped)i charge used in 75 momRecoilless Gun, I.G-40.
W.Wl:Fahr , in CIOS Rept 32-108 (1945), described the
recoilless gun development of the Rheinmetall-Boraig Co.
b
Morlor. ca!. er 2", wsbifydsrb
Recoilless
Its proW.Dornberger, V-2, Vikirig, N Y (1954), p 270.
ft/sec.
1300
petile weighied I! lb'and travelled at a velncity
Thle weapon vas optically triggered by means of a selenium
h'den the plane's silhouette appeared on the cell,
Wel
th ond wsatmtclyfrd
rcol
rWepn.i-dsreolssunadth
Reol.q
s mortat described above, the Germans used numerous
Ofenrohr,
Panzerfaus,,
as
tubular rocket launchers, such
cwchls
P~anzerschreck, Phipppehen,Paerufn,
References: Intelligence Bulletins. U S War D~epartment*
W'ashington, D C . Vol IIII, No3 (1945), pp 74-79 and Vol III,
No 7 (1945), lpP 9-16.

Ger 157
Reducing Bore Gun Gerlich Type Gun,
i (;unn.
:Gun. See Tlapcred-lie
Reibungsprobe (Friction T*lest).

Squeeze-Bore

See in the general secttle

Rheinmetall Ammunition. The Rheinmetall-Borsig Co was


one of the principal manufacturers ol ammunititio. Sonme
items manufd before WW II were examined at Picatinny

rgi".rArsenal.

Reinliorcing Igniter. See Za~nwcrsthrker.


Relntri (Pure Trinitrotolnene).
See under Trinitrotoluol.
Remote 'Control Systems for Controlling the Missiles. See
Guidance Syqtems for Missiles.

Research and Development Establirhments for ammunition


rockets, rocket fuels, guided missiles, aircraft and weapons
are briefly dtscribed by L..M.Siono et at in CIOS Report
30-71 (19-15).
Resins. The thermoplastic and thermosetting resins used
by the Germans durinn
U'uW
II are briefly discussed by
B.Schools in BIOS Final Rqeort 1191 (1946.Rh
Revolver |Revolver).

See under Weapons.

Rexit. See' Rhexit.


'RGP 89 (Rauchloses' Geschultzpulver 1889) (Smokeless
'Cannon Propellant of 1889).A propellant similar in cornposition to Italian lBallistite.
Reference: Daniel, l)ictionnaire, Paris (1902), p 682.
'

'Rheinbote (Rhein Messenger). An unguided, three-steps +


booster,, surface-to-surface missile developed in 1943
by the Rhoinmetali-Borsig Co under the direction of Klein
and VUllers. It cotitained 45 lb of a HE,,used 1287 lb of P
solid, diethyleneglycol dinitrate propellant, was provided
with a six-finned booster. and could be launched from
a stationary or mobile ramp. Total weight of rocket was
3,781.5 lb and overall length 37.4 ft. Diameters of the
1st and 2nd steps were 0.88 ft and of the 3rd step 0.53 ft.
The lengths of the 1st and of the 2nd steps were 11.4 ft and
of the 3rd 13.1 ft. Maximum range, when using 650 elevation
was 136 miles and velocity at final step 5.380 ft/sec.

References.
1) K.W.Gatlanc. Development of the Guided Missile, '!Flight"
Publication, London, (1952), pp 55 & 122 3
2) W.Dornberger, V-2, Viking, N Y (1954), p 248.

Rheinisch Dynamit. A dynamite patented in 1874 consisted


Sof NG' (:ontg 2-3 of dissolved hydrocarbons such as
napthalene) 75, washed and dried kieselguhr 23 and chalk
2.,.
'(See
Reference: Daniel, Dictionnaire, Paris (1902), p 682.

Reference: G.Taliaferro, Pic Arsn Tech Rept 982 (1939).


Rheintochter (Daughter of the Rhein).A type of guided
missile used against England during WV!1. Several mudels
were known, such as R-1, R-2 and R-3.
References (See also under Guided Missiles)
1) Anon, Army Ordnance, 31, 28 (1916)
2) A.I)ucrocq, Les Armes Sec4tes Allemandes, Paris
(1947), pp 89-90 and 90-98
1) Anon, TM 9-1985-2 (0953),pp 226-9.
Rhexit odor Rexit (Rhexite). According to Colvet (Ref 1)
Rexit was one of the earlier permissible explosives.
It
contained: Am nitrate 64 to 68, NG '.5
4
o R..5, TNT (6.%to
8.5, Na nitrate 13 to 16, wood meal 3 to 5 and moisture
05tto 1.5%.
.%
0.5
According to Naormn (Ref 2), Rhexit was one of the
pre-'W I1 straight :lynamites, such as: NG 64,0, wdod
meal 7.0, partly decomposed wood 11.0 and Na chloride
18.0'. Its properties were: density 1.54, Tranzl test value
385 cc, oxygen balance 11%, and Pb block crushing value
20 mm.
References:
1) Colver, Iligh Explosives, London (1918), p 249
2) Naodm, Nitroglycerin, Baltimore (1928), pp283-284.
Rhinoceros.

See Nashorn, under Panzer.

Riegelmine. See under Landninen.


Rifle (Gewehr).

See under Wcapons.

Rifled Projectile (Pre-rifled Projectile). Three such projectiles were described in TM 9-1985-3 (1953), pp 526-528.
All of them had a rifled design which took the form of
12 longitudinal splinee inclined a
500ot and spaced
about 60 mm apart. The splines were not machined from
the main projectile body but constructed separately on
sbtrips of steel which were then fitted into grooves cut in
the projectile body. The grooves were undercut to provide
secure attachment.
It is assumed that the splines were iqtended to engage
in the rifling of the gun.
To the rear of the projectile there was a copper or
bimetallic driving band, the probable function of which
was to act as a gas seal.
Two of these projectiles were used in the Railroad
Cannon 28 cm K 5 (E),while the use of the third projectile
is unknown.
One of the projectiles [28 cm (280 mmy, was rockerassisted, It weighed about 546 lb (loaded and fuzed.but
without rocket ignition fuze). The weight of liE charge
was about 31 lb and the wt of propellant 43 lb . The
maximum range of the gun was about 53 miles.
Another type of 280 mm projectile weighed 562 lbs
(loaded and fuzed) and was filled with about 67 lbs of
TNT/Wax - 95/5, pressed in blocks in a cardbtuard container. (See ilraIsugs under Granate and under Rocket
Assisted Shell).
also Prc-engri ved and Pre rifled Projectiles in the general section).

(icr 15h

4grnnate)

Rifle Grenades (Gewehirgrana ten); Rifle Antitank Grenades


0.020 g of red lead 74.7, silicon 17.8 and binder &
(.aweirinr'rraat~a).Tihe following types tire briefly
fuel 7.5*.; as; the intermediate charge 0.120 g of NJC-1
deseribied in Rels 1, 2 & .3
and as the lower charge 0.010 g of K perchlotate 55
a) Small Antitank Rifle Grenade (Gewehrpitnzergrnixtae)
0.nd Pb ofrlocyapowder and the delayh element consained
,.sa firied from the riflcd 30 min discharger cup) (Schiesr0.0
ofbckpdeanthflseem
tcnstd
I~erher,
otid ie fttedto
wich
osttypcs o
en~anof
0.150 g of NC. Tile detonator contained as the upper
*
ri fles. lii' grenade wast.-constructed in two parts, thle
layer 0.2.40 g, of 08/32 -0P
xd/bsyhaIa
h
head and, the stem (body) which, was screwed it the
1st intermeidiate layer 0.20 g of PET"VN, as the 2nd
headl. The hiead wits at s-eamalss steel tube, the forward
inermediate layer 0.120 g of 13b azide and as the
Po~rtion oft w!-;cl contained at steel cone and the bursting
lower layer 0.150 g of red lead 74.7, silicon 17.8 andi
*
chtarl:e con sisting of 1.75 oz of TIN'I'poured arourd the
binder & fuel 7.51.
cone.
-cirtry bwehind tihe 'NT.wats located the f)LN a
)37
mmnAntitank Rifle Grenade, fired from a 3.7 cmn
exploder (aui. ylose)
hrsenwt
aeo
Pak ,cons isted of a thin-walled steel head of bulbous
light alloy of alumninumi andi itas provided with a p~reshape
to which was attached a closed steel pipe
enejraved 1riving baind. Tlhe uppler section contained the
surrounded by a multi-perforated sheet steel tube to
gaine (drtonrrbot
sebyan
h
oe
which six vanes were welded. The head was loaded
*section
the primer assembly. Total weight of the
with 5.2 lb of either lDinitroaniline/TNT mixture or
grenade wan o,.$oz, the overall length (,A-, the maximum
with pressed Cyclotol consisting of R)X (62.1, wax
diamecter 1 1,10. and the range 50) yds (Ref 1, p) 8 and
2.4 andi TNT 5%
It- nose fuze assembly (AZ 5075)
Ref 2, 1,1 314-A..
consisted of a primner-detonavtor (with 0.31 v of lead
h? "Antitank Mauser Rifle (irenade, desi~Mated as
tazide as th uipper charge and 0.30 1, of PET~N as
2,d
.1-l~
da in Hlef la~ vian nimiiar in ap.loiicr chairge) and as detonator-booster (with 0.50 g
* leiirince to the I-one described inmmediately above,
of 69/31 - Lead azide/Lead aryphnate as, thc upper
TeC l'zgr .12 contained 49 g tof 50,/50 Cyclorol as
charge, 0.30 g of PFTN as the lower charge andi 6.8 g
twe bursting charge. Its btooster andi auxiliary booster
of 90/10 - l)ITN/Wax as the booster). Its base fuze
(in
sisteAo
1.,l.-'T/Axadwi~e
27g
assembly (fidZ 5130) consisted of a primer (containing
*
hefz&aseby ositd
fan upper primer chre
0.150 g of 41/1/0/20/9 - K chlorate/Sb sulfide/Mlercury
Of 0.018 g of K chlorate 62, Sb sulftde 30 and abrasive
fulminate/Glass and a hinder mixture of 0.050 g of
8,' and a lower primer charge of 0.01 g of carbon
black powder consisting of 73/15/12 - K nitrate/charcoal
Its detonator contained 0.33 g of 76/"36 - Lead azide/
/sulfur) and a detonator-booster (contg 0.50 g 69/31 Lead stviihnate '(upper charge) and 0.49 g of PTNLead
azide/Lead Etyphnate, 0.30 g of PETN and
(lower charge) ' See general Section under Carbon)
6.8 g of 90/10 - PLrN/Wax). The propelling charge
The grenade was Vropeiled by a 1.0 g charge cotitainirag
consi.rting of 217 g of NC/,NG or NC/l)EGI)N tubular
06.5'; NC (13', N), 0.6*7 diphenylamine arad 0.11,
propellant was contained in a steel cartridge case.
graphite, . he rest being organic impurities in NC
h
hrewsignited by' 4 g of NC granular prototal volatiles apd water soluble substances. Thei
lellant and at percussion type primer consisting of
:printer charge consisted of 0.028 g of a mlixture of lia
41o7/2S.S`/20.',/I2.3 - K chlorate/Mercury fulminate,'
nitrate Pf, Pb1 sryphnate 35, Ca silicide I5 and Sb
Sb sulfide/Abrasive and 0.5 g of black powder (75.9/
sulfi~e 41";. Total weight of the grenade was 0.525 lb
14.7/9.2 - K nitrate /CIharcoal/Sul fur). The impact
*
and die overall length 6.30, (Ref 3a)
-fuze
functioned in tie case of direct impaci,whereas
c) Larte Antitank Rtifle Grenade (Grosse (;ewerpanzerthe base fuze functioned in the event of graze action.
was fired from the same 30 rim discharger
.1.otaI! weigt of the grenade was 18.7 lb, over-all
cup (Sclaiessbeelier) as' the small grenade described
length 12 V" and length of body 12 1/4"1 (Ref 2, PP 335-6)
under (a). The head of this grenade was larger (max
A nore detailed description of the grenade is given
diarn l's).he length of the ensemble (head and stein)
in Ref 3b
wtias 71-, the toral weight l3Vj oz and rthe wrt of the
f) Antipersonnel Rifle and Hland Grenade (Gewelarfiller (TNT) 412 om. Its ragsas10y.
h ue nrpenggranate),fircd from a Mauser Rifle Grenade lDisbooster were similar to the grenade (a) (Ref 1, p 8
charger, consisted of a cylindrical body (5.5- long
and Rlef 2, pp 336-7)
and 1.2", max diameter) which contained is burstirng
d) Antitank Rifle Grenade (Schuss Gg P40) consisted
-charge, an igniter, delay eleimients and a detonator.
of a streamlined bell-shaped body, with a slightly
A point-detonating WDt) fuze initiated the bursting
convex closing disc of aluminum, a graze fuze which
charge when the grenade was fired from the discharger.
screwed into the base of thmebody, and a vaned tail
and a friction igniter (similar to liZ 24) initiated a'
* unit which screwed oii h
aeo hefz
n
a
delay element (consisting of black powder pellet
closed by arubher ~lug. The bursting charge consisted
buning for 11?~ seconds) when the grenade was thrown
of cast Cycloniteyl/Wax with a hempispherical cavity
by hand. The grenade also had a self-destroying featuire
in the head. The cavity was fitted with an aluminum
which functioned in case of failure of the l'l) fuze
liner. The grenade was fired from a spigot type diswhen fired from the discharger. Total weight of the
chirger using the 7.92 mmiasmall type cartridge with,
of the missile was 9 oz and maximum range 550 yd. (Rtef
*a. hollow wooden baillet. The propelling gases over2. PP 132-4)
cauine the sliving -f the cutting piece (see drawing)
-4,' drove the' pin forward causing it to cut the shearing
g) 46 nam Antitank Rifle Grenade (SS Gewehrpanzerpin away front its screwed end.1The pin was then ejected
granate) consisted of a base- fuzed thin walled steel
(by tile spring held in compression under its head) and
bulbous- shaped streamlined head (46 mm in diameter
ad 93 mm long), to which was attached a prerifled
thtus left the striker which had been held away from the
cylindrical stem 30 min a. diameter and 102 mmnlong.
detonator only by the creep spring. On grazing impact
overvaiiie
the
teaisioie
of
Its bursting hollow charge consisted of 143 g of 50/50
the nmosientuna. of the striker
RDX/TNl* which was initiated by the following
the 'creep spring and the detonator was piderced. 'The
a fuze primer (contg 0.068 g of K chlorate 49.8,
."a-dvcs
~~renade
~
~j asebyws93
og heha
Sb sulfide 43.0 and fig fulminate 7.2),adeotr
Its nmaximum diameter 2.4" (Ref 1, pt 9 and Ref 2
(contg 0.33 g of 77/'23 - Pb azide/Ilb styphnate as the
pri-8)
upper layer and 0.46 g of PETN as the lower layer).
A more detailed description of die grenade is
given in Ref 3c. The compositioa of tile propellant was:
M
rdabotr(or
.
f9./.
-bN/ase
mixture). It was propielled by 1.44 g of single-bs
ihramine 0 6, graphite' 0.1,
65
NC (1%N
tattal~~~~~~~~~~~~
vatls09&oanciprte
7%adothpopellant
(contS 57.3 !. of NC with a N content 13.2%)
..................
I
waterles.,,olublc 0.2,lka itrire 467,lba
oftphe
Pwhich was primed by 0.027 & of a mixture contig Ba
naeius
aosilicirl
w
5atr
solubl sulf1ide ni*trae wei1bgtyht
nitrate 49.5, Pb styphnatc 35.6 and Ca ailicide 14.9!..
nae35, .,
iiii15adSsufd
T
ewigto
The total weight of the grenade was s5!a oz and overall
propellant 1.09 anid of primer charge 0.(128p, 'i'lie bursting
length 195 mm (Ref !, p' 9; Ref 2, p 331 and Ref 30).
h) 61 rim Antitank Rifle Grenade (SS Gewehrpanzercharge (34.1 p), consisting of PEiTN 88 and wax 12%,
was. initiated either by die friction igaiter or byt the'
granate). This grenade was similar in construction,
except for some dimensions, to the previous grenada.
detonator. The igniter contained as t-c upp~er charge

RIFLE

CRENADES
Cup,.."

fuze

A, uvihu.

OUR TTW
HAACZ

A,*

ACC
c'r

CUPLOVIPM

Off

FILL--"

Mae
Top
01

Ast fuze

n ank
I e_

S101.10
%K&A Nth.

Cuff I
PIODIA

stlev

ROD

TAILPlIC

it

W-WAN

Oct.

th
ATOM
Otto.

qubsEq

IVJ-

rL

rLasm
TAPE
%'9[L TA.9
COLLAR

spolka

USIVICOW

tZ

'FLFD'sr cl-oh

CLOC

6AL L IPSTIC
CA

&XV

OR
LEAFLT
ST CE L
PACKING
As
S'CCIF
COVI
60 y

CtIA

..FICE
F1I 0S
141
OET0

SPA,

COR
'no
STA R

T
1

EW
S.A F It

PA A
C"UT

IMER REmmm&SCRCW
IV

SPRI
SPRI NG

Ei
C CT E

HAMM
A 140MR

Daft
PELLt

DE

IF ICTION

)46 A

PLX's

DELAY
AP

YARD

0
rl

AIFLIN

ecom Ds

ViL.Asm sp.

Fl_
UIT

*previous'

*cylindrical

Ger 160
etoa' eight wits 19 oz, overall length 238 mm,
2)
-rhall,v 1 (1917), p 391
length of stein 102 miii anti its d~aneter 30 mm, lenf~tl
of head 13~(,imm and its max dianieter Of rilm. Its busin
) Colver (1918), p 1.11.
*.nd propellent charges, as well as its primers, detonator
Indl booster were tile same as for d,, 416mm
1
va11Tb!
5
Rekf 1, p 9, Ref 2, p)331 and Ref 3,d)
Robtirio t
i) ol nmil Antitank Rifle Grenade, briefly deascribed
on p 412, Rkef 2. was oimilat in construction to the
componnts and %ome
L13!!!
grenade. Its overall' length was 244 mm.Pr;
1
1orties
.;Le-iflet ,.ifle Grenade (Gewehr l'ropagandagranate)
.a!- Fred from the rifled 30 mmndischarger cup (SchiessAmntae7.
87.
Km nitrate
liecl-er) which could be fitted to most types of German
Knirt
rifles. It consisted of a cylindrical stetl body (with
a 1 rerifled
base) containing a delay luze, a thin
K permanganate
0.5
container for the pami~lilets and an ejcctinjr
Am sulfate
.o
Chaorge 'for this cylinder. On firing the grenade, the
mn- DNB
7.0
*propellent vases ignited the delay fuze and, after
TN
about 9 srconds of delay, the fuze fired the ejecting
TT1.
chare The resultin g 'deflagration blew off the cap
Flour
andi forted thle- leaflets out the nose. TIotal weight of
Na chloride
grenade 9 o ~ overall len'grh 5.7" and range 500 yd
Am chloride
(Ikef, " 11 kQ.)

*cylindrical

Rifle Grenade ((,ewehr


k) Illuminating P~arachiute
Faills%: hi~milecuhtgranate) eonnsisted of a thin-walled
body, within which was another container
which' housed the parachute and illuminating star.
IThe rear of grenade contained two delay pellets and
two ejection charges. Whcii fired the flash from the
prop~e~lent gases ignited delay (l),and after 6.5 sec
cif flight eljection chi
arge jllmas initiated. The pressure'
of thle gases forced out the nose, the container(which
licid tile p. ra.-hute) and tnie star. At ,the same time,
delay (i) wa-' igr~ited 'and after' it burned tl-.ough (2
'seconds) the ejcincharge (2) became
initiated,
Tht resulting gases ejected the' paracnute and the.
star from the container and ignited thle star. It was
claimed that distances uap to 650 mecters could be
:illuminated by this star. (Ref 2, p 319)
(See also Faustpatrone end Plistrl l.,renades).
References:
1) A.J.Dere, The Ordnance Sergeant, October 1945, pp 8-10;
2) Anon, TM 9-1985-2 01953), pp 33 1-39
3) Picatinny Arsenal Technical Reports:
a) A.B.Schilling, No 1342 (1944)
:b) A.B.SchillIins, No 1398 (1944)
c) A.B.Schilling, No 1494 (1945)'
d) F.G.hlaverlak, No 1507 (1945)
c) F.G.llaverlak, No 1509 (1945).

natlon
ItIll
7.5
50
95.0
7150
5.
9.
0.5
0.5
120

2.
20
.
7.
5.0

6.0o
5.0
-

5.0

Magnesite
FTrauxi Ter-t, cc

325

S57

Rgchling Antlconcrete Projectile (RIdch linr?grin ate 12


Beton. abbreviated as R8Gr .12 lie). According to (sernian
photographs available at thle IlicAtinny Arsenal ianid Aberdeen
Proving Ground Museums, it was a subealiber shell which,
resembled in appearance the "arrow projectile', -sxcept
that instead of the fin assembly of the arrow shell ic
had a discarding flange serving ats a driving band. [lie
front flange ated as bourrelet., These projectiles were
fired from regulcar gulls. such as caliber 21 cm and 34 cm.
Thle 21 cm shel! weighed 193 kg and was 2.1 in long.
The corresponding characteristics for the 31 em shell
were: 913 kg and 3.7 mn.

LNG P OJsI E

~~~Rifle (Gewehr). Se e under %eap::R3C


RLGS
(Raketienleuchtgergr
Scheingeschoss).
Roc~ket
Illuminant 'Simulating Device. See under Pyrotechnic
Anti path finder Devices. und also- in C10S Rept 12-56 (1945).

The shells were designed andi mianufacturied


firm of ldchling at Saarbrlickcn, Saar.

b~y the

References:

R-Mie
uderLann'.nenandals
4. Se
0(953),

inTM

195 2

p 2712.1

,Roburit (Roburite).A type of permissible explosive patented


by Roth about 1886. The earliest type 'consisted of Am
nitrite 90* and di ni tzochlInorbenzene 10".. It was claimed
by the inventor that a nitrated chloro-compound gave a
higher velocity "of detonation and greater powir than the
corresponding nitro'- hydrocarbon. The above R~oburite was
snitibured wthou eritilod;whnigng.
snitivured wthou
fricton;whnignit. d
alohl
flmeorazpenehe!i,
Table 52 Vivers the composition and some Properties
of s~everal Roliurites
(Seenextcolun).The
References:
1) ).Daniel, Dictionnaire des Matiefes Explosives,
6
:11902), P 87

Paris

1) K.l'.Kfempf, Museum of Aberdeen Proving Groun-1, Md;


2) ll.11.lBullock and G.Coghlan, l'icatinny Arienitl M.useuum;
private communication.
(See also Arrow Projectiles and Gessner Projectiles).

Rocket (Rakete).German rockets of ItY 11 were propelled


either by solid propellants (such as colloided smokeless
double-base NC-NG propellants) or by liquid propellants.
ast alcohoratsar
Te
lqi pboenlnailngsline~
ositda
eniutie
and
suyce
ait
pr lar~
nilingsolinef
etc)rc
(suchyge
carriers, such as liquid oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, nitrrngen
peroxide, nitric acid ,etc. (See under Rocket Propellants).
following rockets were briefly described in Ref 3.
(S.c.me information on these rockets miy be found in Refs
1 and 2).
a) Butterfly (Schmetterling) Rocket
hs1
ls9
(Ref 3, P 196) (Seecunder Guided Missiles)

Ger 1(1

PIL
.1IPtL

~otsm

CKET
R44

WN

-Roe

LI#V* IN;

mm
H Aicmf

&ap

7 niH

Nub

ntFcv

CCLI

*NtO

ofw

f.p

IPAt.P

*LACI

OL

VENTURI

mmCOirerafi

210 m m
n

WEN

ltmi-

Roc/g
/

f,
Rockel

DM69,m

CE

L*ock

fLLA:. 7

7m
m

ke
-'I

1ck

HI
2/n,,

ui

Fulc
I. a CI "It

-ir 161
I

'xix

V)

d1itr iii

3,
1 FiCL
lix(I

e) I iicxlRock
1) Lol
ka
fip,~
g)

tlt', 161111C llkixvintoxixxr) gIxeket Ili(cf


Piiiktisv

urhliit)

l*-21%

anid

F-5

f)I.cke
Vv~n12)
I)
(.-il
I 8-i
xi~iii', p 2'))findler
ets I s'3and MI 2 118 fRet 1, 1, 200()
RI'kx
-t
Rt3
I9 3

Rxd ioi-( notrot led

il ider

Btomb

LW
PC

40(0

Ill)

~~3-

W.;Sj,
IM*~,
Rocket i-ower Plants
and. ( . xx'tructed by "AaIcer Vierke, Kiel
11
F.j.lE ixig & M.M.Mills, (1UOF
1-131 (3945), Ramiet
and, Rocket VAorks Ileverte
11.3
(30i
,Ci)
2-Sf,
19-15). Pyrotechnic AntipathDelivices (Includles dlescription of pyrotechnic roc .ets:
I Ciii IfSS(., IS CxiiR(I,(S uand I cm, Smoke Rocket)
1n
13) A. tC.MvintI tic19 S 12-1Il (1945), 21 c ir RLG
i
Rtoc ket

~Desiglnd

i:X ( Ref

10) Rickvk V-1 anid %-2 (Ref 3, p) 205)


1) Ricket X- i Ref 3, p, 214i)
j) laifuix Rocket (Iiiliqui.I) (Ref 11, 1, 22
k) 3iix,-r.A~ilV,'s-s ri all Rocxket (.-2 Metf 31.
219
I) -1 1111 I 'ript~iguani RixeketC('. cm I roj xanodai ranate)
Ret 1 J,p234) and 31 amritIl" Rock-et Shlli (7.3 cxii Rnketeixs prvin fgran air) ( Ref 3, p) 235)
111)
80 ni I I F Rocket ShellI (H4cmxRn k-tens p' .iggrainate)
RIit 3, v- 237.
xit)8, tilla II11 Rocke Sh ell (8i.f. cli Rak etens pren ggrao ate,
(Ref '1, P 2139),
8(, mmn11 St~gr L. 4.5 Rocket (Ref 1, p
* 25(i)
mxin Im
IIuxxiniiatiixg Rockect (Naval) (Ref 3, p124(0)
:uni Mi min Antiaircraft Rocket (Naval) (Ref 3, p12-l1,
in) 88 mmn ]In(:, AT Rocket (shaped charge antitank)
(Ref 3,' p 2.12)

lae

Rocket-A ;si sted Shelf. A projectilf


lxWhichi contained a
it-cL-c propellmit iii :t hp:'ciaa device attiicliid to the lisi-e
Of thle Shell WaIs develOped inid used iluring %L~kII. T,
hllWas fired iii a rej.iI~ir manner fromii an 8 inch gun,
biut during~ tilt flight the rixeketc Ciipwiitiiin lic-camec ignited
aiind the shxell started to funct ion as-. a nck c. liiis mnethod
of propulIsion inicreased the
r rang~e of tlie shellI from ;84 to
f6l
mxil!e.% withol
aplirrec in1
Lii
tcreas
n
e of di spe rs ion.
Re-ference: PHl Rert 925 (19.15), P, 19.

and ],N unit


mm soke and :ht-xokal Rocket (spin-stabilized)
(Recf ',, p 2W5
r)152 mmn Anxtiai rcraft
*s)
*

Rocket (fin-,ixalilized) (Ref 3,

2((1xxin AInti alrcra ft 8 ockct (fin-s tabli ized) (Ref 3,


P 2418)
t)210 mm V 1: Airc rafIt Roxcket (spiii-staibilized) (Ref 3,
p.'.18 ) naril 210 min illuminating Rocekt It- 1g (Ref I,

BALLISTIC CAP

a)28O(1jj
1,1II E Rocket (spin-stalxilized) (Ref 3, p 250)ti
V) 10t) mill Ill: ROck-cc (spiin-staLa lizedl (R-f A. " 251)
w) 320 min Incendiar
Roxcket (spin-;%tallilizt..i) (Ref 3,
X) 38(1mxxin
lIIF Rocket (spiti-stabl~i zed ) (Ref 3, 1, 254i)
V) I 100( liOSAir-tx-ir Rocket 'Ref 3, p125%)
A1I ,re-vi axi oxxs:, HE li14:1i explosive; HOC lIml low charge
(See also tluidcd Missiles).
Referelicts:
I ) A.lDucrorit, I.-s Atiaes -;ecrvte-I
Allenmandes,
lierger-FUZ
,a-,vrau lF, IParis (191V)
I'l
pp1I, i0- I/i
2)
*.tett
xaclier.Spren g- un ,] cliiesstiofe, Rasclier, Adrich

(19-8).

I,
.3) D~ept ei the Arm y Trecl Manual IAM
9- i)1,,93pp~

.sl~nklChxi Irg News 32, 2582-2587 (11954)


lb followi
'ccin
rea
Technical Reports
*.Were
deeouted to German rockets:
5) A.lk.SclxillingI Plie Arsn *V'eclx Ret t14.177. (1944-1), 90 mxin
ljazook-a type rocket
6) .IISchllig,
bid
15(,s (19435), Warhead and Fuzes
of A-.i Roceket 40alled'also V-2 Rocket)
7)V.l.indner, ibid 181" 191
Evaluation Of Some Rocket
*Propellant.- Used in' V V It (Confdential).
Note: None'of the ,-onfidcnt~ial reports were used as sources
ofifration for this'work.'
j-'he 1following cbl(S 'Replorts contain some informa tion
on' 6ernan rockets:
8) Gjollin, (10S 28-50 (1940), Rockets and Guided Missiles.
(included is -tile article uf 1): w - von B~raun, Survey of
lPevelopm.en t of Liquid Propellent Roickets in Germany)
.9) u.n.E,-ing s M.M.Mills, Cio.; 29-45 (19415), Luftfahrtforsclxungan-srtalt llerniann 6;"ring (Rockets)

ERCUSSION

GAINE
OCKET PROELN
CHARGEc,

CAG
SPLINE

OAIG

AN

Th
folwn
rcktaste
pojtisaebify
Tu
folwn
cke-axitd
rociesae
iey
described in I'm 9-1985-.3 (195 '3), pp 509-10 and 527-8:
a) 150 mmi Projectile (15 cmn RGr 19) weighxed 99.5 Ilb
and was fired from the hleavy Field Howitzer 18 (15 cmi

(;cr 10(4
sl

8.Iscartridge case
Ri of IIIuar diehyleneglycol

contained

.sm-fxd

I'..~.*.
dim crate ye
* propellant
h) 280 mm Projectile (28 cm RGr 4131) weighed (withoth Rockwat iGun~,fu8e)
5464, lb ~ind was fired from
the
al ay
un
2 cm K 5(l.)
.Its
Propellentw
I,'L'*ws
41 I of double-base
'proIpellant ,and the
* l~r~,t
ws 3~4
ngchare
l of nknwn ik.
he sell
was provided with ai rocket ignition fuze (ZI/.
S/30)
lhicht Iuct
dafe19ecnstigieteokt
pIN e.anctianed withr two fuens
to.' ignite
aidroktw
I1T
boosters (/ZZdlg c/Np whhintae
te
bursting charge on impact
SC~
Iti (:tS Rept 30-115 (1945), pp126-27 and enclosure
20 are biriefly dlescri bed the Rocket Assistec
TakeOf nits, designated as 111203 aend RI1209.
Ott 1~then
The follc. 'ng %]nrclassified Picatinny Arsenal
Tcnical Rttports describe sonme rocket-assisted shells which
were-exarnined during %V11.
.1) A.II.Schillirut. 1:604 (1946), 105min Rocket-Assisted,
Ilk
2)"A.13.Schilling, 1605 (1946,), l05 mat Rocket-Assisted.
* )A.II.Schiliing, 1606 ( 1946), 128 met Rocket-Assisted, Ill.
lIIE
I)~~ i1)4
107(
~ (94)9 ~
6,Smn
~ ~ -sitd
4)A..chhig
~l
HEIShlig
10mnRocket-sitd
*5)
A.lI.Schillinp, 1608 (1946), 150mmni
Rocket Assisted, ill;
* )A. 14Schi.lling, 1609 U(194), 150 mm Rtocket-Assisted,llIlE
7)
160
A13.chilhi,
(946,
10mmRockt-AsisedAl'In
7)160
AB.Shiling
(940. 10 mn Iockt-AsisedAll

Rocket Bomb Fuze Assembly, described


on pp 169-71
*T~ o 9-9852 (95)
operated as follows: on release
from the aircraft the electric
charge passed from the
charging head to the distributor and
directly 'to the
bomib iaze.: Ilien, after a, delay, ti e thence
current passed to the
F
CONtIECTING

PLUG

~~~

(lt-

desired angle and tiie rockets were fired


direcvly trui..
thcrts
tie1yp
rts.~,4
anhrcnite
fafaeo
~.
tub"(n'
8`46fese 41)
luceonswichs
udt
ofithern,
epaed o
od~en or steel shipiping, crate %containing rockets.
ete
lhe" o-calfled Schweres Wurfrahmer, 40 (heavy thirow ing
rack 40) consisted of si9 n ie
h
sides of an armiortd hialf trueck (tiirec ltsmutdo
each side).ih
rocket carrying crates were secured on
to the plates, in.)J
the latter then inclined at the required angle
o
iig
One, of the most important rocket
projectors was the
15 cmeNebelwerfer 41 (literally 'smoke thrower"),
ikae.
by thle
S soldiers "Screceming Meeiiie".
of six grooved tubes, 5.91 in diameter, mountedIt consisted
on a light
two-wheeled carriage' with at split trail. 'Ihle
crew of two
men loaded the weapon, took shelter in a
slit trench and
discharged the rockets (a
salvo each 8
minutes) by remote control. The %ix-round
maximuni range of these
rockets was 8,000 yd.
Similar to the 15 cm Nebelwerfer 411 was
the five-tube21 cm Nebelv
irfer 42 which fired 8 inch rockets
as far
as 8,600 yd.
Note: None of die Nebei1weifeas %cre acc:uratc
and for thi;
reason they were not very Suitable for launching
11l
rockets. Besides u~sing, these launchers for rockets to lay
down smoke concentrations,' they were
also suitable as
projectors for gas-loaded (chemical) rocl-et.
In both cases
no accuracy ot fire was required.

order to give their larger tocket projectors


mobility and speed of fire, and to increase

cretes

containnd

r0ocket

were
inerted in.
thestaeel
ahpng
cae
otiigrceswr
netdi
i rue
n
thcn, when ready to fire, the crew
(seven men per each
launcher) took covet in two slit trenches
to
the
rear
of
t le right side of the weapon and one of
the nuien fired a

six-round salvo It.- remote control. It took


aisst S, minutes
to reload the wepn. The inasimunm range for
thi,.
2801mmn
rI ocket2,4
ily
00Thnrng
y
d.
for the 100 meet
rockt
not
Ikrocket
wa40 onyd 2,he yd andfor
the 320 mm inrocket
is.not
D~issatisfied

w ithi

the slow rate of fire of

thme above
Llaunchers, the- Germuans in 19,12 introduced a quicker
firing
weapon called the 15 -cm Ponzerwerfer 42
(ISO mmnantitank thrower 412). It consisted of two banks
of IS cm
bank) mounted on amnarmored half-track. Since
the crew
'~~.did
no ered
nel
to lancingsi tubnces,(with
intevhceinstead,
coulds
coach
b i takocescol
ed ink
overha
faster th-an from the Nebielwerfer .11.
According to TM.\9-1985-2 (1951), p 191, minulti6arrel
01c~tv GNITE*projectors carrying
upl to .12 rutmkel iounds
by the (,ermnans to effect aI greater rate- of were dc..eloped
fire. Reloading;
of these projectors was carried out mechanically.
Th~e same TM 9-1985-2 mentions or briefly
*leqsrilbes
the following rocket launchers used during UU.
I[:*
11
9aL C r e l I P A C 1,1 2
) A t wo -a rmed c r ;,dIl c ~ e l m . hIe
d mir s si~ le( 1 0 17
(lis 297) Schtnetterling rocket -lropelldm
s I p21
rocket
~
~
~
oktpoeln
A
rail
~
gie.lzigtefih
type
lgtterce
launcher,
h
~
okt
b)
6.0
en,
~
long
(hong
~
on the carrier
was ignited and when the bomb hit the target the impact
arrat forelan
theter
Iuris
2h
98
missile
ic)at
(p 20S;)ue.o
An inlied
r
raptpIluce
initiated the fuze. After a short delay
teIur
(for penetration
lleF5 oktpoe
e uddnisl
p2S
purp
ng ses
c urg 't wa
e bderstona ed.d)
A launcher for the Great Enzian rocket consisted
*Rocket Bullet. 'According to CIOS Rept
of two iron ra~ls 6.H in lon*-. mounted on
33-20 ( 1946),
atst~aidard
88 mm gun carriage (p ?29))
pp '6, 6,A & 7, a 9 mm rn
ockeet missile was under developmenI
during WULI!cby the D~eutsche
c)A snl-uetp
Waffen- und Munitionsfabriken
lachr(otgdwre)
for7.A m
s uingle-rube
A-G I Lubeck. A drawing is enclosed in CIOS
tye lance
(prop2ondaArf4r
Rept 33-20
f)A3-rnelucr
for 7.3 Fhqht
cm (Raketen-aae4
31
kbut no description given.
sprenggranate (p 235)
Rocket Launcher or Projector (Raketenwurimasc..oc
g) A niultiple-framre g~round launcher (Roketen
oder
werfer) for 8 cm. Rake tellsprenggranate (p 237) Vielfach.
partment, Washington, DC , vol 3, No 7,
March 1945,
R Ag M42 f'!or the 86 mmnflare rocket (R
Lg 1000J) or
pp 1-9,
e~ first German rocket launchers were Schiweres
wire rocket (RI(g 1000) (p 240)
Wrgrt40 (he'av) throwing Iapparatus
and Sehiweres
i) A single tube, two-wheel launchitr (8.8 cmt
Wurfgf~rat 41. Each oftemcud fire 40)
280 mmnor
Weif em43) for -he 88 nir hollow charge rocket, Roketen*320 mmnrockets weighing 180 and 196 lb either
designated
respectively. The
as 8.8 cm It I'zlhGr 4322 (Raketen l'inzerbuchse
300 mmnHE rocket also could be fired from
G.rannte)
launchers.
(p 245)
'The SWIG 40 launcher consisted of athese
wooden frame
j) A single-baffeled launcher designated ats 21 cm
(Wur'esell40)on
hic wee pace wodenshiping
R Ag M42, with a barrel 1.12 mnin
crates containing 'rockets. The frame was
used for thme
inclined at
210 mm rocket deinae 21 cm RI1.. length,
(p 259)

greater

the accuracy of
fire of the r-clets thme(ietmans mounted the
steel frames
o!teurgrt41
ntw-eldckrie;wthnuitc
tires. The resulting weapons were called 28/32 cmeNobel.

rI

LIL,

(Ak'&L,6,-w, xodjj

___

launchlT&
___

___
k

___

___

0c

Lo

RCCA(2t
of-M-

ce7?7, C' 6

lie

L-K
au
Ponzer

A
L

WIR

3'10,N~/cre-/

oI

5i

n?

-weAer

(ser

k fur
fran,, launching stand 1k urfrer~it)
1
. N1 nie IIE rocket (Q8 cmn %t1k Sipr) (1, 251).
k It

i'

tilde

for

tive

Iia

R efcrence: A.A .Swn son and D). ).Xager


CIOS
24 (0 /f)0, 1p5 (As reported Lyj D~r II .1-tuntIt).

~eaponsi

R ePt 29-

Rocket

Prapellants, Liquid. Ifsishlwi,,g liquid r,-cket


iivrv used by Ctsc(,ermans diuring lV. It-,
it c oncentra ted hydrogen peroixide and (.'..Staoff --s unced
in tit( hia 14914 Natter Rocket(frfctui)
. si:C.-.toff is a Sit/ m)ixs
ture of methianol ani hydra zi ne

Rocket Proj ectilIe. Svc. Io, ket-Aks~i sred he .propellaints


Nlote: Rocker-assisiete
j foji~e tiles werie fi'red ei the r frot
umtisamers ort guns. For instance thle '15 cnii Rr 19Was
- I rodI
from tilhe ISiini
slIl 18d(heavy i(I, in asw i aer I :i
.ii thme?H cIm l(Ar 41ll
Iw
sl fired Im'ini tilt .)It "fit KS 0I:
1i.iilroa.I gun S)
M 0-l981-1 WYl9111, pp 1,
SO I~
j
t

~sT

Rocke Prot.,

sdb)e

ont..tsctmrdmm~,to
11 ru',

i
2t
itCmecntrated

Ottthrin

ziai:

:* Ili uuitrsi'.-

nitric

acid andi Vi!ol-(i was used in

E-.1 Rocket, Hh-in~tochter R-1 Rocket aini

27 (4), p1487 (1941), (translated by P~r l,~j,,sin)X


ov ist-sris
;mI s ed Siolid do uhl e-ha se propel lants contain in,
'r
o
o.is RuCk
% leti y I ether
s e antd rsitroogy cerin in tleic
smailler r ockets.
I C i ciitratedl pit ri c acid and lonk a %%ecre used in
tvp es such as Lhe V-2 ,1used I ico id 1FPrope rl
lint
Hi
R isr.thl X-j Roctket
I
oif .% fuel (such its alcohol ;, hydritzsine, fuel oil
etc
an
crriranoxyen
sch s hyrogn proxde,
Note:
lo.nka is a mixture of aniline, mioncetiiylani line,
ntitric atcid, t-tranittoinctlane, tck ). Mixtures of eaisiIl
simiiiliiiii.
gasoliiie, naphuthia, trietiiyhuunine andi
isoox idizable, trgenic oliquids with hydr leten Isertiside
,Ii
lit- ...laiiiim,.
1
HO,XS"; cotnc entration were thle tIm
:st Widely Used . HIyd.1rogen
I) .00 centra ted hy drogenm peroxide wi th K perilian ganate
Iser6o xidi
c otild also hie used is the drivtin g fork v , wi thiout
Wt
sdi
ieICl(Rce
.l
fuil . leatseth
hat Ii lsmrateds ,ieeordint, is. the
wsue
nth
clcRce
re.I io of
-lcump~to
) ILi quid coxv ge n alcoshmol aniti wter were tused in tilte

~y

tilt- It*fln
aitr.vl
st
Iilt,
lime larger
consistitig

1lO.*
hl~1 s
rs.''tres~lm
2.fcetv
cientl
horce
t
*

was
Was suri

Kc~onnectd

*'

L,.l
xgnsre

Rocket Prtopel lant, Ign Iter IERZ 39, briefly dhescribted on


Ii t,21 oi TIM 9-1 985-3 (1953"), fitted into one of the venturi
'Ithe IS era and! 21 cm rockets. Its hody, made of a tplastic
with an aluminum band around die shoulder, containel1 aii
intrbridge fromn which ran two wires. One wire wats
to the aluminum band around the shoulder and
the isthier tos a metal disk in the base of the fuze. Just
sihnvv the igniter bridge was located a black powder charge.
ko~hen all electric current passed through the bridge it
ignited the black powder. which in turn Ignited the propellant. This modified version oftigniter (ERZ 398) was
minuufactured fohetrstatmaterial.
frniNote;
ALACK

~WERanihimnt,

ALUMN
BAND
*

too much luerforfimance. It w;%. found


wit lsocmt sacr
that tile at 5.-,
25*% of watevr to abisolute alcohol
l,
rdtelaneitemperature
7';, While tie exhaust
velocity was%lowered only 1.5';
1" Concentraited nitric acid, xylidine and triethylamnine
were useul in thie s.hmetterling 11s117 Rocket
10 tk'tceiitrated nitric acidi and butyl ether were usL-d
in thle 'laifun Rocket
Ii) cossmphressed

oxygen

and gasoline were- used in flie

V-I Rocket
In addition to theqp, flip fnliiswio-.

!;Uhstances were

rthyhu sed in liquid fuels: aniline, ethylideneani line,


idinedi~asilitie, acetaldehyde, nap-tha, gasoline, dimethylniovncoih-lanilin.., triethylamine, isohexylamnine.
etc. lIn sorameof these liq-ids, such as aniline, Visol-6

etc IsyrisLatechol(IBrenzicatechin in German) was dissolved.


IHciereices:
Jato ansd
I1) h[i.Cart..minn, Weltraumfahrt 6, 134-9 (1951)
Auxiliary Rocket Propellant Plants
2) K.%.(,atIIand, Dervelopment of the Guided Missile, Phil-

PLA Ti

osophical Library, N Y

BODY

1)

IUI!.9
IOWiTEF~BIG

(1952), pp 112-127

Chem Eng News

32, 2582-87 (1954),

(See next page).

~.D'
~
METAL oisc
In order to
Rocket Propellant . Inhlibiting Coating.
ptroparce Li stick of propelhant so that it Would bum from
an end and not on the'sides, the claim was made that it
~as sufficient to coverr the "sides of each stick by dipping
It tw iCe rinto a speciall complosition developed at the
Diineberg f.abr~ik of the IDynamit A -G.This composition
con sisted of: polyvinylacetate 2S, ithoisori (Znls+ BaS;O 4
W.,methylacryhate 5 and water 40'%.

J.6.1Tselinlcel,

Propellants for Rockets and Space Ships


Pfopell;nuc,Solid. All known German propellants
of WS 11 wer'. based on NC and a nitric ester, such as
NG. DILGDN, or TEGDN.
Table 53 lists some of the rocket propeilants examined
at Picatinny Arsenal during WW 11

SRocet

II

V-2 Rocket and Fvuerlilie.S% Rocketi


Note: *I'l( noncons'isst ible- uilistance, Witter, wa;s incorporateJ in ssrder to keel, the I1oimmme
tel Iperaiture as. lowv a s puss ilob so
-~it
to * luce the mmechanicaikl strasin oin the motor

tionin and D~onovan (Ref 4) give the burning rates


(in inches per second) at various pressures for the solid
propellant used in the 210 mm Rocket (Sce lmible 54 on
next page). The composition of the propellant is given
in Table 51.
The same investigators give the rates of burning for
the Jet-Assisted-Take-Off-Unit Propellant listed in Table
5
(See Table 55 on next page).

Tnble 53
Proptilants, Solid

________Rocket

Fom

SI1

NC

12.0

02.5

SI

87

L)1.GIN I

IN

________

330

12.7

*84.1

1 2..

35.3

Acair

Gftn-w

.2

0.1
(:incr)

0.2

0.8

2.4

5.3

0.9

12.7

12.17

W)8.2

Cent

U.I
(incor)

her Ingredients
Et 1h ret

1.5 150 chin IIE


1 .8 Rocket
0.9!1
2
1.3
10 nm Rocket
2.51
l
210mnm Rocket
(Igniter lad)
2.6 2 I10mm Rocket
2 0",(Oead Igniter

III 'b!ret
Vitac
tI'h11rct
Di)Phret
IUnaic

l~hA
Un~sc

CO.

59.6.

12.5

12.0

CA
4.7

1).Ph I I)hre.,

-1.

2,9.3

0.2

Ue

(incor) DI)1hUrrt
IUn.tc2.
0.1
FtPhl ret
DIPhUret
(T i(if IIa
SO11

I .A
3.0

7s mm I eaflet
Rorket

3.5
1.3

jet Assisted

Take (.'-i Unit

0.91

Table 55
Abbreviations: AcarAcardite: Cent Ce~nt:alite; Cyl Cylinder;
Burning R:,t 0i the iet-Assisted-lTake-Off-Unit Propellant
DEGDN l)ietltyle-nel-,ycoldiinirraite; DPhA lDipheny lamine;
Tm C -Pressure
in psi
DPhUrea
lDinhenylurea;
DPh'Jret
lDiphenylIurethan e;
Tem00
1000
50()
2U000
3000
30
EtPhUre~t Ediylpiihenyluredhane; HE Hfigh exrlosive; ;near
Incorporated; N Nitrogen; NC N'itrocellulose; NG Nitro-25
0.1l1
0.18
0.25
0.33
0.43
0.48
' glycerin; psi pounds per square inch; Unoc Unaccounted.
I 50
0.22
0.2"
0.39
0).47 1
0.591 0.6t~
Notes'.I
a) Thc composition of the German 150 min rockei propellant
containing NG does not I'represent a nyth ing new except
According to Ref 4,. the Reinsdorf Fanbrik W A S A -G;
'tie combination of several stabilizing agents. The same
manadactured diiring UV If several types of rocket piocombination was iioted in rocket propellants containing
pellants.Their compositions are given in Table 56
Dl*GDhil
th charcterstic of the German rocket proToble 56
pellants containing l)EGI)N are of interest, they showRoktroeansSliofWASAnothinug that is new as far as the composition is concefrned.
Components and
UDesignatic,n
T~he 210 mm tricket propellant w~as made from NC. with a
somer properties
H6
R
/n135 Z193 Z167
viscosity of, 5.18 paises at 250t, which was plasticized
L .
.
11th DEGiDN 'and roled into a sheet. This itunws
Nroelos(C)59.80
57.70 49.10 61.25 54.90
rolied into a "carpet". which was extruded through a hot
%N
nNC1.
12.5
27 l2~1.
die to give a single-perforated cylinder. it seems that
a small amount of camnauba wax was used as a lubricant
Di ethyl eneglycol dinitratc
35.30 38.00 130.00
16.35
to facilitate extrusion
(DEGDN)
c) Combinations of disubstituted urethanes with .Pither
Tiicthyleneglycel dinjirate
.22.60
centralite or acardite (asym diphenylurea) were *used as
MTUMN
stabilizers because i t was believed that mixtures are
20.00 6.00 6.00
Pentaerythritol tetranitrate
more effective than single stabilizers such as DPhA. To
this may be added that, accordin
to NI.Tonegutti L S
(PETN)
.32, 3102 (1937)], th disubstitutek urethanes are very
Ethylphenyl urethane
1.10.
.
good stabilizers frdul-aepropellants, especially
Diphcnylureihane
0.80
when used in combination with acardite, while without
Dibutylplithalt
3.0
the latter they are much less effective.slt.0
* 'Acardite
I ,CO(NH 2 )N(C8 11) 2
0.30 0.50 0.75 0.50 0.5C
1.10
Graphite
O
1!Note: Some rocket Propellants and ijgniters analyzed'
at Pic..tirnny Aisenal tire listed under Propellants(Se
ansimod
02
9.0
.0
Tabl es 43, 4445b and 48).
IG Farben Wax E
0.35
Potassium nitrate
0.60
.
*
Table 54
L.ignin
.
.
0.75
burntn? Ka tr of 210 mm Rocket Propellant
Ilydrocellulose
2.50
.
0.75
* (,Inches per second)
Tianitiotolucne (TNT)
.
3.00 12.50
Temp'

50

.2
.Oxygen
ti3

Pressure insi
50
50
0.5

073

4500

Dinitrotoluene (DNT)
Moisture (not included in total)

09

Balance, %
Calorific Value kcal/kg
Titanium oxide MTO)-

11.00 0.65

1.00

.7.111-7.91
80k
87

10711

4.50
i.00

9.00
0.90

0. 11 - 9.3 1 -9.94
6
2

"1t41t
tl\,

I I0

I irti 2.0 .SiIluiitk'1, I'll

\it.& liI

~).Ih~I

ll)i li; Iild

IRept I I S'44

~ ~ ~

\IA.I
01\

pI

'rplan
(.apure

ot %1)1ut , Diav
* . ect It.
Fill
aRea {IpK , Series
N *.~
II twli.sifitrfl a"i~t~) Y"-605
J.1Ji

An.I
.iiaaka

Rocket Sicjnta

,1.'ha , k'

...r
tit ,it

Injusti~i, 57,
C iii
I v.

ii

10(.1

1. 1

.~

32,

Iafanteriegesclitit. 11) (hleavy Infantry (aun)


tinsisted
of an ell ipti2ca l-sIaiaed body I1.51'. ma x d i mete- , and
a
rotdird tail section! prova dedt with large fins. The
hodly contained 60.()1lb of (,(, 40-Am rnatratc/TNT (burstl(~ Cfl22,v), a loing booster and it nor.
fuze (% gr/ 16).
finsIiav~iatrifIair
were att~ached to the rear of
Sml
secondar

~V ov~y
~ Popelane
th boy.
I,

Acul'wih a

achnedsurface was attached

ait the base. It is


presumed that the bomb was provaded with it large roin which fitted over the cup anti

p' t.

FUZE
GAI

~94)r

AN

S" t I

Simuhratint- Device kIS cma H1aIIICCei Scheini-

ncllus5 Int it, .0II!I'I


Anti ltInt~l iotinir I ,.

See uinder P~yrotechnaaic-

imkdl.r

WELDS
....,.. ..
'i.*.aBOSE
'.;.
r Stidic r.,.-Je1
'S
H
rixhded proIvctilv arvate ns ri Xd ian T
19s-5:10:
I! i&
a) 1.7 cm Sticlgrannte *il used in the Antitank IOun,
(l'ao-?~.e-kvehrkatnone .11) consistedI
c..' PmIak il

R o dd ea Romib

and a cylindrical tail


atan egg-shatped head (body)
J~'~vidvd with (t fins. . rhe head contained a shaped

bursting Chnarge conasistinigof 5.28 lb) of (n0/40-lIU)X/TNl


(2 bloari~ wrap~ped ira waaz paper), tvohuses K~l)

''

SECONDARY
FINS

FUJZE

AIR
*

SPACE

-3~.

I.

ITAIL

~~~FN

BURSTING

CHARGEE

f.

HOLE

FIN~k IN9.
I

10.
ue(d
a oehz A~57)adabs
The tail portion of die projectile. consisted of a rad
which fitted into the bore of the gun, and a concentric
*perforatird sleeve which fitted over the barrel of the gun.
Tubular double-base NC-NG propellant (NgIRP), 6.61 oz.
enclosed in a cartridge came, closed by two cork discs,
vias used as the propellant. Total weight of projectile
18.26 lb and overaD length 27.362"

entered the muzzle of the gun brefore firing. This rod


dropped from the projectile about 150 yd from the
muzzle. The bombowas propelled by 12.1 lb) of pro-ie
cartrid c case. TOpellant r-ntnr~ined i n as
tal
weight of the projectile wa 105.0banovrl
length 50.511. It was used against personnel and to
-clear minefields and wire obstat-les.
c) 37 mmnHollow Charge Stick Rifle Grenade, briefly
described wnder Rifle Grenades, was similar to the
3.7 cm Stielgranate 41
(See also Stick Hand Grenadel .
RohlselanzUnder Pulver (RZPI. fIny pulverized iron
prepared by atomizing molten cast iron by a cone of moist
air at a Pressure of 2 to 3 atm. During this process most of
the carbon was oxidized to C.0 2 and thus removed. A
large part of the iron was also oxidized during atomizing butt
it was recovered as puac iron on subsequent cooling in
water said reduction with hydrogen. This powder was used
in the manufacture of sintered iron items many of them
of military uste.
Reference: C10S lianal Re~pt 19~5 (19.15), p 52.
Rgiwenpulver

(RP)

(Tubular

Propel lant). A

propellant

Similar in form to the British Cordite. Thecompositions


of some tubular Propellants are given in Refs I and 2.

;Li'~
~ U .intl
h esa
o .[ it(,,
(os,Ni.
t
And*(Rt'
n INNI

eta?i)

C oltr
loi o nt
. , K lI d t d i
.
VV-tlal ING
I t ul Culo~.
0 t'. cLt~u
rtIeL
.
h ti c~rlbo iait. o ,*,. grap h it.. U
0

id

2,

t r

c
It

t -i'ra11tieliTrom. (ifm
A tvimp of 70-M80 waS us~ed fort ltl:(I.,)N
Powders.('11.,
prods it ing was1HCi
0nn'ie o

a S k
h . . O* w
n
of 11-oistur. - w as allow e 'l
1
2 -2%').1
t-i rI'majin in cannon propellantn.. It. '"'"ol
r
ing shet-r w as%
*o
2-4
N
(Li
_,
Criiiii'
L
IZ
li i
VOOL
14 brss mandlrel a bout I 1A,/
1iltiL
Nsheet
lite
could alaib'
Isl (sed
t he prepara tion of
0.1is u i
n
I~ f 2
tri nm c-l t ropusehiz
a ns.
u n ol. 'Ie'tu
i n s o
d 'i i d~
t"

~'

l e 2,

bricatrue
i

tfollo
.~

* It
1)51

*(i~i~'t~sli~s~.\iiostrand,
RobenulerC
2
.. 32)
(ii('la

ta~ianed:

VI

NC

n.i
itrate 0).56,

\\ .Is llse'd

in

POI 1111ri,: I'M1111 20

i,-1.76,
graphite

). 0

rs. u Tin

i thCu re oll n

.5 .tiickh.dc

wh l
l

extrudsdio
tilt-

K c

n sh p ul
is

st ll.;.

int mconiatedy
t

atn

.iextrude

piiiliryofpeloi.Plantscnaie

Refere'nce:

NG. 26."', Et centralitt..

fix ed artill~ery

il

N Y jJ9l9),
popllatpaten

rop. ue

1I1It

and Viiia tife matter


ammnitLiiCion, ca~l ers

ept 925 (19)44), pp6,1

n(S

4 111111

Rohtri. Uerisin
designation for Crude Trinitrotolue~ne.
R41irenpulver 'C/38 (Rl'(:; 3). (lubl'lar propeilauit
pattern
Romperit I (Romperite I ). A mining explosive conig
1)Il). Acconli ng to the( SManilil entCit led:
alp,'erinal Art illecry
proxi mately, Arl nitrate 80, IN ; with nit rog y col
At to10;
cdt iie and I Lzes ,pulisi ded duirin 51I,(~*Ct
UU If
AElieAbrdeecn
Cle rest living
p *N 1, auiiiunum and othe r iiigr-'Jjen Cs.
IrovinF 6rirund, Mld, P) l8i, COe I(
.M di
ReferencCe:a
* isd in 15(0 miniil 11
roj -eeC i,
1, *.;5aIlii
era long, wi Cl
I
c i
pointC deton atingp fuzse uinde r ballis t ic call.
Although the
1.1dl lC
adbcI
e
ee Iicie
pcg cu i
comp111))51ion is rinot gi ver' in the a lov e manuoilI,
itC is safe
C. MariioId, 11.111/Saa Ic, (1953), p) 37.
Is.uI~etat 'iwlt? (l:/1Hwit one of the dictliylcne-glycol-.
(Se -list) DonarjC and ttclatinC-RomperiC).

kPros

*~; Iuve>Rotlerende
1,Rohlitlvermlassie

Paste).
.

T[his

Trammel

(lLt'w propellant maiu's, called also Raw


was. .i mixture ofi water-sect nitrocellulose

See

section and also


Schiesstoiffe (1948), lpP 11-12.

with an cxplosiv&' oil Which consisted of bne or several


organic nitric acid esters, such as5 N(.;, DL~tMN or TEjGIN
such: alistures could fit' %fltrnprewhnhesoless
Prplln
~ pat
l lesspropllat
was, not located adjacent to the plants

"Rotrami

toshi
or
onvniet liuid

xplsivs,

11.';
ottnan (E-cilelN=1.10to
colodon
the lan
totheD~neitrp
tobe urid fr
For
s etlmes propnla's

te

.'lteslrry
hentranferocd
ws
rb

Wherf te
th mis
waer ontnt
reultng
U'lpuverass
"ws piced

-13.11
1.41).

ste was

A.Stettliacher.Spreng- und

Sepagrator. 'This apparatus, installed at the KrUnin'cl

RP /12,Olteof thle earliest, stolventless lptcpellan~s. it


waspreodabout .1909 by TI'icrne and collaborator.; at
lisel
-etr fu 5is-senschaftlicii-technische UnterschuceninNenbabclsberg
by incorporating 70 parts
of
twa
NoClvnsas
(bN=11
.70;) with 25 p 'of NG and 5 p oif Centralite.
it as sitaictot use in large caliber gunls Piluveliii
,
(se

cetrfue

als

uner

ropellants, Artillery).

hrenpulver Construktion
1).Atblrpo
pllut
itrouce
in1932 for use in the 150
Nteval
Gun (15 cm SK), 150 mm Gun in Mortar Mount (15 mmn
cm K ins
kflrsLaf), 170 mmn Railroad bun I5 cat M(E) and in some
runs. Its approximate composition wats: NC 6m4.7,
NG 26.9, ethyl centralite 5.7, Na nitrate 0,6,
graphite 0.2
and volatile matter I.9;,.
Reference: TNI 9-1985-1 (1953), lpp 5(.1-516.

n rbbe-lied

* ecevedat
Wen line
te rquied
unier
risorid
bashean
t lan,
thel~neber
tr
plnt.othcr

When'reeivd
a 'th
plnttherequred,
nmbe of
bagswer empiedintolare
drms.Afte th conent of
the agswerebled,
o th. mxtue wa
trnsfrredto ile
preeatd Wrne-13fleiderer kneaders. 'rhe other ingredients
ofprohelate

entrsch as; stabilizers, graphite,


Mg oxcide,
eCtc were ' added in' the k~neader and, after
allowing the
liled
or bou
wmaiae
onewee (ta weksforN~u
prplat)i
~wshasdtruhahlia
ce prs
in order Ito reduce the nmoisture content fromt
30-15?; Ca
about 117..Th
partially dehydrated product was fed to
horizontA' rolIs, diaiieter 0.14 in) lengtl. 1.0 to 2.0 in and

for

RyalTiger (Ko'nigstiger). See under Pannzer.

te

nitic

apparatus

n pwerandittime wits claimedl for the Rotnain.


Reerece:A.A.Swanson & l).I.Sager, C240S ktept 29-21

pepaatin
k
Vor he repr ofRolpulvrnisseabou
2$0 1, oi

10 mnuts wih
10wter.Abot
kgof

D~rumi). Ani

aikAGinconjunction with the llolla'tndcir be-ater, wits


used to remove the fines *f NC fromt the slurry as fast
hey
ereptoduced on beating. A con~siderable
saving

p '
i ad maufaturng
ntri esers
C
Fo'r nstnce th KrmmelFalrikof
) A-(;manfacure
NCandorgnicaci

not'saf

general

(Rotating

RRP (Raucliloses 1oteie


-unr)Sokls
turiplh
manufactured at the beginning of the present ccnur
by
Vereinigte KZ)ln-Ruttwciler I'ulverfabriken in SM'drttlriiberg.
ibslrlllatws
xotdtoBliman
tC ountie
efrnce: Jplaniel
10 ),einar
696.ra
dp
xpoivs
luo.Prs(92,P66

akaer1 ')
R.alzI-Salt) deskcrilbcd ill ill, gettttal Section ais Cyclo.R-S;iIzwsposeas
l
ngde
ftricicethiylenetr i'ai tro sam aie,
%Was pre p,
ill( iveri a it %, by
111 it-sts. . wre
da
l
ngr ito
16-iotc'r vi , i 1w trvll ing Iic~actyccaeltrtaiinae Ocexamaine)
Tlable 57 lasts the~sec. xpl)oives
%wi!llSoldiuma nitrite ina acid solutionl.

fexoiv
xlsv

Table 57

_________

~R-S;'lt

________

E.xplosives

___________

Ingredi e lats ar,''Sonic. Propcertiesa1


96.5
2.5
1.0

atag

5(o.0

57
36.5
2.5
1.0
40.0
20.0
-

96.5

36.0

40.0

1.0
-

1.0
50. 0

.I.ac
Ia
1.5

92
1.65

7(,nnlI

TNT

more

*~~~~I~s

94

95
1.64

.1.77

Cyclotol
n

t4

40/60
Amaral
4

6100
40/60
Amnatol
4

*Nttes
.a),IIl is Ileso~eln (RON)) phiegmatized with 5'

Mtontan wax

16ort
G.Itaa'r
t
Refewnce
H5,l00 (1916), pp 3-15.

or

I..(

)1.55
7850)

95
1.74
7750
4 0/60
Amnatol

'm7n
,;atisfactory stability for all explosives
No exudation for alny of the explosives

(TNTr --40 mn)


St~ahilityIat 1000
I.'aio
at 70

(;Lvttktea

'.igtnal
Hoc,vat
-wheainaselus!,gcrit 0I.
Attiaalainer
ot t~ ai
.tadalsoin
t-~. (1 tS.
I )e its S Hpt

s I1112a
cc
Se lia~andi I r v

~t

~'

~softer

a
t
cdvIa
Itaaai-i.arisi
R Z 73 taIight" A
r(
1911 ab- cotnvert in g a.a A rmly rockl~et. It usfcd ia sladi
pellatnt anad couald Ibe C~oasidtcred ias tilt- prcdlctestir of
R4MSome
I )t'.alcflltltlt of tiae Guidedl MissilIe,
Retenlee:
.(u.,:$tt
"x'light" Puaalicactaion, L.ondaon (19.52), p' 122-1le

~Ual,

*R Z.

Saccoke

Cartridges.

$-I to 5-18 Eaaplosivtes.

Svc

111.!cr

Snno'.v C.cllponititalo

1xploives,

P It!.

R(p

I-r p) of It- Salt

OIne type of German sabot pro~lectile was aarmo.-piercing


and consisted of a sintered tungsten carbide core and tie
sabont which was not discarded until the core began
to lienaetrate tile target (such as the aranor of a tank).
After thistecrdsineredwhhcuedaedl
adal
s tlcoediitgatdrhchcue
spcray of fine !ragancnts inside tlte target (such as a tank)I.
oi the sabot projectiles, described in Ref 2,
were providvd witlh one car two discarding; bands: each icc
piece. They wer- fired from nornial riled gun~s. Some.
of these projectiles were called D~isintegrating Rotating
Bands Projectiles; q v

's.References:

[)~ic

.~la

b), Mixture (8) was claiamed to be very powerful


C) It - Salt forms with 28~dirnuehylethylenedinitramiiine (UMEDNA) a cutectic mixture, fr-e-zity p~oiat (fr p) 74i
with lU DE'MEI)NA is f90' and with 51" lMEI)NA 9 .1". Fr P of R-SAdt aionc 104-106' .mnd dfDkMDNA IA7

R SS6

40.0) (11
20.0

2.Is

1;TelC
(

lab, Plate T est. hemtreis


ffctive th.an
Fr..agauent Ilen'sity

40.5
2.5
1.0

36.5
2.5
1.0
50.0
0.0

--

(ilu
f IDetonl, mi sec

46.5
2.5
1.0
50.0

of Mixtures:

_4

It - Salz
2laeaat lre ne
I ) 'lcityaa1am ite
I"OtN (Ikxogen)
Al~iainuaua pav-der
K nitrate
llint-imervlethvie-nedinitr..maine

__________

onpiton ,(;

S;vv taaidr ;f'alterwv~.tssrsfdrengstO~IfC.

S-6 and S.6 Mod. Exjlosivos.ste unader 1rat.sreataf.

Ij 1..Ii'.Simnon, Gjermnan Research in WW 11, Wiley, N Y'


(1947), p 189
2) Dept cif O~tt Army Techa Manual TM 9-1985-1 (1953).
pp 161-70 (Svo dairte iag cannecxt page).

S-16 and S. 19 Explosives.See uinder FErsatzsprengstcaffe.


S.19 a-nd S-22 Hasa Explosives.Sce waldcr Es,.tL'.sprengstoffe.
lrsaaspregstofe.
5-22ond
xplslve.Seeladlr
-26
slf gtfe
46Hxo
Mc2an xc svsSetodr.r~
of it
Sao arjcie(rilsigletIos)casit.
scalc.aalilar proijectile carried in at relatively
ralatively s.acal:all
(ocifsofter Material. The latter was
Casinag (s
l'lr1
rlaa tilt left tile biore of thet guan. Tile
* lsa..arkaIas cc

~e

a.

pa as a'a to tll(-

I~riwijv
I(at
a'rc''.ts ca

til,

cclI
4, rpt 1 ttin gO~

11. Ur~je
-U(- %WthltLit A

andl then tn
bcae

Safety Jelly Dynamite. Onre taf ctet kpcdta Iccrt'ais.itaie explosivcs: NG 12.25,
collod cotton 1.25, glue-glyceriatdextria jelly 91.(aI, r.ye fliacar 18.001, Acc nitrate, 22.60,
Na nitrate 10.801 anadK' elalride 5.50'%.
Reference: lt.Naotual, Nitrocglycerina, lialtimore (IQt2)

17

"Salbeir'~ode name for either 99.5%010OK?nitric acid ot its


mixtuire with .5 to 10%~ sulfuric acid ,when used ats an
oxygen carrier in liquid rocket propel lants. one of tlac
v ). HSO. was added to suppress corrosion.

It cfereaites:
) ,10

Rpt2en1

p2

3ali

U j~.

Solit (Soicet) . (Itt


:.f the ohler Permissib~le explosives:N6 11.8, coiiol~odi
cotton (1.5, An: nitrate 51.6,, D)"I
5.S
N.: choiitjde 21.1 a:nd ca:rb tydrat.-s 2.S';; T'r".Z ts t
valuec 287 cc and 'charge liitice"660 g.

j.

l/Si/C
Ar~nor~j~rc

Rvferenceu A. Mor

4~~~Oi~scardtri

Salpectefs'cure.

so of-

1 ha

I ,,tond v 1(1917), p 397.

l. Exle5-lt5i eq

.Nir.Xi.

5S'roer-Bredt

Missile, cailedi Antipodol Bomber, was a


rocket do.si g~ied by D~r. iE.S~i:ger before 1942,
but the't project work wa:s a baitdon ed w hut
itty vocet i-:a
I tt~ltpitttt.liis
esgn
o.: many unique features,
which ;it(ar briefl y dec erRibed by oitl!and on ... 57-S. It
was planntedt to use the rue kc' in rve gi:,alo
a dense
a tmosphiiere. EachI
itiei
d
ive ni Iit it denser la ye r of
air, the
itesa
wti suppotsed to bounce upwards. These
aped trajectory,
Mioventttn ts %ottId produce at kind twv-sh
si i~~t
similr
to tha;:t obttainced whe n a flat s tonte is ric-ocheted
cros , wa:te.r, but mutcht less pronouncLed. As each
ItlIun ge
ito ttta denser air would result in at partial loss Lof kinetic
ci:erR' of the mistile5~I, ti-c initially long juips5woulId grad11
i 5so rter, finally to be t ran sformed into an

-Ic'rnent ~:?suplersontic

~tiltd

rlna

* I

* /

~y

~'~

even
4t

ck/7laPttiIcalone

PDr'ojcc ics
FU

Aliding

lli It(.

It

wats

lpresuiutd

that

this

mtethod

tn a region abIove dense air, %here conventional missiles


usually behave rathter erratically. Thet rocket was designed
to lote caita pult IauneIt d andi to be prtope lied by an oil/
Iitqutl itn~,y gen imi xture. Its calc ul ate d cit ira cccristcIC were:
g weight 220,501, lb, overa:ll length (less bo)oster)
91.8 Ii, width: ti rvctati',:ulr section 5.9 ft to 11.8 ft,
maslitium ratngt
I ,.timiles
and m~aximum altitude 93
tioles.
Refecrence: K. t,(a
tland, De
I)velIopmien t of the Gutid:ted Missitse ,
"toFlight" Vtiltiicaition, Lonidon, (1952) Ip,57-8 & 122-S.

Di

Sarin.

ze

See under Trilons.wihaso-ungsutnc

Satz,~rchen . An

igniter

contg

inixtute

compressed

of

-;ucli an ai mixture of sulfur and K nitrate.


Reference: Katst-Sletz,0cltmisCle IUntersuchung,f 1944 l,P 515.
Sauerstoffbilonz oder Scuerstoffwert (Oxygen lialance or
Oxygen Value), abbieviated to 0 BI . It may be determined
it: the manner described in the general section ort by the
A.Stettocsictr, Spreng- tind Schienstoffe,
nethiod given in
ntricl: (19418), pp 16-18.

F-u z' Ado 1Ier


Di.~'ordirq

(1 0tpropellants:
L

nn

Reference: Il.Brunswig, Das rauchlose Pulver (1926), p 134.

Scheidemtihl (lDiSt (if Picked Ore). A mtixture' consisting


chiefly of Ca and Mig silicates was used during AK,,I1 in
sonric substitute explotsives (rucsrnsol.
t
i

'

'~2'Iduring
CIf~5

See undcr Knetmaschine.

Saxonin Pulver.Onc of the pre-11V It sporting smokeless


gunocotton 95 .0 . TNT 4.0 and gelatinizer ...
some moisture 1.0%.

chaffler - GIgckl Fuseheod Comb, invented .iefore WW 11


itAun-trial va later improvetd and used at the Troisdori
Fcik, DA '(; . IL is briefly described in 1310S F-inal
Rept 641 (19Oa6), pp 9-11. in 6ertaany, this cowl.l replaced
tyhe previustly used Kranniciifeldt pressbioard ga ivnno-

Liur
fn
9
N,

.S'imenknetmoschine

extender

of

tiitrtcompotuini

whicht

the war in suffiecient tluanc~cy.


Reference: I'ili

ept 1820 (1 945), 111i.

Schiess1baumwOallC

See- Sieswo~lle.

were

not

available

Sch i e'N%cchcr. A rifled, c.a!ih..r 11) Tmi, di..icrgvr cup


%hici
coiaad be fitted ito nos. ty ptes of G.e rman title-%.
W~is used for l~atnclainy some-a antitank rifle gircflades.
A.i pine, t'
tln'- Sil
Sieish Clv Wt rio de scrip tion
is gi venl
in th e Ordo dl ce srgea
int, Cleobi.~
nr
19-0~, p

Schlagwetterversuclistrecl~e, otter Vet~tuehstrocke (lired~amla,


Te.st ing~ Gallery). IDesc ri ption of g~alleris for testiii'.
e~x.
pi-~i ye,
Ti re-gaird toa their suritahil ity lor ivw. i:1 ga.a icu s

~s

/~~),1'/..

,1,,/hor

c.alIlijiumis

is gi ven in the generalI seection. The first German


1alyei s .as construe ted in I 845 1,j ILohan~nian
iii Neun~relaclci
N -stialtia). Oither Gearmiani galleries %vi-r : I )erne, Pear
Drtmnundi, (iwitslb
eiSha k
,u a-lMaria
c
a nia sieveralI
alic-ties hbelongi ng to the pl ants ianatimi ta riing mainin g

I( I~losives,

such

expLI

its

)alearevier /.u F.reibetrg (,;.ict, sen).

A.SMarsaal I, Expl~osivets, L~ondoin, v 2 (19,)17), p, 5811


2) A.Schrimtpf,S S 24, '88 (19291)
I) A.Stett Iialai-r, Schiiess urit Sprengsaanffe, Leipzig (1 9MI,
PP) 20h-250t.

jI)
-

hunlirii,
i.stt#p etc.
was in thait -;3tiisichii-i
Btraun-

Sclilebuseli,

O) e oif tiat on-St-t gailt-rin',

Schmiddlng Gerat 33 (SG 31). A rocket baooster unit invented


by Scham~ddin1 g to increase the thrust of hIs 117 missile,
thus assisting its take-off
IT\ 9-1945-201953), p 20111,

Thisphot
is ay ourtsy
Prvng (,round, Maryl and.

S chneclaen Presse (l.Aorm 1Press). In order to reduce the


aind tO rvuuase I~ic paower
time of the rolling oajetal~tiui
consumption in the manufacture of solventless paropel lants,
the DI)neberg IFabrik of Dynamic A -6 rolled the. NC-NG
(or NC-l)I:GDN) paste (Ilohpulvermasse). The water content
of this paste had previously been reduced to 8,,, instea u
25-30*; as was used in the other propellent. pla:nts.i~ In
order to achieve such good dewacering the usual cenr7ue
asogftthog
b
in
h
the paste was lollowel ypsigittaot
ScInoc ckn
barrel and
press .The press consisted nf a slotted om
ae
esae-houhtesc
while the partially dehydrated
int
sheets
was squeezed out ready for rolling
(carpets).
Reference: A.A.Swanson & D.l).Sager, CIOS Rept 29,-24

Abedem

I-v~rr- i%# I ffor testitiv


Schiess~raurer' (Shocting S!-t.rt er A
inniningCxPiosives in galleries filled with firedanmp and 'or
.)al dut.aste
R . ft-rtncec: mI.-upusi S S 20, 190 (1925).
Sclajesswohle
(Guncotton) . Nit'rocel.lulose of 11(194),3X;7
nitruogen
content,
corre~sponding approximiately
to the
Amer Guncotton. It was used in the m~anufacture of some
*smokele-ss propt-llants! (See also Nitrocelluloase anad under
Propellants).

Sichiciwolle

118 odei

TSMV 1.10O1

under I iiitem-rs

.--

Schiesswolle (Schw) Explosives.


sprengsuatfe.in

t-xI.l,

.Aui

-v

Schnellmine.

ti-.r-

iv'e vrilwda

taniir
vl2 si-iartiAl powderil..
iphn
as TNT 0,Iti (exan it)i trod
I pit
h
rp-Joesdet Iaiaa'.tmeaito
inT sea, inae%~ani-.
usf
an
andsa as mnt-.
sedin tarpeoes deth ltanhasand
underwater demolition~ela.~-~
Refernces:consisted
I) A.Settbacai~rProtar9.
1-i il

~o4

xplrorvr
(ro-in (1943),
9,rde
2 .uaur
3)Aied an(1n946)osvshede

lr~n

(rud

J ) A.tctcirprn-ndSistffasfrZih
*(1948),

p 78.

*SchaoogWeite.
'dIhertraguang:.

Ii.
~ ~1

(Striking

Distane).

Same

as D~etonations-

Schhoagwetters i chhre Sprengstoffe, oder Wettersprengstoffe.


with fire danp
EXplosives safe for use Iin coal -mines'
gtoffe
(Se
etesregtoffe, p226 and also'Sichetheitssa
(Sefrenies:
ecspreosaoe
13)
epi
Srnsof,
13)
cis-udSpegtfeLepi
*2)
C.lleyling, p246
K.1)rek'opf, Sprengstoffe tind ZUndmittel,
098,
ShesoeZ'i
-prnBerli (1936)bch, 105
1 4~
P ) A S et a l e , S r n - u d S h e s o f , 'r c
I)

A246 bce,

Scn
stataneous
Such

See

Panzerschnellinine

under

Landminen.

rlzitx
der (Quick Time Igniter), called also InFuse and Quickmateh. Sajnne German igniters,

is Donnarzunder and Eschbochit~nder are described


lleyling-IDrelcopf. Sprengstoffe und Z'dndmittel, Berlin

(19'6), p 229.
Schnarkel otter Schn!grkel (Miisspelled North-German word
Snorkel oder Snort, meaning Nose). *Fle D~utcha had fitted
their submarinets with an air intake back in 19-t0, and the
Germans miodified the device and called it Schn~rkel.
It
oh a tube (about a dozen tatters long), one end
which was connected to submarine Dieselswhlte
other end protruded above the surface of the water. The
1
tuf e was divided lengthwise inro two compartments - one
for suction of air from the outside and the other for remoiovng the gases of combustion of the Diesl.Tisdvc
taeriniitred the submarine to operate its Diesels while
remaining in the submerged condition. In case of danger,
the Schno~rkel
folded
horizontally and the submarine
submerged to a depth of as much as 200 mn(or even 400 m
as was reported for the Submarine 21). As the material
of the Schni~rkel waa:. useially non-metallic, it could not
be detected by radar.
I-ttbceShis_
ue to the tact that the Schnorkel

used during WW if

did not supply an amount of air oufficient to replace all


the foul air in submarine , it was necessary to resurface
th
sumin afesvrlhndd
laieerofnewater travel or equivalent duration. lThe maximum-r achieved
in an uninterrupted subm erged condition w as 500 km .

Get 173
lheterences:
Armes Secr~res Allemandes, Paris
1) A.lDucrocq ,Les
0 1.7), pp 20-24
2) ll.Schaeffer, U-Boat 997, Norton, N Y (1950), pp 182-3.
Schopper.Riegler Test. According to Sheldon (Ref 1) this
iteat was used in Germnany to determine the suitability of
crepe paper intended for thle rmanufacture ef nitrocellulose.
The~ Sclijopper-Riegler Tester was; originally introduced into
the paper industry to determine the freeness (slowness)
of the wood pulp. The tester operate.%on the same principles
)
reesTetr(e
Rs tefeece ndastn:r
I) 1..Sheldo'i, 11lH Itpt 12,602 (1945)
2) J.N Stephenson, lidit, Preparation and Treatment of WAood
Pulp, %.1c(irawll1ill, N Y' vol 1 (19501), op- 94l', )51 & 955
(See also Freeness and Its Tesring,in tie general section).

ShiisOeo
h adMns
e
ne
.Seunr
27ne
Rcr~ieOncefl of98- (193) pan
p28
eeec:M91952

Schuss Gg P-40.
liollow charge rifle grenade described
ni IM t)9-1995-2 (9i3), pp 117-8. (See also under Rifle
Grenades).
Sch~itzenmine. Same as Schdinine,
Skwrulr(lcklwdr.mosiopcaatnad
properties of black powders are given in the general section.
Table 58 lists some German military and commercial
black powders
Table 59
Black Powder
DesgariK

ni-

Schropnellmilne (S-Mine). See under Landminen.


Schulto Uinder (Pressure Tyiw Igniter), al..o called Hebei* tinder (Lever Type Igniter) is briefly described under
Igniters an,' in TM 9-1985-2 (1953), P 296. It W-s used
in the (,aqn;ine. 41 as an alternative to the liuck igniter.
'Schuler Pulver (-Schuler :Powder). Aij explosive patented
in 1891: K chlorate 60.' pulver,7eI a..'i1rat-iI,* ?5 and Fx
I15- ' A si'milar explosive was uned by the British under
tile na'niv Schindler Powder.
lieference:lDan ie!, lDictionnaire, P1kris 090'),i'1, IINl.
CSchultxe

Pulver (Schultze Propellant). A smokeless propellant prefid,about 186(5r by Major Schultze of the Prussian
*Artillery, bilynitrating purified (de-,esinated) cwd (in the
form of small square-cut pieces), followed by washing and
biigthe resulting Nitrolignose with water and then
drying. After this the grains were Imp~regnated with a
a concentrated solution of saltpeter .with or without iim
ni trate,ard dried again.'Rfrees
*Although this propellant was appreciably slower b~urning
than 'earlier, smokeless propellants cons~inting of straight
*compressed 'nitrocotton (tu~suias Von [.tnik IPropellant),
it was' still too quick for use in rifles, although quite
suitable for shotguns.pp9-1
Schultze propellant was manufactured not only . i
Germany but also' *in P.ngland (1868) and Austria (1870)1
but it did no't achieve any success until it was modified
in E~ngland by Griffiths andi in Austria by Volkmann. The
Austrian propellanit was made by partly gelatinizing the
Schultze propellant 'with a mixture of ether-alrohol and it
became. known as Collodin. The British modifications
beginning in 1883 contained nitrated wood pulp instead
of previously used nitrated wood. The composition of the
Brit ish sporting Schultze propellant is given in Marshall
(Ref 1, P1327).
Th er Comp ositioni 'of G ierman Schultze propellant given
*by Branswig (Ref 2) was as follows: coltodion cotto n 40,
ntrae 10 vaelin 8,moisure1.5 and
nd
gucto 40n guncrton40,Ba
gelatinizer o:.fire
Refreces
.Minenwerfer.
4
1) A.Marshall, Explosives, London v 1 (1917), pp 7& 327
'igI~sra uchlo .se Pulver, Berliti(1926), p 134.
2) I.ru~s
.

adze
adin

Geshiitzpulver, PPC/75
(Cannon propellant 1875)
Mlilitir-Gewelitpulver 71
(Military rifle propellant 1871)
Militiirpulver (current)
Marine Geschlt?. Pulver
*ay(lnndr
J-,gdpulIver (Ilunting,or
I sporting powder)
Sprengpulver (Blasting powder)
manufd by the Pulverfabrik
Spandau

.0

Blasting powder
Blsigpwe376l.0

Char-

Sulfur

tae

ca

74.0

16.0

10.0

76.0

15.0

9.0
10.0

75.0

15.0

75.0

16.0,

9.0

78.5

11.5

10.0

65.0
70.0
74.0
66.0
65.0
(Na nitrate)

20.0
16.0
16.0
21.5
18.0

15.0
14.0
10.0
12.5
17.0

140

0.

Ieech charcoal
B
caires hIxpoieNmr(i))
1) Gody~, *Prait des
2) it. Escales, Sclwarrpulver, Lcipzig (1914), pp 160,169 & 353
3) A.Steltbacher, Schiess- und Sprengstoffe, Leipzi,;(l')13),
4) IE.Sancho, Quirmica de los E~xplosivor, Madrid

(1942),

pp 277-9
cer
peg udShestfe
pp A8-.SttbceSrn.udSheaof,
p 89

14)
11)

aic
rc

chelsur.See Sulfuric AciJ.


Schwergefrierhare D-/namite (Difficultly Freezing D~ynamites),
called also Ungefrierbore Dynamite (Non-Vreezing lDynarnites).See Loiv-Freezing Dynamites in the general sect ion.
Screaming Wini or Screuming Meemie. According to 11.11.
Bullock of l'icatinny Arsenal, Screaming M.imi was the
nickname
any anmmunitmon
off a loud 7shrillmsound
fBgt forOne
suchlnite giving
wastur
the
hl
rifedW17 morarcaelle
itmuzlelade
fromht the light
The shell had in the base several vented
holes that allowed air to pass through thus; giving a shrill
nise. Another itemg nickntamed Screammijiig Mimi was the
110 tmm Smoke RtocL--t P'rojector, 15 cma NebLowerfer41
or it-,anmmniution; used successfully dur.ng W1W11. The

;nSiuilavy

diescri .ix,

int this .section ondlr t orket L~aunchier.


(See also the general section).
Refetre~nces:
H.IiL~a
r~so
Infanttry Jol-~n~ia,
s'tc.pteIer P')i 1, p
2) Anon, Intellip-i'ce Butlletin, March 19 iS, lip ?-i.
I..
Sc a Dog .Sue
Stceil tit.

~I)V.

2',

1) J.l ).iiil,
iDictionnikire de s Matiere% E~xplos ives. Paris
'li1902). 1,1, 710-12
2) L.U.oidy, Iraiti* des Ma;tiZ-r. % Exlosive%, Nainur (1 902,,
EA 'ver,
j.)
I I ighI 1:x plos ivt s,*Lounilo
( 91),
4 ) V.M.Turner, !:Ait,
(on-.1csed
Cheteic- i,
IL inhlo,I, N Y 019Q),1,p 29)1.

See StLui

Securophore .Set-

Ic v itees:

1p 'm-7 & 70-.

Soo M.urlc Bomb. ' -vv under Mlarker.


:Securlit

Seuohr
ecuroplutrc). A
iaiid in Getrmny~n~prior to
.I

';ckuropltor

ty pt

of

mining

p, 1-11
t).Lionary,

exploisive

Tablc.(.0 give, solmte t(FiilslleS

jut

;eehtund ista Dogt) (C~hien de mrer .in Frenic h).


"po t let"
;t11,11Iarlle MI
( tons) with a raldius (f .action o[ '11 1*n
invented' ,ttear 'tit
end of NO'V II. Its cre~w consisted ioI I
opr -m
nda it carr tie
trledoes. It wits provs-ided %%ith
asluall l'Piesel, gi.neratoir, storage Liatteries,
Iot or, MY,,t
tian ls, slid .111 .1i alige it-invt
whtich

electric
aiIlow eul
as Inuch as. )0 or 60 ra. 'Ibis Wa-as anl
Itit lI )u %wivi rct eit,
t ffective w.eal oin which could .14) conside'rablel
daniage if
used in latrge numibers.
In addition to the Svethiund thierte were two othetr moitdels
(if pock-et, submarines both PrOpt.I-He
by ekectricity. Olew
one, slightly. larger than the Sechund. wats call~ed Motch
(s anlaild Ci), whi ii e the ot her cons iderabi y smnaller, was
called Biker (becaver).
iR

Ieference:
A .lucrocq, L~es Arnis Set retes Allent i'des, Paiti
pp

MC~.)

Table 60
______

ScUohr
Comiponents

An n~,t rate
Ilanitrate
K nitrate
NG

27.01 24 .6

Collod cotton
Sehacic acid or its salts

1.
0.9
12.5011.

Na chloride
Rye flour

1 0.0

9.
9.01

3.5

3.2

Liquid hydrocarbon
Na carbonate
or bicarbonate

1.0
.6 34.0
36.4
25.0
-

4.
40.00

3 8.5

Seidler Sprengstoff. *A ' rerinissib~le e-xplsc-ivt pati-oted in


1I892 by Seidler of Berlin. It was prepd by blvdi-tiii
77 parts
of K nitrate w-ith 23 p of the Na salt of ilapt' 'ut-ne-betainonosulfon ate,
C '01
I
So 2 M)a
D an iel,
D ie t ionn aire
* 1902), p 712
tO
2

References:
1) L..d Tarydes Mlatit-res E~xplosives, Namnur (1902),
lip - 11-71 1
2 ) A. Marhat ll * Ixi's
s ivte, London.n v 1 (1 917), 1, 176.

Sekund~rlodung (Secondary Charge), called also in Englisht


Base Charge, Main Charge, or Lower Charge. A charge
'in detonators or blasting caps which is place~d underneath
a primary or an 'intermiediate charge. A secondary~ chirge
ustually consists of it high explosive nmore sensitive to
in itiat ion th an cast P A or"ITNT. 'Ihle usual base charges
were: compressecd tetryl, Il'ETN, or RDX, While charges

Selbsteniz~indung Probe (Spontaneous Ignition Test) for


pyrotechnic compositions and their ingredients is dcscribted in Kwit-'ulttz, Chemische Untersucl'ung (19 1-0,p1515.
SlfCrinDmltnCi
isecibd
Kiml
SefCryig
Deoiio
hrge isdsrbdunder
itme
Factory, I ynaintit A -G .

nldlcmresd1
occasionllyue
nitontnniol
A ypeofminng

n
e
bsedon

xplsie

ut(Securite). Atpofmnnexlsvbadon
. i . no r dnitobeizeesmixd
wth n oidier
uchas
ith an8 oxy FSuch
e
asweg
mono or dinitroberipaentsmied ab
Am ptetedabot
r Knirat,
886by
.Sitinewg.
Table 50 lists soescrtssteel
t

Table 59
___________center.

-Secrite
T-opnet
3

Cor'onnt
Am

2irt

Am ntrae
K nitrate I74.5
MNBNwith m-DNI3
m-inDNB
Ant oxalate
Nitrocellulose

77'.7
-

25.5

19.4

2.9

-O-

37.05-housping,
370
-If
34.0
81.8
18.9
29,0
7.
15.2
-

3.0
-

10.6

Self-Destroying Bullet. See Self-Destroying Tracer Bullet.


Self-Destroying Fuze, ZZ 1505, Aeveope by the Dutsced
in the 20 mmn Nluser ammuntition in air to ground firing.
Like fuze AZ 1502 it was of the sensitive type required
to function on a 2 mm paper screen at 100 meters. Wihen
the projectilIe was fired, the centrifuial force caused the
balls (8) to fly out i n o the en arged portion of the
retainer ring thus lokiun the percussion plunger and its
compressed spring in pace. The same force caused thubrass spiral ribbon to unwind and increase in diameteir
until the shoulder on the striker could pass through its
By this timne the projectile wa" a few meters away
from the muzzle of die gun and tie projectile was armed.
O httngth
trgt
hestelbalswet
aciitathi
housingsn the targeit
ptn, ateelvatled
tbythe c compesse
pircd the pirimer ciap.
vtdb
hecmrse
no impact took place within a range of about 2000
meters, the speed olf rotation dropped to such an extent
that the thrust of the balls aftainst the angle surface wits
insufficient to support the firinq pin spring. The primter
was then fired and the projectile destroyed in tite .tir.
References:
1) lI.Peploe, CIOS Rept .13-20 ( 19.45), pp 69-70
2) Anon, TM 9-1985-3 (1953), pp 548-9.

tncreme~nts, each Pressed at 3500-4000 ?,(Kcm2) and


a primialg Composition (presseti a- 3200-3500 kg/cm').
If the shell was not exploded by the percussion fuze,
it wan m'rlf-destroyed after about 0.3 seconds of flight.
At this moment the flume from the Inst portion of thi~nte-d the pistol powder
%%Iitkle ini turn ignited
the incendiary Pellet. The incteehetroud
by the
pellet caused the lIE charge to deflagrate.

3ig Disc
n.

"fir're
PIur'sm.o
!
.A

Ptracer

f-iun~eL
ijze 8 od

I.,

t/o

L eeitiJ-burning

The dliameter of the tracer was 9

Ofti

Plinu siio

sroiv< S
Aoe~

Pemm.?o

lit7A-imer
e

PPellet

eta

S lf-Destroyinq Tracer Bullet 'Spir.gescl,.


m'
ait Stahlkern,
Leuchtspur mit Zerlegung) caliber 7.92 mm, develop,,d during
U'
11 by the D~eutsche Waffenj- und Munitionsfabuiken
~~A
-G , At LiWeck, was intended to be used for air to air
practice firin. It conristed of a steel ctising conta
ininf
alead sleeve which enclosed a mild steel tip, a stee
capsule with lIE explosive filling and pistol powder, anti7-c.r
a steel tube with tracer an~d primer compositions. TFhe lIE
flling rensisted of 11:7N 40, P~bazide 45 and retracene

)%f\

NeatP~sefL
M ft:0
/

*11

"N 7.92 mm Selfrac

Trce
uffpovwder
Afild(Oa

npand
stpu

-~

b) At~li1:Sh ellI was of conven tional design and cont jined:


a lIE filling (PETN pellet), two detonators, a pistol
pellet, a heat transmitter, a heating composition
nitrate 41.0, ferrosilicon 36.0, Ba peroxide 22..
phenol formaldehyde res n 0.5%.). a tracer comn-

eeel
Caps bdi
~'HC
H~~iny
b~<

AP/

4de~r)2

-Ed/ion
15%, whe:eas the pistol powder contained nitrocelluloseDfrafo
with an ignition temperature of 1600. The bullet was
self-destroyed (at 500-600 mn range), bees
h
et
to~pe
Oroduped by the zburning of the lest portion of tracer corn/ fl
small charge of pistol powder, which
ignited,
inpsition
turn set
off thea lIE
char h.c~~recmoiinwsIDoao
gnited by the p~ropellant in tge
Re ferne
I.PpMo
et al, CIOS Rept 33-20 (1945), pp 28-9.

/
.'

PtJCf

DiscsD

4es

Self-Destroying' Tracer Shells, caliber 20 mm, developed


by the Deutsche Waflen- and Muni ionsfabriken A G
l.,ibieck, included the following-.4

to

B
nirt49and
phenol formgldehyde resin 1%), a
loose pistol powder (nitrocellulcse), a pressed pistol
powdee, a heat trana'itter, a tracer composition (two

Co,

4e.

P l/
Powd~er

at

a) HE Shell for Airc raft Guns. It was of conventional


design and contained: a percussion fuze, a lIE filling
(PENpellet), an incendiary pellet (Mg/Al alloy 50,

to

le a7/i,3P.le

CO m

posii
/ ivf

Pr/'/T e-'r

TPte Cotrijcrr

Ilion
AlTcce-/,

W:b.1h

w itil~ N(

~open

1,1

.. ,,.

Le
ga:s
ilted
tC?-.
1 trcplt
etratCe
a 2to
0 fill"
arilitr
..
Ia ii li I"
.
be~1hind it. if rile sitell wa
ti
Tinn pe llet tv a t,t 'efd It r., It(.,I Is,
jI,
,I,
O la ger tfo
f
t
til
p ' i, tt i
l e s.
PiTN
t.tstlpele
sr
t
SV
.ijgiliterl by thle
Ile~itittj
st
Il.
Iii.i~
IWa [it-sr~rttdi
h sit~l I'
ta ist' tl,.tet
pis~to~l
lwe
i
11""~rO~F)!tt
KIetracetr C omlpa;red w
itli IleSI!iI
tile diametertd.1li-tr
t* it tile
C)

I'r.
~lrd.I,'g::~if. f,

~~

~cti

l~tlrerce: c l~lepl~t.
i,
(105
Self-Ignitinlg Cushion.

i..~j

,*

ll
II

. 1*
tol,

lr,,dIuttct
rit
h
elIll.IIII)(i
s-e!
sel
I')iS)

1'

Shrapnel

M ine

(sclirrane~l p~ln
ne

IIIV tilt'
cilled
S 44,
s r
SF.
c pl.d
izen iiM
- are~ d
ts
tilled
11t -i th
,I I) t
)~ tilt, fa ic t Il~a t th e s e
t h t e h eig l it
q'
J
,, I
f e et )

iiitLi...k

. Bounding M'e

a b bretvilited

S -Mine

as

I-wo5- type
mlin e
r o Its Y
nesor, t
po
s i nt o

(xpuut.rLnlolne

Ib~ S-3 itsh


a
te
B roi ti
th e ya i r (ho
e(

he
Wr
Shrapnel
Projeirctile
fSchllapntellgr-Imite)
Only one such
po~jtc tilt.
iin. ly~l~.) tit
8.8 cm
rnae
rndShapcI
ILkdSherapneltf
(N18 imIn tendia
yStrp (95)
Gri
tnjCtie
is~i
fBr
anAd
98Projectil
9. The up'o
I.LCtrbdi
9-1%fof
jet t~ile tiii1ttt
AGus
tfh in steel shellofcnetfi1
lesgil tontatiiiiiig: 72 incendiary
pellets, it point dttoiiatiiig

See liranidkis Sell.

SetIf.Propelled
(SP)
Gun
8
Sf!). e under Pa.hizer.

ttp

Mount

Slitatlftt

~()

88

y
b
c"i
i t 1r
e h h 80 0Ii mm
, u s ed' e f.
S ecv ;s e
by tlit
(,e r uu.
u
g
AIt
o the si ej~c Of
Stvatio
usilt%
Tlhe Atun fired anf F' Iton projectile with
nis~evelocitiy if 22001-24100 ft/secan

d o f d

hTb

mxmmrne.

ofnjls.9

eigt f e'xplosive Was 2000 lb,


wt oht prope llnt 25001 ii),
o gun' 1375 tons and length of barrel
at
105 ft. it' is prbbethat
the' propellent charge was
contalined in a cylindrical asng
i
made of a Propellent composition, ats tle,4crilled under Slade-Up
Charges.
INo te: Th~is guin was nicknamed
flora or tulstav Getsef'ltl
(.Sce als
ktUndetr
p~ )--i~iO

Utz

Reference. :Pi

I)
I lt Rtfit 925 1()"t1, p 18
2) Abertdein l'rovirtg Ground,
Museum; private cOttiinunjcation,
Note: *Fhc proje 1cti le car h e seen
at the MIu~sum.
So C-eschos

.St

Spi t:' qtschoss.

Shap~ed Charge. or Hollowm Charge.See


Ifolilladung in this
sectior anti
;h~apeo
Charge
I tile general section.Sel
*

S~healthe d C.h arge .


Shll

~e

cec Man te lpatrone.

ranate.

Shell Mold process or ~C" Process'


of Precision Costing
of Metals (Called also Craning
dleveloped in Germany during Process or Cronit.! Molding)
%WWA
11 by I Croning, made
possIblote the production 'of
cast metals in more intricatefoundr molds an~d cares for
shapes
and in lre
thtan wvere formerly considered
ie
practicable. In this
* the thin sifell molds were
formed by dch adherence sizcess
of a
IImixture contg dry s;and and plastics
to heated metal paitterns.
Each shell mlold was
thn

er
ont:

h 'e

tareed
by further polyiner.
ization of the plastic bond
by heating
'an oveti with a pattern' still rattached.for a short time
After removal
hrorn tile oiven, tile riolds
stripped from "the patterns.
lailr)d together in pairs were
in a box, backed

in

~e/s

ls

r~

with loose'
icasor or either porouis material,
and filled with molten

The process ijs applicable


to the manufacture' of shells,toombs, gienades n
oces
Rfetences:
I
I),
*Croning, Ger Pat Application
No,87 (1949), de
scrited in P13 Rerts 81891 and
81284
48l79vede
2) II.N.Anies et al, The Foundry,
August 1950, pp 92-96
and 206-17Th
i) ll.L.flay, TeIrLci A ge, 169,
28 (j an 1952)
4) B.N.Ames

et al. The IFoundry, June 1952, pp


112-17 andi
287-95f,) K~.inua P
Re'pt io 6 6 40r(1952) (47 references).

Shotgun or Sporting Propellant .


See Jagtlpulver.

/ce

Mrfa-'
-

$~

e
f

Get 177
time fuze (ZtZS/30 kurz), an expelling charge (about 2 oz
of ostioleleas propellant) and a bursting charge (about
4 oz of iNT or Amatol and wax pressed pellets). The
pellets were filled with an incendiary composition consisting of Ba nit-rate, 48.0, Mg alloy 24.6, Al alloy 24.6
an~d.icid insoluble substances 2.8';.
Shrapnel Projectile, Russian. In addition to the previously
ilmentioned shrapnel projectile, the Germans ,during WW 11,
used the 76.2 mmnShrapnel Projectile, 42M, captured from
the Russians. T[he shell was filled with about 48 triangular
pieces of steel ,2.25-, long,whichi were ejected from the
nnstaby a steel forcing plate behivid which was a charge
of bla ck powder. The threads and thlt two retaining screws

Sicherheltssprengstoffe (Safety
plsv).Aurngc
Steltbaclher, Spreng- und Schie~saoffe (1948),

pp 86-7,
explosives under this nlame were allowed to be transported
by rail. They contained 70l-90!" Am nitrate and not mote~
than 4% NG, the remainder being wood meal, aromatic
nitrocompounds. etc. These explosives, known also as
Ammonsal peter sprengstaffea were pulverulent, very insensitive to impact, fairly stable and difficult to ignite.
An ex-tmple of su.:h explosives is Vlonarit. Most of the Sichr
isrngtfeaalOShgwtrihce(feo
use in coal mines contg firedamp).-.
(See Wetterspreagstoffe, pages 226 and 20)-2
and al so
Schlagwettersichere Sptengstoffe).

''

B;ass
Capf

42kl.
hr qbn/

Signal Device (Signalmittel) -Under this term might be


included: Hand Smoke Signal (Ilandrauchzei( hen), Si nal
Cartridge
(Signalpatrone), Sil-nal Flare (Sign albrimbe),
Signal Hand Grenade (Signalhbandj~a-ate), Signal Pistol
(Leutlmlipstule, Kampfpi.-toie), Siauna 1'rolector (Signalwerfer) Sina Rokt (Sigitulrakete) and Signal Torch
Lfae
Mity of thmesignal items are either described
o(S(Sgaeniod
inT
-1985-2 (195 3)a for instance the
following:
a) Smoke Siplul Flare (p 80), is also briefly described
undler I-lare
b) Smoke Signal F:lare ARI)R (p 80) is also briefly
described under Flare
c) Distress Signal Torch (p 81) consisted of a sheet
aluminum cylinder containing three pressed blocks of
a flare comaposition sand a.pull igniter with a flash

pellet and an ignition composition

d) Red Smoke Signal Hand Grenade (Hantirauehttelchen.


Rot) 1p329) consisted of a cardbourd cylinder con.
taininf, 54 g of the red smoke zomposition "ortho-methoxy
pheny azo-13-naphthol 55, K chlorate
' j, Ia
black1
and light oily material (unidentified) 15%
a blac
disc, a quickmatch, a match head and a pull
tape. By striking dhe striker rinf on the match head,
the quiclrmatch was ignited ane after it burned the

tel0Cint~tfepowder

~K*

iurtn

Moich
of the collar were sheared by this action. The shell was
fired from Russian field guns 7.62 cm FK 296(r) and
7.62 cm FK 36(r).
Referencc: Anon. German Artillery Irjcie
anE ue,Ordnance Bomb Disposal Center, Aberdeen Proving Groundk
GrunA~ellet.
Pp
120-1.
Maryland (about 1945),

r'

7
.

S
*

.-

m
AA1x15ure~

xzogen) prepared byvthe


SH-Salit.The term used for RDX
*direct nitration of hexLmethylenictetramine as described
briefly in this section under Hexogen.*

Sicherhe IItsdyna mit (Safety Dynamite)., According to Stettg-*~1C

ahepreng- und Schiesatoffe (1948), p 86, the dynamites


which are safe to handle and aransport are called Handthaborigislchere, and those of them which are cafe to use
in :coal mines are known ats Sichertheltadlynomlte. The latter
dynamites contain 20-25%. of NG (or a low-freezing mix-Ro
ture oNGad nitroglycol-4/1 ,mixed with
dinitirochloro-

/n
COTPnZ 0

C~et

to the Gelatinedynomate class, such as the Ammongelatine.

dynamites.

(;Seealso under Swiss Explosives).

i,01-

as Am nitrate, wood meal,etc. If the NG is phlegmatized


by means of collodion cotton, the resulting dynamite belongs
Note:. In countries other than Germany, for example France
and Switzerland, aromatic nitrocompounds, such as DNT,
rNTetc, wre used as phlegmatizera in lieu of dinitrochlorohydrin. Suck dynamites were known as Nitrogalatin.

t/

hydrin which serves: as a phlegmatizer) and a "dope', Surhp1

j'/',h

t
________

BSOO

Ct'f

-K
Signel

~~~

Sg a

Hand

o-

.11tiirb
!I;;;
I%Itiel

ciigthl till
va~s

blaick powe

th"OCc~af .....
, a.,(d

to

SCwtgn
-as
e.i'li
c
tile Sa oki. illS KLre

started 'to humn emitting the smoke at hothl ends


(If III(
tur
,' I'lw .si gnl:. couliid Ibe Iii iced or tir own,
violet
TheCre were ii s i simliilar tIra iige, yel low and
inas
.rnaotc
e~
(p i411) it,
i.',I'
cI Iollo'a tjr.
le scr ii ed anle r P is tol. ((011,1105t
\idItti t~ir Signail cairtridge (p) 315) i'. brie fly described
If)
uinder Pizs tol Grenaide.
n Ilaind
Somie oif thle smioke compulosi tion s use'd
'Signials (Hnndrauchzeichen) aire li sted un~ler Plyrot..clinics.
A
c smk-iin
itguem
I-~esign air,'
:1; R SS~s
P atrone 15 cm R7Z is dcscri bed in CltCM 42-Ii (19M.5),p 14.
Thc device. cooiiitai-d AC it paisiliuiarl Cyliiuder eincliosing
* Ciii iiiiiit
i
tuiii
l
itiiiiui tiitiCliuliif, li
0flisX.hlk
ri
in
iut 5)111., 7.nI ).1.01 andi Mg powdler
e~lilil)i.'.,
11111u.iii
ofii
ission was IS to "I secondsI.This device
ocke t S1,ignalt1Siiiulating
.m:,pears similar ito thle ISO miii
lhvice (15 cml Roketen Schein cus G~bt *described
in (.118 (ehi
1fS
325up
MSS), pp1 1-5 aind in thi~s section
tiviii, r Aniip~a ditfindtI'riii'ictlivi'c I evices'.
oloralSmk . ib
Che.5i rraft(
IS S li
*~senhi
(Abwurfrouchizeithen). Ihis consisted of a cardboard cylinder
otvireif sitli n aluiniinuin call and containting four increments
fmiXture, four perforate,] alum'inumt
, iiortcd smnok e
)Ii a
so:t'
'elvt
g it: smiolk e Cacln atlif :a fi ring ho. ice ama cmlbly.
it m
a
etn
rIi
it ion f
1olpos
'le unk
Aonsis ted of appros i11111t. red or Viole ci olore-d s iiok e)
Iraitely S lU orgainic dye, 21: laictrose, 21 " K chllorate,
ind or (gumn) and 5": in sob; LileN in w ate r N0i2 di rt,
b,:
0~e. "lihe device was fired bly pulling the cord attachled to
the firiiig pin~ s(ring thus ailhitliig t .he ilin to strike the
faiintinlg call). Tlhiis fired 0.0115 g of a ullixturco f K chlorate

'tnier
Cvar

co//oq

e:'U

Tub

ru

uk-WaLAher

ditiitmrcury

Iohiii~naite

wlbic

Ii jn i ted

thle

dent,~*

ConisI5ted Ot ino upper Cha rge (0,000( g Of miuxt ure:


sePparte1d fly
K oiirate 7;, thi :3al 15 lind sulfurt 10`;
a pe rforai ted b .i I disc fromt all, in termedi ate c hairge (0.010 g
whii ch

of protind( ci' IIoided n i :oCelIIul 05e ) andi a lower cli argo


After
aI
-;.n1lsuforo.
to.o030 g oi K nitrate 71, charcoal1
!h la i~sh was transmuitted
b..fiiig lui aiiotit 1 seconld
loca ted
1ac k powder)
quick ma Ccl c ompos tilon
!o
it
la
hscne
.
in the (enter of fihe Cop ign stedic
comimatch
flixi
k
ross"
tif
the
"c
it(~: lire to
train s iit ted
position oni the underside oif thie topl igniter disc and in
Cturn, to file qiujckiinatcli fuses (K nitrate 78, charcoal 13
aind sulfur 9'.), bothi of which caunsedl ignition of the top
IayerCoif d, ie mok e charfgo. The. heat atnd pressure of thle
g(eieritedh gases burned through the paper coverings On
Cli
orCuisaiiliilleItePpr
dins ( oiver four
I .. liamnett r vveiut. iii CheiC li) cover of Cfi b uile
ly) Clit
il lowinig
vsuietife liloi'ile. Uploni iuiuirllet urn o'f buirldilsi
f.".. t~itueC,
wl q
II ilfCe siuiiike viargi, Ch. fire wits
of Ctie first incremntei
onliolir igniter diIsc lily invanfs of
CriiisuuijCtted tl:roLugIh
the iuu ic kmaw ComI-,iiis i tion in iCts cente r) tii Chi second
incremuent aind ;ao on. It sIlKuulf Ihe noted thiiiftle 2nd,
"cross" ot file .quickiiatcli
IM~ aiid ithit disc, did not have tif'

llcvst gitaol , ill Il'ic Arsii Te ci It epC I 510


Itiu.i. a
I
Toal
(19dS
,
vIscioledth Iand
Si~iike 8 inalshemittingGolors:
ic(iodoczihnGsn
iltai
green , oL
rI-* ignu :Kid-yw as a sheut.
und
-Blau).
Rot, -Violett
lone Ly 2" in d iameter,
s reel cylinder a vera pi nj A 4.1,
di cover whiachi was hield
eiivi11e
u~~ mi.
i.fxe
cyli nder ci~nin pilac byIii s tri p of adlitesiv~e taipie. bLicl
twinied a siioktv ciiltli~iitioni (looise grains for the red
s ignal a nd foiur compre ssed "y inKd rica Ibllc ks w ithi central
'tr
hole for thegrebu.iiioesinl.Int
of each snmoke miixture was locat.ed (except for the griven
t1
signal) a shecer metal tube provided with sull l perforations.
(The Fgreeii signal hrd no tube but a cylindrical cavity
extending through all fiiur bllck- of the smoke chargec).
I'll lower end of the tube was attached to die bottonm of
thecylinder, whereas the upper enid was inserted through
the bottom of a shallow cup-shaped igniter holder which
supported the friction igniter assemibly to which a pull
chain and ring were attached. *rhe lower part of the igniter

f7nfe;r Cup

I ,Fue

Wr4
W

ho

*,~

RedrSmbk Strg

,etr

Get 1'9

Wr
k1/..
1

i', &rh,-,)

S; 1VUi-Saprv,,stoffe
('ilcsi.a [.xl'iosvcs) were chlorate
c*s~I o~: V
.l~ts eIoped before '1W I bly the 0 bers ch les i sehe

--

!a.,f~,
~(~b~2'
ir'd~).

~A

-G~ fir

doe/y

Adpte'LP
9n4''

/~/n/.#r
lel
/II7r
Hol
-

Fabrikation

von

L~i1nose(Sheswlabk

urArinec utid %fo.rine). According to Iirscales (Ref 1, p 185)


01wLy3- (iSilesia,
was a mixture of K chorate 80
Oa(ax) with 20'; resin of which 4!. could be int the nitrated
state. Anothe.r composition contained K chlorate 75 (max)
resin 8(minim) and Na chloride 10% (minim).
The resin
had a1InP of about 700 and the Na chloride was mixed

with I tou4%
of it weig~ht of paraffin )ili.
ollowing

were

the

compositions of some

of these

a) Silesia IV: K chlorate 70, resin 8 and Na chloride


221*:; it was suitable for blasting rocks and ores, but not
for ti'w in gaseous coal mines (Ref 1)

dl

Con

b)Silesia No 4: K chlorate 80 and resin 20-; it was


suitable for baisring rocks and ores, but could not
be used in paseous or dusty' coal seines (e

lReferenices*

I)
R.liscales, Chloratsprengstoffe, Veit, Leipzig (1910).
& 185
tocQuick-pp14
2
.arhh
,iposes
Churchill, London, v 1 (1917),

13)

pp 182-3

1:.ltarnett,lixplosives, Van Nostrand, N Y (19i9),p Ill.

o er

Silver Atide (Silberazid) (Ag A ).See general section under

l~o/e
Srn~e Sgnc,/
.iseilly, which in~cluded the delIay element, was extsended
nto timecentral perlorated tube.. lielow the igfniter, inside
the central tube, Wererlocated loose pieces of quickinatch
(black powder) used to facilitat. h
giino
mk
chote: In tl
ren
c
sign-al the pieces of quickmatch were
l'otcate In the ca
sty
ldoi:weety
e copoitions of smIoke mixturesrt,
tOrgani c dye

;rt1
49.0

..

Lactose'(C 1211221 11 20
K hoae.28.5
Ansoluhlr's in 1IC
Indrb

dfe rn)20

247

3.

Re

Vile

53.7

A.B.?

23.0

17.8

7.3

26.4

1.8

3-6;

.44.'

2,I371.

1.21.
3.6tc

reilitofchage(ingrms)
23.
uS 2.028. .
The signial was firedi by removing the cover, pulling
quickly' on the igniter chain (by means of the pull ring)
and then throwing lthe signal (or placing it upright on the
ground). Thec friction wire being pulled throug): 0.04 g of
the composition: antimnyt
sulfide 50, puotassium chiorate
310 and mercury fulminate 20,;, causet' it to flash and to
ignite, in turn, the delay element (0.05 g~ of K nitrate 75,
charoal6 an sufur 9%). After burning for about 1In
chseconds
the faned o
h dlyeeet
gie
w
cords It qucmatch (black powder) which, in turn, ignited
* the black powder composition (0.1 to 1.8 9) on -he bottom
'I
initr
disc and
the smk mixture. The smoke
ifrgomn the burning finally
lla rte
*

holes in

the central tuli

was forced truhfe*m1


ori e
cetal cavity in the

caeof the green sinland


thence around the frcto
igniter, and throug~h the hole in the retainer into the space
between tile retainer and igniter holder. Thmeheat and
of gases generated on bumninF ruptured the
prlessure
fimcovering the six vent holes in the igniter holder thus
allowing tliesmoke to escape. it was assumed that tile smoke
charge burned from the center outward and from the bottom
tipw.ard. Thle' duration of emnission of smoke was 12 to 20
seconds.
Signl SokeDevce.SeeSigal
~evce.Slateredi

Silver Fulminate (Silberfulminat). See general section


under IFulmrinates. It was used in Germany as a primary
charge in the Ansonithapsein (q v .
Silvit oder Piltrit (Silvite or Picrite). A type of blasting
explos5ive prepd by mixing pulverized picric acid (left
oer from wU 1) with 5 to 101 of aqueous molasses or
cellulose pitch , a tarry product obtained by evaporating
su.fit

liquor from the pulp industry.The composition could


rontain up to 220. of aromatic nitrocompotinds such as TNT,

)Nli,etc.
R~eference,..

1) 13.Naom~m, Schiess- und Sprengstoffe (1927) p 66


m

2) J.I epin Lehalleur, Poudres, etc (1935), pp 457-8.

Sinoxydsatz odor Synoxyd, Primary explosive mixture


developed in Germainy about 1930 to replace previously
used mercuric fulminate compositions. It has '-en claimed
that the products of decomposition of Sinoxyd are nonfram
croieadd
o
rd
iers
ihrul
n
kovache (Ref 3) give the composition of a mixture us~d
by the Germans durng U ta
olw:la
tpnt
olos
tpot 5Sto
25 to 55, tetracene 1.2 to VIIa
5, Ha nitrate
25 to ed
45, PbO
10,quc
Ib ' 0. to1,(asiie3t
adpwee
glass
0 tov
5;
Referencb
E)I. von

hierz, S S

28,

39.(9)Di
133

rsosee

Deersinfri
ndn
2) A.Srettbacher, Spreng- und ZU'Indstoffe, Zarich (1948),
pp 98 & 106-7
IhiceolA

oac

,Mmju

31267(94)

Sintered Iron and Steel Itoems, such as bullets, pyrotechnic


devices. ec.c are mentioned under Pulvemmetallurgie.
Iron Projectiles.

See under Tiefbonder Verfiahren.

Skp Bomb o! IC Apprntt.., dextgnart.i :I SSflf


K is diescribed on p 14 of *PM 9-1985-2 (1953).
(SIe t.under .Bom be).r
taiio

Kuels

Blc
r -~

ArmorSmall
Arms Ammunition. According to A .JDlcre, Ordnanc
iSergeant, December 1941, pp 357, the German small arms
ammuniition 'was similar to American. The complete round

consisted of n cartridge case, percussion cap (primer),

propeloing ciatge, and bullet. 'rhe cartridge was drawn


e rmsheet
ce
brass (copper 72 and zinc '8%) ofoml'.spur)
slheet steel, copper plated on both sides. The case was
bottle shaped, groed at th.! base and coned slightly to
faclite xtaction. A primer pocket was formed in the
* base of the case and was connected to the interior by
Blu
flash chaninels, In. the centei of the pocket an anvil was
* fotnied on which the prmrcmoiinwas
fired by the
firing pin. the primers were of the Ilerdan type, either
the No 88 or No 30. f'he No 88 primer consisted of a brassc)farSnH
cu omnaining the primer composition, and a covering
cap of double-size zinc-plated lead foil. The primer earmposition was put into the cup dry andi was protected from
dampness by the cap %hc wa aqce o h nie
Thie inside of the cup was also lacquered to the level of
:primer composition. The No 30 priner was essentially the
%arie ian the No RR except that its primier composition wasS
different and practically non-,erosive. A charge of a typical
asinle-ase vaitoonsitedof
catrige
smal ars
arms
lcantridge acnished ofuaresiglae-bae(itreae
smalluoe
graphite- wtrete
flaelllse) propellamn thinlckish,1.t 1qure
na
aot-utsrae.2 mm thpickand 1.2leto 1.5 bont-taithas
*fake
~sufcsn sof
~
~
~
Atpclblehdabotai
~
~ of a lead core and jacket ~consistin
''and consist edsmooth-cue
*either cupro-nickel, ,gildinr, metal or copper-plated steel.
rhere were also bullets with steel cores or made entirely
ofsee'See under 'Steel and Iron Ammunition Items). The
bullet was crimped to the cartridge case i .n the conIventio nal
manner by means of a cannelure.'
The following calibers Were commonly used during'

in
Armor

Pi rCor)74cin

P/erc~w
PI17o'n
SPtrPaf

fl

Smf

Red

Pok

Red or Blacki

latoe
Spzgcrcsmi
tIler
A iunitin hS.dalkr
c) Pehtrte) ArmKH
r('ioerng Super)cchs
. 1-akc ite
ing(ue r) Amuion
a
In,1r'it Amri arte)
ugse r
wastc ;aintd
colted w-ith I ugildin martad clre aulld

black and the annulus was. red


.1) Pair SE~m Matronen Spitzgf-schoss mnit lEisenkern),
Scini-Armor-11icrciiug Ammunition, was similar to the
above, cecept that die core wits of soft steel or iron.
(Set- also unticr Steel and Iron Ammunition !icra..,
0) Potr SinK L'spur (l'atronen Svitz-gesehoss mit
A rnmr-l'ie re ing-TIra er
undi
Lcuclitspur),
Stahlkcrn
Ammunition, had a bullet with a stcel core and lead
point filler enclosed in a. copper-plated steel jacket.
[he tracer wvas usually green changing to red. The
tPoint of bullet was painted black gand the annulus
red. This round was used principailyai t aircraft
rmr
t) it tahlkisi,
Pt Pm(arnnPopo
Pierring-Incendiary Ammunition, had a bullet with a
steel core and a phoporstligItwsue
ant
traet ofgwinte
thelitarget was
ascrf and onsrkn
1
S.I.smcke
was evolved. .The an n ulus was painted either
':A. 7.92 tMi
Ammunition wAhi Ich can be subdivided into
red or black arid sometimes the case had a red band
:the following' ty pea:
tacross
the base
g) Potr IS (Ilatronen leichtes Spitzgeschoss), Light
lS(~oe
eavy
~~ Pat
wt
~ ciee
~ ~ ptgshs)
a) ~~~
Pointed Ball Ammunition, had a bullet whaledPointed
Ball Ammunition, had a bullet with an aluminwn
core and a copper-alloy, jacket. The annulus on thefiln.Tsrodwa
scfratarrftpaie
flig
hsrudws~c
o
niicatpatc
base of the cartridge was painted green. If labeled
Pat mmuiton
s, te
oud b uedh)
B P3atr(hleobachttungsgeschoss 13atronen), Observat ion
ats simply Pt
S th amuiincudb
usdAmmunition
had a bullet with at core of high explosive,
either in rifles (such' as Mauset or G;ewehir 41) or
afueithcnrlpoinofhebltndapi* anmacinegun
(suh a MG15,MG 1, M 81 MG3'~phorus filler in the base. It was an observation round,
a.nd MG 42). In the same weapons could be used amthe Purpose of which was to indicate by micans of a puff ni
muntiowih lbel Par aS
in which the letters
smoke the spot where the target was hit. The 1-illet
"* iLN indicated that the roundsiL"were
clip packed. The
xet its ti p.
lc
wa ane
* lbeluPatt sS htit Gew"iiadicated tbat the rounds were.
Note: Thi- buillet is described more fully under Observation
designed for use in rifles and1 the label"Patr sS fli MG
Bullet. According to CIOS Report 33-20 (194S), p 18,
itwsasadpea
Oineit:
ultfrs
giot
indicated that the rounds were designed for use in
mnachinie guns'
aicat
!b) Patr SinK (Patronen Spitzgesc-hoss mit Stahilkern),
i) Patr IS L'spur (Patroner, leichtes Spitzgeschoss
*Armor-Pierring
Ammu~nnition had a bullet somnewhat
initt Leuchitspur), Light Ball-Tracer Amwunitioa, had
longer than in (a). The core was of steel and the
a bullet with 2ti aluminum filler and a tracer (white).
jacket of steel with gilding metal coating. The annulus
was painted red

psr-a/

ArMor-

Ileav
Roun

Pdr'a

/)un

D5

Bol
Round

(ba.-S

Pa~r

AbiPIS

-Cram
are

ftsfrm

Or*".
Bleck

ei

Ger 181
Thiis

aifmmunition

was

*.vd

in .Iantia ircat
pIctice.
pt
',Anitn
11i4black,
Th tp ofth 311811s( Olatone
ntiank
j) (latrncn
Ptr
lB~ 318
Wiztof~,
Rifle Animimitii ii
which contained a simall charge rJ
harassing ,teeni. It had it verv l;,rps cartridge Vaste
and'an armor-piercing bullet. There were two, typps
of

thiis amninun it io,


onei usd it,r die Polish Aitui tank
sd nisGra
oy
m
'cl
n
h
te
V (Pnnzerhiichse ; )). The Polish rouind wats
'zB 10
which was marked
smaller than the (,erman
"mnuch1
*7.02 nun 1 ii1i11.

17-18,
Rept 11-20l (145.
Notei. According to (.
tieGermans also developed two other tracer bullets,
desig~nated ats SiiKl.spur (DO1 and SnKIL'spur (60). There
described in this German
wsalso the Sinl(L'spurni.
aectucll under evlf-lcstsroying Tm'c er Biullet.
6i. 9 mmn(.54'1 Ammunition could he suodivided into
tile following types:
A), PstPotr 08 (lPistolen Patronen 08), Bail Ammunition,
hadf a' bullet with at lead core and a jacket either of
cuoro-nick-el or gilding ife.tal.
110 PisstPotr 08 mE (1Pisto1en Patroner.fln

i+seer)

em-r'o-liriu
Amnto
whc
ha ableT
TI.
'With a mii!d steel core and lead point filler.
jamcket was; of steel coated with gilding metal.
Note: Fach of these rounds could1 be used in the following
iweltilons: L~uge.r (l'arale'elum) Pistol, Schmeisser Carbine,
Plisrol, . Bergmann Submachine (Gun
V~althier Autiflittic
and stcey r-Solothurn Subm achine Gun,
C.
13 nmm(.51") Animunitljon could !be subdivided' into
tOw !.ullowini -pes: ,:smoke
at)

hligh Explosive-Tracer

Ammunition

had

bullet

couitainirqg some PE:TN as a bursting charge, a point


detonating fuzer ,nd a tracer composition. The bul le t
-as painted yellow
Animunihion had
1.1) Iligli E'xplos(ive-In-cendiakry-Tracer
above
aeigeinsas
.1bulle t conta.ining th
plus the iimcundiatry composition. The builet was
painted yellow Itith a blue band
c) T~racer Am.Munition had a bullet containing the
trace r composition, givting either a white or green
trace. The bulhet was painted green with a white bandd) Armor-Piercing-Tracer Ammunition had the bullet
painted black with a yellow band. The trace was
*pale green.,
Note: The above ammunition was used in the Rheinmetali
-Solothurn Fixed Aircraft Cannon SIG 1`1.
D. 15 cm (.59"1) Ammunition could be subdivided into the
followin typs
a) Ilhigi-ix plosi ye-Tral cer Ammunition had a bullet
containing a lPETN/Wax filler, a brass fuze (AZ 1551)

and a tracer. The, bullet was yellow with a black

band in front of the driving band


b) llighi+.xplosivec-lncendiary-Tracer Ammunition had
at bullet containing the same ingredients as aboveS
plus the incendiary pellet. The bullet was yellow
with a blue bandf
c)
I I i gliEx plosive-Ttacer-Sel f-Des troy ineg Ammunition7
had a bullet Aimilar to; (a) but provided with a selidestroying device. The bullet was painted yellow
d) Tracer Ammunition had the bullet painted olive
grwn with a yellow bond in front of the driving band
e) Armot-Piercing-Tracer Ammunition had dhe bullet
painted

black.

Sometimes a yellow

Generator wats a training device consisting of a


shec.t nmetal tiox with at press on lid. The box contained
a heatin g comiposiation (such as the one coilsi.sting (AI
hia peroxice, Bit ntitrate, Fe powder and kiesel guhr) above
which was prtessed -.i chemical warliare agent (CAA) (such
as chloracetoplienotne, Clark 11, mun;tard gas or thiiophns gene)
absorbed on kieselgutr.
Reference: EX.iU'ateiiian, ("10) Rept 32-13 (19418).
Smell

S-Mine 351 See [TI 9-1985-2 (1951),


S-Mine 42. under Lauidininen.

this section because when this work was conceived, U S

prcie classi~fied these items as artilery ammunition.


See T.C.Ohart, Elements of Ammunition, V iley.
1946) p I , nd onl items of caliber 0.60" (15.24 MM)
mal arma category.
sallr
or -k,
it shadbe noted, however. that quite rectrady (fall
of1955) the U S calsailication was changed and the
calibers 20 mm and 40'mm are flow included in the cascgoly
'Of small arms.

Accoalies so

Jif

pph 27ii.80 and also

Smoke and Chemical Rocket, 150 ram, Spin Stubihized


(15'ise.en
cm Wgr~~i an reebe
n aptcaranc e an elongated
(1il prWg;r 4ld
was presebldi1wt a isjilhous rnosc cap.
*he body consisted of a thin-walled steel cylinder lousing
a toLket moto (seven single-perforated diouble-base propellent grains, weighing 14 lbi threaded at tie b~ase to
rcceiye a cylinder containing a smioke (or chemical) comnposition, ui bursting charge (3.05 lb oh picric act,!), an
hesmoke composition (not
exploder and a base fuze.
specified) was located betwe~er i th outer wall of tile shell
container. The weight of
the
burster
vall
of
the
outer
and
filling was about S lb and the total %eight of the
rocket 79 lb. Tile simoke conmposition was ignited after
the shell hit the targtt.

Reference: I'MI 9-1985-2

Ba//irs
,.

10%3), pp 2 6-7.

'cl

#
n
Pr-OpeIlan

/150

cryrri

m k

Chemnical
R c

band was painted

in front of the driving bond.


Note: 'The above ammunition was used in' Mauser Fixed
Aircraft Catinon MG 151-15.
adAlthough the ammunition of calibers 20, 25, 27, 28/20
and 30 mm was considered by thc Germans as belonging
inthe small arms catajtory, it is not included by usnin

Sallapivo '90001.

-2
VkngN
(I94)p27,teewere
explosive
devices suspended on wires 2's0 yd long attached to parachutes. Theiy could be dropped frorr a Plane ahead of
enemy bombewr formations, thus formiing an effec.tive floating
barrage. The units which were not exploded '-ventuall y
caine to earth.

F
F

n9

se

4X

FUZe

___________

ig
I
rocI
. d t
.....
hr)
'i.,,
%vhl
vvai..lv;
( sraellir'g strcirigly of carccq bjr). A rraekimicria!
Se:Ctioil of fthe
.!
ldocateLd if) tile rIa
ft
i'.
ilpi
d
0
b
a
l *cxiI
i
1irrl.It!v.i;a
Ienpt1
1u
0'.1 arid over al
'
btr'
ody leiii
d iamtcC

b,)................
1-;
;:! .)-l');
Tube, Jv:;v.
'Smrok~en.'Ai.A -soe
Isp 120)-1 , consisted of ain auiticir cm cyIiiider 'rousinK in
j~
crrr~
id*
cd sI-aoc
or
bL tu .f;
i C
I ts
pivinr vc-ry irighit yell'ow smoke) arid in Its lower section
a incassage eontainer. H ie top (cover of diec Cyli nder held the
f ivtio n e
scj ,i t1 A.Lk,. ) ..if,
&:ccao gli a hol e ic-I
-cf.~':nea tlr- cover [,rotrided
dii

powder

~~~(

~ ~ ~ ~'~

I,) NC 50 WC (Smorke C ylIin drical 50 kg Marker Ilioau)


NC 10 Dr Sec (Smnoke CylIin dri cal $0 kig FlIoatin g
llomlc) was siwilar in construction to the NC 50
with at composition giving off a white
v~m fii lt*
Imk
t
V.(). Ther o-er-a~l
smioke and
ii.lwas fittc'.d sitin ftu~c. (A.i
ig lit was' abiouit .!2 kg.
m:nok( (lviindrical 251) kg consisted
ci
C20
t wo lon glitudnal halves
o
a steeci bodly (ma d. o
liviaped mid c I I tiogethier) anfri (our tail finsa. Inisi de
'loIi' fwr
t%
is nca' C the central tube which contained
w ooden block and an imp ac t
itN.
ait burs ter chiar -v*
u
cok
orrajrisiion (fliixture of chioro "o
I ccS. Ilie
a cid ii, in, ,n Iof.r triox idei (,;';.) fil ec thle space beof the Iticy and tile ceiitral tube.
tween tweA ib

aoijid lei
wer lci tted off Lbe s iddo I tire siaik e (container1
severalI pieces' of l ire ciiiickmatc
Cl tlovc thr iioe
container.
e~e
n
on~
a'
o an'
10. 1
* lilA o~~.

~C

~Iaree

~we

~Py I 15-

flhte

,'

~ff

* moke
I~ ~

e n

U.

Tail Fins

ioirias

IBas

e C/a Sing
- Ru g

Alessae

ess a~eP

Sii~k

mixtnsure whiichi, onl con tacz w ith


an iiateiise whlite smrok e.

Smnok~
Tube

lcri.~

Ole suirro unidin g sic i

~the. air, c'1 it-cd

eretsiil
Ilieci~~~~~~~ooe
tl
ue(sal

n ll
boliwri arilcd
tYrl~
l~r .ie
50Fukg)cnsslo
NCAllcrcl'i

~~

I*i-i

~~um

9195-2Tub

c rc

cklin
fclc~ia.sr rc

Smoke~~~~~~weraMohill
NC).usuall
Sm.k
breviated~thWer
prdcn

(W,4
i

PmeCode

lioichc
corcipositi.n
igrited

a,

incnro

smokee

jrrhsLe

Li'~v (.105'le
di

Ifl

Nbek

zn imist

in
Aescricrati
a)~ec
C.
witiic
a handue,

p~rtosbl

I.u
Rcn~
(S-KV
whr

lexa
Ha n

Hafefz-)i

ci- iice1rcur I

17
e! Fin
i
S~,

t as top

lniw

(hexl
yitrate- I iith
~rningj~o

sjrlit
emitting
canglit artie

*l,ele
conaierN~tlia ,011resse
foloingsunoke Tt
dene

70tic*mg

asm

adl..r.rclretl

to
cciicarNblyinrsh had 7h
Line
Inside
y
r111

ia

(if

MYepivdc

o7

i
cove

assesil-ly.mt

devicel

o in2w.at I: c
lmad)
ted cof *manc~i

aowhichad
In,sid

7c

lico

it-r 1Hk
it)1

K;4)
-~~~

nifer

c~arq~
L0'

S/hke'was

C'Aorye

Sm-,cL

C ml.cI, (Nhlf

Hadl
.5.5 andi binder 1.0%;. After *Lu~rainj for about A seconds,
was igai teJ. [he nemcke and gasesti
theisoke on hIacrge
tieccsrated
irninj., forced all exit through thle zinc
t icier benecath thle two lit)iev it, thle steel top. A
large volume (if dense grey smoke wacs emitted, according 10 C~ios 32-13, _-for about 3 minutes or for .1-7
anin~accccrding to PIATR( 1440
6) Fast Smoke Candle (NbK S 398) wits similar in
econstruction to ticc NbK 19it with the exception of
the filling and the miethocd of use. Its smoke mixture
-onsgisted of hiexa .17,5, Zn dust 47.5 and Bia nitrate
5.,M , compressed in the form of a cylinder weighing
1.7 kg and having a burninp r6m- of 100-200 sec.
It was operated by firing fromt a projector attached to
avehicle
c) Slow Smoke Cacndle (NbK L 42B) consisted of a
round sheet metal container about 4.90 mmnloncg and
10 ami diameter, %vith three compressed increments
of smoke composition (ilexa 6i5, Zn dust coarse 2.5, Zn
Jdust line 10, and Ba nitrate added 0.75 -1 5';) we
*hig
17.5 kA.' It was i nited by mecans of al%
g layer
contriining: Ilixa T.175', Zn dust1 47.5 and
ntrate
na
51;. The emission time was 25-35 minutes
.
d) Black Smoke Candle (NbK L 42Sz) was identical
in structure 'with the previousi candle but .ontained
38, difeen
moike composition: hlx
8
hoae
1,crude anthracerue 11 and kiesc~iguhr 1'.. It wiin
pbressedi in three increments, total weight 12-1; kg.
Ignition' was effected by taccans either of a safety fuse
igniter or a low tension electric igniter and a gamne,
lIce time of enmission was 10-16 minutes
e)Smoke Caindle (NbK SSR 44) which served as a
fixed aircraft smoke imarker, con.4isted of a sheet
nitlclner' 1.10Mnin' l~osg and 91 mm diameter
provided with six 20 min diamneter emission hioles and
filled
ith
oirne
mixture of llexa 52.5, Zn
dust 1H.0, Zn() 4.0 and Mg powder S.5%. Ignition was
effected by k howitzer fuze aind it gicine. lThe timie
of encission was 45-75 seconds
f) Black Smoke C:andle (lNbK Sir) which served as a
fixed aircraft smoke marker, consisted of a sheet
metal, Cylinder, 140 mnc long and 91 mm dcciic, provided
'with four 15 mmndiameter emission hiles and containing
two Compressed pellets (total weight U. k81) of the
smoke comco,.itioa: ilexa, 2S, K chliorate 415 and crude
anthracene
~.Same ignition ccssembly ail above.
Time of, ,Pitisinaboscsut 2 minutes

from

I k)of I lesci 56, Cicrue anitibrabetnc 30 and Mg powder


1.1%. Tame of Vill is, (in
a boci I inin u e
h) Stroke Cciandli (SBrK 11) which served to siaiulatt
Iburniniig

cci velhi:cl.-.,

conibsjted

of

lb

pasteboard

cylinder. 5ii minbidi amete*r antd 280 minf hcigh, filuled withi
two hand pressed inr~eneibeibs (total weight 6,00 g) of
iibbture: Lexlb 2X, f: b.llorate 410 acnd Lrude anthraccene
1l21.L Time0 of emlissionl of black smioke Ibicut 6b mlinutes
i) Smcoke C'andle Urulbc) N4bK 1/45) which served as
cc flight ,indiccctc~r, consisted of ai sheet metal tub"
lbIout 700 mi
blbon g andlb80 bibib di an. vie s moke nmix ture
coinsisting of Illcxa 48, */n dust 47 and Ba nitatfie5
andl weighing 12 kg-, wacs pressed indirectly. Ignition
effected Icy .a howitzer fu?.e anti a gaine. Thle time
if eimission wns abcout 10 mbinf.
Smoke Composition (Rccuchsatz).
iccay lit subLiavidecI into two types:

-Syll e'cistrbitct

*b
ccobtl3iill
Hit.
b.k. wabs of tile sablne d*imen sions
c~~itstile Abov e siv et tciletail c eitacin er. ThebCfilin
* IM cons,
sa:ited
(if twoi
cobiclresse.1 increiments (total weight

tibe

Jq~~cd~~nq

Wowk
I'

Smoke c.onposition.s

white or black- *.coke scirving, for screening purposes


(Nebielastol I)
Ib) Compos it ion s whi ch on heating devyelop"ed a cccl oied
siioke
Hhuntrauich), serving for signalling pUijbbises.
-lly of thiege coniponitions are described binbjer sibnal
.N
device, smoke bomb, siioke candle, smoke generator,
~smcoke projectile, sncoie signal and cinder pyrotechnics.
According to (dOS Replt 312-1 (1IM), 1, 18, several
iiioke coubpa sitions W1.r, beifsg developed -ucw ardr the
Several
eind of tile Ut 11I but Were- never pu into
lOService.
c omplosi tion s were' prepa red Iby aillin t tco tihe mix ture of
I lexci (Ilexacbl orccetha~nc) aiiil Vc powdier varyinig amounts of
Mg, to icecelerate tile reacbtionc. ()int, such iccixture contained
llexa

vei

0,,

Fe 0 and \tc :-,


to~
i
or-cu.- %im.,k-

Vcvry effective mixtures

wer

obtaiined

by

givn

varying

thei

48
erprincitc
O) 36n
22ix
Mg powder If,. A new mixture designced for sm~oke caindles
consisted of Ilexa 50, iZc dust 410 and ZnU 10%.
Among other smoke compositions may be cmenticoned
titanium tetracliloride, designorrd as FNMfused in some
smoke Imand grerncdes), a mixture of oleunc 8( ancd pumnice
20'; (used in sonc p'rojectiles) and a black smoke mixture
ig18.5, hexachloroethane 61.5, naphthalene 12.0 andi
cunthracene M.Y; 'used the Black Snmoke Cartridge).
fReferelices:
I) Ii.Ua.Batentan, CIOS Rept 12-13 (19415), pp 1(0-18
2) il.).ippiAg, (lOS Rtept 12-56 (1945), pp 3-5 & 17-18
A1cn
TM )-1995-2 (1-)53)
pp 89, 32S, 127-n & 129
-)Anon, rIM9i)i(l,)
pp 402, 473, 497 & 506.
(See also iReferenct-s under Colored Smioke).
iibc~tci

Smokeless
huvroi

Propellant
(cchs

or Smokeless Powder (Hauicl1icose


icci~
'Iv~)
e
rpl.nI

Smoke Flare. See under Flare.


Smoke
Gene-otor
(Rauchentwickeie) .
According to
EX.l.atemnai., 'C05 Rept 32-13 (19,15), p 10, all German
generators examined by him consisted o( a sheer metnl
container: 'vith one or several emission holes) filled with
one of the varieties of Berger mixctures. in these mixtures
thle hexachloroethane (abbreviated us hiexa) was used ais
thle source of chlorine and this reacted with mietalis suich
as Zn icr Fe. The latter metal was used wheni sicoke of
.An orange-yellow color was desired. All smicke. cccacbos;tibcns
were ignitccd by means of acn igniter aissembhly.
Several smoke generators are descrilcel'in this (Ciermanc)
setcnudrSoeCandles. They Lire' called in Cocrmacil Nebelkerjren.
One of tthe generators, nciniely, Parachute Recognition
Soine Generator is described in TM 9-1985-2 (1953), lip 8992. T'he device consiste:d of an ilumitiuni cylinder di-ided
into two sections, one ho!%sing the smoke producing parts
anti the o:licr the parachute. lTce first section was subdivided into subsections by three metal plates which were
co;iinected by twelve mo'tal distance rtcds. liglt sif th~ese
rods were equally spricebI around the cir:uncferrnce cci
the pclate&. while the renmaining four were spaced an equal
distance fromiandi closer to tile center. Thce smoke canisters

.iniviril
Ii

I'ccci I I' I iartitoci of


2ccci
I,incintc.
( ccnicng ciccehint. o~incil,;,.
Incd 1 -ill

ccc'.
c..

c'r

0-1-

o'
c
'fcl
t (NbHgr 41)
c. --imici r in
theli N 'I ir
41), except thac it ww. not

oli-;ttmc1,

Uni

o,0 vmdst3.5;n

aciud ha

initrie

1.;

1c

iito

cilt- chiarge 4100 g and tilt ciicie ofl emi ssiont 150t-2%0
seconds.

i,-orce

~ 4:nc)

:1

r"O
r

J1

rle
1,-

W irocIInnlyhlId icc rVc tic rsq, accl %i


cthl focur cancisters.
,ur I ..i icc colts we-re Ii led in til-c
l plaites fo r te I g It 11I
tl -lS, l
individual s n'kt
cic rsve.c
cilt caciurn
Iyli ciers: lined wviti *stiff wa te rp roof p cpcr anin conta
cining
fou ccituula:r blocWks, th rv c cIf sicioke
omposittitio
indl onei
of a' heat stablce blue dye .12 initI -will, K chloratei
11I.
and lactose 25 ;. Eal~aIi ccl ticle, chivc smoke 'coccpos
ciccn
hlnsladt
I smciall quancitity ccf priccming c~
omposi tion (blIack
icov~der) placed icc tie loose c~oncliticc tt c tice Isisv
befuore
pcis.
sin
g
to
t-ccsre i
0ito be~
n occe bilock Wicld
1
clii next
lieignitiion pellets were Eirccanged to iiccep tcle flash
from tlic ejection charge anti tlistuihute it t 'tile ficur ignition
cusst
cl of which *pierced til- center of two smcoke
canisters.' A totril of lourteecn black pocwder' ignition pellets
eepacked iii tiese tutbes. The ejection cli, irge. positioned
Elirt , c-ly bielow tile pull ign iter, 'cons isteil of
Sof fine
cite. I black powdetr. Below; this wits tlii ties: i
Icmetal ejector
pla
which Iwd it hole icc thle center tic allow
dlie flash
to reaichc tic t ignitcion nellets. IlThe seeccicI.
ejectoc plate,
des
n
h
aac ue foc
ccccic, lccgd(t
t rv
oretitangledc
in the outer container, wais
plaicedI in the
lower part of the upper contain cc directly alcove
ithe
para'cilcuir. Tile paccutecanopy wits made of continuous
filament
visoner~yn.
ota weghtof he ettr.ata Aa 11.5 b,

/1*cjpfr

~I

--

r)7/
S; t~iOfl

~~~

aniui

ti t, ti ft i

tdiadlay, of
delayhrofa
i.aspl fom
it.

icun

as Ill

-AA

~ ew d

removedh201an
ani pulled lon gi-

to~5scnsth
niefu ctioedandAther
hi to5tecopasse, igiejefuctior
the
t
carge the
he detounatof tpeas
sed
tof tejexplosionrforcedbss

explde t.othei-aes
pessre
Te
o exloson frce
pulled out cthe parachute. Ac the same time,
the
eetrcaeigieIrepeltof
lak
fouth igntion
powdr
istibutd
wichte flme o th to
for ig!*ton
I beI
ah fwhich pierced cthe'ccccter of a smoke canister,

turn,

i dens.
abomouitio26
srit mcytigh
iatky for
foof rW
ar bood td2 s each
ond . and Itremttd

Sm
oG~renadel. See.&Snicike hind Grenade miciucidec Pistol
GrndnIifle.
Grenade.
. ....
Grnae
de Ilnddipe),
Sm~eHcn
(Nttlandrantteode
Grnad
Ilendorpr).
Thefulowiiltypes
are des
cribeXd iin 'IM 9-1985-2
(1953),
8)%laeIhacd Grenitte 39 (N~lcgr 39) 'closely feicemblecldc
ttle HE
grelnade 24 In external form
and sizeIIW&fletic':withi
smoke mixture containing
and Zndust. Total weight I lb 14 oz

oke

c) Smoke hiand (iciande (Blendlegrper 14) consisted


iii
1i tear drop shcapedi glass flask (21 cc diameter),
provide~d
2
with .icardbocard handle and filled
with 10.6 oz of
titaciutici
tetraichcloride (FM).
Its overall len gth was
andd
cci totail wc-iglit 13.2 oz.
grenade was used to
product- a sniccil smioke screen to blind the
enem
ir
to patch salts in larger smoke screens.
The 1ask
could be easily broken by dirowing it agains
a hard
surface. On vapoizctciaion thic tentrachloride! forned a
dense smcoke,if thle
a
ihlpp
(eaiehmdt
327Ji) Sm oke H and Grenade '(Blendk grper 24) consisted

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~6

iaeerR

10

~c

of an outer glass bulb of moldted construction


tamning 270 1g of titanium tetrachloride and an coninner
tube containing 36 g of an aqueous solution
of Ca chloride which was seated oil a rubber washer
was sealed by a sulfur otand cement plug. The contents
of the inn~er tube served to provide the water necesanry
for the reaction
with tetrachloride in the formation of
heavy smoke. The Ca chloride was probably
added
an
11c
a mean m aantifreeze.
nn er and foThe
r t hc
egrenade
sam e puwas
r poseoperated
s as t he in
B l enthe
d..
Odrper
14.
(p 328)
e) E~gg Type
Smoke
Grenade
(Nbtihgr.
42)
consisted
of a'c cyhmadro-elida srpt.
metallic container,
.4.14
lon aned17 " dicameter filled with a smoke composition One,
Un of the body was flattened to permit
the insertion of
tile pull type igriter ZdSchnAnz 29
(p 429),
Noe

Acrdn
toC S
p 3(95h11,te
cotepoActordinf toe
CIoS mixtuep
In-1 the45
r 42, the
oiollno
h noemitr nteN~igN
2ws
hlefti (hexachloroethane)
55.0.
(Jn
ust 4.1.5 and Bae
nitrate

(,er 18)

Pris
Of used

$u/ur(10.5

1)) l1P5 aIrzl Smoke Pro'ectile (or the Nth] 1lawi rzer
cm FHGrNb) was similar in construction to the
shell. It containcd 4.3 o. of 11 A (bursting
.. Carge) and 4.1 Ill of smolke charge .(okeum impiregna~:ed
weight of proijectile '10,811 (fi-. .472-D)
yuIi').Tal
c) 15(1min Smoke Projectile, TIype it) (15 cm Ge l9Nb)
to sI~ll No
the hieavy Ilowitzer 15 cmnsF~l11 I
simiiltir in construction to the Previous sthell.

qiferprevious

-Ru~'Wahe

s/7oefor
1770kewas

Outer

It contained

7.scoape

//

len

Nbtid

wh
a

Sgnal

hetm

(it IMPb.

Tot'!f weight

80.4 11b(np 50(,7)

D~evice and also

d-e Iisol Grenade.


P;o Grenode. Se
R~auchigranatc).
Sm01e Pro 'etie orShe (c-'gehboss,

Snik

.8use

17 17 L

aT( explosion, produced


selo
t~ emas
eeeffe.:tive 'against personnel
hc
frget
some
Abut not against objec-ts) and a dense smoke or fog %whicl.
,served to prevent the enemy from seeuin what wasgolngon.
In some cases the smoke rrojectiles were used for spotting
purposes, as for in''ance the,'80 mm Colored Snmoke Mortar

fragmets

charge) and

0) 150) mm Smoke Shell, Tryple 38 (15 cm G' 3BNb),


for the lieavy F~ield hlowitzerl315cm sFH 18) was similar
in constrtiction to the 15 cm Jgr 38Nb, except that its
burs'ung cha:rge con gis.ted of TNT. Trotal weight not
given -IpP 51)6-7)

tde

(bursting

150S cmi Smoke Projectile (15 Cm J~r 38Nb) for

cm

37(1

lb of 1PA

had a larger
G3
u;n 15cIS
th Ieay nfnty
inner burster tuix! than the previouis type. It contained
.1.91 lb of P' A (in the burster tubie) and a smaller
chairge of smoke mixture (oleum/puniice) than the

~L~d/(rp15I
k
msqo,6100 seods
e
SoeHan dSigna.

1.21

-14.08 Ibhof oleuin impregnated in puimice. Total weight


of proiceile 85.8 lb (pp 496-S)

wer

whih

0r
15'?r3

Proetile
following smoke projecti les are dlescribed in
*Uhe
T*M 9-1995-3 (1953), pp 4102-3, 472-3, 49(r8, 506-7, 512
and 5 31-2,
Tank Gun (7.5 cm
* a) 75 mmn'Smoke Projectile forto die'
the samne design as
'NbqrPotr KwK) was machined
the lm: projectile. The inner tube contained at small
burster charge (2 oz of picric acid) and au laurge charge
of lumiwe
of oleuro, 20 parts, i~mpregnated in 2i0
stone. Toatl weight at shell Was I I.(, 1 (pp .02-3)
-#1

Fuz e

f) 155 nim Smoke Projectile 115.5 cmnGr 422 (0I .'or the
was shorter thtan in tile German designed smoke proto less thani one half of the
imndextended
jectilesof the
512)
shell (p)
lenth
g) 80 mmnSmoke Mortar I'raj,,rtile (8 Cm Wgr 34Nb)
f or the mediuim (mittlerer) mortar (8 cm mGrW 34) and
far the Short (kur er) ~mortar (8 cm kxGiW 42) was
~conventional in desgn It carried a sulfur trioxide
mixture and a PETN/wax bursting charlte.
*

jo~n
1'

rs

Fl/e

ke
om
LnO1in

erIt

iI

Bu

'smoke

weighed

jChor

--I

~P~A~Kk)

French Ileavy Gun 15. ciii K 420 (f) LNItle 1916 St Cli
was ot conveintional design. Its inner (burster) tube

CM
r

7.85

lb and was provided

with

12 fins

(p532)
A)i) S0 mmnColored Smoke Moitar N'ojcctilre (8 cmW
38Deut) for heavy (scluwerer) inortar(b CM s~rWerfir 34
was of conventional desifn and carried 12 fins. It
was filled with o composition which Save a colored
3
Mfor'tar Poetl
D~ IS
i)80mmSmke
cmiWgr 40t~b)
mm
soenlirSintroce(3
for the heavy spigot mortar (3 eam schwe,.s Ladungs.
werferi was of the sime design as the corresponding
M.' 1,,ortar Projectile described on hi 115 of TM 9-1995-1
j)t.453 min Anticoncirete Projectile (35.3 ton Orb*) far
em "nubitzo MI) is briefly described
the llowhs'e. (35.3
t
under Spotting P rojectile
F4Gr
105 nin Field l owitzer Smoke Shell (0.,5 em 12-11
40A) Ibriefly describ'ed on p 14 of CIOS lRept
(1)911)] virs filled with 1.14kg of the simoke mixture

(;, rIX4o

~ explosive corttaining Na nitrate 55 unit 'TNT


45!;. It was suit;d.J,- for loading bombs and shrapnel shedls
p
A dp~uzer1~a(erA.Stettbazlier,
Schidess- und Sprengstoffe., Barir,
Leipzig
Sodotol

(193), p 2''
*Sodium

Airide (Nit A )(Nacuriumazidf).


See general section
under Azides.
Na A was used in Gerfmany for the ni-tnafacture c-i leaid azide (L A ), ats described in PH Rept
93,611 (19-17), Section 0 (See also undcr Bliriazid).

Urs e

Mix Uip .Sodium

It

ii

Chloride Explosives or Kitchen Salt Explosives


(Kocl.s;.Jzspreng.;coffc).
Germaan
subs.titute
explosives
containing laIrge amounts of NaCI (up to 60';). They are

~denicri bed

itSodium

IIIhlozives

under Ersactzs precigstoffe.

Nitrate Explosives (Natriuniniicratsprengstoffe). Ilxcontamining. Na nitrate, such as Sodatol and sonic

I*ipiosives iescribed under Phrsatzsprengstoffe.


sodium Picrote (Natrium l'ikcrat).
See general section
under Picrates. It was used during IM If in -jermany a.,
4 eimponlent of 61-1 (Powder), proposed as a substitute
for black powder ind as a propellant for Panxzerfaust.
In this composition the picrace was mixed w~th a binding

Gr4?.~IiJSolid

Catalyst. See MP--14.

nrI flen
c'na
55
n !dLst M~S aund
Solvents and Plasticizers for nitrocellulose, flastics (such
I.itteI .S`. 'I lie ti
oe
ission was 4-7 mninuten.
-is polyvinyl chleoride), rsins(,esynthetic- rubt)s t wr
Noe:
11.11.liullock of flicatinny Arsenal,' all
desfcribed in some BIOS, CItJS and FlIAT Reports, a.nd
(,crI:,,
id..
prfil-tilu
*eladed foro
-.T
especially in 1111)5Repts 1651 andi 16(52. Thiese two, reports
ti,,'
Sioj~te.C
10.l
0111CAner
it.. '~ n-ui.
lit uhtl trs
.1916
in the field of solvents and plais ticizeirs sponsored
by thle Rjaw %Iaterials D~ivision of the (Biritishi) Boardi of
Smoke P
Ouff ICartrid.ge,
% odn
to llj.J .Epig, CIOS
Trade. The field of investigation did not include petroleumi
- -H
3 pc
-St(1)
I 6, %-.lef an itemn was' developed by
1,
and chlorinated hvyliocarlbons. A brief description of the
cliI )citsclie I 'yr.techoiisclhc Fabri k i't KiesellbacL/Vacha,
methods of preparation (if t bonut ISO) solvents aied plasticizers
,~.t the 'ite~h is not dlescri Led.
were given but nol data for the solubility of NC. etc. Some
propertics of plastics are pgiven in the
boereports.
Smqke Rif
Gren~ade. Ste under H~ill.' (,rena,].-.
Soman .See under Trloii n,.
Smok mok
Rocet.See
and(.heica Rocet.Sondertreibestoff
(Swecial l'ropelliamg t~laterial), developed

~.tigto
~~coc

Smok Shll.SteSato:.
'coectle.during
Sec-under Signal Dlevice.
.9 1-1
,
1.1 r.(901;
Smoke Sig~nal, Hand. .Sec
v nder4Signal l)evice and under pyrotteclnics.
as wid
drecion
Smoke Stick (Nebelstal.), wihich served aawidircon
indicator,' consisted of a shevet Metal tube, ahout 100 mmnTe
l ong, it it; 16 'mim diameter, attachited to a wooden handle
ab~oat SO)site. long. Its smonk. filler consisted of six pellets
corcanic:.J:ccse Kchorgtan
Anhoie(xc
,conipisitior is unknown). It wai; ignited' by means of a,
calp wit ita frict Iion surface.
Reference: +,.%%.latcman, CIUS Repit 42-13 '(1945). p II
Smoke So:nal r~evic~e.

Smoke ,Tube

(Ilauc-broltre)

w.-s a' smoke em~itting~ device

Consistii,6 of a seamless drawn cube, 250 time long andi


23wer eon
dai.t,
e~
hindo whcgit
olwn
opstos
a) MJa
i layer: hexachloroledtlt-n 4.9. Zno dust 411, Zne
oxeide 4 and Mr, 6%and
I.) Initiating layer: 'hexachlciroctliane 55. ino dust '11
and Mi: 4"".
Ignited by
,.siVaey
Iof
oal we1 1glt of til,e device wats* .lx~iit 20)0 g andhtullet
;mai~ no
-ns than, 611see.
* Reference: CA Itcliet 12-1 3(1945). pl' I 1.1.
Sna Tye IjriterIK~i~k:'i,,lti.Seetittle lguitr.
5norklil odler Snort

s.t.i

Schnorktl.'

VeW 11 by IG EFirbenind was presumably intended for


let propulsion fuel. 'It contained an unsaturated
ece
ihcnetaed
compound
(d iketere) whc
4) nitric acid with, exploitive violence. The reaction
time was within Itundrediha of at seco.- I
'rte mixture finally devemnped contained: divinyla~cetylene (diketene) 5-6,, vinyl acetate t,-l,
benzine 70,
diethylaniliiue I and iron carhonyl 10';.

use as

ag
Note: 'rthe composition does not add to 100"..Telag
amount of iron carbionyl appears questionable.
Reference: CIbS Report 25-11$ (1945), felt 20-21.Son

u-hswaocntutdb

.'lasheko
on
u Iiswao8os.ucdb
.alasheko
Austria, was designee to cause casualties or damage by
means at sound waves of great inteiisity. It was claimed

that ait short range (say 60 mn)it could kill a man and at
reater ranges (say 300 im) it could disable him lor an
appreciable length of -*time. Abredecito
ofhs
dlevice! is riven by L.E.Simion, German Research in %IW
11,
Wiley, N Ya (1947), pPo 181-2. The weapon consisted of
a par.. bolic reflector, 1.2 meters in diameter, having at.
attachmnent extending to the rear of the vertex of tIhe parsbolt.. 'rte attachmnent consisted of a firing cha alter (for
producing energy for sound), tie length of which wats
of die wave length ol the sound. At i.srath
hme
was provided with two coaxial nozzles, rthe outer nozzle
cntitirt g metliaqe and the Inner one emitting oxygen. Thme
frequency of sound was from 1000 to 1500 impulnes per
second anti rthe pressu~re proiduced by die sound waves uas

(,er 187
Spezifische Energie ocifr Spezifikcher DrucI., dlesignated
aus"fV See Specific Vn..rgy, ,~r S;.ecilic i're-4sure it; the
'e~nerni srctjon.

ii

Soiexifisches Gewicht
raT section.
A

4,

Spex~fische Wuirme -

~~E .2L6

1, nsl to 100microbars, when measured at a distance


o( 60 meters. The military value of this weapon was slight
,due to its short range.

See Specific hleat ill the g-eneral sec-

"ton.

Spigot

Mortar (Ladungswerfer) Projectile. The following


11j1terehi.!
described in TIm 9-1985-3 (1953),1Pp 1,54
a) 200 min Mortar Projectile, 20 cm Wgr 40 (Werterfr
ranae
4)

501) ATEDI
D OPE

Sp, tafic (;rairv in the gene-

st..

intheiight (leichter) spigot mortar

us

c-rar
dugserew
consisted of two sections,
one 'ousing abo',r 17 l1bof bursting charge (TNT) and
the *other propellant in diree sectious each weighing
12 g. Total weight of the round was about 50 Ilb, (p 534)
b) 380 mm Mortar Projectile (38 cm Wgr 40) for the
heavy spigot mortar (38 em sl~ndungswerfcr)wa:, similar
1,,design and shape to the 1mmroctl.tcntie
Olbo lIII bursting chaifgc and was provided with
fins. Total weight of projectile wits hotint 32H lb
Note: There is no indication it, the above manual how
this projectile was fired and what kind of spigot mortar
was used. It is probable, how-ever, according to II.HI.lBullock
of Picatinny Arsenal, that the- hollow tail section of the

"Sonne" Guidance System forimissiles., See under Guidance


Systems for Missiles.
Space Explosions with Carbon Dust, Se, under Kr~imme!
-abrilc Dynamit A -G Pressing of Explosives and RiF
aeit'rh and Il)evelopmetat Wu-rit.
Spalt Fuscheads or Splitting PriMing Drops. Wthen shooting
in' :coal mines where considerable uncontrolled electric
currents are to' be found, the fuseheads of electric blasting*,'
caps or detonators have to be constructed ia such manner
that they shall not ignite from a ptential as high as 15
volts. This was achieved at the; Trojadotf Fnbrik, D A -G
by usi.ng special tension fuseheads 'in thli resistance range
ot 3000 to 50000 ohms.
For preparing 11such fuseheaas 'the tip of the bridge
wire ,was dipped succesively -into the following com'positions. allowing the material to dlry. after each dip:
a)1t dip ciompositioni, which consisted ofPb peroxide
* 43ga, cerium"- magnesiuma alloy 28.5 & and'Al (particle
sie10 to 20 microns) 28.5 g suspended in about 70 ml
: f a 3%.s..n of NC in amyl or butyl acetate
b)'2nd dip composition consisted of fed 'lead (particle
size less than 5 microns) 90 f; and silicon (particle
*size
20 to 40 microns) 10 $ suspended in a 3% solae of
NC in amyl or butyl Oacetate
rd ompsiton was a lacquer conisigf
c) ip
* a 1%so'I Of NC in 75/25-butyl acetate/ethanol, to
which was addrd Sipalin AOM (methylcyclohexyl ester
* of adipic arid) in the amount' of,20% of the drty weight
*of Nr.
stbliy
Itrg of thse lusecheads in rMoist
Thr
* atmosphere was not very good.
'Note: Soldering of' the bridge (fuse) wire to the lead-in
*wires: preparation 'of dry lngrcdienta for, fuschead dips,
preparation of NC lacquers and the process of dipping the
funeheed combs are described under Fu~sehead Manufscture.
I) DBI o's Final1Rept 833, litem 2 (1906), pA3/35
2)
I'D ept 95,613 (1947) Section D.

pCe
M

prle.cwaiN pliced (before firing) Ovel


which
itw s ini tie fo rm of a shtort tubhe. At tlie ihist- of (lie t ube
Us Insrtsned it cadrtrnidg e case with a propella nt and a
fiingwasProbatbly done in it 1it:i1nrer Similaor
)i)'ttt. Ii
rlde
herk by a
e by 4a
Mortair,
to~ that tor rtbe Su tito
poiled apriog and opera ted by a lainyaird. i
See St~e~ms.for

:Spike Bomb.

(Spialir~.A~
ofaitike~~s popehant tiriy-tsitt f pl.ean iprenatng
piared, in 188 1byntating slitetofperadnientng
theta 'wi tht subntn'ltCKsi khic slow .lown Ithe rate of burnintg
(ntoerats)
Esci oinosiior
Ti
ofthee ppelaiis
was never revealed by rlie manufacturer, the l:xpiosivstoilfU~erke 'Spiralit
Gecscl!schaft und Max Thorn, Hamburg,
The charges were 'made "by superposing and compressig
itrtedpa1r.bination
f
sevralshets
I'ais(102)
p7,
Referenrce: j.lDaniel, lDictionnaire,
p75
S ee Fragments
F~ragmnent)
(ljenrs ity of
Splitterdichte
tsnit
! ,yIe
*ri st.
.cilarlg0e
Sphittingi' Process of Monufacture of Sulfuric Acid
;rbed under Sulfuric Ac'id Manufacture.
brie fly de

is

Sporting Powder. See Jagdpulv'er.

i
ii..j::':t~
f
ndetniingIiesWr'ud:A.2o)op
/0Tebs

~snoile

111:Il rojectile of ( >st Steel (15~ cin Gr 19) Stg)


Ileavy Fijeld H ow itzers Is Eli 1 and a F I 18) anid
hfeavy Turret I lowi tzer (sill'). It was similar in
appearance to Mne previous projectile, except that it
did n~ot ha'.tie screwed-in base plate. (pp 1S(
l'rojeril.- 19 (1l5 cm Gr Iv) for hfeavy
J) 150 m:HE
IField Ilowitzers (s~l-l 11 and sFll 18) or for hleavy
Turret florwi tzer (slIT), It was About 25" long and
.contained
9.46i It, of IN I* in cardboard containers)
u
usigcag.Asalcip
fsoecm
position was placed on tie hottom of the shell. The
projectile hadi
screwed-in base plate. Two rpes of
ued
pacan
con
rm
loiita;fsa
:AZ 23 arnd lDoppZ. s(60) and two types of
[osters (Gr*X.1!g C2,'/;)Ni and GrZdlf C/98) (pp 500-501)
e)s(10)
11 nmill Anticoncrete Projectile (35.3 cmt GrHle)
for llowitsr'r %11was conventional in design and contane d 7, 11 tI'
oTNT ats at bursting charge
and a qmall
1
ai
-. 1, 1
Ci
t
n t!5(
for qnottiniz
l~pL)poseN Total Weight of loadtd Projectile was 1260
lb.
1ote: Accirding Er, infoam.,tion supplied bly 11.11. Bullock
and A.Hl.Scltillinjv oft Ilicatinily .4rsenJ, it might be assumed
that thle II F'filling
consi,;ted of four sections loaded in
a carton: the
Ist .inI Niil front sections were cast TNT
c ontai iiin- 9-10-I %%~':ix,tli. IM~ section was cast straight
TNT Anid tOw 4th section wams pressed TNTI (or possibly

for

Ba/I/st
CO

aine of the PETN booster (GrZdlg C/98 Np) was


focated a small' charge of smotke composition (pp
405-6)
b) 150 mmn IIE Projectile 19' with Giiine 36 (15 cm Grlz
19 mZdlg, 16) for Hleavy Field hlowirzvr 'lfi (sF11 18).
Ilt contained 11.22 rlb of cast TNT as a bursting charge.

353 mm

M/eLL
.3c

aind a, small smoke chargei directly, -under the 'booster.3.

II

Fuzee

rolec-

file Of G OsStee7/'if//n
/5cm Gr/9.

rslln
B

srwji.i.

C) 15(1111

a) :75 mml lII: Projectile (1.5 cal Igr 113 AZ 23nA) for
r le LghtInfntr
Gu 'IfG 18)
or Light Mountain
,Infantry Gun (R;IG 113). It was about 13" long and

ih

~e

4)

A
Projectile
(zchius-s beobac'litungsgrlnaice).
'Spotting
projectile serving for observation and adjustment of Artillery
fire. It contained a' smallI charge of smoke composition
an asepaate
ontanerisre
in 'the high explosive
405
ar
decie
onr~ ppnaie
l~i
,t~j'
Jn

mmt/
150ai

i.tw

CA7

oke

ur. n

onSf

ocsof7r)

Broos4e

Oer 189
jir- ei).It
Is pricsinred tibai tilt! I0, section acted
;s o irriliar lrronte~r,
because it does not seem possible
Srncptnsfe.e
SIrrengel
Exsplosives
in tile
hai~r'die large mass of castq TNT couldfhave been expioded
genrerail section.
by d
I ril Irrrstere (sh own onl the drawing) wihichI d d
ire: c~:-tend
%uffirivirty initi tile biirqtring charge.
Srngltn
fa igGltn.Acrigt
0) 100 inms Mortar Projectile (10 ciii
ttbce
'rgr 17) used
Spenelte(lain
(;at).corngo
10 -6 NPbk . 5. It contained 1.1-5Illb of TNT aste In
etac
(Ref 1) the German Sprenggelatine contained: NG 91-93
and
lijr.,tin~
clr.e .rnl;I srrral 'largt. of s'moke comprisitien
collodion cotton (N content 11 .1 to 12.41.) 7 to 91'.
ovit~c.i wijderneati
tire byooster (GjrZdlg (>9Op)an
According
to
Weichelt
(Ref 2) the 93,17 Spreni~geiatine
tilt fuze (NrgrZ IS). Total weig. !of the' projectile
0
half the following properties-. temp of explosion
4210 C,
Ci *.Vol
53.).
of gases at NTP 712 IAg, density of loading 1.55.
Sptengbtnndbr-rn6. (C~osrilin~rtion; lDerohitio'n ncenrliartr
specifi
prsue()10
gcd.vlocity of detonation
Biomb). lorre stic Ii iorrr,tirt, Sprer-glhtand C50 Bom.e,
describecd err1,1
i'W-r~ of. I NI9-i 985--? Cl95)'11. 'I'li Irorlb Wia M
7800 ti/sec, TrauzI test 520 cc and impact sensitivity With
of tilt- srr
shaou t s coovertitonsl iIE Wrinihs'
lit
its
2 kg; weight 12 cm.
fillinig wa difrfereint. lii
nose sect ion of tire botirb coi"Refeietces.
tilt dr 20
lbi
I TN i rild ireir nd tile diartgte writs p1rce .1
1) .II.Steit bthadet, Spteng- utid Schelie toffe* Zilti ci,
Eline
fuze ImLck
0I 9441),
ci. lrr d
tIn * i.,,' p.~ Let 'wits loca ted at bik el itt
9
corxailic
L~li idrljcuit
an& a steel encased
p
2
raIilte contp, .rkIr
re et aind Ideonator- tile Whole assembly
2) F.Weichelt, liandbuch tier gcwerblichen Sprengtechrrik,
Ireiiw hreld irr plice in tirtc. Irose of tile fuze pocket by*t
(.riodIal/are,19),p34
It.tIi prii:,.. ), ir It- drilled.I tltiougir tile rear side of tile
.Nah l,
1a eI S te
(9 3,P 74
I
..1i~e r1Ird Tlrroln
tir i
Eiv
ph ragni
(which diividned
;:",,(,%I srvctioj;2 ,-,ir to a silk bag conqitilak
SptenglkopseI (Walrstinig (ap) .See under lDetuitantors.
prtlli np clitret frir tilt- mniddle s'ection (if tile lomb
conrtg
Sprengk~rper 02 (Spt Kpr 9t2) (Explosive Paittern
I 9(7).
ktic ii Ii nc s. 'Ilrit! incenidiairy
ut: ts (sxi
fire pots .tnd
67 sirt I trian griar mnetal inc end irtry cehellen ti) were p laced
A de mol it ion rharge we i ghin g 200 f; used [tiring VIT I tot
a ronor Ita Ioiy tr ian ullit horll
ow steel column. lThtee double
tnt lit aty pioneer work, It replaced a similar chnroge maide
;tgi&~ ki p'laced in annular frrsiitri ri,rwnnd this column,
of tpicric acid called Sprengk(;tper 88
Colvet Ifigh E~xE,3ch pr-iriii 1rilr. 11;1 four otallge-ctrl~ored
biscuits of
pilosives ( 191 8), 1p23
hiighly> iiifiarinirr
abl. imiatetiaii pres sed between themt. These
biscuits werv igniterd
by tireflash fromithe black powder
escpelling' cha rgte and, in' turni, ignited the snmall incendiary
Sprengk~rper 28 (Spt Kpr 284). (E~xplosive Pattern 1928)
unlits directly arid] tire qui-kinatchies of the six large units.
consisted of TfNT or P1 A in blocks 2- 15/8" - 23/4h e, expllosion of ltie bhlc .k powder ch itr V also ?i~hC-rcd
rpe
nwxppro
llcdi
aeiccnanr;
tire , t~ liunirirr
screws, ..uring tile biase PlWaternd ejected
Waildi
isppro
tirt! inceindiary elemnents' river a radius of about 100 yards.
nbteiecnrre;
Itwits one of Cedemolition rrcr
charrge.- of UV iI. It W~as used
Abirort I sreconrd after exptulsioni the delay 'element in tlte
in stome lind inines, as for instance (Jasmsnine 41(f).
boint t noea
'
of
tire detonato mi
ie
h
NT charge
References:
tiotitetnoeaci
of
theb . letririItor
fie
I Ita te1
1)(38S~~
, mt
pt 'reclr Manual FM
NI
TWOri w,-irlIrt ilf bol
(1945), pp 129-132
irr WtI
Ibu 75 lb1 tlvermill leipnti,4."
b(rly it ipill 2H,0", niry clriame ter 8.0", wall tlhk n N,
2) TM 91941!5.2 (195% 10
I 275.
C).15li
til lciit~ir 1 6.01 aind ItswidithH .3rr
Sprenomiliel. An explosive in prepared formi, as distinguishter

:i

II

II

frmO. ilpil ffi po

~Pattern

Sprangnnunition 88 (Fiillpuilver 818 oder Fip 811)(Explosive

0;:
Q.

Sprongmunitlon 02 (I'Lllpulver 02 oider Fir 02) (E'xtlosive


Pattern 1902)I.TIhe name yiven to TNT adopted as m.litary
extplosive in 1902, replacing Sprengmiunition 88.

,aa

1000100T

Oel
ALUMINUM4
s1(5154
W~AR
Drirt~t

0 0~%~a~

,-~o~
0

adopted

Qni-

arlSprongnilet
DOVOLE MIDthe

1888).The namne given to picric acid (P- A


as a military explosive in 1888.

COLW~t3/4,
t~~lV~rs~r

InIAr
L INItNDIAOV
UNIT?

*O

(Explosive Rivet).See general section anti also


paper of E.R. von hheirz, Explobivstoffe, 1954, fleft
pp 29-38.

The (Jet Pat 708,218 gives the following composition


for use in explosivec rivets: Al (polwder) 65, mannitol
hexanitrate 25 and tettarcene 100;.
Sprongihi

PA-AcPOWER

CIP
tivtosivi ONAasu

odor

Nobels

Spreng'oi. Same as

Nitroglycerin.

Sprongpottone 02 (Spr Pur 02). Demolition chirage weighing


Ikg; used at die time of WW I frt nmilitary demolition work.
Itreplacerd a similar charge, "Sprengpatrone 88t made of
A Colvef, Iligh ExNplosives (1918), p 23 ~
Sprongriogel. See I'M 9-19115-2 (1953), p 264 and also under
Landminen.

1101
LUSSprongsalpsefr
lit Li 40

e xploaive

(Saltpeter Blasting Explosive). Any blasting


contrining; K mnd/or Na nittate, charcoal/or

*
coil aind sulfvr, stich as blas;taag
ac
to'
,f
SIIa
to'rcu.
fSrenjgsalpetet explosives,

(,er 1901
iie.TeatahenI'.su
ra
*.,.a,
to prevent the bor,hb fro"' ricochetting.
Referenrce: T&! 9-1985-1 (1953), p,1 21-2.
Sprengstoff. (kn'eric term for an etrplos.i vle at; 'I;tinguishedl
Standard'
Propellant (liinheitstpulver or [AI'), called
fr)m Sprengmittel
Powder by ll.ll.M.Pjkt.,
(,IS 108
d6t
14)
-.
p"Unit"J .was
'(V Pulver (diethyleneglyeol
dinarar pro-5)
cellant) which contained 1.'
K nitrate or V;~ hydrocellulose
Sprengz~inder; El ektris che (Electric Bhis~ting Cap, literally,
and had a calorific vailde of -10-M~ kcatllkg.Thjs mixture
Elrcricl~eraatng
gnitr).Iwo ype ofsuchdcvces
was introduced in 19-141as 6he "ervice"
kscibe
*.Be
proelnfr
wio typ~esofSrntof
sc
evicnd
all ammunition in order to mhin masc the
Lifede'cribd
eyli g .y: rekofv'Sprngstffeund
dioffeerences in
ballistics previously us~ually obta ined when
GLridmirtel (1936), pp 222-(,.
-with
the same formula were manufactured attpropellants
different
Pu~~'o~e).Apla
(pa'lu
nts. Teer
lheincorporation of eith
K nitrate or of hydroA'S Puler
Spada
11w~ir).Alropellitnr manufactured
cellulose was claimned to give much more uniform inter1e.a
1WIb
treating td,
crface of .n.'dJe-base powder
patblitc
frpl.n~
;rains with an alcoholic sb~utior of centralit~e or diphenylStnpbePchTt)ee
ril
etoBaaersr
qinline. Th is pro-. flant was exported Ito Turkey.
Star Shell. One of the projectiles (10.5 cm Loaichtgesciaoss
Anoter
Puverknd as f "5spotin
proellnt
FS)
escrbed
In'M 9-1985-1 ( 1953), p 4(.4, contained
pre
there
byntaind o
I L1PIj
awus
and ea sotiing theroeult-latrnnt
aES
tdscried
to a parachute. Mien the shell reached
preparead b
irtig-wut
n
eatt'gth
eut
a predetermined position over enemy territory,
the time
O
o d

eogr

~ro

* lxposfset ,l'rs
(1930). pp 227-228.
Bore Gun.
:See Note under Tapered Bore (jun.F
SSP (gich erheitssprer.i.pulver). A ,safety explosive which
is 'based on ammioniumnitnrate.
Squeeze

Reference: Daniel, Ibictionnaire (1902), p 737.


Stabilita~t oder Bestoindiglceit (Stsbility), Loagerbestlindigktelt0
(.Stability in Storage). Srability, o, explosives and the teats
totr staibility arv des~cribed in the ge-aeral, section.
Stobmine~ See

u e

/-

SIt
Stabmine and also uhndei Landminen.

Stobo.! See Stac&helbombe.

Stochelbombe,

abbreviated as Stobo (Spike- Bomb).

Some7
(;ernia~n bombs. such as the SC 50, SO 70, SC
250 and
S50
colbefitted
with a sieby
att~aching it to
ai threaded lug forged to dhe nose of the bomb just
above a

Star

Chu
I.e

Ii r.d til.
*(;er
bas
sI
cof dii
aid
10 ta p arach ute to be ejected
di o
i
tlie flash
g ases of d
xelling
xie
charge ignited
01111
OS ti on. liiil s s lull ,se-rvedl for illurin iating diei ns ra Ia fionn
aOn troops in order to is sst thle
I(me

~
~U1~

191

~al.Simultaneously

trhu
fromtlelel
the stear
enemy's
artillery'
Thae 0aC.1,
we i
-d 3.0 j
.it,
firedt from %ome'
caplumard
IOS( 1211111
p~in 'S, suAChas Bldgia n, FrenchI,
P3oli rl,

~andWs

slC

Iand Ylagosl4av
I .
A larger j'roijeitile (203 mim) serving the Same purposecoe
buta
a aesia na tcd tia,. I'larc Pro jec'tile,

i 5 !c
ls ' be
n
I~-U
f ''M~)l 99-~.Its German designa'tin
0 was 20.3 cmn
,,L eu~chtgra note atn. i t W-1i fi ria from
ta,' R~ailroaid Gu
K f E;. (See also under lr)

Sabuchprrbie

rider

ia

the

Arisonzilr be

eto
l
telst,
Ti5O
knaownai s~
as (runht~ est
)v%.Tw
'oohi;k
ndOgi .nated' iti. AusItriai an d ( .erlaaajj y. 'le
first

te.

*.

tlaivdael

Deutscher

Reirie6S.

if

((jinarc.e~t

Stuhunmser

~07
SteelBullets-

nac(thasidlused thle Brisanznaesser nach Kast,


an appar~atus;
iJlvv;ltld ini 19H by Kav
.Bai11
of these uagetliuds air de~.scib d by
Sttbce.
(Ret;f
I and 2) ;tndl in the gneral section tinder lirisance

~sr.

S/eel

S/eel

Refernces .
.Steel
I)A.StvttlOclaer, Schicss- Land Spreaigsit.ffe,
Barth, Le-ip ig
"( 1913), pp '105-368
'2) A.Stetttliiehr, Sprcng- und ScesstofashrZril
'1948), Pp 113-115.
Steel 'and Iron Ammunition Itemns. Nmarily
iafiantaaaition :iteams (such 'as baullets, capis all of the smaller
cartridge cases,
the pre- Aa. 11 period were mannuflactured
from nonfe-rrouis aaiet.ils. air; all'iys quch as copper,
lead, nickel,
'bas ilding r eta,-J etc. l)ue to
shortage of
th e abogve mnet~als which developed theat acute
the beginning-.of
*A
I!, it was foutnd necessaary
to
replace them by the
ferrous riacetails such as steel or iron.schdonp816ad8-.
T he following- 'ammnunition -items made of
steel or irn
by~
th
iatca
affen- und ',Niunitionsfabriken
A G,
*S'cfs*altriap hici Zieck,late described Ily Il.Peploe
et al, CIOS
Report 11-20 (19,145), pip 7-22,01 8 4 '5 0.

rep~

*etc) (if

a)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
u
iekr)Blecn
Sm Sizeeaa

'sst if an iron (soft Steel) core sureounded


by a
Ica%] jacket surrouanded bay a steel
envelope zincated
on 'the outside (pp 17 &

30)
bi) Snal (iang) I Spitzgesclaoss mit Hisenkern
Bullet, was' similar
to the Siaal' except that the(lang)]
lead
'sleeve was only in die rear section. Irt
penrate' for dat Ioss of weight, tht! lengthorder to comaof
the
iron
Icore was correapnfidingly increased
(pp 17 & 30).
Note.: [here were also 'armor-piercing
Lull eta, one with
%feel core (Spitzgeschoss,
Stahlkern) and another w ith
a' tungsten carbide core mar
(Spitzgeschoss mit Stahlkern,
(,;ehl~rate). They are briefl y described
under Snialt Arms
t

V l

4B

1v

scieonp

-6nd450
(Se also under Cartridge Cases, Steel).
It should

be toted thatth
ensdeeodte
technique o F making sintered iron bullets (see under
Pulvermetallurgi)
and also a process for covering tie
steel
rojectie with sintered iron or steel, described
briefly inn
thswrune lfbnerefae.
Stick Granade. See Rodded Bomb.
Stick Handgrenade. See Potato Mnsher Grenade.
Stlelhandgranate(Stick ]land Grenade). See
Potato Masher
G;renade.
Stocknione. See under
TM 9-1985-2 (1953).

Landminen andi also on p 277 of

0c Steel
* steel core ( .eadless)
surrounded"IhulletTp
by a steel Acniedoa
envelope. In this
Slnt(tnt)
A fteCroi~ye
explosives
bullet an attempt was 'made to cushion it (while
in the
manufd about 50 years aoi
bore) on a film of gas, For thiq purpose,
emn
n
ditdt
two
slots
England.
* were made in die base. ,f the core
It consinted of NG 68, kieselguhr 20, wood
in order to allow
meal
4.
an
d
K
or Ba n~trate with Ms carbonate 8%. To
inflow of gases on firing. The core
this could
was also cannelured
and the envelope had 'two cannelures,
one to key it
beaddsm ufntdol
to dhe' core, the other for attaching the cartridge
*rlrd
(Daniel, Di ctionnaire,
case. '.
Paris (1902), p 739
It 'was claimted that tile barrel life 'With this
bullet
was
abouti 5000 rounds (p 30)
$torm Matches. Accord ins to BIOS Final
d)Sel(Leadless) Bullet, Ty'pe
was a' zinc-otd
th
1313 (1947),
atce were manufactured
'turned steel slug with the bearing f3,surface
dhe Rept
Deutache.
Zun
considerably
waren Mcrnopole at Lilneburg. Noby description
* reduced iii comparison with ordinary bullets.
of match
Bairre
composiWrtas is given.
life' with this bullet was claimed to be
rounds, but ,-ould be increased by lurcaigabout 3000
aiullet
Stetneitlodor
(p 30)'."
Streckmlntl (Etne.called also
'
urctn h
StretchergFileth
steel CapImainufacture 'is' briefly 'described
orDiuxng
tent)
noder,'ocma
on Pp 36Srthr
ilro
iua
gn) nodr'ocma
asiere
h w.
zincated and, then, internally -varnished
vioug 'to filling .thcm'
prTN)
with the following MIxtrwepb styph.
the
soaGeoromatinsa
-'TTteGras
niate 40, B3anitrate 42, Ca slllcide 10, Tetratene
some non-explosive
3 aind Pb, materials which served incorporated
peroxide 5%. Steel Caritridge Cast manufacture
to increase tile bulk of the *IIs briefly deplosive. The most common of such
extenders
were

U;er 192

a.gents, such as Am, K, or Na nitrates. These


subhstanccs

%ere rot

Ytj'gn defficient ao
(trher

supplied oxy'gen to
ati nirocompounds, such as TNT.

inert

ats

they

A,,e:,nan extenders, suci as Na chler'ide. being neither

o0cidizers nor combustibiles were niot' as usef,3l, althloug~h


Ic litted
as
ha mitur~'of' TNT/NaCl
50/50 or
.evloprd
. -(
coinsiderable g 1as pressi.re on explosion.
E~xplosivye c '.'ositkon,; in whichl
extenders
wcrae
used' were. called 1hrsarzsprcngsroffe (q
P H'n, 85,h6,l (1946), p 7.
Iccc~'ll

"ySternss

burg M l
*

Strssur-Khl
Gidnc Syte.
Guidaclyse.Sene.Giac

eeunerGudace

C 5f~jI'J(Conttain er Ifor' Sc ttering incendiary


Ibornbs-). it consisted of a metallic tube, divided along its
1onito
wo ectonsweled
axs
op.rhe,
1 ituina
.a prinincord runainK$ alongs ide' Lte scala. A delay fuze

Stroubrand

With .1 gamne were attached to die orimacord. rhe container


was filled with 1200 green incendiary boxes immersed
in water. On release of the 'coltainer, the fuze was charged
Aind, after ashort delay,, it' fired and detonated the gamne
and thle primacord. Theli detonating wave travelled alongside the Neam arnd caused Ithe separat ,ionIof the two halveIs
isf time conitainer thus scattering the incentdiary boxes over
device did not work very satisfactorily.
a 1.target. IThis Refrene:TM
(953, -1R~11.'in
Rc 1-feen
05)),1)
c' NI 9-11.852
1-7
1savin

Sitreuctual Expletives- (1ali'lmt Flffect lEsplonivt's). At tillt


time of the de'velopment of rockets in Germany (during UW 11)
thle' military authorities requested the Kr~mmel Fabrik,
1)-A~~~~
prdc
ihepov
I hte
~I Io hc oletrieb,
beA
missilprdues
withoeput~
chnfrnednsteelc couind
beused 'as'msie:w thu being8cnie nselCig
and tihus to save delid weight. It was suggested by the Ktrnm

Styphninsinure (.Styprinic Acid)

See Trizin.

Submachine Gun of Light Machine, Gun. Sec under Weapon-.


The Auto~matic Pistols (Maschinenpistolen) provided with
shoulde.r attachments may also be called Submachine (suns.
Submarine 21. See lUlBoat 21.
umrnOeMn
ecUiot OeMn
Submarine, Pocliet. S.,. ScehundI.
Sumrie Wo-r.Se
iJotW.ilter.
Sulfuric Ac; d
and uses

(Schwecklsaure).

I'wl-arat ion,

properties

are given in the general section. The contact


~method,
using a vana;diumg catalyst, was the niost common
in Uermany, but some plants used the old chamber pfrocess

and at least one plant used the wet contact process utilizing
irgfarkA-U ud
hyllrngen sulfidle. I ho Clemi.,ehe
the so-called Peterson Tower Process installed by the
itldsulr
Lurgi Aprar~atciau, A G.naloftee
was the primary material. Inasmuch as sulfur was not
plentiful during V61 11, a special r'iocess (Splitting or
Cracking Process) which permitted thw recovery of sulfur in
thfrm isuurrixd
fcm .sewakslrc
cd
was delpd
nd uititdbyri
Co Sc ude
Lurgi Cracking Plant). Ths e pro)cess of mantifacture
of oleum was used by several Uermlan foctcories but it
is doubtful (see Ref 131)if the process would be e.conamilcal
peace time when sulfur is plentiful. Another sulfur
procesp is briefly described under Sulfur Recovery.

'hC,otim Isir of (Gerohlin riulf"l

tcd 0l.4113i waft


Hel

my

$reat but the followinlg plantn. briefly diescri bed In various


BI10S Reports~may be considered as typical:
a
G dsAtneg
'rlega-udZnhitn
Essen-ltergeborbeck (Chamber and contact
process plants) (R.-f 7)
b) Iierzelius Mecalihiitten Gmbli, lDuisburg-Uatahrim
Cabrpoespat Rf6
n~ airik that aeriacostigflyesfppr20at,
c)
Chemnis che D'cingerfabrik,
Randsburg, (Peterson
process) (Ref
9)
imprgnaed
0 pa
revousl miedTower
impegnte
tS ofmolen
f wth
wih
Mltn TT~
TT, prviosl
miedd)
Chemis.:lie
Fabrik
Weaseln
A -G , Iesseling
with H )X and NC, be "ifd for the construction of auch
bei Ki~n (Chamber process sufrcaci Plant and
also a sulfur recovery plant from spent oxides by thle
projecti es.- The 'other suggestiOn was to omiesynthetic
method of D~rJakob) (Mef 11)
with RDX sand
reis(thermoplastic 'and therrnmosettin)
rfesuhinseties(efI
e) lDynamit A -(;
plant at Leverkustri-Schlebusch
tous
s th 1W(Contact
thi
mixure
process) (Ref '0
I: is to be noted that such projectiles Prodluced high
f)
naswerke Frankfinrt a/Main (Wet contact Process
bllast effects (Luftdruckwitkuing oder' Luftstoss), btit
from hydrogen sulfidle) (Ref 12)
(itiismwme). I 'giteika ly the Hositta kind ofi blAst uffect Wasl
Achieved with a lIE in bombs constructed by filling a
thin,' light, metallic 'ease, strung enough to withstand
andling and shipping' ,buit too weak to withstand impact
the 'U S A thIe liht1
with target. TIhese bombs (aldin
(caled
lght
ca!;e bombs) were of: vey0i~ aaiy(homt
R0%) and
caused considerable da,mage by blast effect alone, especially
in residential sections. They were fuzed 'for superguicic or
ntdea'action. no~i-e~ayand
'Telarger siz
btOynbls: were cailled "blockbunters' in
U S A.
-Sulfur
Great b1ritain anod time,
References:
I). O.W.Stickland, P13 Rept 925 0l945). Appendix 7
2) T.C.Ohart,'Eleiaents of Amm~tunit~ion, Wiley (1946), p 227.

'Stubenrouch I.xplosives - A :series 'of explosives patented


at tile! end. of the last rentury by Von Stuberafruch Of Rasrntt.'
-One 'of his explosives was prepared by blending K chlorate
g0 with 0.5-1.0% of Ca carbonate (or M~goxide) and with
a ixur
pepre b teaIngtht
puverzd
aca
with tar (goudron) previously dehydrated and] desulfurated.
des 'Matl~res Itipilosives, Parle
5.1?atniel, ,lDic~tionnaiie
(1902), p)79,. undfer Vote S;tmbenratmclmj
Sturim~s~r
Motar.
(Annul Amout
Anut
otr.
mlf-rpropelled mwt
uerii~ae
coastitng
tan rcke
f a311
priecor'ti a~pw~ll~)
(S. also', tinder paitaer).

(otc
)Af
tllne-etmlt Imbi
Kr
ii)osn1%
-U (otc
-brk(f1
i
eef
10)
(
) rocess)
1) Lurgi Chemic A -ki , Frankfurt a,/Main (Contact
process and Lurgi Cracking Unit) (Ref 1)
Nordldcu~tsche Affinerie, I Iamtburg (Con tact 1vrocess)
(Ref 8)
References: BIOS Final Reports: 1) 244 (19,15), 2) 1621
(1947), 3) 1631 (1948), 4) 1633 (194Si), 5) 16314 (1949),
16,12
6) l1636 (19.18), 7) 1639 (1948) 8) 1641 (11,,9)
(1N4W, 10) 1643 (1948), It,' 164 (19-18). 12) 1645 (:9481)
13) PHtRcpt 925 (1945), p 25.
Monoehloride - Vegetable Oil Dynamites were prreparied . beginning about 1898, by thle Cliemiche Fabrik at
Winkel on Rhine by mixing NG with rubber-like products
olmtainemd on treating vegetable o:;s (such as linseed oil',
with sulfur monochloride, S.Cl.. Other ingredients, such
as TNT, P. A, etc could be incorporated.
Simlilar explosives Were Prepared by BiIielfedt
Reference:J.Dminiel, Dictionnaire, Paris (1902), pp 71 &114.
Sulfur RecoveryfimSetlnOxeTordc
te
shortage of sufur (so essential for the manufacture of
sulfuric acid) the Chentisehe Fabrik l)r Jakob,lBad Kreuznach,
before WW 1f, invented a method of recovery Of sulfur from
hc were used fcer tIme purification
xte
pn
h
of gasen In the0 Fis10ch-Tm sici PrOCUss PI.-ts or In
lte (;not Works. Onei much
I1s on W~h At tie 'heatlitche
Flrk
Aomln.I a rep~ortedf that not less than
65 000 tons of sulfur were recovered annually by this method

ma~ts

reCover%',
(See
untlei
Lurgi
Cracking
Process).
as
follows:
w.-s
essentially
O~rjak-ob's Process
10 our vertical cylindrical jacketted extractors, fitted
with cov er%,and -1ic vi'.mtatining six tratyn were loaded
with spent 'oxides (7.5 'tons' iw each0 vessel) anld extracti-d wi 'th catbon ditlie.:
t
neigec
Vessel att tile top and niovinig by giavi tv
h) O th I xtrctos,
ere n te etratio cyle
and tite off for charging or discharging. As A iresitly
Charged ex ti actor wits' puat
ii the line an extractor
otinIng c
louted oxide, was tak en off
U
Contain n reslyhare
vcse wa
is
retdwt
tif wilfur

had a spoo I-liK& body, wits sque. zed to .a

it(
projet.tile. It Wits claimed that the most valuable
arfiriiityte tif this type of gun wast the possibility of reducring the itotal Ien*tl: uf it bore Almost to one-halfI withlout
ny
and

in sulfur and front there the saturated soln


went
to ai V)h ton capacity water- heated still for d is-ilaiwhile fresh CS5 fromt the head tank entered
d) Midn the sulfur extraction in: the spent .Y,ide had
p'roceeded to the ecconomiic MAL , thle 'X rrr ercir was.:taken oat of fite circuit and the CS soln reniamiing
ill ;It removed to thle st~il by direct injection of live
s tea in at .,a ret press5urt'
el Aterremvaiof
te lst
rac~t f CS, te etrator
cover was removed and the 'best of trays lifted out
2ricil

f) !)istil lation of CS 2 was conducted batchwisc at


Aind the CS2
a condensed and collected.
8 0-9,0

Wh'len distillation wasF Soitplete, the temperature in the


by drect' nte a tt And die molten
still was raised to IV, W,
sulfur run out thtrou
a jacketted pipe int a Aderge
salow brick tray in the open air. Ventring tof tile
tIll was done wiith nitrogen..
A ttiore detrailedl description of this process is given
hI' hh.A.I~oyle et al, MO10 Final Rept 16441 (1948), pp 5-10.

~h

Sueg~t S
Synoxiyd
SV.Stoff

lhochtdruckpumpe.
Suprg~ihe

See Ainoxydislize.,
und -Brehnstoff.

.Accordin g to CIOS R~p

30-115

niri
ixtre o cocenrate
9"10
(19,5),p
(194),
tie 9/10mixureol
11 11 %te
oncntrtelnitics O~furic acid I tran-porrc'd in tanks' made of ordinary steel)
'was used in conjunction with a combustible (Ilrennstoff),

,sucli as 'gasoline, in liquvid rocket propellants. The above


acid mixture vwas known as SV-Stoff. The sanme name wa's
Aapplied to the straight concentrated nitric acid (such as
98-l0018 when used in rocket.4. This acid was also known

*h'as Salbei.
.SnheiRsnsadEmulsions Iu-ed in Germany durin
WW I! for the manufacture of items em-doycd in ammunition,
are .bifydescribed in FOOS Final Reports Nos 1715,
1794 and 1795 (1947).
An vBore
Talfn;'
to be
rocket designedi
biliquid)
sgerillmental
An
f iredTahun.
in groups
of 65 from
a launching
machine known
'a's die Dobigerlit. Thre missile was about 2.1 m long and
10cm in diameter, 'provided with a warhead containing
propelled by .a .liquid fuel (V'isol)
It was
of lIE,.
500 A9liq~uid
and
oxidizer
(concientrated nitric acid)..........ohn"
2
28-5
1)efO
eRept
I2) OM9-1p985-56(1946), pp
223.~
2) M 9198-2
22 195),
Tapeed
I~irgertrrran
oreGun
Geacllit), clle alo
GerichTyp
Seez-Boe
Gu. o Reuc~g Bre un
.was developed in' Gernmany in the 'early stages of V1W11.
its barrel Consisted of 3 sections (starting from thmebliceeh):
Cylindrical slection, such as. 42 Ami bore diameter
*'A)
*lghl
~~ ~
onalnidestonnd
~ ~ . b)
SligtlyConial
idde setio anhel%4
c0 Cylindrical section, such as 28 mmnbore diameter,
1*There were also puns with diameters 28 mm or 75 mun
A'ato
resleiuscto.m
f~~~~~~rc
-fr(a)
srto
id2
mo 55 mfr(scin
Beaue
f hn
ontrcto,
heprjctIle wh~c

smaller di. -feter

as it p'assed fromi the breech to tie muzzle. rbe idea of


this gun .was to present a large-cross-sectional area of the
;-riiiectile t,, rite propellent ,'.tses, and to present a smtall
crtmss-st*ctiomnal area to the atmosphere in order to reduce
air resistance and thus incre;.se the muz,.le velocity of

changes

in maximtum pressure and muzzle velocity


preserving alimost tire same weight of projet tile.
Although this weapon -xas light and ghave comparatively

good artnoi-lirn etratiotn it was given up for the following


reasons:
it, Its -naillifacture ;vas very diffiacult
11)It worv out too rapidly
c)t;efeivraewsrthrsr.
on
I

Somte of the tapered-bore. guns and their projectiles are


displav at 'ek Aberdeen Proving Ground Museum,

Maryland.
A srhort description of such guns is given by:
.

I. i'.., inion ,ernan Research in Wtorld War 11,


J.1ilety, N Y (19-17). p 139).
Note: According to l'..liuglsburg, The Ordnance Sergeant,
Masy 1941, !) 112, the inventor of this gun and its projectile
wax an AAllricant born German engineer, hl.Gerlich, residing
in Kiel, lie worked on the developm-jit of high velocity

weapons ant! projectiles from about 1920, and in !932


demonstrated at Aberdeen Proving Ground, kid a rifle
firing a missile with a velocity of about 4445 ft/sec.
The rifle was not Accepted. After this Gerlich worked for
the Germans. The first known combat use of the Gerlich
principle was made in ,he Lybian campaign. The weapon
mployed in Lybia was the 2.8/2.0 Pak, a lqthit antitank
gun mounted on a two-wheeled carriag~e. In this Sun the
first 18I of the biarrel, beginning from rhe breech, were
of caliber 28 mm, the next 9,1 of die barrel had a rapid
taper of .0221 per V, and in the last 23- of the barrel,
th taedcrsdto.0/
.Tepoetie
i.dn
rrtfatin band or bourrelet,but instead had two skirt-like
flanges extending sway from dhe body. During the flight
ofI the shell through the tapered bore, the skirts collapsed
caliber emerged
and a nearly smooth shell of about 20 mmn
from the muzz.le of the pin. It was claimed that muzzle
tztee
for hcivdard
mmul
up to 6000 ft,e
vlcte
armor penetration at 100 ~ds was 07 enfo)hr
(3Y) for machinex e plares.
and 76 mmn
Note: Accordinifto TM 9-1985 '3 (1955), P 360, die Squeeze
Gun consisted of an ordinary rifled Sun to the muzzie
of which was attached a smooth-bore tapered extension.
This means thint there was a difference between the Squeeze
-Bore Gusnand the Tapered Bore Gun. The projectile. were
intercl-angeable in both cases. The gitnt and projectiles
called "Squeeze-Bore" by the Americans were called "Llttleby the British.
Tapered Bore Gun projectile or Gerlich Proleetil.. Accor.l4)*'p
ding to TH.1inglesburg. Ordnance Sergeant, kloy 19441,
p319-13 the ,.....
Gerlich projectile such as the Armorliercing Projectile Type 41 (Pagr 41) used in the 28/20 min
Antitank tiun (2.81/2.0) cm Oak) consisted of the following
a) A tungsten carbide core which hod a diameter about
half die caliber of the itun at the muzzle and served
for the stiitual penetration into the senior
b, A thin lead sleeve which covered the core and
It In place. The sleeve served as a lubricant
for the core when the skirts were separating; from it
con AAmanp
suaslctih
ite
susly
all balliatic cap whchfite
into thead20mmo
forward sar and served as the nose or the
prolectale, OIn impact the Mg alloy produced a flash
which permitted observa tIon of the firing

* N6rc

The' Ml' Call' -'s not used in ali tapuered I~re


.
Meties, ;1s c"n 1wf se('1 fr(om tile diawin,: of Pzjri~atr'
In this projectilte tile cal, i. au :alumjnuin
'l arid the tracer4
.C(irosition, fitted into the base of projectile, Ipermlitted
o. crsvarh,, of the firinA.

jcin

Fot/n

Fcurard*~:
aM;

'sh

..

Car-

De/o-

CO

~~~.7

in

toi-

Co;r
r

t"

yr4

.74A,%

,~A
D 0Ltended
RIOS&travelling
A

~F

AlA),
A171170*'e

,'%

ill

a,

,o~e

~:Values

AO

'-Q~tWCyclonite)
CoThe

____e

AVV
~
-

-.

/*

d)Aforward skirt, which was mad.e of a soft iron


or ylding metal and served as the bourreler of conventional projectiles. The skirt extended as far back
as the ba-e of the core and was provided with 5 or
more equidistant holes. These perforations were in.
to decrease the mass of the skirt and to allow
air to escape as the skirt was squeezed back and
down into the recess in the projectile casing while
through the barrel of the Sun. As a result
of this squeezing the diameter of proiectile decreased,
Note: In contrait to the D~isintegrating Rotating Band
Projectiles and to some Sabot Projectiles, the bands
!skirt) of thle Gerlich projectile did not break nor detach.
hey simply squeezed to the diameter of dhe muzzle.
A rear skirt, which was made of a soft iron or gilding rmetal (which served as the driving band of conventional projectiles ) extended away from the body
and was squeezed down and back in travelling througta
the barrel.
Note: The penetration of the 2.8/2.0 cm Pzgr into armor
plate was abu 3" at a ranage of about 100 yards And a
muzzle velocity of 4600 ft/sec. For the 4.2/2.8 cm Pzgr
the penetration was 4.52" at 200 yd and a muzzle vel ot
4000 ft/sec, and for the 7.5/5.5 cmnPzgr the corres codins
were 6.67", 500 yd and 3936 ft/icc. In al~cases
the guns were Antitank, such as 2.8/2.0 Pak, 4.2/2.8 Pak.
Somewhat differernt was the constructi'on of the High
Explosive Projectile, such as the Spror 41. The forward
part 'Of this shcll was flat amW idterv was no ballistic
cap. In palace of the tungsten carbide core of Pzgr 41,
the interior of Silisr 41 was filled with a HE (such as
which was provided with a p.)int detonating fuze.
forward and rear skirts were similar to those of the
* Pzar 41 and served the same purpose. The fume of the Sprgr
41 was bore-safe and before firing A ainfle coil spring kept
two half-collars squeezed against the firing pin, thus preventing it from being depressed. In flight, the centrifuga
force created by the rotation of the projectile forcueI
h
two half-collars apart, -and the firing pin was then free
to oaove toward the detonator On impact, The Sprgr u41
was used against personnel end lighut material targets.4
Note: The above described Armor-Piercing projectiles
had arrowhead design ';ead. and (fr this treson can be
classified as Arrow head (Needle Point) Projectiles (q v )
The advantages And disadvantages of sthe tapered-bore
Sun and It@ projectile Are listed above under Tapered Bare

dcIli!K Jirjrtjc,
iled 21 ! t Ik'

,r

"",c

0% II

RAJ.C.""s,)it'Ats

ntjrd

lrc

2)A.If.SclIbilling, lbid. 1578 (1945)


for
lir,,l~iwrt~
'dk41)As Bo
Bore Oil',Ila.
57
41')45

075/55

for Tapvli

1)l.,r-'avr..- Bo
jtio.

in
I

sreas

R eferent~lces!
Iiv~ fept 1 320 (1944) (42/28 irm

I'l
4i
di lv Arm
I Muaei,

'421) nim II l,

28,60 into
lirojeti

min Il-Sll

7/5m
f

l
9-I~

h
(I"

42-28 mim Ill.. and

Torbr.
lrilwS.~* ln.er
Torbr.'sc~vmulr
T'ilols(Set
Tatrget Indicating Flare, Mark 50 Kaskade .and
In'dicator(RedJ 'are ti Iscrited if) TM 9-19895
IA)
841-'s (See also under PIlirr anid under Miarkr.

Target
l-1

* idun
(icrmen:,.Se
tider:od~t.*
are tanp..
Television
Guidance System
See under
Guidance Sytstems for Missiles. for Missilen.
Tellerappoarte
for mixing
proliellaints

oder Heizbare Misichmaschine (Plate Ap


panitii
Antipa raus uitbleAs
*e atl ari
bleu s lixr nhorlicaabl'MiingMachne)
g
ac h n e) An a p ara
u s uit ble
solid and liquid ingredients of explosives,
and Pyrotechnic' compositions. It consisted

0f

larp&Lhorizontal, cast 'iron, steam-jack Ieted, cylindrical


pahiho h
Mteilsweeplaced.
These were
pan~n
th
rnerils
hic
ereon
crushued and mixed i.y the comlbired action of a
long, small
di'ii~~mcrvr,~
fon
non-staprllrarking
aroud
te ceter
ot the base ait the rate of en '' rpm annd a series of scrapers
(niade fromt non-sparkin mea)folw
behind the roller.fl1
Iliescraed
aterial was reground. by the roller and then
aga~uin rescraped an d this 'action continued until all
the
ingredientst were well mixed.
[eapparatus was marntifd before WU' 1I by the. Gebr
cold, or heated by steam.
Reterence: Stcthiicher, Schiess-I
pp 301-2.

und Spren gstoffe,

tile "floating" cover was sufficient to depress it as %ell athe ign: ter housinrg. T he Pressu re of cthe housing on the
top of the striker sheared the pin which
held the %triker
in the cocked position, thusreasnthsrir
pn.
a resu~t of this the striker set off the percussion cap,
detonator, booster and the main charge
such as of TNT.
References:
1) L.E.LSmon, Gjerman Research in %V 11, Wiley, N Y
I(4)
8
2)Anon,
German Explosive- Ordnance, Dept of the Army,
Tech Manual
TIM 9-1985-2,
sint,
IC
(95)
2
lipP (,7-70.
also under Landn.inen).
Testing Gallery (Sclilagwetterversuchstr..cte). ee general
scin
under Galleries, Testing and also this section
under Versuchisstrecke.
TeStan
odor X.Staff (Tetranitronmethane
abbreviated in
this work as TeNM or TN ).A
detailed description
of the preparation, properties and
uses
TeNMe is given
in the general section under Methane. of
The fol'lowing description concerns the Germian method of
preparation and
use
fTNe
the classical method
r'repn of TeNMe from acetic
a n hiy d rid e a n d n itric a c id of
(se e g e n e ra l sec tio
expensive,. a new method was developddrnn ) is v e ry
WI
by Dr Schinmmelschmidt (Rtels I & 2). The laboratory
scale
procedure was As follows:
In anall-glass appitratus, achemmatically represented
the enclosed drawing, acetylene reacted with nitric
acid to give nitroform and the mixture of njtraform
and
nitric acid yielded TeNl~e on heating with sulfuric acid.
The reaction was believed to proceed as follows:

Leipzigt

(loi),

Tellermine (D~ish-lk
Land Nline).According to Sirrion (Ref
I) th.ese fn,
ines gavetfi(h Allies considerablel. trouble through--f
out UUW11. They were sufficiently powerful to p'ut
a tank
ou
atinanf
o
o
rekalmost ainy okher vehicl e. The
first

o' such -A/T mines 1 called Tellermlne 35", was made

of steel, while the models developed towards the end


of
WU 11 were made of non-magnetic mate'ials to
mmn
nefectve.Some of the latest mines render
were
'reported to deectrs
Ile. renisote-Control led but'it
is nor koown whether
*they were actually used in combat.
The.,following m~odels art- described; in' Ref 2: Wilerm 3e5 A/T (p 267); '1 ellermine ?15 (Steel) A/T, (p 268).
'I.ll!]rmine- 42 AlT (p 269) and Tellermine
43, Pilz, AlT
lif 270) (1Pilz mecans mushroom).
.Essentially
the :body of, the mine was a circular, flat,
dishI- like form with A hole 'in the center of
the cover. The
od'Was bie
ih1-12
lb of compressed high explosive. (such as, NTr) and an igniter was screwed
into
tite cover. A second (floating) cover was held'down by a
metal ring attached to the 'body and wasI supported
In the
cetrby a heavy spring. A pressure 'of 200-400 lbs on

I__

~L
4.

C~'I
211NO 3
=(0 2 N) 2 "C1.CO+ 112 0
(0 2 N) 2 C.CIIO + IINO 3 (0,N) aC.ClIO + l 0
2
(0 2 N) 3 C.CIIO+21INO a
0 2 N) C..C0Oo+
NO + lf2O
O)CC~
22
23
0N 3 l
O
( 2N)C
IN 3
-( 2 N)+
20
Ch?*Cll+ AlN0 3
11
2N0 2 + CO2
2 N C+
4 4o+
Aot0;ofaeynercedas
above and about
40'. underwent conplete oxidation according to the
eauatlont
C
+ IOIN
C0e1N0
so that the over33=CII
2 +0h110,

(,er 196,

nulle
vmdd

reprec.sn ted bt;

su bstane.,

tiltiu0NCcr

picc
the

tle

hotir.pound
I:ic' lit

tlc''

yIsvta

~:

:.ituivs~:i:~is
1i

Irili

eNkie

iaC "i'15ltr

.
.tt
";I
fi'reraird b' d issot silin
'.1cc r.Ii ciiof
i tccit
. ntri
.iidiuffin

0 goti
t'fi Icit

V3c.ii , uUc.1,,iflu
iitcIsli
Ilto-t
witrh 8(-'
itr Ii rs
icfd
"s nitic,
I
acid fed
rv ce
.. ciIwt.rtc.c:
141111
tm
olii'cii
1
I,in cu
t.
iid t
rie
ac ioio sYs teisi, a
minperaw r
of 'ill
Nkit 1as
ccoriii
ed.ccli
nt
solution of nitritforic inl nitric
cciiovrfowu
thtrn
liirkutliting
cStirlni to three nitration
1
ini vtivt..each nitrator being heaite'd
.. i ' ci ite
roc h fNcepiiv
ii
ieslui
jice
*
1teci
ti
ii ,ttiiii~ti.(t~..
c.
wii
..... e_
.1.1 t 0c%
oton~e wit
th&ntif
!*
1110
cit I
st n it fo ati
i
rn itor I~ie tid re.c(1vefloweid front tihe Ird nitrator. fetriruuc~iiciic
d te
i'er
ntratir
cue i s i eahmantaned t 910

uiafl

Tlie off-l-ases of tire nitration %)ystem such as N 0


V.ith sicctll ancountts of IINO3 , C(N6) 4 , CII(Ni 2)3
nn~s~ed to the puiiain
adpossibvuened C If
2
coiuccin (?I w0inch wats dti iLtd ito 2sections. In the lower
Section the la1st, traces of C If were removed by scrubbing

acid
prhu.I

dioxide

(cr~t~inin g mercurih

and carbon dioxide

eto

nitrate)

,sc

fed

T.rcn

wa.l

i.Ttazn emn

fclm

same equipmenlt as used for prrpn of 'L A

were separated

l.ydishiitition and 'thi 'nitrogen dxide was condensed,'


in thre pure foria, by a mixture of solid Co and acetone,
T'he gases leaving' the receiver were scrubbid in a smaller
cobluirn (8) by cold nitric acid (to remove the last traces
'of nitrog'n dioxide) and the nitric acid run-off was fed to
colunca (7), whereas the' CO ,was allowed to e-rape.
* The nitric acid (which cont~itnd sulfuric acid, nitrogen
idioxide and tetranitromethane) was separated from culfuric
a.cid by distillation in column (9) and condensed in tank
(11). The residue ,consisting of 701. sulfuric 'acid ,was
concentrated to 95.5". strength in the Pauiling column
i(11) arid collected in tank (12).
Note: Although the attached diapam indicates' a continuous
concentration of mixed
n
for thie separatior, adc)
'System
acdfrom the separated TeNMe, the process was actua 11
codute btcwie
s uficient ,material accumulated
* le~e as';c~juceJ
s a'bae fr viy owefulandd)
*bri.sant explosives, called in Germany' Teton Sprongatofle
carrier in liquid rocket proas
an
oxygen
also
.:(q'v ), and
to replace 'the corrosive strong nitric acid, Due
Isellawnt
to tht? :ac that the freezing point of TeNMe is fairly high
14 C), it was proposed by 'Drs' Schultheisa and
(allot.
Schirc.ccieschmidit to mix 70 parts of TeNMe with 30 p of
itoeitetroxide. This mixture had a freezin 4 point of
-270 and was non-r-orrciiive, provided no moisture was
present. It ws proposed to use this mixture in V-2 rockets
(Ref
21.of
''
'with
'
References:
1) lL.E.Richordbon et al, CIOS Report 25410(1945), pp 6414
2) W,.Funter. et all, BIOS Final Report 70 (1946), Pp 1-6.
as
Sr~nstofe
'T~tn
(etrnitometaneIt
Teo pogtifiTtinIrmtoeExplosives).
was
under Eiraatzspreitigstofifit gthat,due to' the acute
entoe
shuortage of TNT and of other high explosives, the Germains
isues
ngeiec o xpoiv
usd W
uin I a

wi thi

were also explosives prepared from derivatives


of TeNMe, *as for instance tile perchloiie ester of trinitroethanol. The' trinitroethanol (m p 70'0) was preptl by i-ondnigntoom(rrvc
rmTNe
ih4%slto
ih4~slto
rn eNe
dnigntoom(eie
of formaldehyde.
ReferencIes:
I1) G.116ner, 11BL Report 85,161) (19,115), pp 2-11
2) A.Stertbacher,
Schiess- und Sprengstoffe, LeipY.i9,
und Shetriertoffe, Zurich
(93.p
185 and biSrn
(9),pp 10, I16& 1413.

a ran,.
ilf

nitrogent

of Tetan
sbtnesc

cruewater explosions.

saot911

~.;sulfuric acid to the purification' tower (5) was 1.7 I


per hcour anti the run-off product was charged to the nitratorsa
(3). Pure f'eNMe left the top of the purification tower (5)
at tilte rate of 41.10-160 g per hour and was collected in

.
consisted

a mixture 'of r-etzin with toluene. Its velocity of detonation

the ;rd nitrao qu~k4


lThe %vircc mixture ' evn
*c~rae
n(I
adtetplue
o
eNewsfdThere
conrtinuousfy to the purification tower (5). The feed of

Sictc warcic nitric


ait tiltcae
(i 2A.1

possessaing a very higih


ow vel oc ity of detomatii ioil.
were foutid to Ile suitable

Considerabile work on this subj~ect was done by IDr


Ii.stetirbacher (See general section under Methane). (inc
of tile mo~st piowerfu and brisant explcotives known is

icciitact timie of nitration ,was aboiut 3 hours. !bach nitrator


i,s provided withr a reflux en denser for returning TeN~.Se

odnsbegsssc

la ytrocarbon rich

ui
liqjuid cir piitverized carbon, containinfl~Sfl~fC
etc.
hydirocarbons, coal, otiarcoal, iiitrocomrpounds,
as
4
mixtures %iere mnore jcnwr u1 and brisant
Sone ic fths
than IUN,
IfI A , Vt1: N or RDtX *and we-re particularly

explosives. Aim tig %twh suf-

Tet'n
exploiv
5
e wsas a sol id
blftast effect aind a1 COlliptrtit iYs ly
.x pos ives Wi tci such fcropcrc ies
for t:niera ,, ttur
ft-po s jon s MCI
ci
Othert
explosi .'c
mixtures

~ii

ti~~i).
ti
ela

not

and ai sniall awaount of the foillowing substaiPees


in hiydrogeni aind a consolidating comnwas it hiih dispersion of silica
called 'K ".which
p repared by a spec ial process. The hydrocarblon wats adtded
in order to increase the sensitivity to inlitiaitioni. tillis

mecur

r~?~li~~

wvre:

whfich

stances was TeN'Nk* (tetranirroirethane), called in ticrrnany


Tetan, a l iquid ivas Ic prod inc of the wvan ufacture of *1a.
'1'1:c ,irsC 'Tetanr~ixmturc conncinated Of vc ty fincly put vel
i zed
alIuminum (cal led I 'yroschlitff) , impreg1 nated with

2 ;i2
7'(i:0 + 2tNi)2
2l 2
41IN.) 3 1(0 2 N) 4 (. 2ff
r~clif
dc idte tad Oif Uinconverte
Ill v t.C.'Cvery of
"MIM ;1 1'id%I WI 5 abolit ch'
ey
1i
lit thi. prolOdtitrv tie( icetv tyfeit gas i, (: *11 2 was introduced

tlzn

and *L St.

The procedure was as follows:


a) Tlo a solution containing 4.0 kg of Na nitrite and
15ltr

1.

ies

preheated

ctcai

ofnraactcciin6ltesowtr

n6

ieso

ae

was added gradually and with air-

agitation 40 liters of an aqueous solution of 5.3 kg


aminoguanidine sulfate. The addition took one hour
b) 0After stirring the mixture for an additional hour at
500 and for 1 hour at 200,'the reactor was tipped and
the contents caught on a filter cloth made of horse
hi
.'hi
After wAblAbg tilue ppt with several portions of
water, it was driedintesm manrsdscbd
tinder lead azide. This gave about 3.0 kgsof dry tetrsecene
Boiling the miother liquor for several hours was
sufficient to destroy 'any wa:ste tetracene remaining in
it.
'
A si milar method, uild at the Fabrik Volfratshausen
Chemrische Eirzelunisse aind at the Stadeln Fiabrik, Dynamit
*A-G , is described by Sheldon (Ref 3), In this description
'the following details of the method which are worthy of mention are gvn
e 40 I
mngaidn
uft
5k
'A. A souino
water) was 'neutralized (to the litmus paper end point)
either acetic or nitric acid and then added to a preheated solution of Na nitrite (2.5 kg per 50 1 of water).
If the addition rate was rapid, small, slow settling crystals
of Tetracene were produced and If the addition rate was
slow (2 hours),' larger and faster settling crystals resulted.
S. The det~iled procedure was as followst A temperature
of
to5!anmiti'd throughout the entire reaction
period which was allowed 'to proceed 30 minutes after4
the last of the aminogulanidine sulfate solution had been
added to the reactor. Then the agitator was stopped
thenproduct allowed to settle and tie mother liquor removed
'of

'

fnra

to 50P,

* by decantation.
.A fter the de can tation of tile "'other lioj or, onTiuhne~

wa s given and then

tit

('iitat.!

wa~s

(;er 197
d~rl
i ;~(~a~*~

from the

flushed

,,~I.~,,qf

*tIm,,w,.r

-of tetr-tnitrakminopentimerhylene dinitrate, "s judged by


th iuz
stwaclimedcil
I.
ehge
ta
o

tilted
ectronto a large cloth 'sup~ported on a natural
drainage, filter (as for lead azide). After three additional
digplavcment washes, the clot;, was folded over the tetracene and the ens4emble, placed in a plastic bucket to be

Q*
DX.
Reference: (i.R,;1 -r, PIIIl. flept 85,1601 (11946), 1p 16.
n

V
tanferedto
hestoag ara.Tetron~frc.orbaolo
odor Gaibmehi (Terranitrocarb.,z,,l, or
I).Uo
Teraere,
hih
ad o
e
to U
,:Yellow
Flour, ab)breviated in tbis :work as TeN(Abz). Its
the Washaing on the cloth was followxed ricby pjo
washin' with
peaain
rprisadue
r
some 96'; ethyl alcohol conta~ning sonic metrhyl alIc ohol.
ecieli
h
prnepransc,o uroperts
Cand
uses

r
d, cie
it
th
After dehydrating with alcohol, the. cloth 'was folded over
Te~N(.bz
was
ptopo-.ed
duri
'
.W
ii
in
;,climany
as a'subt&e material which was then placed in a: plrentic bvcket
stttfrblcpodrn
tli
ofl
I
and twasferred to the storage Area.
atulfobac
odri
1luminatjng hares
.ite rocket
I-..Iheyiel ofTetacen
whn usng 1.0kg o amnotype (Ref 1). Due to the fact that TeN('bz was on-yo
uadnesulfate was 2.6 to 2.7'kg.
scopac and non-corrosive it was expected to completely

relaeethe blark powde: in igniter compositions. (Retf 2).


According to Ref 2, the Germianq, prior to 1945, used
black 'powder as the main' ingredient of their
pyrotechnic
intermaediate'
igniter compositions arid it was observed
that their storage in contect with mnagnesiur. contain~ng
flare or star *compositions (such as Mg 20), fll nitrate 57

Thle:

fallowing priming mixrures containing Tletracenc'


arelise~jit
3~I
Re
1. l'rim~nA Mixtret
No Wi/40, used: for rifle and pistol
cartridges Tetracene 3. 111 r.typhnmate 410, lBa nitrate 42,,
Casi
1 iidndPbu xie
ll. PtiplexCup
Mixture for use in 2~
20 mmii and 1 7 ow
well as in somec iatger sheiis.cont.istei olf (00 g of ,sP6
Zdc 92.5 an
'.~re~dat0
kci

and chloritnated Itpolyvinyl chloride 211;) resulted in de-?


teriotation of the tivtotechnic devices. '*Ihis wits caused
by thle interaction between tile sul~ur (of black powder),

retrcen
(of the tdare or stn,) and moisture (of atmosphere-),
giving hydrogen sulfide and magnesium oxide, On fiorther
storag~e, tIme hydrogen sulfide 'attacked the lead salts
(ruch~ a.. Pb azide or Pb styplinatc) of the primet tius
re-iderin g them unserviceable.
To* avoid the destructiun in storage of pyrotechnic
containingr magnesium, it was, propostd, itt 19.15,
to replace the Itak
powder type "intermediate" coinI''ll,, boy thu. (kill 't1%
oilstfite-t I'NCbsr 10, K olortit,.
ad
sli4 Al l'o'der 30%.
References:
1) R:E.Richardson, C.IOS Rept 2 5'18(194 5), pp 27-8,
2)
Cs Re
2-. ( ( 1945), tip
p.-~
-mgesium

ove, *0.0
of unwaxed 'E.TN pre-.sed at 50 kgicm
1ll. V'iming Mixtures used for pistol and 0ie cartridges:
Teecae -,P
zie3-5
Jsntae
05
S
silicide 6-12, l'b peroide "- and S~bsulfide (:-7.
Toetraceacr eWas used in initiating mixtures' call !d Sinoxy~x# Ze.devices
(~,-e-nl~~ge,~atl.
e-~,,encinthe
Rteferences

1) PDBRept 95,613 (1947), Section It


2)ASttbal
rt,$l"p. m idcheastof.fr. Zufrich (194)
gand 107~lir
und.~mps
Pt
$)L.NI.Sheldon, CIOS Re~port 27-38 (1945), pp "9, 11

Tetranltromnethane (TeNVfe.

'cr Tetan odier '%-Strif(.

Tetro-Di-Salz

(Tetra-Di-Salt), described' in the general


s~ection o:3 Tetramethylammonium Dinitrate, was prepared
in Germany by ditsolving the Tetra-Salz' (see below) in
hot 60%. nitric acid and allowing tile solution to cool. The
crystals obtained by 'filtering were dried in 'a vacuum.
The 'salt was stable at temperatures up to 1000 .1ts mixtures
with ammonium nitrate and a atnmall amount of RDX were
'found to be suitable for filling projectiles.Ths
(See 'also general serction).
.
Refernccompositions
Reference: .
.
.
P8 Re~pt 78,271 (1947), p 22.
.prepid

Terntoihany
am
su n
odrGibmh
.,.rt
ntcdpeyaiesloeYI'
lu
' dursn
e
eea
section
under lDiphenylamine. It was proposed
WW11
iii Germany, as a substitute for black powder (See also
GP Powder and Tetranitrocathazol).
IIi
Reference: CIOS Rept 25-18 (1945), pp 27-28.
~r-ax
TtaS
sdsrbd
nte:eea
eto
under Tettamethylammoaniumn Nitrate.
hksbtnei
ubtnei
not an explosive by itself,:but it forms 'powerful explosive
with oxidizing agents such as
~nitrates. it waswhen mixed
i
emn
tt
Grayilthe
in
pure sae by the
itrcinof methyl nitrate with trimethylamine.Temx
-Totrohydrofu'ron (tetrahydrofura'ne) is described in the
tules' of Tetra-Salt with nitrates were found to be suitable
general section. Tetrahydrofurane ,and its; intermediates
for filling projectiles and for tno t ing propellants for
were produced during VV 11 by the IG Farbenindustrie at.canaswla
frokt.
Refetence: CIOSepr 291-12 (1946).
References:
Totramethylammonluni Olnltrate

1) P13Rept 85,160 (19'46)

Same as Totra-Dii-Salz..

,1

Taotram~ttkytnlfromlno9.tralm~thylmathan.. see: In the general


section, under T'. Ttecapud wssuggested as an
ingredient of 'exp~osives containing R-Salz but Wasl not
found
as 'satIsfactory
am' dlmothylvithylenuitrtnuiramgne.

prtcnc
copoitions11.
Reference:. P11nRept 7821(14)

~sTotryl
Iin

W
Itas a by-product of

RI)X ubing either


of th se ro ess s re

manufacture of

thlze It pro
Sul or
esK.-S
I ot

21

(2,4,6-Trinltrophenylmethylnitramine) It. described


the general section, Used by the Giernmans during WW 11
as' a pulp-ouswcr In sonic Projelcitie Andl it" a biltrodstl
*charge
In some land milnes.

2,4,6:,O-To Iran Itraml no.1 I,j,5, 7, 9.pintamnotthy In#. 1,94dInI rots


(0 9)CI1
-NNO.2
1lf2 N(NO 2 CII jN(NO ')*CII N(NO )CII 2(0IN6 2 ), crystals, mnp 21 0 , Wns obtained Idating

7,!II

'Totr.Sol x.Porahorut ('I erafallI ll)s'rChJIouw&t) . 'Ihlis OII


pound practically Insoluble In water, won nblbilutil by/
trent~lln
i'TI(TA.SaIz wi'th petchlolo IC AcIll, Whoil i811l1d
the'subsitance blurned Whith it sal"nl Iululnhl-wihhe, sparklin$
(lame, This behavior acusgato that it might be useful In

Totr ,oniathi~omtionlumn Nlitrlo - Satme as 'a'tra.$nlz.

Refrene:G.Rme,
P31. Rpt85.60(196) p

2) P13 Rept 78,271 (1947).

olwn

sabif

des:ripton of the semi-continuous

method of manufacture as used at the Troindorf Fabuilt,


*I
Gh
ntlaincnitdo
w
tils
te
n it ra to rs , sev e ra l tam
b ili xers an d o ne cry sta llizer.

(;er 19ii
aI
to

Ater
dit,.,1
d60li i vts~r ('If gnis ed ri
n ii
(!I,iirs
pt
(-5 ci anI
ta rtin g tliet

1141.1t itsl wai' cont!d'-tcd by


* ts111Sitts of at sulfjni(
acid
4111iii sic and I'ii ed asci d, its
MIIIa l lt.iedaT .I0uC :K*trwi
b) The
l
slstirrv of
ad
iisl
islr thi
Is 2d ves;x l dit, it. tise

s-ulfuric lti .1
agitIati on,

tie

thsat after
hout 400 roindsl
lIe
In[i order to di.
scrs III
it e ti,s,iii

con muitinuosly adding equiiul


solutiosn ot dinitroisit-iylThweIle
tetipe rat isre ws
ail
acidas
ntin ssistitsuously
tellipeftiturr- I~'a maintaiit

it
"a

ea e
bc~gl~ame

uu
ie
unusable.

Znc;, e the si ntered irwi projectiles,* bt thits Method


did
not drese
friction sufficiently rto efect it noticeable
l'ecrea se in tli. wear of rthe bore.
that somec crystalline inorganic compounds
*p.-sses% the Psroperty of showing decreased friction
when
sau bj ected to highi sit.1upera lures, high pressures ,or to a

s*c TeC.-tsenrs of the 2nd v eas:e.wiwere run cn-tthtisl I'

lt-~ sitrii

mtlt

prjctl

~)~fe
;rPs

* isirte

fron t
si~len Is . id
process (usedl irs industr
to 'reduce corrosion), which
d ) i>m-aif
cit a
as'
i
fWr
Iais
,
!t .,rsisic
-os~c
:;s;ntially of u
tratment of an iron object
tvy k'is t lnssaferr
m i tsasn'asl
ah iv
whecre
w iths a1t acidlic pltssahlate solution' (il'rkeriz~.in j). Asa result
1
it was W-ashted, first Wtith w atcr, thlen w ithi a dilhite s1id
tIf this , a thsin hiayer of cry stal line iron p~tisspiat e was
ash solu.:o i~t Iari aignit'With water
deposited oIn the surface of the metal.
C) I1,listtist
tetryl liais rec'rystalli-zed lfros actissie
Although this 'nit-thud of pliosphatizing .decreased the
*iya, special I-rocess (very vaguely describled) aind then t
frict ien oif projecttiles in the hsrthe amnount of phosphate
driti stoldscreened.
deposited on the surface' was so slight as9 to he removed
*Actcording to BIOS FinalI Rept 6.14l (19415) retryl wva's
by plassiage of the projectile through the: bore. TIhis meant
aloue.nicsacstsc~
lcri
ea
that if the method were to be used for armor-Piercing projecR frncnf tten:
osofFbrk
)A-i
tiles tucre would not be enough lowv-friction -surface material
II et'
riscc'r.left
to improve the penetration of armior.
1) It lRept 95,613 (1947), Section S

~a

~tntr

'2)'tetbacer
ud Shiestofe
tren(948,

7778.The

investigation of D~rlDuffek was continued.and an


the strength of his suggestions a process was developed
hsy the Metalligesellsehitft A -GFrankfurt aiM (D~r L..
iTlor" and "Kor!" Mortars' were actually hieavy, -short
barrel hoilvit-zers~, Aesigned' by K~rupp (Co for the destruction iI Schuster) (Ref 2). which permsitted Jeposificn -of -thicker
ofwr
srng fortifications. nsm
as hs
epn
surface layers of phosphate crystals due to ceeper penetration
reseisslled the flip liertln 0420 imm= 16.59) gun used ll..iog
of the phosphate solt-tions jirte sintered- iron objects.
WV I. Tihe licir amid Karl weapons were furnished in two
This Process,. called Ticfbo~ider-Verfah ren (D~eep
eslibers, 5.10 ma. and 610 inm. The 610 mm-barrel
was
13ondin,- Process). may be conducted by ogicof three niethiods
h cahilsers l ong and fired a 1400 It, silell to a distance of
ilerly I ssIle. li rIII to in as,! the rang,:, the craddle
described in the 'patent. The: following method was recwas miodified to take a smaller visbe. This gave a 540 mmn omnmended by D~r
lDuffek:
fired a 3310 11bshell to a distance of abo~ut
71 waoswhich
11iiL.. . o tincree
a) Treat the sintered iron article with vapor.% of trissone
-a
on
i
a smdfed
tth
ei"o,
zhe .oblt
woofIV' each
chsIs (Seuge,
i
alsichloroethylene
in *order to remove any oil or fat from

under Panizer).
-the
Reference: (i.13.Jarrett, ",Achtung Panzer", The Story of
(;&ntian *lanks in UV 11,G;reat Oaks, RI) lAberdeen;Md](1948)

pores
b) Transfer the, article to a! bath containing 8 g of
r
NN
e ic 4aland maintained at 950
-Not:
tothe"l~cmyWarMateial
ActidinAfrv-i remaining the're foi P 'Fctly one minute, remove
List", Supreans' Headqusarters AllIied. ExpeditionaryIsvenaryc)
iAp~ril 10415, 1' 133, the weapor, designated Karl Force,'rsnpaeiinabc
Mrso
the article and, without rini,
Karl Ger'~t was mide it)twos 'htes 54I and 61l.S cm.
plc iti
s o
consisting of solutions of Yn phosphate
and abt
nitrate
(containing 5.4 g 7n, 7,g P 0 wind 6.9 g NO per
liter). The bath is maintained at 59503
Thneh
(hudrie.Aprmniss~iblIe explosive unanufacturd) After keeping in the bath for 5 minutes, remove the
edat tlte beginning of this centuqy at the Selilesuh rticle andt rinse, it thoroughly under cold water
'alsrik I)A-3adintdue
inoCgad
ne ls
e) Treat the article for one ,,,ilute at 95 in a bath
nautse of Coal ite. It consisted of Ain nitrate 91-93,
TNT 3-*51

otiig5go

fit~sr3-5andasnsrue
05~.silicate,

*Reference:
J.
-1ie, Ilicrionnaire
J.Daniod

Paris (1902), r- 767.

des

"Iati~res 'Explosi,0s,

itr
ossigo
0tN
auid 25T. NaOll Per liter. Then~

45o 'NaN()
"l-o

Th~~fbonder~~
Vefhnn(.e
odngPscs)Tistr
designated a niethiod of deep surface tre tatment of sintered
met'll projectiles developed* by D~r V.IDuffek and collaboratos-h
as hiiisedto
metod insiisl th wea ofgun
barri.l9, andi to iiic-rease the effectiveness of armor penetta.
ritsn~~~
ifteepoetls
I
Previous to WWV11, the' Germnans, ;in some of their
ra i-fining
gun, used projectiles containing either a

leash core or it leasd i ead with a shciitl


made' of cast iron
pslate'd with tombak metal (an allo) of Cu and Zn).
Beginning
abosut lancsary 1941, when .ashortage of 1:-ath developetd,
tile , Germans tried -to tiae' projectiles; msade enstirely of
aintered iron. Hlowevser, ts'i6 use of these`prsjcetiles was
not it succeissi because the 'Wear of thec bore wtis so great

pi,

pace it for 40-60 seconds in ia bath containing' a solution


of 0.9 g No chroma te per liter,of water and maintained
at 9S
.
f) Remove the artitcle andi dry it.
It was claimed l-y Dr Ijuffek that when sintered iron
)bullets
treated by this method were ftired from a pistol
(in 1942) there'was no noticeable wear of the boee even
after 4600 rounds. This was considerably better than with
-the
pre-tWV If bullets with a lead core.
On the strength of this success, D~r fluffek was allowed

by the *German War Ministry (near the end of WW 11) to


d evelnop u new tpe of Al' (armopircn
poetieAfr
Irlnged

lnvestigadciinss thit. fol lowing method wats deeclaped'


Asntered iron tiheadi, consisting of fine grains of
iron on the Inside layers and coarse grains on the
outside shieath, was welded to the surface of an ordinary solid steel projectile. Irhe welding was done
by the high-frequency method (H-ochfrequenz) develo, &I
Ly thle
Siemens, Co .-Then the nurface of the sh

lwt;~

G(,et 199

tre.%tci

Iy the D~eep llondinjg Vrocvs,


aS described
j~hove.
A~
~rj~rhsr -orM
calibe 20 mim, and somne 37 :mm,
errparcdf by this method add then tetd by firing
pt')S .1 u thick hrmiumrniekt
.t el
larter
placed at ;. distilncet of mrs mtet(r. thle results :showed
that the averdge ptn irratii.n was about 2/3rd deeper than
wiht ain Untreatc-d standard At) sfidI.
Rcl~rcs:Torpedo,
1) Dr V.1)uffek, fReport to the High Command of the German
Fores(lcuc~ttofthe Chemisch-trchnische 1eich an
stadt. llerlin samPrivate comnmunkicaion

Phil osonphical IVilrir.Y, N V (1952). p 123


) 'I'm 91985-2 C1953), p 21(.
Topfmlne A(l'ot-Shaipcd A/T Land mine,'. It is described
on p 271 of TM 9.I19k5-2 (1953). See also under L.ndminerj.

Topf. Zu*nder.' l'ressupt, type i* n;ter desiped for use with


teopmn
lh9-985-2 (193) p30
En -Man (O)ne %Ian Torpedo). See U-Boat, One Man~.
!1
oai foaite).Totalites are military cxplksi-cs conatisiing nf anmmonluim nitratfld, c wt
safi,
hNctal grseillschaft A 4;,Fak
k)
GFakurt aIM, (er' 'Pat
mixtu res ;were the most inert and the least sensitive of
151085 VI,!48d, Jan 26, 19,12.
all the "military explorives used. Instead of paraffin,
'waste oils
o:rinaphrhalene were tried. Stettbacher
' Tiger* 11, 'letc.Nicknames for a series 6of heavy tanks,
tried to use Totalit in conjunction with thermite priming
(Seeunde Paner),(Thermitz4iug
but could not get good results. This was
due to the, fact that only at lower densities, such as 1.25.
Tilt - Type Igniter' (Kipz der). See under Igniter.
Titaium
anddid lloy
the Totalit detonate completely, while at higher one',
thei mehod
ofusiufatr
in
such 'as 1.5 or 1.6, the detonation w2--: ner comph-re.
Germany ate described by
L.S.llusch & 11.1I.1reyer,
..
Serahr(e
)gvgtefloInpoete
o
pprisfr
ttbhe(Rf1gigthtolw
PliItRept 300,000 (t948f-I1919). Sonic of these alloys were
the 'Totalit containingt 5.47% oft paraffin:
use, anscomponents'of ordnance item%.
vol of gBases at NTP 971.5 I/kg, heat of explosion at
Titanium
Tatrocl'lorlde
fTitantchlorid), designated as
C, water vapor 11162 kc*al/k and with water liquid
M sdecribed in the general section. Ic was used by
1438 kcal/kg, temnp of elxpoIonI 3050.pcfi
r
th~e Germans as a smoke producing agent in some hand
6
erenadles.
sure (f) 12,021, brisance: value (hI) by Keat 49.7 x10
eloc of deton 2500 in/sec at d 1.60.
rnd)
tsee aloudrSoevn
Note: Definitions of values' e3)and (I) are given in the
T-Min'o. See under Landininen.
**
enseral section.
* References.TNT. Se (Toty).1)
Tinirorluo
A.Stettbac'aer, Nitrocellulose 10, 109-10 (1919)

Toluoil (Toluene) is dearribcd in the general section. The


manufacture of toluene in ,Germiiny was disiussed by
-,F.fragh .er and Ws.A. Home , U S Bur; Mines !Inform
:Circ 7376 (1946). The ,,ultior interrogated Dr Pier and
the staff of I Gi Va"lvrnindw tric, A6,Ludwigshafen snd
oppau: C A Al. 5210-97)'
I
!Note: According to 11. Walter et .l, 4I' Reptt 78,271 (1947),
The Grnsdelpdamthd
for the manufacture of .
tolucene by the interaction of, benzene and methanol in
the prsec of pihric
acid.' The method is not de.
.I
scribed.
* The German ,'itration grade 'toluene obtained fron,
the coal tar industry contained 0.7 0.9i% 'paraffins, whiIle:
*synthetic toluene contuir ed about 0.,5%;
See
It
p.Telvoiaulforild (ii-Tuleenesulfamid
Se
Plastol. I
wa 1 found to be a suitable plasticlier for collodion cott on.
p.Tovolulfo~lueb'tyleteris
(p-Tlueenufonl
Acd Ehyl
'Ester). Sec Mittel AEP.
.
S.a)
* lonko. A liquid rocket fuel developed in Germany during
WW/ It. It w~ad *a mixture of aniline, monoethylan Iliac, diSImethylansiline, .smuli 'te, ,I apthia, t 'riechylamine , and isoItexylamine sad wa's usned in conjunction' with natric acid
to propel the siflr-ioir guided missile calleJ Rubistolit
* 3C4 (Refs 1 &21.,
* fAccording to Ref 3, the mo-called Tonho 250 consisted
ofcrude m-xylildise 57 And trlethylamnine 43%. It was used
inconjunctioin With Atrong (93-100%) nitrIc. acid (S&lbe)
*sringsasureooxgn..
seereingces:asuc
foye
Referencea:iWlrunat
o6
5 15)
I)taiihtN
6
5
13) jaso
uiliarty
m
s'
Rtcket Power Plants, C A 46, 4233 (1952)
Mimsl~e,
fteGided
2) K.W'.Gadlnd, Deeomn

hEvloet

1teO

.2) A.Stettiacher, Spreng- und Schicastoffe (1948). p 106.


To.~KbhIlung(Dea d.Coaling).See general section.
Tot. res sung (Dernd-Pras ins). Seegeneral section.
T91tuniskoaffixiffnt (Killing' or' Destruction Coefficient).
It is the ability of a urnit weight of an explosive to inflict
casualties ,or to cause destruction as compared with D
unit w'eight of a stand.,rd exploisi-, *uch as TNT f A.Stettbcher, Spraeng. und Sehiesstoffe (1948), p 155 1
Tracer Comapositions (Louchtspuzsatze oden Lichsapus8llixe). Compositions used by the Germans daring WW I
were Idescribed by Laughana (Rat 1). while some of diose
used duing WW 11 were described in the book in Italian
by Izzo (Ref 5) and in some Picatinny Arsenal Technical
.Reports
(Refs 2, 3). pa 'Report I 1 44 listed as Rif 4.
the condensation of some Picatinny Arsenal Repoirts.
The following German 'com~positionsa, used In tracer
*ammtunltlon,are
desacribed in the book of [Raxn:
Ignition mixture: Ze 13, X nitrate 12 and black
.powder
75%
b) Intermnedlate: mixture: Al 15S.1, so nitrate 29.5.
K nitrate 12.0, sulfur 6.0 and black powdler 37.4%
c) Illuminating mixture (tracer): "S 40.5, Nat nitrate
54.5 and wax (synthetic, type L) 5.0%
.d) Ignition mnixture: Zr 52 and K nitrate 48%
e) 'Intermediate mixtures Bie peroxIde 80 sandAl 20"
f) illuminating mixtuire (tracer): tia nitrate 74 end Al 206
rirrsdtaeigtrcopiin,
.
The following acrndtceIgtrcopsto,
manufactured by the Deutsche *often- unwdMunintionsfabriken A -6
LUb:ck, are described by ILPoplo. ets
al (Ref 6):
tSK:
gpwe
ay
otdt79mmhiss
Oa nitrate 45.50 Nat carbonate (sanhydrous) 12.0
&I

G;r 200

.2s

0!

;.o

0, IL ;j

~*-a

rl

410

<a

a'

j
0.

1.8.
2

aat

~x

*-

.1*

*fl

'1-~

.m

C4

.j

4"

*0J)'N

.2

ti a.0~to W. 0 Uof

'uN

702

vul

r!

#~

us

0*

-USa
Ion
. apAqspplwial
-.

.jovaqd

co~

'q

UNV%

C
*.*

C4-

0!521

.1'

kq

*t

I.IO

C4~I~

0.
C!

3-.n-

C.

vg

-M

a).oqa
3.

.
s.

a1023

__

Os33

*6
_

t~

ap,~oadvg~

__

F4 .
_

,m
.
_

.
_

.
__

;
'~q

.o*

It

Gcr 201

to

oo

>.

'a.

.41<.

to

..

I * -iK ~
ng

aG
~a

is

!, .

It W

ell

..

f4

'43.

__

~___
_
~ _;__;________

__l

...

qI
11

6.P

It :[IV)~0

tier 202
'lnl formit Ildeliyde ba se) I.0
o) 0H
L'
Wd itCL
5 Iti.
a WI iU'trace the ,'J
cvirlotiac
wals 0 itted And OWi am11ount (if Ila nitrate cor'ii 'a,p
.i
i
w~IyIcrea
s el 1Ili
I tracing Ienigth was 900 in eter.
h. ). Tracer prillingl
C0(-ol;psitiofl for the above
bull;.t:
li~i nlitrate (,1.5s,Sr proxidte 5.5, red lead 10
MgI
I'owvder 1',.S ;Od nli,'lIAC.Wi
- - ) M),i
tr.lcr
Jor tai
abine bullet: Ba peroxide 53.0,(Rf
Ili ,a~~~t
22.0, St peroxide 7.5, Knitrate 7.5 arid
P
esn
0..r)
(ow.
enghwa
I U ( bO
n mtes.s)
co po
Trave
iro
for ther
pr24n abov
bu ltRel'
iiid

Lr~it'
re;:,.

~o

~a?

BaI) renterxd-0
for
pheraoxie
1.0,t M oxaae
25.0
1,5.1 ad
. aIde Ersatnz resin 40.0%

ni0tratc

ii

I-)'-

.1

'oet

p)
Noe'

traceer for 20mmAl


a
mmunbueitNion
Sr0,B
nitrate
24.5,a Sr floide
5ein1.0,e` ic
6.,peo
Nhewight
0 tracer
fr2mmaunition
h
acproideg
re

and

51.0, INacabnlfat
22.0dru'),
peoxd
Sr
75,
ritrae
75,
svtavIand phenoll formaldehyde 10.0Usd;
ihotprmngyWir
not Ne:Cowt traer
u
fd
n7.20 mm Ammgunition in conctra 57,
on
"I) imping
Nacroaeom(ainhycontand
BaS rxier
'19, peoie'8
xlr
-Sr,
l f unowider 9,
and pheno fomldehyde fomlehd'10%
o) Yeriohtpriming or 0mposlamuition:
Baprxdex63.i2,
Srperoid5.32
omldeadoyde (10)0poyvny chloide
15.9 ntandsela
5
4.0Mg26%. an
10.62 Mgtd
(5owder
pu) .ledrlr
ignition primin:
A1Bammunoidti8,
Sr petroxie
5 1.,'M ,ofauorede,5Csai
Sr
..
9 ekcide
6and
phenolor
fra l dehyde
10. 0adplvnlc
ore1.
o
Ta)l 61igive,
tracr cof
sto oftaesadteroxid

diriirnt oloing
cmotiarsoetaepoecie

idrmrnt)

A tiicat
p e ;H.l

(sae

charge);

1)1.uelee

alC

Rr

l -z

A
r o-lirig
E p o i e; H C
t 145

Vi

e.

st

describedblw

a) 20Dim pimngcndiry -Tmo


crntain (ef:
1 per64)d
R 20 mr penoxndier 3, Tr oaacer
3,llgar(fine powder
(Re
f) Brih
SIlsraioing
p6
undertin:
SefBatproxine
Pr
82opPimn
Sr 2
mmod 5.32, lea oxride Self-0e.troyig
Po (powef)
p5) (Dc'killutrtion
urmnder
BSelf-destroyin
Peroxie$)11
r
Sarbideaore3,
APWtotCap for A/rand
AAno funs.
07ande 61ft (ivese ollustrtion)otaesan
ie)s4 s detnrli ne d'ujf
rin WA 11uatf.2piany
lGu a Refes

2,'.

SeeudrTbe
3
61.~tinudr

0i 76. mmn RanIltill.; AA t n l(Ij ctle.,; (R'30


f
1)429 21 mi
Al
o4it
oe
frTpre-Br

Trce

hi
g
Arsenal.

aee

Whit 47renmolloiAtohalrOrcrpoetien
ihTngsaesm eCaribieg
e i or (Refs 2,: 36
a) 20 mmnannd'75 mm
IArrowhead lProj withf 1u~i, e64
Carbid Core (Rcef ,p
Illustration
7-)e efDsrynFro)
under
17 mnea
l'rnjectile).
Al,
rowea
it Tntie
1: form Al' anrtict
C/0eus (Ref 2, Oil 47038,410,842
pM 428,

I'

andol'phnol 'frnag~tes)
e1.%
sdwihu
rmn
Notfe: (c.001 Se uneder 7.92 61. ammuitio in cojnto
with1

fr
.;
.
*~'
A'Ir'jcic.(;.
2,p 5 -)
1,) 150 inn uilC. Pri'r for lIivwi:,.er (Itvf
1, 48ii7)
0.%i)1941 nml Frechcl llsign lIII. Proj for Railway (inn
,
p) 201 mmn IllP Proj h,.r Railway Gun (Ref 2, p 521)
-W0 min IlI Proj for 'Fheodor lBruno Railway Gun
280 mmn:1PI roj for Railway Gun (PIe 2, p 528)
(Re)
2,

pexrrinrvaioseA
I.'
Aniak.0C
chari

lr'i*.j,' )
(1 10,I;
:ceMa!ilusraio

1 IL'pl529).
b Rp 3-U
2
nn
M91815)

in

i)18m

(Sec-ataolsdoyd
i0lustratin
o) Rellti tracer for
20K mmller-.
ammunir
tion:5 S
oxid 17c.5,M for ., Fel actae 10. polyv
8
pinye reloidn
Noe I 'ii tr tini~i of.. the 24.5
w s Sre
and
.1 fra

Ii

v,

& i

/
H lo

tier 205
Treibspmogoigtlschoss.See Sabot Projectile.
Trenionit SII (Tremonite Si1). One of the permissible explosives used before and after WW 1: dinitroglycerin 33,

""/c

coiod cotton 1, meal 12. TNT 2.5, Am nitrate 26.5 and


Na chloride 25.0%.

Car

Reference: E.Barnett, Explosives, N Y, (1919). p 139.

Trench Mortar Bomb Explosive of WW I.According to lDavis


(1943) p 391, the following compos'tion was used: NGu
50, Am nitrate 30 and paraffin 20%.
TOl. Abbreviation

/0r

,
--

"- --Fc,/ze
ae r SIt
Tra

or
tb-product

Trouxl Dyn'nmite or Guncotton Dynamite.One of the earliest


dynaqites with an active base. It was prepared by Trauzl
in 1867 by impregnating a mixture of guncotton 25 and
Scharcoal 2 parts with nitroglycerin 73 p in the presence of
15 p added moisture. It was handled iii the moist state,
and in this condition it could be detonated with a strong
blasting cap. It propagated detonation completely. A similar
explosive called Glyoxilin was invented in 1867 by the
Brirish scientist F.Abel.
References:
1) J.Daniel, i)ictior'naire des Matirees Explosives, Dunod,
Paris (1902), p 772
2) P.Naoum, Nitroglycerin, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore
(1928).
6;
p282.

JTrauzlsch- Prob.e (Trauzl Test) oderBlelblockousbouchungs


Probe (Lead Block Expansion Test).See Trauzl Test in
tht general section.
m t
Trelbpiulver oer Trelbmltt'oI.Scc' ropkllanr.
t olbstxte (Propellent Substitutes).
The following substances, described separately elsewhere, were developed
as possible substitutes for black powder and smokeless
.
propeliants:
a) Gelbmehl (Tetrinhtrocarbazole)
b) Gelbmelhl S (Tetranltrodiphenylimfone)
c) G(P (Powder) and
"d)Trinitro - N - ethylnnlline.
Referetce: CIOS Report 25-18 (1945), pP
27-20.

r--.

Trinitrotoluene

(TNT),

also called

Tricinot odor Trixinot. See Bleiteinitroresorcinat.


Trlethyleneglycoldlnitrote. See Triglykoldinittat.
Trlglykoldlnltrat (Triethyleaeglycoldinitrate) (TlElUl)N).S., c
also in the general section. It was proposed by (,eneral
Gallwitz for use as a gelatinizer in cool double-bae
propellant
tropical climates, such
as
Africa. (G-pulver)
Although destined
TEGDN isfor much
less volatile than

'
-

for

Trotyl.
Tritolen odor Tetronol. An underwater explosive consisting
of RDX, TNT and Al powder. It was similar to Torpex de"scribed it. thegeneral section.At least four varieties of Trsiena are known: 'nalen 10%, Trialen 10(6, Trialen 107,
..a- T:.alen 10'i(Scc r:.';..
,
'G,
.
Trialens was used for filling the V-2 rocket wzrhends.
(See also under Unterwassersprerigstoffei.

DEGDN it is more volatile than NG (about 1.3 tirres).


has good chemical stability and is a good gelatinizer.
Its calorific value Q is 750 kcal/kgwith 11 0 liquid.
It is obtained by the nitration of triethyleneglycol (TEGC),
of the manufacture of dierhyleneglycol (DEG).
The highest yield of TEG is below 20%, the rest being
DEG. For safety reasons the spent acid must be drowned,
which makes the process rather uneconomical.
Following is a brief description of the nitration as practiced
at the Krtimmel Fabrik, 1) A -G :
500 kg of tech TEG (which usually contained some
DEG) was run slowly into mixed acid consisting ol
70- nitric and 301. sulfuric acids, stirred and maintained
at 25 0 C. After 30 minutes of nitration the mixture
was drowned (see Note) in a large volume of cold water.
The separated oil (TEGDN) was washed twice with
cold water, once with dilute soda ash solution, and
finally again with water. The ;'eld was 650 kg, or
130% of TEG.
Note: As the mixture obtained on nittatior of TEG is
extremely

unstable it was not allowed to stand to effect

the separation ," oil (TEGDN) from the spent acid, as is


the gene:al practice with other nitrated glycols, glycerin,
etc. Another reason why the mixture was drowned is
explained by the high solubility of TEGrIN (8 9%) in
undiluted spent acid and comparatively low solubility it,
an acid diluted by water.
Following were the properties of technical TEGDN:
N=12.1 to 12.2%, vs theoretical 11.67% (see Note below).
coLot,-brownalh, dsl.335, thermal stability-sati~afactory (the
82 KI test gave 20 minutes), Impact sensitivity-could not
be exploded by the impact of 2 kg weight.
Notes The high N content of tech TEGI)N m+.V be due to
the presence of as much as 21% of DEODN.
Reference: O.W.Stlckland, PD Rept 925 (1945). pp l &1
60.

tr 2(011
1 rilons

are 'extremely

toxic products, discoe:vred before


U A* jon swtzeind andinGeman%, during~ researcht
studie~s on insc-ceicides derived' En'.
phosphoric acd
Dr Wirth of lierlin studied the 'toxic properties of tlhest.
c ompouinds With a v 'iew co their 'milita
ry appl icat ion and
recommended some of them :to the Germat~n 6overrnmenit.
Ab~out two hundred toxi c derivatives wet.. prepared in
tihe laboratories of I (; Farbenitdustrie at Ludwigslhafen
but only the following three were' considered suitable for
military' at.plxcations.
a) Tabun (TrilIon 83 or T '83,also called T1 100) was tile
mbotoethyl ester of dimethy~nminocycinophosphoric acid,
o)

* (I3)N-P-o(:

25.
it :wits prclpd by treating tile
CN
dichic~ride of dimn'tlhlaminoilhosplhoric acid (an irritating
aget aledProduc
39) wihN
yndeh~nl

and clilorobenzenve. Tchnit'al Tsiko


t,,..
oil with' a fishy odor and d J..077 at 201 In thle pure
* t wa
:~e coorles.

~~ ~

~ ~

plannr-d
it
ncemcl~...~was
and ockts.Iniiall
th
Taun
sed n mnitons
* contained 5". Ahlorobenizene (Tabun A) but, to render
this product' more stable and to lower its varor tension,
the amount of chlorobenzene was increased to 20'.
(Tabun 13).

Note- This compound is called by ll.A.( urtis, (dOS Report


28 62 (1945), p, 24,Tarbun or Trilon 03.
*
b) Sarin (Triloi '46 ort T 46, alsoi called T 114)
wats the
monisprpy'ester of rm.ethyliluorophosphoric acid,

o
.

3H

-III

twr

l~ y

peprd

CI
te

ete

~also

ast
orb h
erngmn
rcs
mnoe3u
of y tlereaanemet
rocssmen~oed
utnot des -ibd
ain
-yClop
was a colorless, odorless
andver
vlatle

iqid

'

bou

3times

toxic as

as

l~u

tat
tothe arifat wa moe txicand
more resistant to hecat than Tabun, it was planned to
ax ti
uiin
n rfrnet
ain
According~ to McL~eod (Ref .2) , Sarin
was invented by G.Schiiider ' and is 'called the "nerve
gas".

C) Sona~n ('Iriloni) was the mciniplinacolic


0

meothyffluotophosphoric

acid,CCll 3

ester of

Ci3

P-0 CiI
3I

It was

3F3(I
prepd

Tdnilvtlmylaminooxide Nitrate, (clI ) ;N:(I)0


2
This
compound was prepd by Walter et al by treating trimethylarninooxcide, ((JIINo, which is a base ,with
nitric, acid.
Tetiehlrioxd
a
rp
yteoiaino
Th
timhymnosewsprd
teodtono
trime thylamine, (CllI 3N.
Trimethyla min oox ide nitrate proved to Le of low thermal
stability and was considered
unsuitable
for use in
military explosives.
Reference:
II.'galter et al, German Developments in Iligh Eixplosives,
I'll Rept 1H,271 (1947), p 8.
Triernehyl ammonium
Nitrate,
called
by
Tri-Sats is described in the general section.

the

German s

Trinal.tone of the names for Trinitronaphitlialene.


,-rntoio
6
,,,7ttoehloe
,.intae
.A
rnta~o13S7srmty~~1.lirt
0N)Cll ,.N(NU )CH *N(NO )CII *N(NO )CIl (LINO, in p
to*;15
obtained during WWII as a by-product of the
manufacture of RDX, using either the E-Salz or the KSalz process. These processes are described in this
section under H exnoen .
The
power
of trinitraminotetramethylene
dinitrate
as determined by the Trauzi Test was claimed to be
hierha
.
1 frR
Reference: G3. Rgmer PI3L Rept 85,160 (1946), p 16.
2

Trinitrocnisol
odor TrIsol (Trinitroanisole) (TNAns).
See general section under Anisole. rNAns was
used
-.in Germany during V6W I as 'a filler' for long range projectiles (Fernigesch'ut3ranaten) fired against Paris and

in some bombf;.
(See also Dinitroanisol).
Reference: A. Stettbacher, Spreng(1948). P77.

und Schiesstoffe.Zurich

Trlnitrobsaxol

TN B).

(Trinitrobenzene)

section under Benzene.


amitryepoieudrheneofFlr70

Reference:

Allied

and

See

general

TNB was used in Germany as

Enemy

Explosives,

Aberdeen

PrvnGoud(96,p12
rntohrbtl

(Titocoobze)
(NC
Tlntahreno
(hniohorbnn)
(TC) .
See general section under Chlrorobenzene. The compressed
TNCI3 was used by the Germans during VW 11 under the
nAme of Filler 60 and wan cast under the nameof Filler 61.
TNCB was also used in admixture with Am nitrate undee
the name of Filler 64.

according to (.ollomp in! a manner similar to


Sarin.Proving
Soman wasN a colorless liquid having an odor of
camphor. It was leqq volatile than Sarin but even more

Reference:

Triln4 aout
940
I"roducti,,i, of Tiosstarted
lou
190ia ll a
xpecially
eorn'tneueted
factory ' at lDyhernfurth-An-der
Ordr, 40km
lo
romn'Iremlau. Thie factory was never dim-ove red biy the Allies andI Is niW In thle haiindI of thle
Muss nns.Trinltto
'section
Refereces:
:Refrene4:WW
I)at(ollo~nil, Revile Monque'l tie I:' Mink-t de I 'Ait

used in Germany as an explosive and also as an insecticide.


Reference: 1313
Rept 1820 (1945), p 10.

No 47, C1,tobet,' 19)o'


2)
Clentlvin"Nw
I.!)L~odChen
M .U,,ewp 32 ft(l91).raw
2)
Enrg
2, (194),Reference:

Allied

and

Enemy

Ground ( 1946), p 113.

lrd

hobno

SegnrlscinudrDclrbnee

Tiirdclrbnee

Explosives.

Aberdeen
TD
NC

)
a

- N - *thyloeill~ne Is described in the iteneral


under Pthylanlllne, It was investigated during
11 as a poesible substitute for black powdcr and amokte
espoe at
mellyb
s , mortars and Faust:
ratrone. The development was sitoppci.t due to the unfavorable
material situation (See also under Trelbaitzie).
CltS Rtept 25-18 (1945), p 28.

(,er 2055)
Trinitronop hih olin (Inircn
hta n)
(TN N), and D1nitronophithelin (Iinitronaphithalene) (OINN)
were used
b,y the, ;e'rrnains during /V 11 in somie composite explosives. They were nianufacturoid at Semitin Fabnik,
Patriu ice,' (Czechc l~o-ivdkia. Sce a Iso gene.ralI sectio
tinier Naupthilene.
Trinitroresorcin

(T'rinitroresorcinol)
Acid
Se Trzin.

(TNRI).

or Styphnic

.at

~de.

TOTYI (rintioolune)b)
T .RINTROOLUL'
TRINTROOLUO
odr
TRTYL
(Triitctolunu)post
(TNT) Fbillpulver 02 1oder FP 02 (Filler 1902j. CII 3 HI 2(NO ) 3. It is described more fully in the general
.IT

lit one of the la rgest tiernan pluot C, t!,e V


Fiabrik of tv A -(P , the following b:tcli mnethod w.1s used
daring WUW
If:
A) Mononitrotion consisted of the followingt stepts:
ita) P re-nira ti on. Ihle inono01xed acd (I con sis tin ,
28"', I[INI)3 , C") 112 S0 and 16%11 201 was .dded to ti~t
C lar~
itI tl
ieies the nit rator 2.5 parts of acid
to I Part of toluene. The temnperatur, was maintained
35.40') by cooling coils and a jacket
Post-nitration .The mixturc was trannferred to
natrator where it remained for several hours
at .35-400. Tfotal timne required ;or a full chasrge
f4
T(wn
ws5-hor
or
tos23s56

secdton under Toluenie.

c) Separrntion.The mixture was transferred to at cIsr


iron vessel where it was allowed to stand for 6 hours.
The waste acid (N 0o 0.5', If SO 4 70'; and a small
amount rif nitric acid) was separated and went
toi the acid recovery plant while thle oil underwent
Purification
d) Purification.-TIhe crtde oil was washed with water
etalndwshetamdtledi
talledi
sdo
then
staodi
uthl e apresenceuofral and;was
N.Tepuoeofadn
Nalws
only to neutralize the remaining traces oi acidity
but also to transform the nitrocresols, present as
impurities, into sodium ni-rocresolates, which are
soluble in- water). During lie distillationdifis
-fractions
were collected separately' because thev
contained somne unnitrated toluene, benzene, an~d
volatiles . After separating the MNT from
the watrslbefatos
twn
hog
asi

TNT was officially adopted in Germany in 1902 as


amilitary explosive , earlier than in any other country.

Its actual use 'by' thc Army wats begcn in 1904,and the
indusitrial production started in 19)06 at the Schlebuscb
Fabrik, 1) A -G.
IFor the description of German methods of preparationuninery
o0 TNT, as practiced before,' during and after XWV1, see
*the books of Escales (Ref 1) and Stvttbacher (Ref 2).wehto
Thealo
nmebooagiv
te poperiesof NT.not
It is 'to be noted that before and during WV?I the
6e'rmans used a rather complicated process for the manufactume of, 'TNT., This was due to the fact that toluene
* 'b Esale
raherimpre.Thi
(Rf
metoddesribd
byEctq(e ,p 137.) was briefly ais follows:
Aftr ntraingtolcui
bymeas o wek mxedti~tICother
-sulfuric acid to produce MNT (inononitrotoluene), the
'~crtde wa
rodctsepratd
(non-6i1 frm te moo-s
spent acid, then washed' with water and finally withwe
.weak soda-tish solution, After blowing live Steam
*
through the oil (in order to remove the benzene present
,As an impurity as wellI as any unnitrared toluene), it
was 0cooled to allow the p-MNT to ''crystallize (mnp
519C). After separating die p-ldNT' by filtration, the
rmining liquid fraction wa subject ed to fractional
.distillation
under vactitirn using a column apparatus.
The o-MNT came off first, leaving the m.'MNT as a rcathe prcpo
'iduc'. Only p- and o-MNT s were used for

*
*

of

military

grade

:TNT.

The m-MNT was used for

washea where the last traces of nitrated cresols


cnetdonirrslae.Te
am nurl

MNT (yield 138-144".) was forced by compressed air


into a storage tank to be ready for dinitration.
The product separated 'rom imnpurities consisted
of 96%. a- and P-XINT and 4 , .,f in-NINT. The purification
procedure took about 2 hours. Total time for the preparation
of the MNT was 13-14 hours, which was much longer
than the present Amierican practice.
B)Bntoon
r
inralncssed fthflown
)Bntaino
a)sterrt'n

the prepni of liquid DJNT-TNT naixture (Drip oil) useful


an an ingredient of commercial explosives. Another
*
ehdwst
itlteo.N
rmtewse
oo
toil arid th-n'to 'coo'l t~ic residue in ,order to separate
the
-MNTfromm-MN.
'b)
The thethod of purification of TNT proposed by the
CIhemische Fabrilt 'Gr au, was described in Get P 207-aicnstgof
170 (1908).
During WW 11 the German capacity was as much as
55 million. poundstheyeve
of.wsTNT
perm~No
month,;
but the144.Thethe
maximum
4.5
prducd
inAprl
theyeve
wa

prduce milio
495

li

Aprl 144.Theteo

iirtoncnitdo
hag

ITwa

olwn

iedwt

b-spent acid (previously diluted slightly with water


to separate the greater part of dissolved DNT)
in order to use up sany residual HNO 3 as well as to
extract the last traces of DNT
Nitration-After separation fronm tile dilute acid, dhe
oil was fed into the dinitrator containing the tni-spent
-5
N0,34
N20
ad
80% If 2SO 4',and

diino
cooled to 300eDrn
uigte h
diino
0
MNT the temperature rose to 60-65 and then fell

550 due to the excess of unnitrated MNT

TIN'T used by the German Army had a m p of 80.4-80.5.


c) Post-nltroflon-ln order to complete the dinitration,
The mauatre of TNT during WWI
nvros60-70%.
nitric acid was added to dhe above mixture
Germn
escrbedby
pantsis Sicllandet l (Rf ~and
the temperature was allowed to rise, to 70-720.
and ) ad6,Broks(Re
p 3-41) ftsees tht aone
Note: Time required for total dinitration was not given.
of 'thle processes used in Germahy was, as refficient (from
In order to ascettain if the nitration was completed, a
time Point of view' of speed of marnufxicture and yields)
sample of di-oil was taken and distilled with steam. If
* a&theproess
nttducd dringVJWIt nto hiscoutry
no MNTdi stilled off, the nitration was considered complete.
at Keystone Ordnance' Works, Meadville, Penna, by Dr
d) Separation. Altet allowing the charge to stand fo
I.(
8'
n
ial
dotdb
l
idac
1Gaeof
hour, the oil was separated and transferred to an
p~~lant . Tile mawlmim Germnan yield wits about 200 parts"
~
~
lt
trg
eslihl
h
isetai
of TNT prr 100 pta of toluene, while the American yield
(ca Y; Nit0 3 0.6% IINO , 78-f10% If aO
so was, slightly
*
5sa
Voanhgan20pta (miverage yield was 205-2011 pta).

.ii~ri'.,sib~v.eini
p~rrt
fi ' I). '
ii

.'idr'r to sepraJ.tc iteil


greatter
cir rirtril ;'o AcidCo!Irntain ing
1Product
71 -i.rit i.
24 )V
3 OS" I IN( 3 .i"Id -1"
1.. S)4.
;I
'i
sGrade
"fili-1aciiuj mit- %&ll MN~~ t.% wa metoe
undvi (.0. AfIii' r rb i'" it %%ais
tranusferred t it Storag
rid: ,~ %bere it
allo11
,wed
tro iremain fir 4-5 days~
Ir'i'irer' kvriri: sii
i
u'ai
eoeyWith
4 Jslfitioni -1
il
!wi''.iatvdn
out rirring tilt- storage.
Nrcr'
I I~i I i
n lv recoverry house of tire dii-Aaste,
.15~~('i
i o
r Sa; SO tr Lt; 5 ii'irCilit p
,
,,of
girls sr';i nritric' aidi (SOi-'iS,
IINO)
sod wr rabrik .iirr
11 SO

~ri

~~

24

Trinit-aton
dr olderi Krrinimel Prlant, nt' .atrid wats
tii
.1Ird~
to .
oil wirile in thr! newer plant tire- reverse
'rr cr'ru re "i.1i used whri ch is the curtren t Amaenr'can Prac'ti ce.
'ire ir. n.ethord was esnilyafoow:Semi-Continuous
1. 0
i'~irrrrr,.r~reirrrrior.,

~A)

3lie 4",i

2cdON
o
"Oa

it m terrip

Of

3
7
74~- 80 ruin, ilir' r-oil *mris addd'd graduinilly, wi th
.ittorwhil. thle .telml
kas alJ owed tri rise to0 i83.'I'llr rearction was comipletedi by' raising the lerorl
to 96Cr arid mraintaining. it there ,foir aborut .1 horos.
Totarl time of nitratirrn was about Cr lirlus
Cr) Separartiorr.
'Ihe rigi ation w~as strrjpper
anid tile
mixture ,illowed to settle for '2 hour. ':'lrr tri--oi t
crintaiining residrral aciO 1-21' IINO anti Ii* I'; II SO)
u-is transfcrrted to a washring house~and tile tri-sPe.lt
'.cid
a
was s lighrtly rdiluted with water (in orrdrer tro
precipitate out strrirre ,dditiorniil TVi') aind this .Hiuted
:reir was used for tire bin itratiori (see abrove).
NoE:
l-crntaighus
a
rvdr
ith an indivirduial
-fumie
recovery plant. TIhe gases formed in the nitration
vnAere removed through, ventillrrtrrs andl forced into rrb;rip'tion tov.er:; where they were sprayeli with writer, thus
iprriiriig weak nitric acid (50-55", conrcentraition). 'lhsducted
AitA was remroved for use in thre irrinonitrixtion.
*1) Puiicto
oTN
cnsitdoth
flown op
erriions
Thie tni-oil (called Rohtrl) was given seve.-al waiter
1
waslre'; at 90o
aninr the~n neutralized art 800 with, hicarbonate orf soda. The'resulting product had a setting
point rof 78-781.40, much lower thain for pure TlNT
0401.80 ) clure :rrostly to the Prresence of unsymmetrical
IX~~.
I
l) N'l antri otrher impurities.: IFor further punificatirrir, thre .eutrarl trn-oil was stirred with an equal
amount of water at above 80oJ Larti theIitemulsion cooled
* 776o
4 to
with constaint stirring to effect crystalhi'arirrir. At this point it itriuraired solution of Na
su~lfite (scllite) was addedl with continuous stirring~.
'Fh resulting slurry was filtered Iand tile precipitate
wrSaled i itlr waiter.
I
Nrrte: Tlhre sellite trearrrrent remroved thie iu.'nrers (if 'IN'T
(rioirtly beta-rind gamma" Irresent to tire amouint of 4- 4.51;,
II traftitrornthr~ane (TeN.Me) present to tlic iarmount of (1.20~.`11'. aridt koni
otherr ilipuritieri. Tortal loiss frorm thrs
wais 6 'to 1%'The' renirltirg pnrrduct, called)
.Reinnir irad 3 setting porint (a p1) between 810.01anti 80.6.
i~
rig
lkigadPcigtrrrrirsw'r
orreeithat
its frrllrrviii
.
lie' purrifiedi l'J'VI' w:14 fhelred ti, JIl%-90, rSepairated
(vwrii,' itr tire molten sMote)
fromr writer
anhi then
rhtir-l fitr uiechial wator-lircateri yeptela Ivy bubbilring
0 hruhi
dr(fi~
sr
RaSJ~-i) trrii
tir mnoltenr arri.
frool titn
'I I
rrr
rei
IIhu
tI'rgIcbrrhlrtaiorr lihe

~~trertment

directly

was

to it
wI ith
A, that
also ui

shll loading Plarnt or to a Ilaker. h


a s p of 80.60 or higher was called
with a lower a p was Grade IS. Th~iv
Grade UK (umkristcall is iert) with s -i

810.7-810.8" which was rrepd by recrystalizingr (;race


A TNT' from a wate! emulsion, tre ating thle crystals
a sml amount of sellite, rinsing with water
'l te ied
att..,iflg.ark
a 18-4
pts
,
Ih
yidathe
rinelFbkwa132prstf
Pure TNT pe
1 00 p of MNT, or 200 p TlNT'I from 1 00 p
tolutne.
wits
Capacity of the KrUtrrnrel 1ari
a
3,000 metric tons
per rrronth.
Brooks (Ref 6r) arid[ Wendes & Little (iRef 10) dlescribre
tire foillowing method of mantif of TNT at the Aliendorf
I'abIril; rrf D yn amict A -G
Method consisted of the following:
Mononitration (continuous process) was conducted
in twir stages. Toluene and nitric acid were fed into
two irre-nitratoirs where trhe mixture was vigorously
agitated for It hour at! 350. About 93% *of the nitration
was accomplished in these vessels. Toluene 'was fed
in at a rate of 1,000 lb per hour. The resulting
cmutirlsiors overflowed into one main nitrator and then
to a continuous gravity separator which was a rectangular steel box packed withs iaschig rings. The
rnlwit
acid was drawn off through a trapped
bottom outlet while the mono-oil went to, a washer.
Hlere the oil was washed with water and soda-ash
solution and thein passed through ui series of atrippin/
towers. L~ive steam was blown through the towers
to remrove. the impurities, such as unnitrated toluene,
brenzene and paraffins. Tile refined mono-oi! was
then sent to the bi-,rit.'ntor or shipped to other TNT
p~lu Ci
s
11) BI- and Trinitrotion (batch P~rocesses) were conin touch la.'ger nitrators than used in the
If S A. As much nas 10,000 lb of mononitrotolucne was
treated in one baitch (about 3 times as much as in
the U S A.
I'lie hi-nitration took about 3 hours while the
'ri-nitration required 6 hours. f-or this reason there
were
twice as many tri-nitrators as bi-srittatars.
In the tri-nittators, the mixed acid 'consisting
of nitric acid 24, sulforic acid 76 and water 0!')
was added to the crude ONT (bi-oil) while maintaining
the temperature at 830. Th~n the t-umperature was
raised over a period of 20 minutes to 980 and maintai,-k
ed at this point for 2 hours.
Note: There were no bottom outlets in the nitrators,
permitting thre drowning of the charge, but in case of
fire there was a quick-opening valve which permitted
a large stream of 96%. sulfuric acid to spray into the
nitrator to extin 1guishl the fire (Ref 6, pp 91-10).
C) Purification of TNT (at Allendotf). Tri-oil was
washed with hot water, and then crystallized from
fresh hot water. After drawing off the water and Seslryn-iedouc~rwsterr
with a 14% main
of Na sulfite (Seflite) of pig 5 to 6 In such a quantity
there wais from 3 to 4 lb of No sulfite per each
100 lb of TNTF. %hi~en the 14%; soln was mixed with
tire TNTl %lorty, there was irifficient water present
to lorlng thle strength of solo to aibout 31r of Na sulfite.
Tihe roi wte was filtered off leavinga
TNT wt
wate
ciseting 1)0.50l)
ay
point the79.5
withi
partially
to 80apurified
F
Ior
a TNT
reme(sp
purer was
lied
product

(,er .107
by. treatmlent willh hot wsatrc and then treated while
'in the ryolten, state with a freshl dilute solutioll of
* ehtlqeuing a total of I lb NaS 3Per 1100 lb TNT.

of (he towe~r (R~ef6, 1, 25).


Manufacture of TNT at Schiebuseb Fabrihi of D A -G
Batch Process (Retf
1'. 29). The TNT' Plant at Schlel~u'.d,

'rhe re'su I in g red waterr wnn decan ted "nd tl- molte
TNT washed twice with het water. Then the hot
wash water was passed thirough 6 cooling units to
r recover the TNT :which -was dissolved in the hot

TNT oan anI indutia scatlie.IistI


n
o
a iC'r
INI
e TNI
iiidutiti
ostcal
ine.1
1ws
o~fu
i
191 an consisted of on lin wtit four ho~s
,_
tri -, re liiiin g and drying. No mon on itra tioii was dI'm
because the MNT was receive'd from I G; larbinindustrie
-hue
'atches of WNT up to 15019 kg
intn
as nteh
were nitrated to I)NT and th cycle was 3 houts. In tht.
tni-hovuse each batch of l)NT was 41500 to .4400 kg (atixut
10,0001 Ib). TIhe maxtimnum production osf ',nv line was

'solution, and prec'ipitated on cooling (Refs 6 & 10).


Note: The Allendorf plant consutmed 102 lb of nitric acid
Per 100 lb of TNT, (ats agains't 981 to 100 lb in the LI S A
and 1915-200 lb of oleumn (against 215 lb in the U S A
The ,yield of' l0.4a*8U.5o TNT was 200 lb per 100 lb of
toluene (aga inst 205-2011 in the U S A ). Cost of I lb

of TNT was 0.'555 matk (about' 130~ (Ref 6, pp 11-15),


whic wa
o te
'coparble
prce n th U A.Fobrik,
I)) 'TNT Wosto Water Treatment. In order to eliminate
:1ckepense of evapoiation' of waste TNT ,;aters, a
special method 'was developed in Germany (on the
laboratory scale) 'for 'treating such waters', in the

i' cold.

thetrcd
seaatn
After~~~~ teslntcnInn
material
'rmwtrby
centrifuging, the solvent
wars-distilled off. The nitrobody obtained as the realJoe in' tile still waosintended for use in commercial
exposies

Th

spate

wstwtrwatetd

With lime to bring the pil to 7 and then steamn distilled


in order to recover' the" dias'oved Phenosolvan. This
left a yelIlow colored wante water !from which 95".
of, the' aitrobodics had been removed. It contained
'some inorganic impurities which were assumed to
be harmless to fish, etc. 'This water was allowed to be
ditched' (Ref 6,' p 27). '
~bi'.oil
Continuous Vapor Nitration of MN'T to tNT was develop,
ed by Dr A. Wille. and a 'pilot plant was built at Allendlorf
(ae
6 p25. The pln'oeae
tte
rate of 10 lbs of
TNT an hour , or 3 'metric tons a month. It consisted of
iou~t ma~jor utnits: a) an atomnizer' chamber for lINT, b) a
tower fo,' nitration,,c) a 'reflux ecoidcrnser and d) a separator.
The atomiz~er chamber had one oroy nozzle for thc
MNT feed (which was preteatied to '1000) and a 2nid niozzle
to inrdc irgngs(hch
was preheated to 160 0
*

The' resulting mist (vapor) of MINT in viltrogen

'

2500 metric tonsjin idi (about 5.5 million Ib).


Continuous Nitration of MNT to TNT at the Schisbusch
0 A -G (Method of J. Meissner) is briefly descrbed in Ref 10. The plant war. dismantled after vermination of hostilitics and shipped to E~ngland where it has
never becen assembled.
NteAsmlapanisowiipraonnIolndSe

nitrobodies
~
~
~ hi ~ ~ ~steCninuou
(Ae
~ Nte simp2-21.I Nitant isown of perationTnT lat theSchee
This n ethod permitted the recovery ef some
Dutch Sectioti).

* PH1of waste water was adjusted to 5 by adding some


sulfuric ci.Tiwainrdrtfreteoanc
acid
tliy culdbe
sotha
etratedby aSOI~nt
* caled'Phnoslva,
(resuabl
a ixtre f btyl
anod isobutyl acetates) "made 'by I G Farbe'nindlustrie.

was -co"-.

dotited 'from the atomizer chAmfiler 'to the bottom of the


itrating
tower, 200 invnainsidle din's and 2.5 mhg,
made of stainless steel and provided with at stainless
steel 'spiral, coil for cooling. The mixed acid, cofltS
'cniric acid,
a also introduced into tebto
was'5
theboto
of thre lower and it flowed uipwards with the MNT and
nitrolgen. The tempera ,ure 'of die mtaterial intilte tower
was: maintained at 92
and :the current of nitrogen gas
provided ufiet
iato.bi-oll
"lti acid anti nitrohody mixture overflowed at the
top 6f tile touvct into a rectangulair stainless steel box
sep.arator, where the '[NT settled to the bottom. The
waiste' :acid contained 15% total :nitric acid and less
odiroso than with the' batch process.: 'The jiltroren gas
together with) nitrogen oxides antd organic vapors (such
As etairritai)Wan
led from 'ltn lower to A refllts

condeonse(Ir which re.tutred' the con' e:a fte to the bottom

busch Fabrlk,DA-G(Mwwthod of Demoiceff). D~rDemnoeff and


collaborators developed and built during WW It a continuous pilot plant producing `1O0 metric tons per month of
TNT. The equipment consisted of nine vessels placed
in a row and connected in series. In cthe first vessel,
called the dilutor, the bi-waste acid, (arriving from the
5th vessel) was diluted with water. The diluted 'acid was
transferred to the 2nd vessel, called the extractor, in
Which the nitrobodies dissolved in acid were extracted
with MNT (delivered from ore of the I G Farbenindustrie
Iplants). Froni there the MNT with extracted nitrobodies
was transferred to the 3rd vessel ,the iseparatsor. From
the separcitor the oil overflowed to the 4th vessel, the
bi-nitrator, contasining sonic tri-spent aicid which was
pumped from the tri-nitrator (the 6th vessel). This acid
was fortified with some 60% nitric acid. The mixtare of
(lNT) and of bi-waste acid was transferred to
the 5th vessel, the separator. and from there the acid
-vent to the dilutor (1st vessel) while the bi-oil went to
the trinitrator (6th vessel) which contained the mixed
acid pumped from die 9th vessel (serving as d separator
for the Bill vessel, called the postnitrator). The next
stop was separation of the tni-oil (crude TNT) from the
tni-spenit acid and thin was done In the 76h vessel. Then
the acid was pumped to'. the 4th vetmcl (the bi-nitrator)
whil
the tni-oil went to the, postnitrator (8th vessel)
which contained fresh strong mixed acid. 'Then die mixture
wast pumped to the 9thi vessel, tile senarator, and; ftrom
there the partially used mixed acid went to the rni-nitnator
(t
esl
hl
i
N
et1
u
ahhue
Tite aitrators were cylindrical vessels, 2 ft inside diam
anti 3 ft deep pr.--;dfl with coils and agitators. The
'separators were of lihe cyclone type, fihe tippet ey Iil,1dfkill
part was 3 ft i d and 2 ft higlh, and thle bottom conical
part I ft deep. The nitrators had a capacity of .100 kg
and the required amount of acid. The acid consumption for bi- and td-nittations was about the same as for
the batch processl, namely 87 Ilia nittic and 195 IL's
oleuin for 100 lbs TNT produced (Re( 6, p 31).
Coritinuous Method of Refining of TNT,.AevelopeJ on a
pilot10 scale bvy Dr LVemtneff of Dynamic A *'6 and
tried
at Sell le usch. used nine vessels connected in series.
I'live IsIti,lie
tII and 711hvessels; were washers, tile
7ndt, 4th, 6th and Sth vessels were separators and the

IiIt v
*

se

I;cir i

;is

'i-;
%;

'Ili e cridcd

a1 droc'.

cra as Cetrcc

molllten

IN!

( ci(l

alle

oitirrat inf: plantr if) ilit'


ate I Will hot w1?aiter. *lhej

itcii
wa;s ait

ilic'

, %%here if
,I vssc'
clone
Ic ctticl oli xtoarc %.is craiasticrrc'd toi riic 2nd vvcsv (c.fy
an.
ill tIC n itriation
ri
s imila.r icc ci' h( c' tsed.
t%*(,, nitor
%%,.ta
i
svpa~ratcd. f romc maiste acidic
(" (li
%hurct.
cr,
tailt-' I'M vessel
adZ's trainsfe'rrcd li
oil
likcit 'lif(
1.1cr.
'ai rc if Was Waislied, 'VIdc !;itill in 111i. iiiilltei state,
a Cit a4 [lot" li liic solIution olf such ijm sufIfit.. ("'etl i te) at
pll 5 to1 6. Aitcr this the tri-ccil wats separated from
then' Washed Willh fresh
ic.i.t' .*acr(411V vessel)C~fc

'lI

K)n
*

%aiter (5cc thvssel)I.

bat

T(his

waste

water

vas separaccxl

in tile' 7th vesse'l th*' TNTc.(


cthl vtessel and 'the
for thle last little Afe
isWashced af:a iii a it wate'
iite' last w~tIsit water in the 81th v.essel, thce
,i'ai~
.:ill molictti TNT Was cdried'cfly bubblling hoict conmpre'ssed
;!t~~~~:gii tijelt'iuliuiil ill tile 9th vcesse'l. Finally tilei TNT\
a
f., is flaked. icc tilt- usuail mnanncer (Rc'f 6I, p 32).
by
Contfinuous Method of Washing of TNT ldlt.imlt
\'i54r((G(r 11 - ;2,7.12, I'hi-I 9.13). '(lThe apparatus
yltiicders (collunacs) prcsitdof siy, vertical tall
E'accl columrn wits enclosed
VI!'iwithi pi'rforatc'd plIat"'.
fin a steam~ jacketted kt'ttle' so tcat !thle 'IN'T could bt'
walci~
thou~itct
te
Atrse~palahn
process. AtertlI.en
h
i l'4itlilltet'llroFlu
lpd
IN'
ram; tht bulk of spent acid,
atn tecrd
ia

tilt-'

ficcans of livi !;teami aci . pre-liented


'TNT emullsion entered continuously into, the
*
lcortllI Oi litd'
, st colluilin nod simiultaineously soime hot
te~iir,requcired for rinsiccg 'but the csidual acid, was
inje'tiedl. *Ihei emulsioln moclved upwartfin and, alter paissinJ
tlirilughc the p'rfuoratid'll lait's (install'd 'in order to achieve
moire inltimlaite mixiture bemtween tlie IN"! and washing
i~c'iuci.t'~iedthe ciopper patt of tie' columin where the
st'pairaticr was locaited.
1
die liquid i*.N',*weint to
iiic'wtt'r,'Wt
After sc'lar.'tin'g
lit( 'l)(1itlcjl (If (Ile 2ndc ccluimii. 'The procicess was tepeiitei
.:s in tile Ist co'cilitn except that a 15', Nat liiearbonare
Silhtj~llli was ulsed ats tict' Waishingijilic.Jiuccc.
3rd ccllulfiii tile 'VI'Nl eicdjlsiocc was washced
l th
icc the 4th iand 5'ilc colucccs it wits
W
aithi hot %%-;ter, :iJc
oliiiionl in ordecr to rt'mcove'
Wa'~shed with at 5'" \'I scit
beta and gammaliuisiomer~s of TjNTI. lIt thle 'Alh column,
---die
Withc (cot water, !as in tltc- 1st and
was Washc
I. 'I''N'l
nic
3rdc'il
%A.is ('1411115tiedC by

i.

or.

Thle

~detonators

At Was claimled 'that thle process possessed tlce follow%* ifig~ advantages tilevr till blatchi Jlroce~sses:
lue to the facet that much
a) Less tiiii , con:s, m~ipd tits
intimaute' contdct't 1'.'is olitair'clf between tlce
niilrt'
t'llitilstfit'd dtoplets icf 'INT' find the washing niedia
w filoss ible, with tilce olderietic
"tOlancIs
10) flette.r yields:-i5~l.1! 9f,-9V,. with d".. nhls'pr
caticlc miethods. 'T'his was claiicied to be due to the
fact that as actual tintiict between tile TlNTl droplets
IZatid waslcing ctceciii' is very short (less than 5 minutes
in e.ali c'olufan) thlere wii' practici-lly nill decoimpos ition
6in iefiiaval of (Ih il lpha l''T"T'fintd only the incluritiesi
were auffected
0
e. k'cc'rqailiy
o pc~dct:setin ;cin~805-fhJ. ,
bcytile older miiethiocd
Of 80i.1-8.5, CS'C

i d) Grc'iteir

econmny"
redced

nan power requirements


*tile

TN efining bjy W~tide "Acrid.uring

I.teJeinr

litI c'-r wIith tile aim of re coverY"t 'lt'N'fmipilcritieli for uIfie in coinmercil~ explosives.
icin
It'(M-1 pro~Il~ci'ss, clot- crude 'TNT! wits crystiallized from
I' concentration. 'lie man.
iljit nitric''it'id of nc'curlvit
.'

were

ihtvc'loa-lll

a refiniolf

11.1-tlift
in:

icc ii

l.wce

iii

Itl~it urn

but wits

di scontin ued

bccaum.c ofi a se'riou


exi p los ion. 'llcis was due it) tle
C
laicc that solut ions ot 'IN
in s trong~ nitric acid are very

sensitivsce liqcuids Pnown siis Spre.n geI Type E~xpl os ivesa.


Afte(r this accident Dr A. Will e of Alllendorf miod ified
tilt. p roices s to ciiike it nori-ha zardcous.
a) In lt(.c few process t~ie crude 'l'NT was diassolv'ed
in ho t, weak (a bout 60OA nitric acid and the solution
coileItd to roomi temperaitiure. ThI'e crys talIs of purified
T'T vverte separatectd by filtration trom the cold m 'thet
fth
imuiisad
I q'.cir which contained mot
IN crystals were' washed.
lie *1N.*
Snc
iIIkcl
directlc'Iy on tlic' filter Withi fresh 6c`;, 1 od (about
4c0"lO)n itrin acid ind! ticis acidcIwas s ac'c' to be used
later as a hot solvent for one of the i~exr batches of
c'rude 'TN'T
nie
I'N'wr
uii
i
rtl
li'Waslih(
I')
and tIc' moilten compoundi washced with) hict water. The
rovsult~nj4 acidic water was r4iliove'c iind saved to
lie used later for ablsorp'tioni tower feed in thse acid
further washed
r'covery plant. 'T'he iioltein TlNT' va
2- 3 times wi tli fresh piortiions cif hot water (saving
the waste water each timie), dried with hot air and
flaked in the usual mi-nnt'r
0) Thle first 60-. nitric acid filtrate(see operation a)
distilled if, a FtoiaC-liileJ plastic, still using
wa
induction heating to eliminate hazards. The average
strengtZh of( Ct'l recovered acid was about 30".
lT'e purified 'fN'r was of light color an-d had a -4 p
(setting point) 80.2 to 80.30. It was claimied to be less
exudable than TNT' so of s p as high as 80.60 obtaincd
This could be due to the
by the Na sulfite purification
fact that nitric acid removes among oilier impurities the
I)N'l, while Not sulfite does not. For some unknown
rtason, the TlNTl refined by nitric acid could not be
pelleted. 'Thecloss of crude TNT on refining was around
8%; (about the sonie air in sulfite refining) but the nitrobodies recovered from the nitric acid could be used in
ccommnercial explosives, while in the Na sulfite process

the nitrobodies were decomposed (Ref 6. p 27).


Loading of Ammunition with TNT:
All bombs sind shells were cost-loaded and the merhod
is described iii* Ref 2, pp 14-15, 18-24. Items such its
find some boosters were press-loaded and the
procedure is described in detail in Ref 3, pp 46-48.
Uses of TNT In Germany During WW 11t
A) Straight cast TNT was used in: a) HE shells, much
asN the 17 mm, 47mm, 50 mm (trench morrar), 75mm,
75mm (smoke) and 105 mm (howitzer) bj) AP shells, such
as 75mm, 75mnm (capped), A7miii (rouind nose) c) Lend
mines such as the Tellermine
if) Straight pressed TNT was used in some detonators and
boosters. lFor insrance. the boo3ter for the 47mm Ill
shell contained .1 pressed pellets of TNT, density 1.49.
coated with wax (Ref 5)
C.) TNT dosenstlslxd with wax. A small quantity was
used by the Germans as early as VV I in their AP shells.
At the Bhattle of Jucland, many British ships were sunk
by German AP shells filled with desensitined TNT which
exploded after penetrating through armor, while most of
Gierman mhips were undoamailed, because British AP
shells were filled -with P A which expiloed an the sc
of the aurmor before penetration. This was due to
the fiict thant 11A is too slensitive to impact.
D~uring Va'~11, tile Germans usicd some Al' and SAlP
shellit Filled with blocks consisting of ucisture of TNT

Ilute

(.er 20'
with, I to 20'; of Montan wax. The higher wax content
was in the nose where die sMioc!. of impact is more
inrezise. 'The tail booster consisted of stra~ight compress-d
TN 1'
Following' re the ntames of TNT-wax mixtures used
fur loading shells-. Fillers No, 10, No 'I1I, No 12, No 27,
No 29, No 31)and No 100 (See under Fillers).
ote.- All the abovp mentioned mixtures, with the possible

is described ;n
(TNX)
(Trinitroxylene)
Trinitroxylol
the general section under Xylene. The German TNX prepd
by nitrating: commercial xylene was a plastic productt
conrg about 851; of trinitro - ni - xylcea of m p 1820, tise
rest being a liquid r-itr,,r4e of nitfatdo- and p-Aylen"'.
(Refs I e. 4).
In order to s~tretch the available supply' of TrNT, the
Gecrmans, durine, '%V II ,used some explosiOve co~inll05tirnfl

2,were less power'ful and. brisant


of FilrNo
excptin
tinstraight TNT', and their, velocities of detonation.
were lower (Rtef 41)..
:))Mixtures of TNT with various' explosi ves. In some
mixtures, such as with Rl)X or IIE.TN. the TNT was inc6.rporated to make! ith e composition castable and le.,s
secnsi .tiIve to mechanical action than if RM) or PETN

which contained as high as 45% TNX.

N resulted athog
w's uIe alne alhuhthe diiLo
o sedaloe,
TN
was
in the lowering of power, briiance and velocity of detonation of the RDX or P ETN.
In an ther group of explosiveteTTwste
principal high explosive component, the other ingredients
bcing added to' stretch the available supply of TNT.
inmong these ingr~edients were: Am nitrate (such as in
.Amatols 'and Ammonals ), K or Na nitrate (such as in
',odatol), DNI)N DNN, TNX, UN .A, C18 nitrate, common
slalt,etc. These exp~losives can be clas'sed as Eirsatz* sprengstaffe (q v ).(Re!
I )N A, was used in
One such mixture, namely TOT
sonle hand grenades, because it was; !presumed that in-,
* co-poration of a comparatively weak explosive, Suich as
ex essqively smalli riag.
etation'
o
1?NA. pre'Vented thec iorm
nentse
There were also several TNT & TNx mi''.ures and
:they Rte 'described under Trinitro'xylol.

195
epz
436-438
Niiaptndsof,
pp 142- 61, 90-3,
*2) A.Stettbachert Schiess- und Sprengstoffe, Barth, Leipzig
.TrwspaltS.A
Mi33), pp 261 -vM

Reference: T.L.Davis, Chemistry of Powder and Explosives, Wiley, N Y (1943), P 158.


explosive, used in potash mining. It

fFpoie
umr
eea
ta
1) O..tcln
Plns(Germany), PB Rep~t 925 (1945), pp 6,. 33-38 &
4 1-48fIrence
4) 0 *.Stickland et &I, Survey of German Practice and
Experience in filling High Explosives, PH3 Rept 1820
&10xy'plkrlnsiwre
(1945). pp,268 14
5) Anon, Data on Foreign Explosives, PHB Rept 11, 1544
(1945), Part 11,tables I St It
TNTManfacurein Grmay, 13 apt
* 6)C~iBrolrs
.
22,930(;945)
PrvingGrond,
* 7)Alled &E,,inyExplslvs;~Abereen
.
Maryland (1946). i .;9
8)l.Iter et al,German Development of High Explosives,
P13 Rept 78,,,71 or FIAT Final Rept 1035 (1947) p2.
9) A.Stetthacher S'prang- and Schieistoffe, Rascher, M~ich
(1948), ppI 71 -75

.21

J.R.Little, Report on the Known


110) J.C.lf.Wendca
European Processes for 'the Continuous Production uof
Un It', Joliet Arsenal,
ubtCKnre
T'NT, U
Jolliet, Illinois (1953),

p7

monionitrocomputunds in the approximate


of the
aditintwo
ratio of I1: 4 was nitrated directly to the trinitro
stage, but the sulfite refining was omitted (Rets
2&3
b) A mixture of TNX. 415, tetryl 50 and TINT V%,with
a mnp about 800 and suitable for cast-loading shells,
etc, was prepdl by nitration of a mixture of MINX and
dinitruinet'lylaniline ana incorporation in the reauhtitmag
trinitrated product of 50; of TNT. The mixture was
more brisant than TNT but required a stronger boosterr
2, p 11).
(See also under Ersatzsprengstofle).
References:
1) A.Stetrbacher, Scliiess- und Sprengstoffe.' Leipzig
(1933) pp' 277-8
2) PH3Rept 1820 (1945), p 11
3) P13 lept 22,930 (19415), p 15
4) A.Stettbacher,Sprcng6 u-'d Schiesstoffe. Aiiri Ich (1948),
P'
TiSlt
r-ax

Calcium;
nitaiie

a in p average of about 770 were used for castloading some bombs anti shells. For their manuf
xylene and toluene were nitrated separately by contir ous method.; to form MINX and MNT and the mixtureC

Ca
T Aniak
AP Arm(!r~iercingl;
'D A 4G Dynanuit Aktiengesellschaft; DNA MiDNNLinitronaphthalene;
ii*bnoe
N
plosiv6; ni. meta; MNT MononitroOtluene; M P meltino
point-, No Sodium; o. ortho;, P Patent; p. para; P A Picrrc
PETN Pentiperythritol tett5Oitraike RDX Cyclonite
TaNMe Tetranitroo RX;SAP Seml-armor..pietcing;.
irn plf THY. TrinitrflvylpflP.
tietol
or
mehae TNT,
.
eferences:
Abbreviations:

pacid;

Following are some examples of such explosives:


a) %fixtures of TNY' 20-25 and TNT An)- 15,, vwirhh

TeilrN

Trlfolitol.

e
e

h
h

fmtyamnu.Ntaei
rnehlmoinNtaei
e~le

O(?

oIR'

eea
eea

idrFles

idrFles

Tri.Trinal. An explosive consisting of 2 partst ef rri


(TNT) with I or 2 parts of Trinal (TNN) used durir.g
WW I, for filling '4ome small caliber shells. :ovnq-re%%td

was prepd by it A S A-6 by crutshing tnd grinding the;


double-base propellants left as Surplus After UAL1.
,p).1
Naodm, Nicroglycerin,Daittiniore (119214
Rernc.Q
f~hlsueee
Tllrrsrn
Tii,
T~i,
(Trinitroreisorsinol or Styphnic acid) is
described in the general section under Resorcinol. A
short description of Trixin is Itiven by Stettbacher (Ref
I and 3) A method of Prepni of the Trizin -J practiced
in Germany during WrW11is given in:Ref 2.
Trizin was used, for prepn of its lead salt, called in Germana
Trixinat and in English Lead Styphnate.
Rerncs
1) A.Stettbacher, Schiessa und Sprengaroffe, Leipzig
(13)p28
PB Rept 95,613 (1947), Section M
3) A.Stettbacher, Spreng- und Schieastoffe, Zbrlch (19411),
p 98.

t
i

e
S

.'li)

Willic

Tr ninof,'
Sypho

Triziont,

iril
s

Tricoot,'

unv
111,4.

u 21..

Mixture,

io

-Tn Sinat

'der

Biti

ipl''

etrzen
Tn iuinlund
T robach

Blei

I iiiieoniii.11*Iti

aS:itoxydskstz.

am

p.:wen td

iI)

1900 , coitti med

hriiISanld I15', of .i Joiuf~le salt


p lI' ill [,I( . ,
..
linwiciall
lo
r: lv t
soh
f a
cliaitactvris.
.~ of (mi, Ni or fli), untilti tilli
s
*I f~it,o,i~
I nira oftii vr
iii
evident.- i t. re stiltin~g.rvK

rt.cc
ittI;:ie,

tal neortortte
vr drid i.1 in he hov mixure
a 'is (1602),l 1 7-6.
re
iinIi

~c

. s
uitabfle for 'driv iiiw tile turbine. wl ecras th.e steam
wa .4Suitabile for driving rockers or
ATO (assste
ake*.df)" units. ThIe steam obtained with,
-Sroff Wl~s not suitabile for dfrivinig turbines b~ecaus.!
it
'onitaiin ed simall pa rti cles of kfa
. %hfilen T-Stoff was
mixied with IS-Stoff (hydrazine hydratef in the presence of
K cupo~-yn~dethet res;ulting lisquid was found to ignit
s pon tane~ous ly.
Oeo
h:ms
neetn
plctoso
-tf

Otiirjnedf w ithi /-Stoff

wa
siii sur
of
power,, fotrc~~~
.iuplarionso
aspropose
I-Y Dr l it-m t V
'a
te r.( Sce
l-floit %alter. Seven such
subarines (300 to 500 tons eaich) were iccep~ted by the
(o.riman Navy up to the end of U%' 11.
Dr Walter, who is now %%
irling in the U S A , recently
a paper (R~ef 7) describin g hydrogen peroxide
site
publise
w,
a1 s-ource of itove.
lieside submarines, he lists the

Tnoidor
A * FobiK
wa Oneof he panc ,il;erao
olltowiig teerniui devices where hydrogen peroxide was
for~ thle him (nfaturt, ill prtin'ii
and
in ij~timng~UOt
sasuc
fpwr
a0 A 500 kg~ AT?) (As.;istvd lIake O~ff) If 0 monoanJ devices.. It, UW'i1I' de velopments and
ie 1 ifA'ive';
2 2
fuel unit
activi, its are btriefly hesotiied by 1A.lJayfor et al, BI1OS
I ial epot .4.1(1'45)
iW A 1001 kg thriist, rocket propulsion unit for guided
fatt irivsl

Trlolit . :I f'ic ci material consisting of' eiraer polystyrene


,hINyrn
opolyiiit ;s tuanuifd durilig and after WA~ It
o~r
biii,.th
I ynarit.
A -G , TrOkidorf, lHez K6in. Sone' fuze
1.0tfies,
stuch as
VIgfZ T" were made from Trolitul.
Heferences:
1) 'a.Krannich, Kunststofft' iti tvchniscefin Korrosionsscfiuts,
te 'it' IIcrl in, (I19.13), P .2 5
f .01m
atiMit.
2)
fI.satchthing it
U.t.Zerowski, Kunstoff-' ascheiibuch,
Ifalaser, M61iivi,&te( Ii)5), pi,t 2.10-,24 1, 257 1power
) hII.A:.Tiscli midil R.m .Kucf'kuda,
l.'icatinriy Arsenal,
c)rN j ' priv itt ctmiutpunivation ( 195-,)'

TropfQ odor Fl~issige Tii (D~rip (Oil or Liquid Oil) is


dtesnriited in tilt- :'ncral -cettion and also in A.Stettbacher.
1, (,1.
Shes and Sprengstiofft (m0).
, 1 . .2)
. . TMV 1-101 . See Schit'ss1olle IR.

mifsies
0 A bipropellant 1000 to 1500 kg .ATO
d)
A catapult with hyd:ogen peroxide propulsion
unit (derompoisition only) for launching V-I s
e) Controllable propulsion
for the Mes sersclanitt 263

f)
sc

Rocket

training

of a 750 kg thrust unit

airplane

and

controllable

plant givi'-t 1 to 2000 ke thrust fi~r the Messerit26


I

Reeeces:20B

1) O~r.Nitschmann, Physical ond Chemical Investigations


of *i'-Stoff Solutions, I G lFsrbenindustrie Rept 597, Oppau,
Germnany (19441)
ll.IWalter, Report on Rocket Power Plants Based on
T-Substance, .NACA Rept No 1170 (translated from the

Germmin)
*
*

T-Stoff ('f-Stuff or T-Substiince) is thle AGerman dr'ignt.hydroger. peroxide (%Aaisserstoffcocentad


tOn fr
as at clear, viscous liquid contg 80-tff
pcroxvd).
0-151' 112 0. 1t wats fairly stable at ordinary
7.%~ i2
teialperitturc and pressure when :in the presence of small
qu~antities
ever,

of stitbilizers

Ldespite

thll

such as phosphoric acid, flow-

greatest

care, it ;wo.

not possible tio

pr6-ent a slow decomposition of the If2P

into oxygen

226)
and water over a long period of t ime.
T-Stoff wats best stored'in aluminum receptacles which
had been previously treated with an' acid and trisodium
phosphate.'i It cal. also b~e kept ill glass vessels, but

in" any case extreme care must be taken. to exclu'de an


te
dus (noganc
r reaic oanyoterimpurities,
pper-free, Iwere: c clsshai3'
reported
moaterials
li,-*.toff resistant
immnu
, hroiu
s~o
stel
(ichno
Ichloide plastic (when axine
Crplvinyly0P1
tricresylphosphate
a 'r. a softener) and polyethy!cne p'fsstic. The )fUna S and
poly vinylchloride without a softener were less resistant
-whereas the polyomid wits not resistant V.ral
*C3
Rept
W-11 IS, pp 12-1 ill.
ofI'-Soff eiher
I orer o "t~rmn#'shesrrtngr
as fiydroaep;.r or titrationL With, K Itermanganate was used.

usd crrie incom roker


'l'-tof
asanwaxygn
proipellamnts, as for instance in the Hach# guided missile
ws propelled by at mixture 'of T-Stoff and Na or
wic
Cu pfmrflgtnae.
hes
rnxttrt~ wee clle
Acco
prnthitigtoae (These mixturpt werel5 railen '-StofWf

z~,'n

Wts decoinponel biy a catalyst such as Z-Stoll (see above)


or
M1' -34 (q v1), mispethented riteam w a formed (together

with oxsygen) lsicticnim itbout 552 Alcal/k$ were liberated


iand a very hihtmeaii
41
)wsatie,'i,
steam obhtuinet i wI th a snolId ca:taly'st ;(such ats, MP' -14)

1) Logan McKee, Slechan~cal Engineering 68, 1045 -48.


(1946), Hlydrogen Peroxide for Propulsive Power, Produl.
If
tion rind Use by the Germans during %%W
v
d&EgCe
4) ESSaly&FPUenrn
15.36'43 (19-17), Highly Concentrated Ilydrogen Peroxide.

Physical and Chenmical Properties


5)

R.Simard,

The

L'ngineering

journal

of Canada

31,

219-2'5 (19481)
F.ftoss,j r, Guided Mfissiles, Lothitop etc, N Y (191,1).
pp' 45-6

7) hi.Walter, jet Propulsion 24, 166- 171 (1954). Esperience with the Application of Hlydrog'en Peroxide for
Prcduction of Power.
Note: According to IL.A.Curtis, COS, Reporr 28-62 (1946),
p 23 the code name T-Stoff was' used'loi 82% hydrogen
peroxide, while the code names Aurol tmewaI in and
Subsidol were used for any 80-86% hyjrogen Peroxide.
Accodn .. oRCSif
S Rept 30-15(9),p8
th Ttofwa also
Cs tif
115e(1945,p 8
TSo(wsas
aldIgln
TSof
sde bin adsintnofaccnttd
TSo

eie

en

einto

facnetae

hydrogen peroxide (see above), the word T-Stoff was used


to designate the lactymator (Trinenstoff) consisting of
it mixture of bromides of o-, m- and p- isomers of xylene.
T.Stoff S) II drogen peroxide containing about 20% water
10m pelir)
wt
phosphoric act
and statIlxr
Specific gravity at 20 C: 110' solution 1.34, 81% 1.355
sntil 85'; 1,.36.4. Decomposition number (q v ) less than 5.

Uacd an a r~ource of oxy en lIn liquid rnc:.et propellants.

Referencet t.C~.Stiff, CIOS (*port .30-115 (1945j%p 9.


$),Iyrg
it'olde
n-itf
con tg about 20j of water
and tiaa fIixeid with oxyquinoline (40 trig per liter). Dc-.
composition Number (q v) less titan 1. Specific gravity

Get 2il
a 20" 5&ktC als 3-stoff (S).
.t
sdif,
liquid rocket pro.
pellants.
,Rfrne
.C.Stifl, (:I), Report 3()-, I(9l)p.U-Boot-21
*Uberchlorsgure
Set. 'etcjiderict Acid in the- general
section.
Lube'rtrouncsdiatonX(crnfenc

Distance).- Acco~rding to

A. SWcttbacher'Sch 'iess.

und Sprensioffe, Leipzig (1933),


in meters may be exIpressed as:
dOewhere *
(0) is: the weight Iff an explosive
!in kp, and (k is the
(Seo as o Gap
e
Jue.l
to ab ot geerlse5.o
(Seeals
n rI~. Ga~
eneal
'rst sctin).Paris
:

thed

sta6c

U betragnggoeff
odr
Snslbilit~tskoeffixient
1j 0 ,
(Tratts'missioin
C:oefficient or Sensitivity
Coefficient)
Accorditng to ,Stertrlacher,
'Shiess-1 und
Sprengatoffe,
of ), tet n a 4
r 5n n th
co tf a~ e
of tr a smssion
inlfcet'
is c l ult d frn
h
own
eutin
I/,hr
(e) is the weight (such as 150
g) of an explosive to be
initiated by influence and (c, ) is the'
weioic of n standard
!explosive, suchaspci
cd(A)sevgas
iararet influence.0A
srvngasan
* If rt
beweIite 1xlsv
chage
is1
m
t in !I.n di
e to,,ne
detonate50
of P A (chn5), it would

reureSgof
wud gv frte(e
thevauie
of550g P
P A
A.c5)
. c-5
Ti
o dgv
frte(L)
the
value 510/
tof = a~
.
50
o.
11T
Iro rdf
etnae 0gof YT c=50) it would
be necessary to' use f68g of
P A (c,=68) while for 508
of tetryl mnly '28g, cI
A would be required. This gives
Ifor (Le) the value of 510/68
0. 78 for TNT and the value
of50/28 = 1.80 for tetryl.
Note: The 'highier the value of (Le) , the more sensitive
is an explosive to initiation by influence.,
-requested

-ot
okt(oktSbaie.SeSeul
-otPokt(oktSbaie.Seehul
oder Unteraseeboot 21(-Boat 21)
21, in French) wns; a submiritie developed (Sous-marin
in the last
part of WW 11 hut nor produced i'n large
quantity. It was
77 at long, 6')~ m wide, displaced 1600 .ons and was
provtided with 5000 lip Diesels and 5000 1113 cle;tric
inotor;..
Its speed in submerged condition was
18 knots against
7 knots of the older submarine models "7"
and "9". The
U-boot-2l could travel as much as
30,0JUO miles without
refuelling or rcstocking.
Refetence: A.Ducrot-q, Les Armes Secr~tes Allemandes.
(1947), pp 24-26.
U-Boot Walter (lj-Boat of Walter) (Submarine
Withi Chemical
Propulsion) (Stius-marin
1~ propulsion chimnique,
i
rch.nodenttobdpcln
natshrc
o x y g e n fo r the op e ra tion u f s u b ma rin e D ie se l c
rngin e s
when in submerged condition, lI.W alter and collaborators
designed a device in which concentratud hydrogen
peroxide (T-Stoff) was catalytically decomposed
in the
rsneo
eragnt
nowne
n
xgn
Th
xye.
ed for opecrating the D~iesels. At tioe
same time, the e... gy liberated on dccomnposition
of the
hydrogen peroxide, which, amounted to 690 kcal/kg (calculated for 1001 peroxide), was utilized
to operate a gas
turbine ,0.h
directly connected to the propeller shaft. As
ab-prod~uct of this reaction purc
water was obtained
which was used fog drint-ing and cooking
purposes.
According to Ref 5, the above systegn
was called
"Closed Cycle Diesel Development
for Submerged Propulsion*' and the idea for such an engine
goes back to
the time of WW I when the Germania Werft at Kiel tried
to use compressed oxygen for Diesels. No 'work an
the
subject was done until 1939-1940 when the Getman
Nav,
some firms (such as Zeppelin Gmbli, Kommandit
-Gesellsch-4ft Walter) and research institutions
(such as
the
Forschungsinstitut fair Kraftfahtxeuge, under tie
direction of Ptof

* UBoa,Oe-an;OneManSumarn,
r Oe an orpdo
(Ema,
Torpedo)
n-Man
Th Submarine
consre ofe Mansmall
*
Kamm and Dr Iluber) to resume the project.
wman
subm rinedto) This
b
levofwich
aontorped
of wasmaltched
man
Besides the above mentioned Walter system
heubmrin
ottm too whih atoredo
lastt~h
using hydrogen
peroxide as a source of oxygen , there
by means of shackle-.. 'The combination was propelled
also a system
by
developed at Prr'f Kamm's laboratory whichwasused
an electric motor ii die: submarine operated by
cimptessed
storage
oxgn.Asbaieuigcmrssd
xyneintd
bat
ilo
eri
s.
Itou he
ltt the dev ce to
ith n a fai ly
as
T
ype
X
s'ho'rt distarcee of the target
V
III
K
(called
also Seehund j, w as nearly cam(such as an enemy
pletely built at the Germania Wetft, Kiel,
Warehouse, etc ) before releasing the torpedo. ship, dock.
using
The torpedo
Blohm & Voss Type XVII hulls, Daimler-Benz finished
was aimed by lining nipthe submtarine wvitht the target.
engines
After
and two outboard cylinders with compressed oxygen.
firing the torpedo, the pilot returned to his base
The
':r to his
Kamm's equipment was somewhat bulkier than
"*mother" ship (Refst I & 2).a
that of
No te: Some of submarin,~s were 'propelled by intra
Walter.
In addition to the type XVII K submarine,
combustion engines (Ref 2).
tenlplanned to build a suhmiaript- withi a smral~ler engine itandwas
to
Reerrce:us
.e liquid oxgn carried in two insulated tanks. The
I)rtlley
nonJurnl
Fild 3 pwork
on the closed cycle engine project did not piogres.s
1) PiAtoFelcomruicatryouna
from an 505 (194.)
very fast as it was considered by the iligh Command
Pivae
cmmuicaionfro
anengineer who worked
to be of
on their 2)construction
secondary importance.
aid who requested
that he remain
(See also Seehund and under T-Stoff).
* antonymnous.Note: Rocket power plants constructed at the
Walter Uerke,

* OneTar'

c/oKiel
-

r
Q.

a'Note:

are described by R.C.Stifft CICPS Rept 30-115 (1945).

According to Chem Engrg News 32,


(19541),
th e Bitish, in the yard of Vickers-Armatrong. at1356
Barrow-it.Furness, lauinched a submarine cal
led the IxLrrwhh
"xploit~whic
is to be propelled by hydrogen peroxide.
Rcfereimcces.:
1) A.Ducrocq, ILeR Armes Secr~tes Allemande%, Paris
(1947), pp 26-31

2) l1.Slimard, ling J of Camnada 31, 219 -25 (1948), C


A
42,5622 (1948)
3) ll.schaeffer, U-Boat 997, Norton, N Y (1953), PP 181-2
14) 11. alter, jet Propulsion 24, 168-9 (1954)
5) A.ll.Schilling, German Naval Cl-ited Cycle Diesel

Dee
n
Toi-pdc~i76(1945).

for Submtcrged

Propulsion,

CR10

Report

10-

~u

S~r iii~i~
f

an

fi

I ll h

Srug

Ungenierore
ynamte oer Slworefrirbar
ynmit
Unger~erarebytimiteode
Sc~ergerieboreDynaite
D~ynamite~s or fliftivuiltly l'ree,.ing D~yniamites)
I I~t-cio d in the ginural suiior
sL~ow-ireezing
l~uiuuiiu.
.
.
.
'lItt
foullowing: sub.stautw,' or theiir muixtuires were
usd . In(rmii
i(rdrt
i ute
(.otiin
pus
uiw-s
i on-t ret*/1 Civat wil te temperatures:
tiv
or' Irvcol,
iii, itrovh! ,uokldnin,
.
dinirroglycerin,
fI,
vtr nitrodijOyuuninl
diiilitniu,unriuiiu,
l'initr'oacetiin,
u t. tv.in
Ine <i Iin
aounit cn irocnuiuund
Suhs INIi, %INT, lINT, t-,-

* itu~leuri
I)I'
Niot . (,, i)?), p l~ - 81Sad
2)A.Sutcttihulivr, lirung- tind scli~esstoffe, (1948), p6.
*

Unnow-Nafuie

'E x l
. f
oIh
;,
,
uraa
t
':
were dvscril'ud in Allied atiid L~nvuiy I-'XJI'oSiVCN,
Aedvi 'tPoviin68 ikrouii,
%krl.os
1
.11,.4! ., aind -thi-r
%ources, lout for v~hi cli no nameus were given
a)
*IX"N'I
-0 '0ad.3'1.Udi
care
*
amtnuiin
grenades!.rddmlto
bre
iuniion
nd dmoliion
hargs
(t.a st-Ina di-d)
I
I)RI)N luellets"Lemluedded in.TNT. Used in 400(3kg
*
lituitlis(cast-loaded)
l'Sl5.'i'3ad5/0'.
HI)ITN'llx
ad
5,'4,'2
7
7 XTN~j

IT,.

11

...

/IINI)PbhA/TNI'/AI
ground
5/10, 50/13-0
(NI 14 N0 3 /IUl)X/'AlV~ax
52./5/15) 0 -6

MIxture 2
(N114NO3,1

4026)homapeds
arngte
th
AnaNosl2'3q V0~
.
ASN explosive (N 114NU3,/I)icyaildiamide/PEl-TN - 70/ 10/20)
n
S
0
Al explosive (Nl14NO3,1DCD)A/PI:TN/A1
63/ /18/ 10).
In addition to the above mentioned ASN and Seliw 19,
the following other underwater explosive compositions

~shells,

a
mxt
of~I/
;u*0'
an
amacintued and Nissuitl
or
)0 us
ithegrforn cAse or
One of the advantages of Nirolit is that it can easily
uncased charges.
Mixtures oi l1IETN with NG (.iitroglycerin), in which
may be incorporated some collodion cotton, were proposed
in !929 by A.Stettbacher under the name of Pentninitr..
(See Swiss section of this dectionary). These mixtures were
found to be effective in underwater explosions.
Below
are listed additional
exloies
proposed
before and during %Uif for use in underwater ammunition

~QI~

Unterwossersptnonsiofft
(Underwater
IExplosiv s). ' Fxtensivo
studv (h underwater explusiuns (linterwasserspren jmiig('Ii
and of German undem 'ter explosives was
coiiduct'd
by D~r A.Stetetbaclier, Zarich, Switzerland.
Ile describiut
sonic 'of his investigations in boo.ks and
papers &'utlislied iii .erinany and Switzerland (See R~efs
I-'). :olnc additional information on German andl Swiss

durig
Ne hYo~k
%ty i i
diesumer f 194.
nlyexperimental.
SPI1Ci~nvetigtin
O
Geinn aumiizd uderatr
SraihtTNT, TN l'/AI - 7%/25 & 60/40, TNT,'RDX cc uderAlunin~
5S/45,RI)XAI/'aax - 76/20/4 & 67/30/3 (called respectiveExplosives).~80/2
inomainxnth Exesv
omoito
70/30), 5.4 (matrix Sclt
andf vrii~s
ifvciveess uderwterexplsivs ma
S'3), S-5(matrix S-1 & pellets. S-3), S5.6 (Dinltronaph
arener
be'foud
Tehnial
i Naal lissin Erop Tehnial
/IIN*)PhA/TNT/AI -20/241/40/10),
S-7 (l)$JN/IINDPhA/
5,,
-Trinitrochlorobenzene/.AJ - 15/24/145/16), 5-8 ('INDPhA/
Som
( g I'l ISrpors
o 820. snicBriishArmmen
1rinitrobenzene/TNT/Al
- 24/6/54/16), S-9 (matrix S-1
H o varc
smet Dparmen,
iriish lin DeignDep an'
&peletsS-6).S-1O (mnarix S-8 & pellets S-6),S.1l (matrix S-1
Some Gentian reI'ors issued by the Cliiei;sscla-Phly-sikalisclit'
& pellets S-7), S-12(materix S-8 . 'pellets S-7), 5.13 (IINDPhA
k'ersuchisanstalt and other institutions. O~ne of the reports
/1'rinitrochlorobenzene/AI
- 24/60/16), S-14 (matrix S-1
i-. entitled Ilericht 6bcr die Arbeitstagun, Unterwasser& pellets S-13), S-15 (matrix S-8 & pellets S-1 3), S-16
!:preiiguii;cn Amtsyruppc Mar Riist/FI'P in CKM, Tagun gs(see above), S-17 called also Mixture 1 (saee above), S-10
t'ciclIit Nr 8, (Iktober 1945.,:Ilie data frome these papers
(matrix S-17 & pellets S-16), WASAG-11 (N114,NO3/IIND~PhA/
was compiled by J.S.Colcs in an excellent report entitled
TN./A1
30/1/55/10), WASAG.2 (IINL)PhA/TNT/AI "Suinmary of Un~erwarer Explisive comparisons",..ND)RC
241/66/10),
WASAG-3
(IINDPIiA/TNT/AI
15/75/10),
NJo A-1(,3, 0(SRI) N'o 6211. Although this repo~rt was written
WASAGN(+2) (matrix 'UASAG -2
& pellets tSASAG - 1),
values oif underwater cffectivene's, given in thi% report
The following two experimental mixtures proved to
auore 1n13 itlueisn tl
lsiid this
o
reason the
WASG(3
(rmatrixg Was
unewae
Apel~letsiv NASAG-l
Acicording to
Stettbacher tile principal exposies
It X/
/1/4C and TNT/N114NO31Al - V./2q.6/14.3.
are
in tti wixrk.
no
inlui
'Il
AA
isxlsvs
asoi
unerwatiera
us-d during .'aIfor
effeosives
Nls TNT,
loading the 'sea Inines (Seeminlen),
hefrtmxueisxbu
fetv
depth
charges (Tief'bomben) and torpedoes (Torpedos),
sTT
while the second mixture has the advaentalitc
thiat
it can
uLi'isiszed of TVN'Vand IiNI)PhA (hexnnitrodiphlenylaniine).
be pressed to a Iuighudensity of 1.84.
tOne
such 6xplosive composition consisted of
TINT/
(See also explosives S-6, S-6 modified, 5-16, S-19, S-22,
IINI)PhlA - 00/40, while another 'contained TNT/IINDPhA;-26, E-11 and KMA listed under lFrsatzsprengstoffe).
15110/b. The latter mixture was called Schlesswolle neuer
Art (Schw nA).
_.
, 1, 1fereIcIsr
nodrncs
Note: It is of intere st to report that previous to UV'anti
91 ry as 898!, the (kiapin
their underwater am-:
e Answer.Tobncedir.S2,234(l3n
Rposoe,
nitfouni line, called Tatra lei Gerhinn ) andl 'NII (trlinilto2) A.Stettkiclier, Schiess- uid Sprengcatoffe, Lehpzig( 9.33),
lumuuzene)
Straight TNT wais also round tto be suitable
Ill 396 -401
ats .uni underwater explosive. Towards the end of 'AAI large
proportions of alumninuum powder were introdluced in under-.
3) A.Stettbaclmer, Procter 8, 83-92 (1942), lCtiesasprengstoffe
water explmusi~es. one such mixture, kiiown as Sclicisswolle.
4) A.Stetthacher, Protar 9, 33-45 (1943%, 6ber die Wirdaerg
18 (abbrevinteul to Sebw 18 anld litter caillied SA1) was imsel
von Torpedos, Minen, und Tiefenbomhben unter Beriick-

~~

i cuD'
li

vdrinl compsition% in which ammnonium nitrate was


used as one of the ingredients were introduced beforc
;Indl durim~ 'UWH. They included Schw 39 or S.3 (N11 N0 /
4
3
llNlDlhA TNT/Al !r-un0 - 30/5/45/7n) Sehw 3 9o fNllaN0,e

positnion

Nu!ie: Stertbaclier's reported analysis of this mixture


0(u-8/,'2.115.2. lie stated that it was very elccivetin%,t,:
all kinds of underwater -bharges.
I
At about die same time a- above (1918), a mixture In
whi ch PlETN was used in lieu of IINI)PhA was introduced,
It was called Schw 19 and contained PI-_.N/lN"I1/,'i
2s/ 1827 .. eraysatdt
em
alu.
96,t
mixture called Schw 36 or 5.2 (TINrITINDPlIA/A - 0u7/8/ 25)
made i tsappearance. At a bout the same timne the 2h emis ch
-I'liysikaliselue Versuchsanstalt (CPVA) proposed sevcroi
ex I Iioves in which RDlX (Ilexogen) was used in lieu of
lI:)l~lu'A
Oze'e Trialens 105 and 106, knnaloa
lill er No 105 and FlleIr No 10(I0. Simii at expl osi v,'
Trialen 107 (See Filler No 107), S-17 ofn Ml~ure 1 (Gl)X/
TVufAr - 1/504) .iid Tritolital (Iv ) aippe.are~d before

~tmsa

ter 211
nihing dter deutscli'e

Pp 13;-140

Mrn-svrvni,.sroff, v-tm le~r

5)
A.Sert~cbr,~'rt.,I un.J Scit-of,5)rc,

5)

A.It'mlberjer.

V-2,

Viking~ Press.

TIhe

N N'

(195-1).

A.S...ocke et al, Guidance, Van Nostrand N Y (195),


, So,.7, 71 & 76 (Honk I of [lie "Principles of
u*,idcd :~~ieDesirn". edited by Crays')n Merrill)

~ (W

14),

(Spt" illustratian an nest pare).


bit)
Ilport Nt.A-1.~,
I~l)
', et j.~col
l,
*
V0l', p~p5 j-9 (coin fdential)
c2.11 ('9u
ecne'~uo
r
(Zs
.( ole, Uncderwater E xplosiocrts, P~rintceton Univeersityugwof
7)111
V2 rRvneUao
drVretugwfeZe
P'ress, P'rinceton, 'New Jersey (19418), pp 117-124V-2
A-i
was
designation
German
official
The
Two)
9 ()."AStick land e ca 1, I'll (tept 1420 (19,15)
was a rocket provided with 4 stabilizing fins. It could
9.), AStvtctbachrr of Airich, Switzerland; private conlimtnuicawith, a speed up to 3600 mnph to a distance up tu
t~itfly
2;0 m.iles and at altitudes tip to 50-60 miles. The body
ofI the rocket was cylindrical in shape with a nose capierDe .
Unterwosserzuinder (U nderwater I1gniter or Printer).
bu
trws
ing to a sharp poin.Telretda
und
Sprengstoffe
KDlrekopf,
and
lley'in,.
C.
in
* ;cribed
weilhed
it
loaded
Fully
46'.
was
length
overall
cthe
and
5'
&
237.
1771.225
(1()pp
* iindmiittel, .erlin
.ibout 14 toaia, which included 9 tons of fuel supply and
about 1 ton of special explosive that could withstand
ctt
ells
rn
o Cmd V.llsiie
Urestn
high temp~caturcs in the warhead. The first of theI 24).!
And formiald Iehyde f( ..I E~x
!rpadi
pot 1044. A total
!r-qwac fir-4 aviq

drVergeltunqs5Wnffe Eins (V-1


V-

of 1115 %~-2 rockets were fired up to Afpril 2, 1915, and

or Revenge Wen-

they ctlt'ed considerable damage especially


and vicinity.

tI,, official uerman designation was 1zZG-76


the British nante: Buzz Bonmb .V-1 was a. pilotltss

Pont - t)n.

*and

pln(il~lr.*kt) whit.1lt could fly at a speed ol


500-560r mph 'at a he~ight between 2,000 and 3,000 feet
* and to Ia distance of ,220 mnilei. It could be, launched from
. a catapult. or release'd from a piloted plane. The body
.*,of the V-1 rocket was ,!indrical in shape, capering
it ,oward the nose; diameter 2-7- and total length 21' 5,
by
F Iully loaIded it wteighed 4,750 lb . It was propelled for
0,pulse-jet engine using 1,50 gallons of gasoline
irha
omnpressed air as thixdzr
fuel and
contained some newly developed explosives (see belo~w),
which could withsitlnd high temperatures.' These rockets

* were fired against 1nglan, begnnig in June 1944, and


.
.
.
.
causcd'considerable damage.
Referc.aces:
*.
1) A.Ducrocq Les .Ames Secrites Allemiandes, bergerLeyrault, Paris (1947), p 35
j ) F.Ross, Jr,, Guided Missiles, Rockets and Torpedoes,
Lathrop, Lee, Shephard, N Y (1951), pp 14 -20

"*

,A) lkAC(;atland,

Development ofteGieMsil,

(195?)
London
Publication,
"Flight*
4) Anon, G;erman E~xplosive Otrdntnce, TMI 9-1985-2 (1953).
frp 205-10

BURNER

VE

(ALCOHOL

lable

gives

in formation

some additional

London
on V2,

a- taken from the book of Gatland (Ref 1, ptXVII).


TABLE 62
-

.-

US
Metric
46'
1 n
5..
1.65 in
kg 28,4401b
22051b
100 kS
16541b
75",0 kg
Ih High explosive carried
87401b
3965 kg;
Alcohol (Contg 25% water)
10,95716
kg
4970
Liquid oxygen
25.000 kg, 55 1001b
Thrus t at iake - off
13:2301b
4200 kg
Thrust gain near Brennschluss
2801 b
127 kg
Fuel consumption per second
0.81'
Alcohol / oxy~en ratio in mixture
sec
I65
Maximrum burning time
-.27000 C .1-48900F
Temp in motor
I15.45 AtM 227 psi
Prc..a,.ic itn motor
15.45:0.85
I
Nozzle expansion ratio
rn/sec16725 ft/sec
Exhaust velocity
Keterences:
(Same as given underVI)
(See illusutratoa below).
CIhararldrhatics of V2
Length
Diameter of body
ak-fweht12,900
Payload

j2050

ALCOHOL FROM PUMP


OXYGEN
~~~~IQUID

8R
TUBES

62

in

A COHILl.TANK
BLHA

CONTWL COMpA~trMENT
W9~~
AIS

-4
RECTKON CYLINDRICAL

R-(

CEINS

Li

U.
LL

I-

0l

oz

0~

w~

-j

o:

a:
0

ua- U

LLi

u-j

LL,

,r2 i

iiminatintb or
schiidiichmochung von uExplosivistaff:ui
M1aking Exp4l osive%H arimless ) . See gi.neral se ction under

und V-2 (Expiosives Used in Wvarheads oi).-At first


J,orh the V- f aod the. V-2 LsiS'd mixC turs of 'IN*! a nd
t
s) (I MiNI 501,
Ciii
A to n it rsiv. Vics eW. re replaiced by A
V-1

Am itrte39 nd

uN

~o ~

individual ex'plosi1ves5.

Verpuffungstemperaturprobe

rcl.0(~nro

:atol
t
tast-15adnglIm, the
tbcAl
10,?
i!; in
I
IIC
Waisir~l
cIn
iralon
r cavtcselCIllrvlt catIC' avites Cfloe
into ca') -oaer iece
the cavti.
A
to" elatiriat9
I~n odr

()CiX

of Bisicuit Mixture A
tvechnical (a; nitrafte 25,
*

t~l
atr

CCOi

~'ijChj

l'PTN

COnsistedL of Am flitrati
sZ
If and IRl) IS'

W!.whnth

SC~C.,:

inot"OCCiCI icI thill


vcCCXCUT
'~:ucmptntC
c:o nlCt'9,
MC~tuC' 110tica
C~ost
..
_, ....
-I
il
CI~r.

ReIference:

Ci. RoCCIet

cilid

501,

aomti

,A

w.rdpt

yrol(q
~Am

1111L

l~ept

85,1 (C (19-16),

reinperutusre

Chromommonit (Reinforced Chromanmmonite).


Verstarkies
One of the safety explosives in which TNT was the
*ii'riv,' Isise: TNj: 12.5, Am nitrate 70.0, K nitrate 10.0,
(Total adds to
chronic alunm 7.0 and vancline (0.5

tmIth
Was proroe

ever.,

(Deflagraidon

nrtzundusngspunkitprobe (Ignition Point Test) is


0,
Ti.st)
d-s cr1 bed in the gsener-.0 serrior under I gniti~i'~ I'e Mpe rtas-oi
ute Test and al so in the following references:
a)..tcoc~ccis
nd Sprengstoffc (19 91), PP 171-5
2) Kast-Metz,C(hemische IUftersUluflftg der Spreng- undl
Undstofft' (1947),PP 141-345
) A.Stettbacher. sprcng- and Schiesstoffe (1 948), p 120.

Am9 o

p 19.

M,(i)

..
wits nf...l
Usd n"
nd V 2 (I o I iat
V. I
the (Yermans used comUlideiT Rocket l1'roiellantsir (Liquid),
n
fel
s
te
te gsolne
oidiwr s nd
presed

Mine at
GmbH, Tremonla. Experim~ental
Versuchsgrube
Dortmund, located previously to 1943 at Hlibernia Mine,
ofmnn
elsenkirchen, was used for theinetgto
explosives, such as methods of stemming in bore holes,
ignition of gas and coal dust, 'relative -safety of sheathed
photographic study of flames produced at the
mouth by different explosives with various
bore-hol
floaigec
borethod
Herfr~vncv: li315 [,*tria lept 1266 1119,17), p1' 3-4.

"(j6ssd

thle V-1. I.,or tile V-2 riclket t!,:cy used liquid oxygen as
oxidizer' and ethanol cietaining s.ome water as dhe
-explosives,
fueL' .'''
(lie,' Engrg News
Note: A'ccording* to J (.'lscrhinkel,
32, 2-Vf,, ( 195,I), asloel w~asAddied it) ljlohol 'in otdtr to
L.Ieel' the flamne fenmperature aq low :.S Possible to avo'Jidi
-d lmage,, to the' comibustioni charni-er of the' rodcet motor.
ltI-s of Iltifhe hevatinig VltIC,
51CC
* For (hIe sAintf rt'asn
such' as gasollne', were not used ill these rockets. It wim
Ithat a mistrun: of alcoh~ol and 250. water had it
flame temperature 71, lower than pure alcohol white its
i'3.%lower. This means that
exhast eloity was only
osbet
a
9
fwtrt
enadn
osbeto,
n
i
!;oo,
aert
onlidnmoo
o h
om,'what lower 'stlucturalsrnt
jhn
' A
itolsacrificing t,oo ,much in perlormance. Trhe same
were
preparations
1944
in
* author on p 25"5 states that
t~e V2 wth bsoute35
it
madeto xygn
-2iihabouessible
xgninfl
Mide
nitric acid.

~tie

* Ifound

~hl~i

(Testing

Versuchstrecke
vj-,jcj.rithvsttece
lerics, Testing.

and

Gallery) . See

11lso1 the general

Schlagwetter-

section under Coal-

Gallery at
(Testing
Dortmund-Derne
Versuchisstrecke,
Iiottmund-)erne) was used for the following official test:;
of permitted explosives (Wettersprengitfe
a) Trauzl block Test. The maxinmum exp ,ision allosvable
for permissible explosives was 2410 cc tor a 10 g sanple
initiated by a No H cap
b) G;ap T'est (IDeronationsliberttagunig). The nilnimum
acceptable gap was 20 mm when testing cartridges of
mmi diameter were initiated by No 8 caps. Neatly
explosives had much hi 'her gap values
l permi-,6d
than 20 min and the sheathed explosives usually
gave a value of 300 mmndue to fihe sensitivity of the
sheathing which contained about 150; of NG
Ability to Transmit D)etonation (lDetonationsfa~higiseit)

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~~~ ~ple.'lisjid

V.3

(Vergcltung.,'xaffe

lDrei).

'S~ee

Unit i

V-22 Delay

mwits

Igniter Uiwauseintype I fte1

P1yrotechnic AntiRocket, briefly described under


lDevices". Th'le V-22 consisted of a steel tubhe
.athfinder
f'illed with delay cti positions and was screwed into the
rocket chatnibr head. The hot' gases from the burning
propellatnt ignited thle delay compositicin which burned for
:.22 - I eicondg uoklei a pircasure of shout 200 atraiOpherses.
-ie
through, a shallowv dishlie)Gaer
When Cthe delay 'had
RSS6

llochdruckpumpe.
as uedI ofthe 5 cm.)

structure conitaining the black powder expelling charge


wats igiiited. Tedelaiy CotInpogi tionis which were employed
%&;ere actually trac'er com~tpositions, 1e g Sr nitrate 55.1,.'
Sr carbonate 5.0, Sl (coarse) 17.6, CPVC (chlorinated
polyvinyl chloride) witht 619%chlorine 9.3, synthetic phenol-

formaldehvde resin 10.0 and ro-in 1.0%.


Note: All Mgt (coar:;e) hail to pass through a sieve with
(No 16) and be retained on a sieve with
mm 'inopenings
0.15 mm openiings (No 1030), while' 60% was requited to
0,be retained on a sieve with 0.,5 min openings (No 30).
'hie typie of CPVc: containing 6Y. C1 was called Igelhi
'
pCI).
Itcferetnce: Il.J.1.giplit, (.15 Ileliort 112-56 (1945), lip 19-21.

Verbrenritngsw~irmo(licat
section.

d in) cc
of FRxploseonral(Oef1).

eea

determined by the so-called 11F-our Cartridge Test"


Power of D~etonators was formerly determined in

J)

ballistic: pendulum. Only No 8 detonators


a type,Of
w ere allowed to be used in coal mines. The usual
filling for such detonators was; 0.75 g tetryl and 0.5 gt
S911I'or t0.1 g 1. A /L St mixture
werP conducted with rnethake air
Tst
GlryTssburned
0

mixtures and with coal dust.


'Reference: 1310S Final Rept 1266 (1947). im) 1-..
Vlnldur.Cd

nmefrplvylcoiewthtpat-

cizers (00",Rept 21-3, pp 5-6 and CIUS Kept 28-62, p 24J).


Vinofllax oder 19:11f PC. 111gbly chlorinated] (651.) polyvinyl
chloride (CIOS Reps 2"-2, p 24).

Visol. Trade name for a liquid rocket fuel (Brennatoffe)


of varable composition, such its:
)Vinylethyl

to

proinote

ether'sttalicht of mixed with some aniline


combutinton. When until In liquid rocket

propellants (such an for Etasserfall) In the proportion


of 0.23 partsl of Visol er one part of 100r. aftrIc acid,
214 blib/lb/e
file 'theoretical specilFl. Impulse Was
a hypergolic
aclid
nitric
strong
with
foims'
Note- Visol
(self-ignriting) combination.

Pulvern (Desatruction
'Verni clitung von Sprengsaoflen und Besltiung
of
dorUn.gredlients
Beiltiung datUn-water
Epl~ivenandPropllats)
of EploivesandPropllats)

hV

Ico

0
l
aiylehroe'Nteh0,oo-rp
a

inof four
consisted
remaining
2. The
ign~tion
the other
to control
a dope
M' of187.
Including

(;ei 2Pr,

~*Iwachsc-ndcr

\inyl ether of itcm b,) is apparently


34
&fir,as on the satni p;'ge o f )le 2 the statement is ma e
that "N .so! is a contra,.ted code name fot vinytisobutylether"
'c) \ isol 6 (See next itemi).
Note:

Viso..
r
T6Iradc name for Vinyl ethyl ether, described in
the genurul section~. It 'was used during WWrA
11 as ai liquid
islssc
sEsa
rocket ipropellin14 fuel in guidtd
I,Rheintocliter
R- and
as
fall. Absolute nitric
acid ,.:s used in these missiles ast nth oxygen carrier,
Refcrces:was
) ,Arwy
i
tOrdaancc 31, 10 (1940) (UA~~ral
2N V~t u.
d *~~n nnflof
ciiided Missiles. N Y.........,
114 N.
'2-.tle

*9-

l~ormndn 896an 18Y eveal


Volpirt oif Dotudpatented in19
n,19isvrl
mining 'explosiv Ies, such as:. a) K nitrate 40, NG. 30,
collod' cotton 1, kMgsulfate cry-t 24, turpentine 4, Ond
soda-ash 1%;b) K'pyrosulfare (K 2SP7) 7.5, An, nitrate
82.5nahichen
5.08
82.5
.0 nd
naprhaenc
frroyanie 53.
~A
Refer~ence: J.Daniel, l0ictionnaire des Nlaticres Explosives,
Pari (192),p 78.
Iagar
Von~hme
l~l~nen
Vo~lmnExplosives. 'e
amnExplosives and also
Dlai~nwnites.
-

VonS~ubenrouch Explosives.

Stubenrauch Explosives.
I

Vorkortu s~che (l:orward Charge.


(:asini~s.
*

Ace under

orie(.hiarge

Droll.

Waffen. Soc weapons.

'"Woffentraiger

Rockets anti Directed Missiles, CIOS Report


9
2S- t~~ (l').19), p 19 ~during
11 Aian, German Fxplosive Ordnance, TMi 9-1985-2 (11,151),
p,22)
1) toollin,

Droll oder 7.,,..l,.....4. Drl.sePrges.t


Rifsobntli.
v

vcke

(.Weapons Carrier). Several models of armored


eindfrcarrying field guns were developed
hmealIosg
W%'11 by the firms Krupp, Ser

etc.
Reference- CbOS Report 29-20 (104)4(.

Wal srode (Pulver) . A type itf sporting. propellant rnanufacturz~d for moumvyears by the W~olff Co at Ualsrodc in
Germany and by thei Chilworth Gunpowder Co. Ltd in
England. The orgx
rpellant was prepdl by gelatinix,ing pure NC with ethnyl acetate and adding wate, (25*1
of total volume) to tme resulting jelly. Then the mixtux,'
kneaded and .while continuing this operation, live
steam was introduced. This aesulted iii tihe foitmmation
.
.
.
.
.
~ I. -.7"**f~'
114-2'.
of92~
NC Fo
c:)lven% !1!e grainr
-.
..n.,=,1 un Icr ~~
with bailing water and then dried (Ref 1). The composition
of such a propellant, given in Refs 2 and 4 was as follows:
NC 98.6 and volatile matter 1.4%; its calorific value was
1014 kcal/kg namd volume of gas at NTP 875 1/fkg of
Whc
wanirg.
wa composition
nittogen.ie for Walsrode was given in
different
Ref 3: guncotton 77. Ha nitrate 10, grease 7.0, afW.&3.0, glue 2.0 and moislture 1.0%.
efertences:
1) J.lDaniel, lDictionnaire des Matiares Explosives, lDunod,
Pa.ris (19112), pp 801- 2
2) A.SMarshall, Explosives, Churchill, London, v (10917) p
)

asauhse

uvrW

de

rytr

lPerlin (1926), p 134


4) Thorpe's D~ictionary of Applied Chemistry, Longmans
(ireen, L~ondoni,vil (1940), P 530.
Walter Explosives

See Explosives D~eveloped by hl.Wal

ter et at.

Vo

Vrl age (Antiflash lBng) (L~iterally "something put before").


A cc or''ing to l)avis, Explosives (1943), p 324, the Vorlase
used during UnWI LConsisted of doughnut shaped cotton
or'.artificial silk cloth bags filled 'With coarsely, pitiverized
l' chioride. Two such, bags; Were* usually. placed in a
iep
as*of tead
cano btente
prjecileReference:
* pelen chrge
eln*t fiin wihF'raetee'light",

Walter Submarine-See U-Boot %alter.


Walther Cold Rocket Unit, such as; used in the Hiecht
yrgnproieesurface launcher rockcet,ued
manganste Ias th- propellant. N4odetails are given.
K.U.Gatland, D~evelopment of the tiuide! NMiqsile,
Publication, London (1952), p 117.

rivOFa red light (glow) and a red smoke. The l~ight


ga~ve n'or reflection in tesky, but Was visiblc if the
piece. was placed iii such a way that the' enemy could
see i~s1muzzle. In the ddyLt imle, the Vor~l~ge was used

Wormlagerv ' rsuch (Warmi Storage Test) called also Lotter.


bestandlgkelt oder Haltborkeit (Stabilitv in Storage or
Stability) is a test similar to tho American Surveillance
Test. It was conducted by storit
a l1g sample of a

of tll k~onn
without Vorlage Were mrviblthnthe
t lot I.s of reldfisl -Limoke 'prodluce'd by the Voriage.

in a closed glass vessel until the appearance of nitrogen


oxide fumes. The longer the time required for the. ap-

"Vulkon".
A fibrous mnaterial pirc ared by hydrating a
crllulose with /n chloride, It was used tor self-sealing
gasoline tanks.
Reference: CIOS Report 21-3 (1945), p 4.

several weeks) the, more stable was considered the substinner under test,
Othmer Stability Tests are given in the generail section
erncs
erncs
1-) Stetnbacher, Schiess- und Sprengstoffe (1933), p 201
2) Ktast-Nlct,

Chemische Untersuchung, etc

1if),l
258.

Get 21a7
19)

ET!~,P..
E A~
1MG GOUNDS etc.Note:

ING ROUNDS, ARetcS.

(In collaborationwith lLA.Tisch of Picainny Arsenal)


IbsreviewV includes huth Giovernment and private

2
20)

Bayerische htickstoii

A -IL
P-iesterjtz (Nitric acid)
Accnrdinr to BIOS 8489 the plant was transf erred o:
(JGR .,usmu&BarnfliVaiu
Becker & floll~nder Taffenbau, SuhI (Small arms)

2
oetwt
ctheIiiteratiure nditi)I 1S, CCIoS anti I'l reports,
Uar plinis wtere usu"ally constructed ini oetwt
cminimum removal of tree~s. lBujldini,! wvci or permanent
21)
and fire-prfoof chnstruction such as reinforced concrete
with '"le we~aker side for blast 'escape. Quantities of
24)
explosive~s permitted in buiuldinjgs were usually gre~ater
25)
andl the interdisr~incs le-ss il,:.I permitted by American
and Blritish regulation%. -Ilii floors in the be~ildinr~s were
26)
worers.
nwori
feun
by
deeyoe
were le
ovrou
butc, th
rather
1
inp.No
orptidi~
verhoe
shos wre
ornby
orkrs.Wanne
In tile vn;lu.ed
ir.1list
are included numerous
27)
'plan~ts and institutio~ns more or leess connected with armaml~ent' durin g WV
UI1. Majzority 'of these' institutions are
28)
.,osed or are out of esi~srance hut many of them can be

pyrotechn~c items) (1110S 1233)


Cast irnand
steel projectiles) (CIOS 2B-61)
bergbausreagmetof- und Z'~ndmittelwerk,Sch~ne beck
Eilbe
tElectric blasting caps)
Bergische Stablindustrie, Remscheid (Steel foundries)
(IS76
W ebu
716 )kAbelnsre
(BIrman
ere
(Smallunarms)ba
Sub!' und Wetli~tenain
Hergwerkigesellschaft Ilibemia A -G Stickstofiwerke
- Fickel (Nitric acid) (BIOS 1442, p 29)
Berliner-Lilbecker Maschinenfabriken(BLM), 1.iibeck
(Smnall arms and artillery) (CIOS:3.-40)
Berlin-Suhler Vaffen- unit Fahrzeugwerke (ISW) Berlin,
Suh! und Weimar (Small arms)

29)

Bemndorfer Metaliwarenfabrik Arthur Krupp A -G


Bemndorf , Niederdonau (Weapons and ammunition)
Berzeljus Mctallhiitten GmbHl, Duis burg/Wargheim

ed.
A, am

hreppen
I)

und

Plant

Iforn Sp~rengstiiff Fainriken.


Kal et I xpoSIvi)30a)

ita) Adaim

Yehadotrack
jk' Vrieear~nift

at
ii,1S.~:)~LO

'u'leteligau (Motors)
Flektrizit'dts Gesellschatt
See Allgemitne:i
;)A lEG.
2)
Aerodivramisehe
Versiclisanstalt, (AVA),
Kaiser
5a)

Uilhielm Institut, 61,,fltinl;en (Aerodynamic research).


(Set; ('10.1 21-22 and Itc -ith, pp 75 & 131)
1,
A -61
des Altenhergs fari fiergba'u- und Zinkhiittenbetrieb, Essen/liergeborbeck (Contact and chamber
sulfuric acid plants) (1110S 1039)

Ih~ Air Force hroving (;round. Sce WafiIcnpr~fung~sstelle


.;(See
,
:1'cr Luftwaffe
der .Iuftfahrtforschung (AILF), Berlin.
10' Akademnie
Academy of.Aircraft Research (Scientific institution
with elective membership).' It prom~oted research
1,1
in many fields of science (Ref 4a, p 7,8)
(U eapons)
Metallwarenfabrik
.lfiernddrfer
3d) A.'Krapp
4a A LF.
See
Akademini
der'
Lurftfahrcforschung.

4b)Alfred

Krupp,

Essen/florbeck

(Stee

foundries)

(See1115
ett 16)for Fial

lemin Elkriiiii-cesellscha t(AEG), Berlin


6 I(Electrical equipment, cables, rockets, etc)
A'-(; . Nilrmberg
IHilpert-, , Pegnitzhitrte
6, Amag-,
plat euimen)
ars)
7) Anseblirz & Co, Kiel (Radar, boumb sights, sub5)

marine in
insutrments and

Army

0b)

p'roving

uimnt) (See CIOS 25-39)

ArdltE~erwal.
erk,

t;rot,,nds.' Sue

~rcl~ct

(achriey~
Walffenprqfungstrl ten

6c

30b) BLM.Sce llerliner-L'ubecker Maschinentabriken


31a) BMW. See Bayerische Maschinenwerke
3b)Blumberg & Co, Lintorf bei DUsseldorf (Various
pyrotechnic items) (BIOS 1313)
32)

31)
1 34)
5
I)

36)
17)

Thyssen

ct
a t

A -.

Ilaibomn

(Metal-

'lurgy)
FIb 'AVA. See Aerodynamische Vc~rsuchsanstalt
::14) Ba5;dis lie Anilin. & Soda'fabrik 'A -G (BASF), Oppau
*

bei L~udwigshafen aIR Various chemicals including


sionic explosives) (BIOS 1442, p 8)

Schl~ssr&

Co, Osnabractk

t~sting explosives

4)Budenis
41)

by

the

methods

Burberi

Eiewrle,

t~e',ar

(Apparatus
of Hichel

(Centrifugal, casting

(Gebetider) GmbH Maschinenfabrik, Mettmann,


maufacueo

explosives, propellants agiid ammunition)


Bilscher
Gewehre, Zella Mehlis, Thbringen
arms)
42b) Busch -Jiger
Lildensceliider Metallwerke
Iliidenscheid,Westfalen (Ammunition)
4i2a)

!from the sulfite boils for the manufacture of ethanol


43)
12)Aueust,
i
vaioues, Vbertmhinalad ((teel fonris
12) -Vlber,
ugus Fngets
Reinlnd Stee fondris)employed
BIO 716
,Se

1 1a) August

jirUck.

anti Mettegang)
3~)BW
e
elnShe
afn n Fhzugek
aregek
Buck-ui
38ba) Buck See Harln-Sub
39) Buderich Weke, Germany(of Gebr'uder B~her A -G
~
ien, IAustria) (Hligh quality steel) (ClOS 25-141

'des Ifeeres
0)Arthur Krupp A -(,. See hlern l,.rfer Stetallwagrenfabrill
Arthur Krupp A -6
f
i
11)
Aschaffeniburhger' Z/ellstofwerke
A166G * Stockst~ndt
am Muan (Wood pulp, utilizattion of thle black liquors

Bochumerverein A -G , Bochum, Ruhr with several


plants, such as:
a) Bochum (Metallurgy.
centrifugal
casting of
gun tubes)
(Metallurgy)
b) Weitinar
BIOS 716 and CIOS 27-42 and 29-39)
1:1hraische Waffenfabrik.See Ceskoslovenska Sbrojovka
Strakionitz in the Czechoslovaktian section
Bothe (W,) Uolfeributtel, lleimstifrcenweg (Blasting
mac.nines)
Brown -Boveri & Cie A - G Mannhieim (Electricity)
BrCicker & Zinke Z~undschnurfabrik, Meissen (Safety
fuses)

44)

(Small

A -G,

Iijssing - NAG Vereinigte Nutzkitaftwagen Ombil,


Braunschweig. Several metallurgical plants, which
during WWla
If up to 5500 workers nearly
half of them foreigners Vf10 2-46, 1113)
Carbonit

A -G ,

Hlamburg.

Plant

at

Schlebusch

(Explosives)
Carl Fleming, liambur -Neugraben (Ground and
ship pyhrotechnic signal s). Plant was destroyed
40)
heiceLktngerfabrik, Rendsburg (Sulfuric acid)
(BIOS 1642)
47) Chemisehe Fabrik Kai` GmblI, KSln/Kalk, founded
in 1857 (Acids and inorganic ctiemicals) (BIOS 1442,
p 105)
-,
Waeig
411 (eische
Fabrik Weaselin'
bei Kiiln (Sulfuric aicid) (BO f644)
(Chemicals aued
49) Chemische Wierke A -G *Thansau
explosives)
50
themiseli- physiktilisehe Versuebsun stalt (CP3VA)der
45)

15), Ilhdischie Wolframerz GmbHi, S611ingen bei Karlsruhe


16) (Ferro-alloys) (CIOS 30-55)
16Aarnar-Mc uin A _G . Berlin '(lDsi
and con1 12pp1(-17)
siructino chemical pnt
(IO
17m) 'BASF. See Badische Anglin-& Sodafabrik A -G
17b) Bayerische Masehineriwerke (BMU), bci Milonchen.
(Research anit development of rockets using as fuel
hydrazine- and some amines and as oxygen carrier
Nienhof (Navy physico-cheKraegsarn
l~eicl .
coned nitric acid contg about 101. sulfuric acid.
Ficllresearch institute) (See CbOS 33-2 and 11-60)
Trhe fuel wag known as Tonko :and the acid as
51S) Chemisch-cechnische Ricisanstalt, vormals Nlilit'arSolbel (See- (:10 28-56, pp' 25-26)
I)tO Bayerische SPrengsrtoffwerke undt Cliemischie Fabversuchsagmi(Research and de : eloprmcnt instit~ution,
ocs
riken
A -U * Ntirn bergr Plantsi at Klo.4ter, Lechifeld,frAme
Neumarkt and Parshr
and expluosives)

(Miscellangeouti

chemicals

52a) Contiolidierte Alkaliwerkec,


and explosives)

Westregeln

(C.hemicals

(,er 2 18
4;.hJt'

.i

A.

~-enI~etii

Suet"

rsuchsattstaiit

vkvfirli
liez AMaielft1d..

~ans

nd

51

'ther mii~t.Ilv veIh-ch.) ((IllS Q2-11). PlIants are Iop


(,I gjenaiu anid Mannhcin
* tfitd Mt titert~irkhtim,
'M. Plant at H amill ar~'at(intervd
vji
i1S'.:S,a. Fr~ilnlftlrt
i*ofl and stet-I (illjiiiflts)
( 100 )5 )
t~~~nCi
urb, lihitv.i~
Derti~ip,~ A -1 ,tu..,

l. a

Denrscorff Plulverfabluil Kuni;:ara.e. P'lant at Otrhfresen


I
'
.1)
(~ I 1
o
bet
Calius icverkv A -6( , Onitschwiwtz
Oc.utsclre
explui0ves,
li aut zciri
M y0, itt s,
permissi'bI
JI
Illustini exlsirves, propellants aInd fuses
b8.
letsclle, E.dc Itafl we~rke
A -G , Krefeld (Metallury nniAra casting, ttc ) ((108 24-28, 25-38 and

SO)

)rietschit

lEi srnwt*.- A -(;,

* Mlhem

whlr

jlilden , Rhineland

(.'aetalitirgy) (BIOS, 71(

and

and CIO

.lIUS5-6
alke iyvoc (Ce
Dr ,.dtaer fDynaniit FaInik , Dwrs'dvii.

leutsc
owSi-via

bttWA.

.1:
l)VIl.
fafirt
7(,c) DAm.

See* lh~atscht

76bi)

J'i.inh at1 .MuaItn-

~iv
Vescsna

trEa
Kii
eahrzeugatfu
Versuchsanti .a It fur Luift-

See D~eutsche Waffen- sind Munitionsfabriken

Dynomit

Aktienoesel kchaft

(D A -G

or

DAG)

No'e: & 0(.o


leva,! a,Iticv it I'ra sv~.nuais Alirca.N.
&,rf, fiez Koin with plants at:
a) Adohkfurth. bri ilvilbronn ( Iflack powder) (CRItS
"

b-3)

rgnd((Idti'exlivs

c0 litiblitz- E~irentl~eg,

other chemicals) (CR15

bei L~eipr.ig, (6lycerin anmd


2?-38)

lDralghan,DIanneberg (TNT,industrial explosives,


(lrS)ammaunition loading salefy fuses, etc)
.c~eflu~
el IDuneberg a/d kElbe. bet Ceestacht, bez Iairnburgz.
tinlting (6crmnan' kiider Research station) (Guided
:1
founded fii I1880. lDurink. UWk11 the plaint occupied
A-
R(- in; or, 7P~-11
.4*,
1l1lan area (it i .i sq mileq .4-1 emiplove"A ur to' How5
1>.
...
...................
, ,
-;11
workers. many of them foreigner!- The personnel
:2. t..J.................
co~poelns with
t
ializ
(Amurmunimition)cea
i I~t-td
*Ni eders cianr
(in collaboration
developedaiu
the plant
lndstrof
,mlll.I~rlinen
r~tost
29-9)d)

((I)lhet~ch1 .an

tuut
Vo..cunlir

~
~.v r~a.
~ 6~ Ihurahe
sese
Plveure
i~ur~ic~m
~2) ~rrtsre

(ai

Ishaf, (~l~(See
11ganktut t af'Main :(Sintered iron and Steel ammunition
* and w eapon components)
lr),eu~tscle l'}rotem hni %che F~abriken I(imbil I. !ants
in ditemberpfa; (Vaiousc h pyrtechnic
Iand \.umaroti

G P~ulver and G;udolpulver)


nwpoelatwreinldt
otftes
Diineberq
No acids, NC, NG nor l)EGI)N were ruantifd at
nbr.

heN-Go'CDID

mxus

were received from the Krimmel plant in the form


of Rohipulvcrmassr and blended at lOuneberg by
yoehi
inOepaz.Vriu
i, ;n
itt.!tl')
ol
1dhrenwerke A -U , Mlheimt (Weaponspasnthohht
010) I)' mutsclh
(See CIOS Reports 28-61, 29-24 & 31-68 and Pli
Ii
;,
anl anim~uifitiion)
Amuiio fr lk
e
0R mept
925)noe
64) D'-utsche Sprengchemi e GmbH, Iierlin/Zeflendorf
i lnoe(AmntnfrFak
mpde
)
with pl;antx at:
Pak and infantry) (CIOS 12-38)
iat) rceetz (Propellan't:;')
S) Fbrdr an der L~enne. Grevenbritck, Westfalen
I,) ors, lranenbirj(Prpelant)
fuses, blasting caps andi detonators)
*c Kiez l'opllnt)(Safety
d0 Kraibur (NG, elGai)N
iolt
r)
(CIOS 32-18)
h) liamm' a/d Sieg (Bllack powder) (CIOS 32-38)
c
d) Koschwig (NG, pr-opeln, ,pits)
i) Ilitsloch, linden (Propellants and cartridges
rpelns
0f) cwg N
(Cpoelns
for small armls)
f) (derbung (Solventless propellants.)
eiL dsr/eh
g)Torgelow (Propellants)Kabuen
blasting cnaps, detonators and ammuniz-ion loading)
(latn
abiKn
lcr)utce Srnasln
Note: Accordi n to CIOS Repts 29-28 and 42-18, the KiwIllamburgi. 111lant at
S'prengstriff A -6
l)cuts'Iue
r(I)
ii huren plant teonged to the lDynamit A -G Subsidiary
- Wahn (Commiefcial explo Aives)
k)Knimm.I Post Geestacht, hiex Hamburg, founded
67 a) Deutsche .Versuchsanstalt (l)VA) flit Kraftfahrzeug
in 1865 by A.Nobel and then enlarged duriag both
und Falirzeugmotoren, Berlin (Research 'ard develop*
n
ie
11 it occupied 1.6 ~
D~.luring MVW
m~ent on motor vehicles,imotors etc)
employed up to 9000 workers, many of thm foreign64(.b l'eutsche Versuchsnnstrilt ,fur -Luftfahrt (DVL)
erg
(Germarn Experimental Establishment for Flyin$).
Work at this plant included some ammunition
it was established in i915 and during W1,; 11there
loading and the production of TNT, PET.S, NC,
were about 2000 people employed. Its ballistics
RIX. metrioI trinitrate,
NC., I)P.-.l)N, TEGIJ
'division at Oatow was led by Schardin (Ref 4a,
industrial explosives, plastics, nitric acid, sulfuric
p71, 75& 9
Rohpulvermasse . The last item was
and
9)acid
: 1
shipped to the Dijneberf plant for man--(n# cure
68) Deutsche Woffen- und Munitlonsfabriken (DWM) A - G ,
rplat 1fL(ovnla
of
Karlsruhe and lierlin/13otsigwalde (Formerly Berlinantn)asdmae
pofprimel
Th HIX bralvnhes
us
such
plants,
Several
Werke).
Karlsruhc Industiie
stopped
was
pan
in 1943 an broductio ofK81)X
i:at P1oren and Sch~ltrup bei Luheck (Various Weapons
a tpe
D
rdcino
n
9.
i
at the
and ammunition). Research wasSeeconducted
CIOS htepts 28-61 & 29-24 and P13 Rept 925)
Reprts(See
* Foschngsnstat,
~be~c (. e CIOSSRpot)
Nirnbers (Steel case small arms ammunition3
tir
For'c0-71and
33-20)
hunting and sporting ammo and pyrotechnic items
(Small7arms);2
27-36 and 32-38)
Rfut(CIOS
69 Dleutsche Werke Ain) Reirhsweiler. Elsass (Small arms ammlunition)
7Wa I heutsches Z'undwaren -,,Monopolgesellschaft,, Berlin
82a
otelShazadfuddi
n
( Igniiiuot atid initiation dvixccs). Also at Luncburg
c
owder factory, was changed over, prior to
et11)I
ia
itms 030
(Prtehi
w~I to single-buisie propellants. Mhe plant was
70,t)l)S See De'utsch, Fotclsch ungsainstalt f'dr Segelflug
considerably expanded in 11939 and. manufd large
Berlin (lix* 71) DIIZ Chcrnie-Abteiluni; fSpienesto~fte
amounts of small arms propellants
afty-uses, sporting;
plsie, riesintatrs
This plant seems ito be identical with the Troisdorf
-Note:
* mmunnition, pyrotechnic devices, etC)
A -G, plant described in CIOS Rept 26-70
72) IDornlteim (G.C.) A -G , SuhI (Small arms)
o) SnarwelInIen, Kr Snarlautemn (industrial exi)ortmund-lDerne* Testing Gallery,. See Versuchs* 7.3i)
plosives) 1(.97 2-38)
.!strecke lDortmund/Derne
P) Schlel,ibuch, 'Leverkusen, bel IOUl (TJNT, NC
Sec' lDe'tsche Pulvermetalltirgi ache Gesell73b) D1PG.
PE'1N, P A , M F , L A, oleurn and industrial
.
*NG,
schaft
explosives) (CIOS Repta 24-4, !29-24 and 32-38)
74a) Pt)ayhan, See Fabrik lDraghan
r) Stodeln (Steel case sm-All arms ammno,L A
10b) l)rafi- : -und Metallwarenfiibtik, GmblI, Salzwedel,
L. St , detonators, hunting and sporting ammunition)
(Ammutnition)
27-36 and 32-38)
(CIOS
Elektrofar
ItichoftL
Gese
75a) Dr Alexander Wacker
Chiemlcals from
Induatrie, lirhue
-chemniaucle

(,er ?19

-4)

Troisdorf

lie 4 Ki31n .pev


pant uftI) A -G
-i
a.!'rvc,,
r th, -O'd -f ho 19th c n-t.
Acth~e 'Ca~r~of
befor.
lt'WtIfI.
*considerably espanded
'production it .crhlployed ur to 10,000 workCers Of
lxhomn 2,000 were foreigners. The plant was s"vrel
*damaged in 19414 and 19415 ,by bombs. Following;
items wir'r~t nufd during U'W If: NC, PhYN. temrl,
akides,' blasting exple e'ves, permissible explosives,
initiati1ng compositions, delay and electric det-nators.',if
oiopcllan ts, (uses3 and fuzes' (,See DIOS F-inal Rept,
644. and Cl'g Rcept 24-3 and 32-38)
t) %0drgendorf,' Burbach, Kr Siegen (industrial explosives) (00S, 12-18)
8rtyromit A - C Subsidiary, called GmbH zur Vorwer.
fung chemisc .her Erzeugnisse, formed in 1941 by
combining the resourccs of IDynarntit A -G with those
of OKil (Ob&4kort,'.alldo Ilecreswaftenamt), had the
follouiing plants:
A) Allendcrt, -bet Ki rebbain, K'rvis Marburg, L~ahn
(TNT, sulfuric anhydridc from 'spent sulfuric acid
and am.muniton loading) (CIOS 32-38)

ammunition loading and experimental station)

'(COS 32-3)
r I Sobingen, bei Auesbure (Ilesoiren by KA process)
diescription ifs gi'ven in CIOS
detailed
(F-airly
*Rept 12-8)
U sipreussen (l)$al, T*NT. NC:, NG.
d)bromberg
l)EGl)N so Iventless propellants, ammunition loading,
oleum f.rom spent -sulfuric acid, etc) (CIOS 32-38)
e) Christionstadt at 'Bober, coivered during 9,14 11
about 6!; sq miles a4nd employed about 7000 workers
(Formlaldehyd,
many of, whom were foreigners
TIetra-Sal.
iteskogen, NC, N~iu, 'M;,n-Sal z, Nlyrol
lording of bombs and small caliber shells)
*and
(See CIOS Rept 3.-8
Note: C.OS Rept 28-61 lists, this plant las belonging to the'
b~nmi f) Clausthal-Zellerfed, lHarz was heavily damaged
*in 1944 (TNT and shell loading) I
M)beritz aid Ilavel, %esihavelland (Ilexogen.
g)
1
itexamine andi N(;u) '
S
*h) lDhaitz, a/d Elbe (Picric acid, TNT, propellant.
and ammunition loading)
i) libenhausen,' bei lngolsntadI und Miunchen, constructed in 1914. was destroyed in 1945 except
for the propellent hection. 'It manufd NC and solvent
* propellants -(CbOS 32-38)
originally desi ned
iV Gowen,' 4c.,upriegnitz-AIlavel,
mnufctuingdurng'~In
,sva
aN(:plat
damaged in
neverly
'Ras
somte initiating items.
1945
38) (dOS 32
* k) GrUnberg ,Schlesiven (letronators) (CIOS 32-38)
tisen, fles 'Magdeb~urg (NC, TNT and loading
1)
* of bombs atid shells) (CIt 1 32-Mi,,)
ob
Laigo
ei T~ltz Shn,
lerin,
* i)
'96b)1,
and mines) (CIOS 32-18)
n) Iberzberg, !idharz (Loading of bombs andi mine's)
Was completely destroyed by bombs in 1045%((.105
32-38)
lessisc -L~ichte'nau, lcez 'Kassel (P'icric acid,
o
*.
TINT, oleumi fronm spent sulfuric acid and loadiny'
'of bobs and shells) (Clt)S 32-34)
Note: It also operated itplant 'at lischenstruth.
'' .
p) Iflohensauaen at Neudorf a/d -Oder, Nlark-liranden.
burg, (NC, N6 and experimental station)
under D)~n'anit A -c
iem
r), Kaufbeuren .5c
s) rKaufering, hi-i Augqhurjg'Land (NC and mortar
'radar,
shell cartridges)
Ror(L~oiding of iinal bombs
t) K uchelna, bei 'kaiot

79a)
71)b)
19c)
79j1)
80a)
80b)
80c)
,!Il)
Q8')

.munition) (CIOS 32-38)

-y)

(Pcs-I..ading (if

Elek-trochcmnische Werke, lI'dllriegelskreuth (Hydrogen


peroxide) (CIUS 25-44)
34) Elektromech~anische Uterke, Peenemninde with branches at Anklam, Kumnmersdorf~littit-osee (Lake (.onstance)
and IBleicherode, fllrz(Rockcts and guidled missiles
using liquid proellants)
85)
Elektro-Nitrum A -6 , Rhina, bei Kleinlaulenburg,
Baden (Nitric acid) (IS1442, p 48)
86a) Elektro Schmelzwerke A 4;i , Kempten, Alleiu, Itayetri
(Sletallurgy ) (CIOS 26-15)
Farbenindustrie
16
under
Fabrik. See
86b) E~nlbsen
Erfurtcr Lader. lndl.,ctrita, Eirfurt, Noid (Anmmunition)
8i7)
8.4)"ra'Se(iplI)(ntl
Krefeld/Linn
Ilirin G;mbil Ziindersverkc,
Ernest
89)
and initiation,
for electrical pr. ado
such Iu the "Biatercag" blasting mactines)
eerhcne
ArFre
Stelle, Travemid
0)"E"
and experimental station)
Eumuco A -GLeverkusen - Schlcbusch (D~esigners,
91)
manufacturers and users of '"Eumuco" shell forgin,4
press) (1410S 6684)
lFabrik Ascliau. See item (b) under lDynamit A -G
92)
subsidiary
-Cmiso
A -Li a/d
Cmisos
93) F-abrik tragalin der Uaaten
Elbe, bei lDanneniberg (TNT, detonating fuse and
32-3l8)
(CIOS
filling some hand grena~ics)
94) Fabrik Elecktrischtr /.Unader Girnbil, Ko1ln (Electric
igniters, detonatort, ur.d exploders)
Kbl/ak(Eetia
95a) Felten, Guilleaumne &Co.
equipment, cables)
95W) FVIJI. See y~orscliungser.twicklu~tgl;]-tccntc
96.A) Ferdinand Wicke, Wuppertal - flarmen (Pyrotechnic
items including amorces (BIOS Final Rept 1313)
FFA. See 1Flug~fu,&kfoischungsanstalt
See Forscliungstan t.lt Graf Zeppelin
960) 1U1
were institutions of commercial
96d) Firmeninetitute
firms engaged in resemuch and development of
aircraft, ranks etc. The
weapons,
ammaunition,
firmis were: Krupp, PRheinmetall-llorsig.
prificipatl
lWM-Nlauser 1, ASAG Blergmann andi Gustlnff Werke
(RO. 4a, pp 77-8 & 82A
96ec) FKFS. See For.-cclungsinstitut fUr Kraftfatrzeiige
Oborpfaffen:(F)'
960 f)l-ugfunkforschungsanstalt
oet Iaen . Eectrical research institute for
hilth frequency (Radio contro'l for guided mnissiles,
83)

~(Equipmencrt

anti shells) (CIOS 32-384)


u) Ludwiltsdori, Kr (.ilatz

'

'

'etc) (Ref 4U, p 76)


97s) FoFli . See Forachungafiihrun
OGEVA. Porschiaaegosllachaft OriVefalrensaus.
97)
barn, Shirkia bel Dodesbacei &/Elbe(MIyol, Tetrassalt,

3m-

v) Malchow, bei '&Aavee,. Nlcklcnttu.g (11IFTN,


trinitroresere an, blas:ing caps, det-)nating fuse. etc)
. '1.1.1
(CIOS 32-38)
w) Mslmitx ., Kr Sprotau, Schlesien (Leading of
smail bombs and shells) (CIOS 32-39)
(Fuzes' 'such &a Uhrwerlcx). MII6chen Ilayeuim
lk1.8
eudrfrcmt Was' sevrlydmedi
by
bon'bs
194,5
1944
and
1943,'
Peteradorf Schlesien (I f"Idin$ of am $Il hombs
11
and sthells) (CIUS 32-W8
ir') Premnitzs/md Oder (Ammr
unition loadingS)
MC, Nc~t-,
Z; (Ockermlinde, briT 'Stettin, I~nimr

0I. A,
Ilayerl
utnchen,
Woltratshausen, bei
L St , tetracene, PLTN blasting cars, detonators
and loading of some small caliber shells)
Eckert & Z.iegler GrnhlI, K91ln-Braunfeld (E.xplosives)
((:lt). Rept 12-if)
Exerlander Stablindustric, Rothau (Lentrifugal casting
gun tubes) (CbOS Rept 29-39)
Eibia Umbil, lBenefeld bei Ilomlatz INuL bly continuous method explosive compositions an6 propellants)
richhorn (K'arl? *1..-entabrik, Solingen (Small arms)
GmbH.I
Asisman,)
Kkirosseriefabrik
Eisenacher
Eisenach (%'capons)
Eisen- und Illitterwerke B~ochum, Ruhr (Metallurgy)
Kaiaeralautern (Metallurgy)
A -G ,
Fisenwerke
section
in Austrian
biAscnw:rkc Olberdonau .See
E-.isfild,(j.F.) Pulver - und l'yrotechnische Filbriken
in
1790,
,founded
Anhalt
at
Silberhdtte,
Plant
Gmibll,
manufd black powder and various pyrotechnic items,
while plant at Kunigundc manufd only black powder
Z.)

'

.oar
tlalt Grafkepptal
~ F/ Z~utgr,1t
ttgr/u
rfZpei
.97c) I-orschunguanstl
Fli~ht teseatch institute)
Note: This institute, also called IAZfLuftfotschungsanstalt Graf Zeppelin, is described in Ref .1a, 2.1-11 & N;
Berlin . Nov)
l'ateitte,
97d) F~ors hu csntwiclklung
enatd in research and development
instituio
of ptnssuitsblcfor mil itary appllicationt (Ref 1,
p 86)
Berlin, (Res4earch
(Fol~ii),
970) ForsehungisfUhrung
lDireettrateh was a unit governing all reseatrch 'Intl
orgainizatintit P-lative to the Air Force
Jvl,.eitt

r. z * wit s ain chiarge of produ~ction, p. ocure


mrciit, ten:tinlg and !evelopirrent of all Army v pon';..
During WW 11 it became. part oft he. Mnisteriuni
,
orii atitin) nacivietf after its hread. Ilire following
( arl

I' Iuiii it Krir t 1Ii. Z tI v: uad


t its
,
* 971 ) I. oSciL~ gi~tir
nsiil
ttit;irt-rcikmm(I F)
1*0crct),
f or Aucitomokile andi Airc raft Miotors (lRcst.;rrh ,rird
iic~v,.jll
yl
-1
of viic.
du*cIopmen-- :'of vattvic
rl,(Rf
(1- (. 11
:10,Itil
uno ll~crkzeugfabrirkvn,
1-cI.tan tock MasxhiovnheOri in (%lachi nurv arnd %vapons)
I it, iliir'ltwcri (\lcallurrr
Alre
licrict
I~i)

~~~

Friedrich K napp
wrlnd 's, 1.1rgt-;t

100)

'.4~

A' G , :I en, Ruhir. One (if the


s lmeritfacrirrin g guins,
it,
0 rit 1Mton

I 26;l) Ilit inrircr Reining Umbi I, linger, 'Aes ifal en

timon t hem thvt

Kit-in

istlrrfIlart

rl

'it

icirg~irg)
(se!1wrsad
d) Essen (Ilomv
Tns
r
Ig, rlagIc1,j
,
t) (rrrsonwrlt
f) ShipuilingU-P
Kel
au
t- nks
1)KiIShpbiirlni, l-rot1
3fl9~~and
(]lS
* (St
44
c
arcl Wufin fanrlrrk
rt'.
.Se11l(iTss ReC,
102)Frit 'iOl (,cw'lralrjk, /,01la Meblis, Th~ringen
.K
(Wearpons)
,plants,
,SUitM (Wealsons)
1I01) 1,rink &
bs
cd
lfuri
l it)(i'w-rk c. Frn lurt a i XI
*
(Metall'urgy)
, rtabIrik i, iresI au
Metm 11wware
i. 1tt
I'
101
I CtG lir~ider L inieer, liuderich llurdt, [lei lDisseldor'
(Stel
orgig)
(-IO'2((See
Erfrt
'~Im"
1--lil'tafnib
lir) ripl(lS0
(Wrrpon-0
I Ui.)t;cnnwiow-Sce (;ustia I(,enschowv
I~rben,l %I~tdeburg (Zinc
... voll (,irschecss'
I ) (rrg
sulfuric acid) (CS
tIin,'los
r
mi and

~cmi

~pts28t1,

~Ii

'i I-S 1:1 1,, Iweapon


s&
Sine (,rrbil, Kreirensen.
clrrfalirik H.llurgtr'11llr
\.with
Ilarz (sarn)
Clctrtis~chru Werke, Castrop ti)(ieucrk seliaft .Victoi
iitrate, SynRatixeI , Westfalen L(Ni-ric cuinArt,
tilt-tit: fuels bryFischer _ l'ropsc~t~f process, etc )
erertng clremi scher lirzeugnisse.
ur
110 (ntrl
sloe l)ynartrit A -b Subsidiary

Iit)
1

(t

NMaschiitenb;%u A - G ,Grimnra
(,oIzern - Griattit
for il anul of explosives,
bei . Leipzig '(Marchinery

mpwp~

anProvng artouds)

tsplsrws,

a statiron

( Mctal-

Yr~rn mnunition, chronic-plating ofI gun barrels,


Ilr
Solingen
J.S.Schneid,
iwillingswerk,
120,) fienckels

Xtt'I~rv
tui

'Il'keou.

rc) Caplito toil

(fit

Wafeai
ganizacion% were une IWA juridcin
Firmcninstitute,
Waffenfrirschung ,
l~rrfivwc.en,
Waffenpri~lungsstellcrr
and
institute
I Iochschul
124 01 leervs Zeuganti, Ingolstaidt tArmed Fortes Ordla)
nance
Suhi (Weupons,
Itaffenfabrik,
Kritrghoff
125) livinrich
among then, Luger - Pa ra bcllums and machiine gun

for testing

trans ferredl in 1941


wid S'rln, Kars'eI
trucks and
(L~ocomotives,
Ilannover-Munden
to
tanks%) (CIOS 28-4(,, p 18)
oclir(Epsve
Epoie
128) llerdersche (V) Pulverfaibrik, FIcbi
propellants)
129)t~aIlHermann Go~ring Aeronautical Research Institution.
StCLuftfah-rtforschtrngsanstnlr
)rgranhzation controlled several
nig
G*04d
110) iHermann
such as:
11)

Hensclrrl

a) Paul Pleigerhiuice und Stahlwerke, Braunschweig

(Steel works and weapons)

bi) Salzgitter (Minerals anti metal.;)

tcset(hls
CIOS Repts 26-86, 29-30 & 40-8-1)
Plal?.
lailermanni Orth, Ludwigshafen/Oggersheim.
for explosives plants)
eie
n kedn
Mxn
Waos
(Mixb n andseekneaingach devl ices ls(i
Wao.
els(IZ
el
11 )fcseliWiuaih
132a0llillersleben Proving Ground was one of the Arm's
)'

testing stations (walfenprilfuargssgel n


des Ibecres). It tested artillery weapons in connection
developmunt work (Ref 4a, rip 8.4 & 1310)
CIOS Rept 11-72 (19415), the small
Acrigto
Oe
arms research section of Kuminersdorl was transferred to
1945
Ililkcrsleben in Mlarch
I 32b)llirsch Kupfer- und Messingwerk A -G . inow/ Mark
(mmntin
riegelstahl, Bochum, Ruhir (Steel
133.r)Ilochfire-iuenz
:uunrlry centrifugal casting etc) (14I0S Final Rept
wt

Idts~~~d

1
ias

unsand85)lislrments

well

as

their

governing

boady

of

twelve technical crilleges) did resiearch andi developSk-e


FlIight Research Institute .
rf/eppelin
ZI2)(
Ior srhungsarrstait Grat Zeppelin
retwr
o h
re
ocs
hh
ehia
ehia
okfrteAmdIocs
itn
Grossfu.is
Joliannes
Sec
iII 'I(i) ossIass , Johanriess
achen, Braun-ere -located at: Berlin,
(Scelcrlleges
Iaugn/iasp
~tarlwrkc
II))(nu', Witnian,
D~resden,
en,
Wi
Karlsruhie,
sclrweig, Danzig, Milnechen,
710t,
boutt ry) (BIO05
I1
ncts;&CAiri.Pat
tIarmrstadt, D)Grti
G;raz, Hlannover and Stuttpart (Ref 4Ia, pp
(it~ista
Gnrhlc,. !iceLotrA
-5nd in Pllanttsieat
3 78, 82 & 85) (.See also Rrichsforschungsrat)
Vaos
134)1ollr (F. W.) Waffenfabrik, Solingen
sortng a~nuitio, rfle
, ad (Hutin
I~urall
ll6sch A -G , l"ortmund (Metallurgy, armor plates
135)
S
* and pist(l ammtrlihion and leather articles) (C
research5
and
cases
projectile cases, st-el cartridge
'r I*I I e iI
12-18)
(CIOS 28-46 & 29-17)
115) irastloff vierke. at' Meningen, SuhI Andl Weimrar
136a) Hugo Schneider A -6 Tauseha-Leipzig (Metallurgy,
npons)
~(Wea
copper, brass, aluminum, steel cartridge cases)
oarn, Ilaniel & Lueg),
I lo) (;utehoffnungiahiutte A -(.
(CIOS Repts 3 1-5.1 & 31-57) . At Altentberg (AmnlD~sseldor f, Grafen burg' and SternkIrade (Steel foundry
munition)
and shell forging (B31OSRu'pts w.8 and 716i)
11'7) Ilackethal

lDrahr-

Lunt! Kabelifer ke A -6 , liannover

(UiresL, cable S, etc) (CIOS 25-32)


1
,,118) ihand (C.() Walfer.- unri Falirrad Fabrik, Suh (Small
arms) ...
1)HasBoas- Nachfolger; Berlin (Apparatusa for balnnt)
119 lasicnr;
1 20) 11anls Buck, Geradstetteii (Pyrotechnic items) (BIOS
'td)
Finil Rept 1233)
Kiel (Aplcl5haft,
Apartba~e
121 hinsatieh
ing) n
paratus, instruments, amimunito loa
(Shell frigusing
A -G , lDass;eldorf
.
as
auc~ prss
"212)llsnclever
Rhein-,
Mrrschi'nen:fabrik,
plct,)
"123) co rebss)
fori plants m;anufacturing ex7 dafcred (bnne latn
Iirtes, ton foja
plos
12c~feewfntt(I1W A)

Arnmy lWeapnfIs

Office)

I116b)IIWA.

See Ileereswalfetiamt

See Ilersteller Weihrauch


136c)IIWZ.
Ludwigshafen ,with
A -G ,
137) 1 G Fcrboniandustrie
numerous plants, among them:
a~Iliterfeld - SUd (Nitric acid)
bl Elberfeld (Various chemvicals)
d)weaponrs)ebr(iticacd
Frankfurt alMain (Fuels, lubricants andwaos
e) Ileme- Solingen, (Ruhr), vorm tIAVE-G* (Nitric
.
heias
ndt
a 1cid),ai.Nticai
f) lcsa/in(trccdadohrhecl)
Leverkusen bei K~dln (Acids and cienmicails)
Lothringen Werke, Bochum - Gerthe (Nitric acid)
0) Mainkur Werke, Fechenheirn (Various chemicals)
) oppau Werke, Ludwigshafen (Metallurgy and
Wolienfarbernfabrik bel Hlalle (Various chemicals,
Ill)

4.

~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~
44

.44 a

4,,,
4

4,~.

3~4
-

4444
344344

434,3..

333
*.

.4):

~3',

'131

3.'

:l3'3.V.'!

4'3''4~3'
..
34
W4114i4f,.ol

344

.......
..............
3

,,

""d4'..Z'l

2,,4.

(3

44

Sf 444434.44

3344.

34

444,:..'

14

It4 L3*34~j
hZ1

..

*.

.3~

4.

444

.444.3

.4444.443443

"I

4--hill
,~
"

vi'.

44

'.1 .4 3'!j44
, VI'.3..4'
)
3
3 4.,.444,
3
4

33

,,,

3.4

.t,.

4It .4'

44

34344.433
fly
I-;3
3;..''

44

4.3.

.03.%'Ili r

.fle! r

'3'!

:- 444

)A 4t,14t

3'44

4 44

4,3

~~~~~~,
~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
334.3
~
~
,.'3
'
3339
'944313
39 3.
1
13349 91
i
34
4453911
is. 3s 33333.3: 33'A
I 334.339
I33~5333.33
~~~I343., 3333'5~
for k34.o
.tm
n~1334...
I'
t....
3i3.4
9 44
~ ~~ ~
~
~
~ ~ ~ ~51 s., ~~ ~ ~
.3
,44
t..V ",if.
'~,W

434II
3

4**~4*4
.1 444~'4.
434J34
4444

43

33433443

4444

ai t 34.44.4333
1343'.

J a

4.

11(.4W1

4tf,

1;

4 .

4.J.

1.'0 errous. (1,v.4clu ,3(44

(144339ci).

It

ms.'r

I 4(.1161
iefets~ii,fi

.44

l,44

)I

11a L

(Sanaill Arms-)

Ki,,&

4.~

fill,3I' I '1i3

3 3.*4iI"
I5Y

91345,~

.S 3
44434.),.

~~

1.

3444Oit
(3444 453 .,3.'
m I I '
I )i4 KI, 341 KrS'. see riedric
V

1' 7.

Kiiriov3r333
kt.
3
rut;3'. Sv

lo)

A-;

oe.t

JIM31
33 .

icu

Similar

insti

tutes

bad

Cannstat,

Stuttgart

(Metialluigy)

& Vsakuus,,trocknet (umbil, IErfuft,' ThiUfin33e3


Matclincry for p333lats manufsncturjI; exlposives and

I (,If) ji135ko

propellasnts)
19)
bJ3 Mannesmann

..

4.~~~

weldmn'~

114 L a31 lffirri339)


and

(CIOS zic-R-1)

(J)'.1ZK"mmV733
low...)
3
"C
A's
4 z44
(he3 On I 'lq(
Iti 33 i, ior lii3 m.3 I
P333333ro O333
13 .3)i)3
tt)
L3333'
3' 3t'33(~e
13
lItulf31Ctdff)v(jrVc!;t). lulil sc~alv tMflM. was Mnaintainedi

f(hJ'r'lin devicesl

1flw
(II(3fK0~33
144(
notd toof,
11341 ,,,o~o In fe , ((33ollot
rocket1
I
nto I 13ifc
llatiooif Vc
L k2fuwl'1
T 1 uestingSaion, 993e
hI chlin~y
'
Toaing 3-Stto
LuiM.tw
-ge
53 S-is
1-essli TeIus 3t1i 0

i.,l.abe
6
(IZG3

nt

el

shops and tool


ni34

9313333

J{ahr.-"r.,eke.

LDuisutIA/Ijucirinsen

(Metalisurgy) (".01~591, p 1?)


I'f

179)3

'

171) MAN - Atcsr~tch Laboratiory, A-utabutio


a.4nd development of-engines)(CIUS 1. .2)

171

MAN,

Stl

A33
fis

3,lll-N
rn

(Researor

29)-14). At Kothenlurg/Sa ale (Ammunition)


Nannlcldscher Kuplerifchieferbeirsbau A -0 . Hislebenk
fin

ote3101)ru

etl)

CO1-5

71l) Manch~inintiabok AujaimurpNUrnb.41rp (MAN) (Weapons


conduucted
reliekitcli and dlevelopmsent (if hinjl
niamsdvllla
a, Kummersdorf until these activities were ttansferredit
Coustay FinhIademNr.ae
of bonijbings !31)41993en E~(Mixis3f175) Manchinefifabfik
on account
flihllrsleben in 1945
devices for Use In explosives an 1 prop~ellents
1583)KU~3r3333,drf
'Wst
ArmyIS~~fl
Ilef33Plant
41391)3
033
1Petirien4ftall Station), located 17 mi les nool
33399359 wasl

"ocirty (n~smes' after


in fi.frc

11
,9
4
~ ~ ~K9433333(343413143
~ ~ ~~~wifo

,~ 33443433ftr.33h' 1.13"1
it44!3!1; uI5
03.33.
q443324
Alf1red3 Krulip4, Artl33U Krup'p 3333.Friedrichi

equppemChiine e.3iti,'s
(Ref3 41t p,li 3Cop4

laes!ischaft.

and en3334Iove, l

.34113:13inc.iictri

A -IL
33(334
rs'

dino provi
ird wit
4

1 ats

~ad

'

Yupp3

is,

of weapons.34 motors4f, .Ain,lane structurfes and alcaustic.


fuzes. There vozm also an aerodynamic research 0inbhtj',
a d&e~ietreical ixadticis, irtsdtisle
w LArge range for f'sie1rf

odu;. atot
,ivO t.~
a(-if 4439,
S3IC If~i 0.1..313
I3if3,35
offioid
%urh

,i

segtlwrke
l.5Is
Gmb

Di)9tt339313943 If, Of) I~111,~rrsl99 4499111 M~i)es41.1 M), With to3


nel39 1., 3,,'
loll iln 9413,I
,4rj 199139'ro'9,tt115 9 lit oiti till19
A

33419,

3334.44,34
.5343 . 344134.443

~
.

II,'tk

the. weapons3
4

939233331

3343

3.4.4,iok
61

-.

.,

levl3334)

il .3
104 ill,
434344449
334.3
5

aI3.r:3.A47

V'olleenrode ,
firatunsch~weit
(AcrondUtiCjl
rah -- oinicizurion; .dI'sot.4atut rat le~rk. ,paided
9i-saisvhia, tuc5ker ftfireli, 33(4)' ((2103i
Note: lAccOrslitt( to
O.I.I33m
lde 4a, Ill, 12-24 &i 7"1),
.i :EA occupied .33 anae
' SUituale mile.s -and vfolopyedl

S.p
'3!rr4rj4ns.g,

I~347~

t*

I.V.,

"l3for
33r133reJ

9133
Iac1I~ Sp
03539,33

'1333
f3i -IJo1l.

, Soi* rqwrfs~,(Shel..l fo.31j g

L1i wv i. I k A P2.~4
pt
i3C
I

.jg,4,4

.'''

the first man to fly a1 glider) interestedt

1(, 9il)3f9,t
35I)norr39de34ry(
em
_.3r~r (mintilf. Hi.e~n!Kjjge (Steel foundry,
Y rt ll....

.43

Itilb)Li~lhenth.&l

150)

43

'

e (otty
fu94s)
lvn ,11.931
St l~
34))1 Ite 3,3I 333343
(NT43 D IF N,
CU09113
c4) ScIIoi33 344,k it J3I.I IA,., Sladeur

~4C3.3331j
~sc~e A-G
tlnknt.33
fightin' v~erticde)
a ~~~'3'4.3:(')~
333) 1oh~~rwrk
ii(~
(.1339933I(3U543
(133143Il~d
)uIniturtn
y '34d~r- ~usat3i3'bcess)(dS 2573
If'

I14-2 (1'~lurm'l

it I,s4 ,

Ao.

I
K 31
nk.
A3'333r4te- und3 Rtohlcii'.tuul vsh443u, Berl in

&r3A firlsc if A -(;

'

it

b44ran
93 , at3

k jir
%6.fth3!r. /.t'lla ' mchlis, 'Ibh.ringten
1 HO1.Kirl~ /.eiss-Sr~et Zes (Karl)
..

,33.

I j.kl itt.
491 % 3h'9(t
t.3h'9i

it.'1)
K43ff

44343.

44il

.4.

1.33) Kar
.33 Ii'

4343139

.-

3334.44 443344444

ve444

k43343,1
144
0
4.343
54444
1 134,sii
54~4344.
1 Il4.'4trif44.3444444
I
.4
33494
44

. 44.
.

edraichNacri,(3INiI) (m,l.

fl,,,

I 'It') N i ebeck er
und
Sliini-sclr.r
Iserlohn. ientf~si..
19.NOrlIeuts, hit Alfiiiiere , llanibIurg
Slui
cdI>
c o n t a t an d P et e rs enr t o wt er n it echo dis ( lI I )S l ( I
9u Norddets. :jei
Ma %chi nvi a Lri k.
Berl in
a
9 8 a ) . Nl r d ,I oeu t s e h
Sp rv n ,' st o ff~
t jerk
A - G( , (W
I i ot ill .itn at Quitk Iorni CExpjlo si\veti)
b44VA. See N aclrichten Versuchsanstalt
199) 01!:
A -c; (Subisidiairy (f
(,eneral M otors), Plaint
a t Rult
ss tels lieii i, n ea ir Frian
kfu rt aiz/ ( M\
o tor-vc h ic le s)
!OOOi sIk a ir F is eli r l iI r ik M airk iiorf be i liode n s e e ( L a k eC o n stalct-) Wrtc-iice

.,

.\lniaviitcnlc
Bomb)
Itil
I
IItri
e Isio
ste~in
0 t0s, ii ha
pvynsr ' c if i c,1 2-t j s',
e ap u
k((cllll fur
3)
S2-1
hUbvS
i n frk
Mi i D r wk n!a
h
S i aI t t
Iii A~i k(McI~i ihn ery aio
njWeaip.m
Wns 26,--:2)
of*8explosr
i ve"II
, propell\ancts aidr
(Mammu
iti,
for) atnu98
'0)M
pouser
W er , Aropel hWints naida
nli on,%i~j
c) ,0 e rd r
X - LarMouser p lar t m a ffnu
factu rin g Mari oisr w e a)
' rri orf
cai tti k a
. tr '
i p i l s ,~ i t . c t i i ,
a i O
i
i

~c

.1oBerint,,'t

4ie

10 Kairl sruir

bn
n1'svid
;kpi~li
1,ri rk rnlieu
211)1lnlrikr
KuPfter-

0 15

und
lralitwerke, 0sna~,rdck.
c)
K'flnFlienft1*C
(Ammunic~on )
'D) 0t ridtriiii
11 Pa:t ron en-, 2.61iti-Adii ellci- Laid %Metail
Iwarenuiik
S),Waildeck, licz K Issu
Vorn-Ias Se!Iier & fllIi
chmbc
nIIIi~
(I)~w
if
i 5 n o,r
1 1)Meponl'i~vi~tij
8
inolc
adbrafounded
J
,ous d.e
in 1829 by the
af~pi u
ic .ie
hijs
.lelc (BlIasting~ caips, detonarors- pistol,
Proing6roid.ce
errevolIver,
sport~ng
and
hiunting
amniun
ition',
Ik lt~frz-Wierke , kwber
181~~~~~lMerz
Frankfu'rt at
r
nn ' S 74.
(i
ijn)
CI OS 'I 2-ilt
20ii
'11) P eenemiinde
( Amiv HockLet and
"IS2.0) Mital I,ges ll . c haft, I3tek enh cimlie An
Experimnwtal Stiktion),
Iaije, V-ramk f-r
,c~iteI o*il the li.citi c cst,
neair the I-cen,. estuair.:

~siileSc

1c82.)
ta II..WiIsin PI aitt irwareni fabri k I en Armtks
A -fft ill and A -~,Oberbarmen
Vuppettal Ammntainitioun)
.fa I *lrecifthti-i!
re
i IIs rlct lrIuciilinicen itnl~l I it Seliandusiiof
and) Se terhiof ( Ammtunition )
.a):

abutM7is)

li.tiI'roittI
Iant rockcti de'velopmnt~
v1tih i.ticilt
Uaciter lDirnlergLvr in cliarg(
V.1
olu, i rm-keats wcrc teveliiptd and zest
ed
ctc:

center

A.2IUluttetsfull3 . launtcied in I9`1))'


launched in 1931) after severall
'deti I wek.
I.in
A 3. i ' :~e S ., A j~.Jc":~
t:previo
ois
faiiIurcs)
ItaiiliiAnniiiii
Si~t
Au
md
'IH m1\let
It -o)ltsttwo ur
I wcrkd SAintiieht te, St0nrii
enxpterimlen tail imodel s.
ir:
Amlllo)c
A- i kniowni now as V-2 C
i18 1) Mietal 11wcke SI bruenltd tten alt
icrgel tun gswaiIft / wti.
.\it,;; iswr in
(Ammunitiof)
Ruen
j*V.eip
In ) mas succes s full y I auiicht., in
.colc
'.
(
19 i 2 after
w'.lii
1ia.rI i ,er facm
I uri s. I t
lb ix.inhofe
1Mu'tii , ser ilisrce
I Atiitiiniji~iprod~uction
stairtted ii thte middlt of 1911
Uanhof-ii
(!jurtv
f~mmintio)
)
A-I)
%%ais
iith
wn
j ped version a f A-i
1811IMNI A(. Set- Wi I en hii, and Intidiis ri, A -;
e0 A.)i-Il9
sa .u-itpreki'
i
'A-1tii0
%%saai,'dtprokt
%ih l Aa
explosves)
l~aiiiit
Cln~lutriai
sli,)Miedziankit
,lc iii~td tol span ilt' dist.iiit t frim EuiFiropetto itlt
(A.rh~
ilin
iO
ll
ii
nuzes.
183c)Ministeriuim Speer. Ministry, named after its chief,
f) A-Ill
wa3s in charge of all German WW 11 prtiiluction *allocaFor mlore inioriiatiit o,,asout (lie activiticta ait I c.entLion Io all riaterials and allocation of all priortifes.
iiUn~dt
before and during %U'11, see:
It exci ted control over' the Ordnance Department
I-E.LSiiciti, tierni-in Researchi ill World Wa~r
,of the Army (llcereswaffenamt) aid of thme
llj.Wilev.
Navy
N Y (11)j ), and
M.arine (Kriejgsmairine) W.affenamct..
it is non
-.
D'.),rnbvrgetr,
c le.ir what relations it had witfi the' Airbut,
%'-?
ik~ng
Force (L~uf*lip -1,'-3
7G, NO),93-8, 1,12-1, 239 and li--ss
waiffv), except that dIte Miniscerium Sfleer
25C.
was under
Note: Grellswalder Ole, mentioned .n Dornberger',.,
partial
'.ofiicrol rof Hericchsmnrscha!
iool~, is
Goring,
tht:
a small narrow island located north of
heaid of tile Air Force (Ref Is, 1, 68, 71 &
IUsciom isiland
anti near the livtne estuary. Tfhe island Iluielone
Miiiiisteriumi Speer exerted a considerable 86).Thie
ito tie
coiitrol
gel'e~eiiinjae rocket center and was use.] for
firing rockets
ov
almost every government agency un
oward
'sialler than the A-4 (suchi as tlie A- 3a.nd A-5)
&8.,th
nianaigrolett and prosecuition of research. It estabilishtotal cost of construction and eq~uipment of
cd several research and development institutes
l~eenemiinde
of
Center w~is abomut .300 million' Reichisinirks
its tiwn
and at the
.height
of activity the l'eenembnde employed 2200 %cientists
18.1) Mittelduiltntclic. SI'tnungstoflwterkt. Mjc-diiankit 61t11hll.
arid
technicians, exclusive of clerical and subprofessjonal
(;ot.air P'lant at La:ngt~shiciii (Iiidustriacl e...:mhisi
vtv)
perstintnel. The divisions of ti'e Anrmy, WaPrU~ 10 and Waprwi
1 iS
MicliietfaunNe~eracisn
M)
;ih lllinovr
11 (of v ) under General I Oornlierger, were engpaged in research
- chl~l'c
I81) i~ler&
M~~d Iiig (ailiiiey
urcliiiic'l
and development of rockets and gluidled missiles
4
n exlsvsidsr)
except
those with wings, like the V-I and lid
8 SIxilen
n)
ian
iiadlustri.) A
bms
, launiei,
fe
Peneri~nde
l
%-.is bomb~ed, the wind tunnel and aeroidynamic
with several p)laints (metail lurgy, tanks, tanL dlestroiyers.
work wamsmoved to Kocliel, about 25 miles south of NI~cnclicn
*
trucks ,etc) f(C IS 28-16.)
.
.
(See V VA), the theoretical seto
we.i moved to (annnisu-hS8urIt
'iiin5a~l
tIt
Casseli (A mmun i ;thin Ioa filldg faic tiiry
I188) Mxl
lartenk ircli,.n and tlie ni.anufiictiiring and de vel
unt ioisaistiI
Ialovt
An
opm.ent
niionsId
work w~as imoved to Nordhiiusen anti IIIci
chierode
atto ry)
201)
l'
ters
(J
),
Berli
.Ii)1o) Xlunitionsanstailt
n
NUx
21
C
Aiparaitii..
for clc~t
Iglstioladt' (Aintiiiniti~in
n
loaohs
ili.distLpo
1
.'tst.s
fiittorv)
.
21.) I 'f6Ixis cht f 'i verfac rink A -0 . Saiii ht lIiglintrt and.
1!)Munitiollilsast::i(
Jidtcrlsg
AI
3IItiuiii 1tiiiii
loadintig
S2u ebs) (E.xil'lisivres 'Int proptellants)A
dc
nt
Io, f.auic nsistir
wi P11,ile
I tctoitne
t ftlcto)
n fit lrirkj
kiiii.igsbrg
Magdteburg,
rsid
f(Amiiimuniition
an
loading
.0) Griinclerg (Metair Iic cartri dg,;t
anit ammunition)
factry)6
3
flommermsche
hnilustric-U.irl..r
1,inlil, liarth CIi,-rottiiCAiiilii~iIriii
atr)tclinic
-))Mn~iisiitl
itemis, chemical[ sarfanr, aigents. tii~n-inition
fill- I'l)
Zetlil
cuiitiuliaamnriil
C~tm~niti~n i~ai~ig fator
ing). It employ-ed,during %U 11
I up it, U00ll workers
ItiI(r
iPta~iNchirichitci
Versiiclisanstalt
((dOS
12-I
3)
(NV A), wats an estah,-_
20 7) Pulverfalurik
Ciehiriliher
I 1rudvonhacl,
Jun k ertdLnIe
I lishtilent iitevtelop inp , tintl test ing Naval radio
o
Ca
I xplos ivex and propelIantIs)
devices (Ref Ill, 118it
2111aP'ilverfahrifi
hh.'sloch, (imilill . See Ihynanrit A -G;
11)5 h)Na vy I roy in g- (irotulid.
See.~a fipifng
ilh
ci
tqer K ri t)iiwlta rote
20i~HN-Pul
verfabiriki
IRoienheiem,
Stephalinskirchenm (hI-Ilploicives
!()50VNivUf,.dt uiid Kt joke, Kiel (Aimiiiiiiition
liiuiill.~).iiirtIIift
'196a) Nilwitlili.u,iv,.rkc. sot. Atii trimii si-t ioin
2019140
Ranubkiinier, Ptovlaa Gfound~iocated ne~ir Litineburiler
182,1f)NIet~illwaitrenfamliri k, vorni

Vitstar
sI
A -1,,trtei

~i

~ ~

~~dLbn(nus
~ ~

~e

a.

~i(929)

I)A-5 (stict -sslully

N.Mi.tre weapons
't J it
IinI ls

j);z.*t
)2lI,)

nt*.i r

MEel *i;(, f SS) i,


l(ItvcIIIin

~rton

nbrl
nea et10
N ittrliz
I)
a 1, ncup
fo ;iir reliCz Ie

I rpro Iwtrs 't t. I v


I prvig
%;i
'
' s

t),
(jI,2lsI~ilist'I1
tht-Armtiafl
rvc Mic IAi, Tll

( oui i~iCI
IZ'~
1

reerhwr

'U

I)) ) stlt
Hi hsvtsuci~u
u
I ld hr
Iogri-hi

'

vai

l2.)~.~i,~iiia.rat

fut

lin i

Berin

Adersiof

Atil urpshoarf

((2
n
eerhet
rI.rirnll
t)lrainches
IReinsdorf Plant. See under 'WASAGfoegcunrs
*' Hr mto
(ewvh
rfab~rik
i,
Suhi
I
Sach
sei
O'*a pons)fitgi
(s)
21 3.,
21z'kIi:H '. Sec I'eivilsforscliungsirat
j1r
22 "t
see h12it2ilet ill-Holict As
2))Elinosci.12
D y n ;2nit 1:a u k ,
v: h plants a t
witl
il,1en :16.1 Mairv;felJl (IndustriAi explosives)
II i scl.h
2II
(ltli
onj (:v liiioid
1: a unk A *caL'
ttainh mi Neck ar
(( tl IUb 12C 121 i .
rt.
- 2
l22rubber articles) ((;lOS12-1K)
1)
llleiaim:.che Mrlwrnund
Nlascltinei~fiibri k A - G. ,
2 l(. ii'.he
orf. Sri. rtzts-er
lolitinnieuili-liorgig
ibl A -6
si/Irused(t
.
3\ einice
los
t npritpa r-\ed by k in till,
Miion1dmrunfl (C-11)
*

Iltiespvme

~~

by

injt.6on

~ons
~

molldig

(O

Iteflin
A' -t
oepff
.itiI5IC
cloits) ivlutrt
Indusrialexpls
csection
I H1
) Rheii'mct.alI-Borsit; A -G , l)Ussel 2 Io~f-I)crcndtrf.
(),Iit of tli I. argest manufacturers tif vartious mlacha lies ,
allI'iliiin mtin (incl uding guidedj missiles) and weal ons.
'I'lit firmn Was founded in 1881; as thte Rheinische
NIMtllw iren- ut \aschinenfabrik A -GC, I)Usscldorf.
if )22
it inerged with thle Waffenfabrik Solothiurn,
S"
ia.
l~iijIJn in I 9,,2 it n-.crgcl with the then
bakrptIor:;ig Wlttrke whic p-sse
a
wleqtuipped plant at Tegel. a northern suburh o lvilitil.
Tefollowing
thieinmetall-Ilorsig
plants were in
tipiratiiin dlurinig U'.( 1:.
;i) erlill, Miharitnifeldi.
2

Yet1safety
0) !:)rlrsian
rterlin'c
.1)

t~il~tilPlant

I) Uncerliiss
ground, c kllltd
Schiessplatit UnterlUss
! N.ote: A proving
s iaedttil
Referencs:
.A) (,.M.C:linii. Thie 'Machine Gun, U S Govt Pirinting

-11d NIctallwa~rvn- I'.ibrik


.2m erda
A -( *
vc , Kroiild'iy,u1 - Irlillu.ii1
.\rt ie
II' 17% r' is rieIS.11d sons in,1 ce" Ii ary
l i
rIM
nitt
`10 si'e..*lr

I )na'Ii I

Fabril,I

KM if. III ni

at

I- riiv

Ii) Sie~gfrie~d Juneian s, S-hiirod or I, Let Stutt gart (Met*talI1urgy ) ( ( 1( S -'(-"1


!Q3) Si emens.Holske A -G , lien in, V.,. onle 21 tile woirld' s
ittihast'

t~itlh.

and.

bvr

ilS

u nrou

iffiltIatcd co mpaniets in 6ermany

Ioloinwgnre
is

and

partial Ht
St i
Sieeitn s plaunts:
a) Sivremes-Re~inick-e-Werke fierlin, with plants at
[nimi.2 -i an~d HudolftildStii!
F
I )ectirita) eq~uipmetn
such an
.
X-Ray apparatus)
I,) :;ienieis-Schtickert )V.erke A -(0 lierI in (Electrical
I_!
ir.otiiie anittun itiol)), with branches in
Wi en (*Austcria), L~ondon (England), 13io de j anci ro
(Bra~zil ), etc
c Sieniens-Wernersvc~rke, lierlin-Sieniensstadt (Dyiaitrnots~lectric
IIRptH-Iusi
motors, electrical blasting e Ivices~etc)
(See2

it

Re)

Notc: 'rie presenat main office and plant are located at


Karlsruhe
I'll) Skoda 3trke, Pilsen. See in the Czechoslovakian
24-1) Spandau Arsenal, nlear Blerlin. One o2f the oldest and
most important arsenals its Europe
3%5alspcrr V'ersuchsanstalt (lit liarricr-Researtli Establishinent) was a Naval institution engaged in research,
developmeint .and testing of sea mines (Ref 1a, p 86)
2 15 10 Sp~ret'wvrke (imhhif M2ethllwarenfabrik, Ilerlin/Spandau
3'
I0r Sprengstoff IFabriken
nimbil, Kieselbach (Explosives)
217) Sprengstoff Fabriken ficoppecke A -G , K"sln. Plants
at
'qngenofadIhrek
Eal.ivx
2`8
I)SIprteiistoffund Ziindschnur- Terke, (inaschwitz
A -6
Pl'lnts at Gnaschwitz and flautzen ( I)ynamites,
exploisives and .lafetY Ifuses) (C US 32-38)
219) Sprengstoff'werke
I')r Nahisen & Co A G
hlianburg
3
at I) mitz (Explosives)

Slarliurg'L~ahn.
(Nietallurjgical
research) ,See
Replt 9(16%1(19-16)
2.1a)stahllwerk.
Krieg~r,
D)(sseldorf/O berkassel.
Ruhrstahl A -6
241lIty-ane-lcA-,,Mre
ty,8trec

P11I
See

asntoD C (1951), P 450


Ofc,(Weaporis)
B' BIOS Final Rept 716
2412)
Stoltz
'Gi ssI, SuhI (Neepons)
3
(:) (;lOS Iteps 27-72), 11-]2 & 12-108
214 a)Strempei (F), SuhI (Weapons)
*,I()) Itdchilitii - Ilutderus
A - .,Wetzlar
(Centrifug-al
243b)Sundv6iger, Messingwerke, vorm Gebrbulder Von der
22)cas-t ig iif gun' tubes)
Beck. Sundwig, Kr Iserlohn (Ammunition)
1H
Rthling Stalilwtrke, "Volklinigen
lxei Sabcn
243c0SVA.' See Sperr Verruchsanlitalt
(Stir I forginj.) ((:IOS 26-69) (See 11i4hin
214 a) TAL.
2'oece
Sce Technische Aaei
e
221') Hottwcil A -0*See
item'(n) under D~ynamist A -G
244bt)Tarnewitz 'resting Station (Tarnewitz Erprobungs222 Hoircteme
A-G
t~m~r iutnfolten
(Nrit
istelle), located on the Ostsce (lla!tic Sea) between
* ac-id) (B~l()S lii0?, p22)
Llibeck and Rostock was a proving ground for
*221) Ruith
Gwithi sevrild steel works, among
aircraft weapons (Re[ 4a, p 73)
rlthe:
244 c)1'echnische Akademie der Luftwaffe, TAL, lierlin/Gatow
ita) Aruientirwiirk-l, Witi~tinnAnnen (Centrifugal casting
(Technical Academy of Air Forces) (CIOS 10-71,
oif gtun tublets)
pit 78-108)
I)(,uss-stahhlwerk.e
..Note: According to Simon (Ref 4a, pp 35-8 & 76-7) the
0) (,us-stahilwerke We~ttent, (,nlsenikirclcn
TAL probably did the most advanced scientific research
in Germany. Its organization consisted of 13 institutes:
Ilin~en
I1Ierthltre
t0 Scahilwerke Kri cger, IDusseldorf/Oberkassel
mathematics and mechanics, physics, chemistry, materials,
7
(See 1110.1P-inal kept 16i and CIOS Repts 27-100, 29-26 and
mechanisms electricity, communicatbons, flight mechanics.
*29-19)
mo.,
rtrs'a
aircraft devicesi high-pressure work, measurements
224a)S'ach sische %letal~lwarenifabrik, 'Aug Wellner, Auc/Sa
and ballistics. The Bnsllistic Institute of the TAL was
(Ammunitin
underthefamouA :ballistician Schardinjformer istudinst and
2240bSaut'r (J.I'.) & Stiln ;ewehrfabrik, Suhl was founded
collaborator oi Carl Crartz. Nearly the entire TAL (except
in 1751 (Small arms)
the Ballistics Institute) wasnevacuated in February, 1945
225), Schiessplatz Unteril'ss (P'roving (;round) Seeas
to Bad Blankenburg, near Jean, while the Ballistics Inunder thleinmetall-liorsig Ar -G
s titute was moved to Biberach, near Ulm
Note
Smon(Re
Acordng Si,
o
th
Lhterias
24) Tmm~tg (P) A -G , Gl~ckstadt (Cotton and wood
station was p~rovided with a full-stcale range and all equi'p
plsuitable for manufacture of NC)
j rnent required foir conducting exterior ballistics tests.
246a11phi'hcodor Eliflich Miachinen- und Zahnradfabrik, Gothia
226) Schucklaiard, A CrltZ
;Or I
(Machinery and vnrious
(Gears of all types) (CIOS 28-46, P 18)
*
wtiiuiiti)
246b)Torpedo
Versuchsanstalt (TVA) was a Naval
227) S'hiut,.e 'A -CG
fOggersliein ,Pfjlz (Machinery for
establishment engaged in research, developmmet
inanufl of chemicals, propellnnt-i and explosives)
and testins of torpedoes (Ref 4a, p 116)

~iwie

~130

(,er 2.
%2~dl

(nfl!
I, I rims.:,,
s. t9 I ,rpt-do k*
!rr'uI.
l It
lii
iwitz., schlrlvsjn
was
F
pitcvirr~t 0,i
rr'4111I
najttrtreurailiIerren
V I( nmcdaftr
te

!-)'i~l~.~ki.!
fle
*

Vd.'

i-

'

C( stli

o(

~.1)in(so).w ij

Anhald
Ii I ari,,us slusiysai
b)Estg1
guOlxgntdnti
ain A it
1 .cr.u(Ivociailrtr
)
0)lii
waldi at All endorl, Kr 9larlwrur
h
(ernannitrridilplenylainrmne
and ammaunition, Iila.finx,
an bol''
I iru
d) t0.irvlruck
(Nitrucellrilos,.)

In terl'reut'r'Sie
S
P:.
Interltiss
:" .I
.
!(l.~,
Gm-V~.1 Set. VereiiniJ!t.i OULutSelrt. Me'tal Iwerke
i)
l 1!S' X':. fel%
ri irk /,. I l.k \1011 i S (U~e l'ssrrs)
24 (t9c
lr*.r
- I.
Ot autsc li
et all we ri:t, (ViAI). St nt ii it ll..1
mWtrkf- \LLiiturod
ttlirrtgtir,K.irl.sruht 0,i-rci
irs-sr aridi
se.I iamnitnitiori ird 'va~pon
.
comnponen~ts)
itrial
501, \Vvrr r
ti.
I e ivhr iits ill
L
UA
erk t
(inmti 1, 1I.irrti' er.

~n

it Ci

iintm

iia.

til)

an

291)\tS:

st arch andi dtv'elopment, eter


I) lyteindr,
'atercn
(M;ran ind'us~trialepoives, )
slieb.Kupfer- (n(, MsindustrieAlvoliiini
' .Noacl, I A~dctischedie
Ntlessn(A .rkc. A - (,
virr
2161(.h)
9vstfUri chre Metal Iindlust ric, Lilpstadt (Amrinunit ira)
2ooicl'~estlignosc A
Bti*Ierlin. Plant at Nussau (Indusexplosive,;)
2
(i )U'a)9iY
ra lrer (Pi) & Co 14'~affen falsrik, Sol in ,ic a (Uca puns)
-hilr61lEO. See %kirtschaftlicbe IFursclunys 00.tlil
24-S) U&irtscliaftljcelt
lurrscliung
(iilrlbl (Ucll)0) %is
1 s
iii
'la!I)er
!I
;*(
;l.i fit iliiwiistadt (Fuels) ,reeat
2a)9

lin
See(it'-si
Trripniv part
iii rrt
!Ce)
-,ki~t toir!s 'urd1 gird ed intis si Ies' r
io s 6 -16
anJd evelvr'wl'n.t cenetcr)
-5S ) \ rsulistI t iectkc IIririr urd/ I trne (list iii : pr
iI ry
0 I-angel shr iii, II arz '(Ni tr.e .itid)
....
...
vthite
'u-~ s
-1
1;1
iIse fii I4I
lc IIi?. Pr
, X
s( I in (:I is ?,,-(M
* I .rrr'69)
dr..~
rrttrs~
UMc. 'ccalenlabrik (umbli, Snlia,.en (Utcajlrs
25.
Vol
ria~d
' S,ultir
-(A
liriun sdliwei.-u~li,rsma3-0) Uo
clfiniar-iiti.rrl
irk
.
Svet
alr
l.
Ialeidigr
rodcl
(I'll Sii. iinrd optical devee-s) (CIO; 2,-.'() ,
27 1 Wolff & Co, VacIlsrode, \&sitlrpirlivit at;
* '9S)
Ia)
2 olkswagenwe~k..
BornilitVn(M . I riilel Ian ts and I t1ial N sol ventl es a
V,
1ar l~aleralt~ktr
Falriie
AuturrorIleS,
1)opellants)
j eep%,
V-I arasilt
'r'rars,'-irs
250 kg
Ii) Dsiverdetr (NC proupeflants)
irurirlra,~ lrr1(1)mokr
eec
er. u n.'cI.I
itrri~~nlitz
(NC prorpellants)
(-iissliiVr d if i5r11 cit il0)0 were forcipncrs (CbOS 28-40r
d) Liebenau (IlUlNlrulillantit)
25(taf:sa. Se'ca (lvii-f-irstirung
0) .calsrude (Bllack liiwter and NI. lotiellants)
272 Utillnrersch.as ser & utiurth, lerlin-Bubeiisberg
2sI' 9.affenliuit l'ruNjwsen (Walruif) (Arirr3 Useapons
(Staoffice
I ility testing apparatus for csl'!osivces and propellantsf
for lDevielrrprrres) WaS
9
in chiarg, of research,
273a)'%
iirtrenrbergnische
letallwarwcnfailrrik
A -(;, (.eislinger.deeomn
and testing oflarnry weapons, aarrninnition
Steilge,(ieislingen ('Aceapons)
and
xr'osiihs
lrali{fcnitdo
Vl
cc
2731,N'tVA. See W4as.serbautiVersut-hsanstalt
d;visions %)f which '%al`r~fin
1
was in chargec of
271la)Xve-ks-)kn A -6U , nresden (optical.
liquid-fuel rockets and Wal'rif 11 was responsible
photiturirrical,
piezirelectrical etc d
-ic
for ballistic measurement.%)

fo

oi-ulrces

pp

shu

g 8
)

~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~hbr

Te'oc-e

cal-60

als

(Wafe

I-orschuets a(Ref

dets w Rabkmnerre
wfe'i,
w san seubnrminde(e a ,
-weapnd CbS ihteex
27-7t andf 30-7,
pin

ung

Grudar loatsed At -eppG


MasrWre(
257 )Waferf b *k 'nsecionin
2 stalle
571
ol thA rnff ..7nieebrkSe th uufwader
25*8b) WoffenpFrifhungs
S isscna
%('AiForen
PG5~lhr.

(19.1)Zes
(Karl), Jena (Optical insrments)
27' cZ le A depart
entlof
thR ich slutah t~nserichrwsc

Nte:d-iini coring
i
tofcoSim uonn(elf 4airrf
pp
( ie79,tef
RO&4a,
st5a)nds for t enraltlef
wissenschaftlichesBrcgr
by th
I)L (derutsche
ersuchunnaal
de
thceralfzWI
wa
fot
rcs, B e rlintAded ao indvls
eastrg a ctednof n rcrd
i
e
P
tfc
s whsich
cti
handled
wrd o chal~ots
durin h wrb
ee ra in eres
Zubjeth
Lirshin~ent
All8
Ivstgto
of a L terhal
h
ntr
Glihue anm
in
( xlsvs
yovenmn
rasearcl an
eeomn
ete
oSuNtbaebbribelBr
Noe'Ammurdni tion Sio
Rerac)
0&7
te
s
ata chsfo
Moetorenwalke (D iesesenginesl het
by (See aVls (rfDeppsceli Vrsuchua~snstaltuthe)
a
277)le diumrinannewa Leipifoned
b the)
nta 18e(eviacestAl
pos) usedientblistic mesurbne
nts suchhasr henrolnogreps,

SeseKar
%ate
,'
: :
i
25aWb9.afeprlifun
See
'
(Ab)etrlttl
Ptv 1(913
261a~warihf afensmt Priteese
uder Peeemnd and
krunder wfereloamtPlfede
at
.une~of
n
26 G)Waterw eRaukeme, anKi
~
(Rocesedkt
nmd
fuela,
jetproandIO O and
720- 4
300111)
21)ASG.ond wsee locatfieh-Aat
aa
Sprenof A
262)Ulassenrbaungcsuchsen
derL
uftwaffocel (Aresearch
arvnddeveopment ofr longcanged at:Rclnd
Flakn
roc t
e
Nt:Accodin to Simo
(Ref 4a,71pp
& 17-)3h).
Zdrari
Jlhim
ih
n
200was Secamouflage P
the
namee
279b)primrs, astefitvfusens,tc)nhflc 126asraer
~lf
lVrchanstaltrl 1SeudrPeeud
Saar(Initers,
n
Zlihndenvek
f uraderto
Izms
Nebblsen
oaffeir
Peenwemllnd
A
- eSe
B rlns (Govrfn ment
'nsaltosmvd
280 Zelndhltclrn und
deatropmntefa
erk
vorm
261chelsee in rder to- avoid frequent
Sexlosives,&
ts
bombins. jetensive
ammunitot.
Se aronndrJnuMet)wa
pwor
sion,
the
ideriobalistiles, ofon-rDangearckatets w76s
)
Zepplirik
lFidrcs
n isSbiir
done
at
S -7 and
2815 MiahMtrnw
e(isl,
nieec
261) WerkAG.Seu'macierifbrisk ()erlirti.ch SerenSgis
ctitri
A
-Gl.(SeealoGf
Zentralin
For
wsschafgichst
262) Wasserncr-Pfeierrsu
Berchis
MahschinenfVabrKoen
seeu(Resarc-h
277) Zimermnsenizi,
Canndtdevlpmn ofrlmong (rixnge
one
n 87(eie
and Flakirockiits)
Note:Mnc
fte)rpat
n cupe
uti
egu
chiners,
grainers
fo26h) Wrectfilldinof
I
xet)
lch relng
Spne ntlatioff A
oe
to,
CZe
2s80n ndhfltlo~ien- Frnce Iltolnandi Polan
*wr
and Rusa
(abbheveatedrtor WballsisA
e
f lor
W grag rSocwikelats was:
wer
force
owr
uin
''I
Gray
hs
doe

N Y

,3 w.ir plants, lirl-sunuI1.1py


li
s) .13 Iratia i st *I.
i, l. till3 .3.
h /'z,m (, it3rv
it toil~
Ei~lilore,(
,laiad tlli3t-i(
c

~pl

1, i,. i

I .'

1UrL,

Frei lw.eg, 's11e

IEx lsv.

.u Wil I ijilt (c iffuri. acidi and NG,)


r I I-sais, Anilait
L'K
10A
3)j \I,..
otton
(C..o.is
l'ivsterit7
I.! '3kswli3werk
j
.% '14.'.
Itrk i xploisv-0)
*iein
3 jILl3
*
ns
itrate,
(Am
spi3 en gsoffwvrk e 'r i.,a se WI ti
.1, VI,t~iatre
as "Ar"
vI I3)si~vsNc
comerial
N
310y
n
yet
faex
D3nmi,nnsahrc
!I) VEBi Sp~reII~scsffcw-rki., SehlitineecL (Am nitrate,
cap s,
Wdastintg
rtIin,
Ba3
,tr rlanit3(3 on,
*Afiflion it,
I Ion ant 11, fuse's, Gelatine1,
jOflai3t
Ch lorati 33
NI.,' N kI. I NI, U.utter I )ts,3ut at'srI
I onsirit, Nl
3
A ctter-Ilialit)
I) VE. Ua\;lter Uhwisnht, 1. 1: NA (Rocket propellaints

Arims (if thie World, The, Milita.ry


8) ,t.Ijji.,,r,:tI, lis.,I
Illarrisburlt, PaIeni.:
Nervice P'ublishingit (t,
Va~)
Dr3NU.MKr3Sttvvi(%, Iormr~lsy ColIonel Iin Ith Ru5ssian
Argenti na; pritate
Aires,
Iluenos
Art il Jury,
na
3lwpl:
Conrail II1 C IOl
VIrot 1'55(3 at the/.Ziiiic'
r A .Stetilochvt:, I 13t,41
ni~
Pols technIic. Institute . Switz.erl;,nd; i~r vat'! co~lmmunication.

Mes srs: ..
Irs:l.M.Adaia. i,.l.ohr amnd jlIA ii anid
10)
and ...
e c~ .~ isl
.c3If
Il~~
bilas zy , j.
icatto'lis
50rVL
3.3t,?,!5imun
31,w
A
rsv
Van 'vyck It 3 I 'j at inny
Museumti , Aberdteeni PG;
rnl.jisrint d Is.I. KensiIti
L ,
I)I i..1.
ation%~
it
private1 co31313333
riooFabrI~ik,
Item 22, F.ile 21.4 (
I2) 3 ISI,
1) A-(
S. i, tumi 2, I-ii e 2j-A (101(il), 1Jr3)isdorf Fablrik,
I 4)
1) A - (
us II I- rIk
c
(I 1,3
1 If Il S I t em~ 2. 1*i.1, I)A-.
I ;) CWlS, Itemt 2. File 29-11. ( l.)it,Uollra.shiausen FaIbrik
-;ul1..iAiarv , Cat~iill . /ir Veerv.31't3,
I3 i1vi3t.irt A -(,
3 liuii'sclicr !-;rzeh.nsse
IG)131 Iltittweii A -G
0 (N
163) (Il0s, ItemIl 2, File
andi Woifrats').i6),Stadein
1-I) (.101, Item 2, Fijle 27-48II
l'.osen Faliriken, 1) .A -6.
Item 4 & 6, File 28- 56 (191i6), Ie'Iktrilnmeclsakni~sclc
IS :3
'Werke, Ileeneminir-c,h
1 9) CIOS, Itum 2, File 2H(iI9-1), Krnimmel, I)Uncit-iete,
(Same information
and (.bri~stianstadt Fabrikei, 1) A -(;
as in PIS Rept 9)2,)
Powder andi
German
(19-13),
21-.
Item 2, File
29)) C:13),
Explosives Plants46.KuiernIaik
.16).KuernIiik
i1) CR15, Item 2, File 29-28 (1
br4Fildk*A
96 )j
ie3-8I
b,1ti2
2
2,udc
Fil 31-08if
22))
(19 16),Skotfa
Cb )S, Item 2, 18, 19 & 21. File 311-711
erke, P'ilsen and ltib~miselhe %affenfabrik, Strakonitx
24) (:105, Itenm 2, F~ile 32-8) (1916), I4obingen Fabrik ot
Ilynamit A -6 Subsidiary
itcmf 2, A & 8, File 12-1! (1946),Masciinenfabrik
Peterson, Oldenburg, Holstein
uiir
11i,~poie
,iie3-8
bie
6

~4)

and, jet fOuls'i

Reinsdorf (1I.xplsssives
tlraswre
l
)i IS UAS.\.
andi propel jails)
a11rirA,l3I
if tl-o. Vaqf i(,.rhajn ,iiant,; are
.ki- ,
.....
under their pre-'aorld U~ar 11 names.
tIs stin'
scs
",
'Abbreviations (11.t-,! under' V F Plaints)'
Akintselshafi) JntStocik ((.iipiin%
A-G
lDgethi Ivoier.Ivcol* dinitrate;
DEGUN
Region;
-(lBezirl- )
Kr (Kreis)
tial
()Ilst;
G or IG (Ttrrsnef
styplinate;*L EUN A or
D~istrict;: L A Lead azide; L St Iea ,ei
F
Me rcuriM
L euna Fixed nitrogen pI lit IIiI I er iany;
fulminate; Nachf (Narifol ger) 'Sut essor; NC Nicr.,cellulone;
Nitrolguanidne:
NG Nirelycerin; N~c N iroglycill' 'Gu
1
NRA Niations' HIifie Assoeiot ios01(IS A I; Obb (Oberbay. Irn)
Upper Btavarial; :P A I'icrir c.icd; PETN Pentacerythi itol
u (.ind)
IfO
folj.RyIlexogen
tetiallitrate' 'PG Prov.In g teIn
4and: VE B(Volkseigener beitrieb) l'eop le's ()'is 'eorks, vor~m
Ivorn als) formerly WW World War.
*

*I

~ilk-iins,

U
Vie
U~~illiams
et-ii Ardficesari
1'OS1.1vi
(928,
Balimoe
1) 1231)
t
riie,
xpilsf
2) JP
.Ppin Lehialleur, Podrs
IlBailliere, Paris (1935), P, IM, .
13) V.W. St iciklaiot et all PH4 kept 925 (1945), The Ge .neral
o Exposivs
SummryPltirs25)CIOS,
4) 0.'s.Sdicklandi, "l~i kept 18201 (i94), Survey of German,
lFiliing; lligh-Explosivef,
in
Exeine
and
Practice
I1)

P.Naoumn,

sNitroglyceriii1,

of Capacities and i'roductitin in Germany

,la) L. F.simon, Gernian Research in Ikorld Witar 1I, Jl.Uiiey;


..
.!
'
1NY ( 19 1-)
uauoOrnncc U S
ahneun
5)G.NI.Chin Te
Navy, U SGovt Printing Office, hasliington, 1) C , v I
(3059.

(1916), Luftlithr,
!OS, le),4&5,ile3-109
7)
Forschung anstalt at Voikentode
28) CIOS, Item 2, File 11-20(1946), Ileutsche Wdffeni und
lFubriken A -Gi

.Munitions-

29) BIOS Reports listed at the beginning of Garmio-I scctit,,


to be described here
Rohpulvermassc) ,q v )deserves
was carried out on the spentl acid
brel.Tedntrtio
coming from the separator in the nitratine house and from
the wash water which resulted from washing the oil in thre
preiiminary washer.

See under Unterwassersprcngstoffe.


i
uddatarrft
!Vasserfol! (Wtaterfall). A grudt
was propelled
rocket missile developect during WW C It
by Visol/Nitric acid .(ree also (;uided Missdles).
WASAG Underwater Explosives.

,References:
I
1) Atnon, Anuri Ordna.nce 31, 10I (l91c)!6)

Ane sSecrtcsAlleands,
2)
l~sAl~ucoer,

Pro(dre
Spent acid (l1N0 a9, if zSO 4 65, water 21 & D)E )N Oil
57, density 1.06() was sent dthough a separator to remove
the settled expiosive oil and thien thit acid was freed
fronm dissolved explosive oiis b~ running it through 0 the
de-tructor column, Zeated to about i20 at
so-called
the b~ottom and to I WO at the top. In order to assure
oxidation of explosive oils, the waste acid was
usually mixed with soulle 50'.of nitric acid before sending
it to the destructor
'*a acid decomposed rap~idly tin
nsuha
pn )GI)N
standing (espv!cially in the presence of moisture), it was
no stored for longer than a few hours, but preferably
sso as the nitration of the DFG was
a.okdu

Iars

(19.47) pI1111~
110-~
Jr 121
tlisil
I 'In'
l
veShipar'.I,
.ofteGie
FNit15)
disl8,
4)K.W.(;atlansl, . Ievelopjrment oIIdeUI e
Philosopbicai L~irairv, N ~,(92,p (, .2.complete'
XGlin, (2105 Hiport ."-S (101f
5)
6) (An, I~
p tif the
18-2ri
1IeIiclXaial\
-91*(195 3), pp 2l19-2
n
Wasiterstoffperoxyd (hlydrogen Pieroxide). See -tf
in the general sectio-(n undler Pertixides
Sclcapuver (W'ter Soluble Propellant),
Woserls~lhe
.completed
See Raschit.
'waste or Spent' Acids ('Abgaiikg4ssirc toder Ablfalls"iure) aire
described in the. get'eral section. Gjerman methods of
waste or spent
of n~itti and sulfuric saeils, from
'rilzrovery
>rmtepeprto
f explosives aiid
Lcd reutn
.propellenit pilantts, parallelecO the practice In the U S A
Thle procedure used at the KrUmmel F-abrik for the
recovery of waste- acids,' from' explos ive oils (such at,
l)EGDN 'and T'fGI)N), sesrvinig for the preparation o
314)
Fks,

'S ) pp 1 3-1-

a \lA lhook. 3d Sime.I Arm,, Illw MlIilary


UA~L.IS.Sniizh. '111
v I
( o~, Harrisburg, Ilesin33vivaiiii.,:
N3(,33tVrICe fl'uIlisi,,itir
I9 1'') 1istolIs atld lRevildVers, V2 ( 1952) Itiile s f; p I "0 1,
')ili

*c)

b) It was required that destruction of the explosive oil


should be comp~lete and that the resulting; acid be light
in color, if it was black, the destruction of nil was not
coimplete and the heating had to be continued alter addint;
som1e mote 50"' nitti acrid
For dlestruction of oils dissolved in wash waters, it
waIs sufficient to run them through tie destruction column
with live steam

th-

airois

icrhI

u..

iiV..,c,
,iar
a

* r.'atti.1
:41h.,

i(.

tlt..V~rV
rai
it
I-

air ihrou it

it.

'

Ciiir(
draw

liii'.

iot' i
io 't
rimt tt
i
usaj
la
sirii 1Ah %%.ts reco vered.
ivitft

ut

iLic

~ere~

thwJi
with lerratis sul fir.
Its Ii cit, verted iti iias
sisi~iit.n~rs~e

i I nkas relt cited ant pa~s d


ac
'r
(Ida'-t tot to I won *."I trv
tit i- it.aid,hss
rciitsv,.i liv
si trvw, at

.til tniat

Iir;

an

W~ecpon s.
piiges.

.Aus iii

i "sh iti at-stit

t5a1

5~~

D C,
ssucso

i5'

ovssa

Weapons. Internal Ballistic


the eni ni C I S l~eport l-68
(terma
'a cc ,l
frrain 2) stint
peclancis ctisv.
byv thin, size

Data. ll1.11I.NI.like gie. a


(I94S), sevemaI tables l isting:
to Roo1 omn, the types ofI proof grains. v~d-ht of charge.
E ;14
fflki
l%V a1ull cit jsrolit tti ICS.
len gth anti c apacimty oft
chianiller, sii.at
ravel , total capacity, press unt andi muzzle
velocity.

tantk.

Sec

lIabia '11 and illustration.%an the following


'
, ' I
illu srrtainns of weapons were obtained frosn) the
f il ow ing sources: klu~eum of Atierdeen Provine (;round
(ll a~i (ry w':apons .inJ most of small arms;). Reference
m'(onenachiine
g~un,;) and References 10 and 11 (somne
:
I
pinitols antif riflIes).
.
* (tco tios
wn I t
eipre stheir
pr~ain~
* isr
.1. I arrett,
KXl.Kempjf,
IlA.M1l(ted,
C 2t.(.011311
>dice:

I
Anon, inte iiiencc Bulletiul .
Nocte
I hesc
bulletints were not ue
j rinormat ion far this wo~rk.

ti,

Ii'ht
uI (tir'
-it id "ii .
fItI0%v I 'fi ..
1, 01' lowtr ct). ofi
ducstrLUt-tr \t%.s c0:Ii ti edtlEll Ac ' 1011r Irtik itWhit-1 it %al
ikin to ltoar tc tutink . It ctidiittifi
10nsUt -P. 11 it
ad
.m
0i
Jn,4w,
I o.
N6 oxides of iiitocral it
ll rnIttcd t"
.; p it "I
aild tti's!
wi.re 111d coniin uou&sIv for
tira i .

-%.l

"W !i~smsnan"
Z'Jnder. Pressure type igniter Jesigned for
use ninImrov ised liis
jus (as a pushI* igniter) or in Some iI E
c'..trgcs (as an imimvt i~initt'r). see aisti under Ignite~r.

Iiz'

uc o maeril lste abne;Main,


Ttxtxbook al Pst"tss tand l11tnal sers, StmallV..,;liast Yiotai i2)s

I\l.M.1J ohsltn'l,

J1c

Sul) Iuis'n Actgttu


FIFnlo
if195

Al!

(fi)43)
IflteIs and kLichitne6uns, W.Mcrrtw,
(111salt
a: A:.ujin)

Anoin,! Enemy Lan


tisl~ttr
L.tist,
SttAEFP.
Oiffice of AC of
:GI
i(f519i
6
"SOi
hIlI.%I ' ike , CIt)w ue'sot 11 1-6(19 4I,
d VaI'es I to 1.1
6s) IL.Sinitn, (;CrnAn :Ri-search to WWV1 II JS(iley. N I
R(19-i
,)f
) ccls,
..
I.fficial Gun K;k'.k c roixtwi Iu.
N
Ii
)
8) (;.INI.cIion, : Th \Iathittle Gun, U S Navy, ltureau ,~f
Irtitancev,kiasltiogtti, I)
v 1 C19, ')V
l~I)~a
1
ftdetit~al
forte:h'is
ui
wak ous-faa
art
fI tIi
Iok
9I
no,
E Isrit,ssivv Ordnie
tote('pt
gfthe Armiy
I-chi Mainual 'I'm )-1989-2 andt l~~
(InS
slin
i
ton, 1) C
Book-111itSmaill
It
Stsili '.j~lilt
NRABoko
A~tils, mill itlry
Scrr ce IPublsishting ( a,: mIrriisfsurg, rTesna, v I Pjistols
andh Revol vens (1953') mrid vol ) Hi f1-s (152)
'11) W.II.l(. Smith, Smiall Arm s ofth
ol Military Service
uclslishijog Co, . lasrrislnzrp l'eina (1955) (Gives also an
hIfstitri cal description of the telveloputent (if (Gerntan
sin ill arms)
I
,3)
I I) Col JI.lt *arrctt, and Messrs K.1'.Kempf and 1I.M.Reed
of MseumAbereenProv ing (;tuttt, Maryland: private
Mi

~.Its

I I) J. E..Ctiptll, A.11 Solltl~tt (.Ctghlart and 11.11.1fullock


ttf
icainn
Arena,
hver, New Jersey; private voci.tnlunicaititon (1955)
;II
Nite: An hintorical dsrItpitofhedelmntf
Gaia rtllry
weaon
mayp
ion
foudithe
devlomet
of
(:tjt
Jametis E* [licks, Notes ott G;erman O)rdnance 114-111018"128 Vick Ave, Mt Vernomn, N Y
I4) h'l.~~rs,
Rifle in Ansarica ,Funk. & Vstugnalls,

Weisspulver. See Raseltip's White Powder

Weliss-Sal: (iltlite salt).


A complountd, (I1 ( .:%..St) K )
produced io II-I Ii b the h., Frliabenindustrie &it Ildchst am
.*% ;ait
where

tt Was

ni.%Ylnc~e.tctv

internitediate in the manufacture (if Ilexogen.


natricted.
l lit.roductioin of white salt was
i

to Ifexog;en

was improved

to

make

amnmonium

salt of attijosulfonic acid, li N.S0 2.0N11


twttKItecreoni
2t
ptait
4ntetn
oaaii
lKIth
orsinin
was obta ined
On treatin$ the K salt with form aldehyde the Weissalz was obtained.
Reference: R.E.Rlichaidqon et al, CIOS Rtept 25-18 (19.15), pp
28-29.

)'

Westifalit (Westpltalite). A series of explostacs proposed


by lticlefeldt in 1893. *Ihe original composition. contained
Am nitrate 9S and resin "i. It was later modified to the
n
ontaininpg Am nitraute 91, K nitrate 4 and resisti
veltocity of detonacitio
wa s .350 rn/ac at density 1.01.
Tfihrt~ti~t
Ie
last coipctsiticn was ailso called the Westfalit fOr Kahle
iCo-al ICestphalitc) (Ref 3).
Notte: Althiough Vestphalites were fairly safe for use in
gasous coal mtines, the Vestf~lli ch-Anhaltische Spreogstuff A - 6 proposed to add to them 3 to 5" of chromium
salts to act as cooling agents. Some Testphalites were
tmanufactured in England.
References:
I)IDaniel, Ilictionnaire 119032), pp 1t04-6
2)) Marshall Explosives v 1 (1917), n 3,.9
Barnett, E~xplosives (1919), p 11'3.

Westphalite.

See Vestfalit.

WETTERSPRENOSTOFFE

(Explosives 5:%fe for Usc', in

the Presence of Firedamp) . Aserien of coal minin


explosives
approximately
corresponding
to
American
IPermissible Exnlosivea or French"Explosifs antigrisouteuxl~
T'able 64 lists these explosives (See pp 260-61).

(.er 227
WEAPOIN'S Nla ffen) may be subdivided inco:
A., Small Arms (Ilandfeuerwaffen), which include:
pistol Ol'istole) revolver (Revolver), carbine (Karbiner),
rifle ((;ewclsr), machinii g~un fltaschinengewehr) and si;Absim.chjne liun (Maisrhinenpistole) models in~~:be
IJ Pee
riler
Gec~.wC,4hi, ticldh
cannon 'Kanune),'
n
mojir(luite
,:rr.r

.1 N*rrte

) moelof

C. Rocket Launchers (Rake ten wurfma schinen), which include:


Faustpatrone, Panzerfaust. Panzerschreck (Raketenpanzerbachse 54), Piippchen (Raketenwerfer 43) and others.Most of rthe German wcapons used in WW I and 11 may
found on display in the Museum of Aberdeen Proving
Ground, Maryland.
ofTable 63. following, ptives some of the characteristica
German small arms, artillery pieces and rocket launchers.

Table 63 (Weapons)
aljber an j Icsignatio.r.
6.15 mdi G.2590") M au ser Nittomitric Pistol
MI11,10, called 'lestraschcnipistule (UWI*P),
Vlest Pocket l'i!nrol
c6.3IS5mm IXidth'r Pistols kodels'l (1'904)
an 2 (90
15mm 'U dllher 11isti'lv Models55(1913),
8( 1920) and 9.(1921)
(,.39mm Pistols: lieremann.: Orirees. ~.'r
I
and others
..
S. mam (.256'") Iier';rnann Automatic Pistol
6.'5 "mii
Vcus&I'tocket Automnatic
WTIl191(191)10) and %XTP1I
.'irs Iyps

Rem ark s, Uises and Some Characteristics


Length: barrel 2.03" and overall 4.06*; wt 10.22 oz
and a capacity of 6 rounds. One of the best
small pistols ever produced
jilowback vest pocket pistols using .25 CAC
Streamlined versions of above pistols

tteM~'Aede
2'
Proving Ground, Md
One of the earlierr small size pistols
Elementary blowback pistols resembling
the Brow~ning types. The Type 11was the
""
sreaminedversioa of Type I
k.S mina s.r1uvr & .olin Vest Pocket Pistols,
Resembled a Browning in external apl ypes I and I A
pearance.Capacity 7
*,.6 .11m11if. itk),) Milititry Mauser AutomaticRecoil-operated pistol weighing 45 oz.
1'i.tol, called MasehJinrn I'isitle, deCapacity 10. Could be fired with shoulder
ii, I s119 and ilse.d during UW,I
stock holster e,tached
,,tv: AccoirdIing ti Rtef H. v 1, p 177'there was also an improved model (N1192.) of the above pibtal
7., n M3ue %l:ne'so
1132
. Recoil-operated weapon which may be considered
-tliiScine~l-leuc.
P'istol e (Rapi d-F'trl
is intermediate between the pistol and the subIlisto! issued it) SS troops,; Was also III
machine gun. Length of barrel 5V4". overall 12,,
iittinftl 'in Spain under the name of ASTKA
Wt 45 oz. caplacity 10 or 12 cartridges, mx vel up
d to 1600 ft/sec
mi 0 1.0")
A 6imatic Pistol, inrrnt-1
Con sidered as the forerunner of the Luger. .7,
duced in Gerennan) in 14919by an American
Oluld use 7.63mmn Mauser amnmunition
7.6mm Mannlic!-r Pistol invent..
7-5i

'1in

RIeferences
2. p 321; 4, pp 2758 !k 10, v I, pp 141
& 560
11, p 478
It, pt4711& Re f
12

7, p 27
11, p 485
11, p 484
2, p 321; 4, pp2758; 7, p 27; 10, v 1,
pp 167-1 76, & 11Ipp
464-8
8, 1, p 177 &
11, pv 468-71

p 27 & 10, v I.
p 185

Was also made in caliber 7.64 mm

7, p 27

Barrel lenth4' Used cartridges cont& 10 gr


fsmokeless prop and abullet wihn93s.7,
Mz ve! 1250 ft/sepc
.p

2, p 320; 3, p 187;
p 27 &10, v I,
182

1900
7.6 15mm ILu.ger 1(Par ,idweItum) Pistols NJ

.100ad
90,"), e ue drn
U4k 1. Model 1900 wa.. aneoffirial Swiss
;'
pi s tol

Note: According' to Smith (Ref 9, p442) ;he original Luger was designed by an Amnerican, Borchardittand was further developed
the name of "Borchaurdt-Leuvir"and laterf corrupted ,and shortesed in the U S A
* by a German, Leuger. it wast first manufd under
1
to the name 'Luger." The'name "l'ar..bellum' , which literal~ly means in Latin"for wvar', is used in Europe. See also 9 mmn
Luger 'Prabell urn), Pistols.
*J(e
.6 mm

(Il'arabellum Karahiner)

.~~rAtmtccbn
It consisted of a regular Luger pistol Provided
a detachable wood stock and a long barrel
-with
a checkered wooden fore-end
Hluwback-artion pistol weig ing 24 oz;
8
lBlowback-action pistol wighing ca 22 oz.
Wris used during both VV/s. Capacity 7
lilowhack-actionprifftl weighing 20!, oz.

.with

7.65 mm lbrey se AtttoImatic, I 'istr,


N 1907
M
.capacity
7.65 mm Ilehoila Automatic Pi stol
mnanufdI by Beck er & Hot I Node r. SuhI
* 7.6 5 mm l)WM Alltomatri Pistol, manuf(d
*

10, vi,. p 184

.0v!,pl. 23'4-5
Ref 12
&Z;2Z
10, v 1. pp 21813
579
10, vi1, pp 235-6

by the Deutsche Waflen- u Nlunitionsfabriken

Capacity 7

7.6 5 mm
i Automatic Pistol invented by
k.Langenham of SuhI and called r L
. el f-lae)
Ib'jaer

Illowback-action pistol weighing 22.9 oz,


capac~ty 8. Wfas used during WWI as a
substitute officer's pistol
Double-action blowback pistol which
closely resembled W'alther PI'K
strik er-fired blowback pistol

10, Vi1, pp 243-5


8&585

tlof simple
A blwakoese'P
and moat unusual design

10, Vi1, pp 248-3


& 585 & Ref 12

A straigbt blowback-action pistol weighing


21., Ox. Capacity 8&58

10. v 1, pp 246-9

...

7.65 mmnAutIomatic Pistol, called P11


Jpr ial Model III, manufd by A.Menz,Suhl
Ortgieq Automatic Pistol (mnantild
7 minm
*by the'l,)eutachr Nterke, irf~uit)
i65mlm Jager Automatic- Pistol
7.(5

hi 1010

uusr
mutmatc

ocet

isol
.

10. v I. pp 253-4
&588
10,v 1, pp 254-6

LWEz
228Z

(PISTOLS AND REVOLVERS)

7G
mm

TO
I

rn ATOTATI
CASR F PITL75
TOL

MUOAI

(PARABELLEY)

~~AUSE

PISTOT08L

PISTOL.

SEMIm
-AUTOMATIPSOC(KMfPSOE
WITHE

PSTOULDRSOK

TTCMNC

MO6mL

RILDSG8

Ger 229
Ca iberandi
Ieligntion(W~uPons$)
Calbe anl~sigatonRemarks,
7
.6 'min Maucer Automatic Pistol, IISc'
(lrner-Slf~o..dnOand
* Reinetal
765 m
AtomticPisol
.65min oth-.Sauer Automatic Pistol
.was somewhat si ,ilar to the AustroIlitngarian Roth-Steyr pistols&1,48
7.65min Sauer Aut,,matic Pistol m 1908
manufd by J.P.Sauer &-Sobri, Sub!
7c5min Saue'r Automatic Pistols
N1 1913 and llehSI
rdernmnode!l (Authority
Model)
7.6 5 mm Sauer Automatic Pistol M 1,930
7.5
mSaciDuble ction Autom~atic
P ismv M 1930 1,call
cd al so Miodel 11)
was
widely used during WW11 by the German'
air and tank forces. Considered one of
the world's best pocket pistols
7.65 mm Walthier Pistots Model's 3(1909),
4(1910), 6 and 7 (l9l7),manufd by
K.Walther of Zella Mehlis
.7.65mmn Walther Pistol PP (Polizei
Pistole) , introduced in 1921 .forces
7

7.65mim Walther Pistol PPK (Polizei


Pistole Kritpinal),intioduced in 1929
7.9 mm (.311 9 Rifl e N18i88
andch 88, abbieviated to Gew 88)
adde-veloped by a German Military!
Cormission. It combined a modified Mauser WM871) two-piece bolt I
syste Imwith a'modifie'd Mannlicher
loading system (magazine)
V.

,*..,

(cont'd)
Uses and Some Characteristics

References

lMuble-a tion blowback pistol, length barrel 3s


overall 6'j. Wt 20.6 oz arid capacity 8
ccartridges, either 7.65mm Bro wnin g or . 32 CAP
lowback oeated pistol weighing 23.6 oz
Lone reicoil-operated weapon weighing 23 oz
with capacity 71cartridges,caliber .301

lO3,
87&

Was replaced after WWI by MI1930 and


and M 1938
Blowback-operated weapons, capacity 7.26-&59
The BeL~ordenmodell %as widely used by
milary and police officials
Streamlfined modification of earlier models
Straightblowback- action weapon. Length of
barlVi
n overall 6',i*.%t 22 oz, capacity26-an1,
8 cartridges either 7 .65mn browning ot
.32 LAP

ll
p28
160-1. pp 2590

Blowback-action weapons using .32 CAP


cartridges

l0,v1,o 286-7
&54& lp
77
&54

p24ipp 472-3

10,v 1. pp254-6
10 vlI. pp 208-9
1I
8

I
10, vl 1. 259
10. v 1, p259-&
pp

77-

Holster type pistol widely used by police10v1,p287


throughout Europe

&10,

DesigI ned 'for detectives who carry their


weapons concealed

l0,vl .pp 286-92;


Il1, p478 & Ref 12

prototype of Army rifles used in


both %'Vs. The First 300,000 rifles
were made in 1888 by L.Loewe & Co.
Berlin. The carbine (Karabiner) was
slightly shorter and lighter than the
.rifle.
Both of them used rimmed~necked,
center-fire cartridges with round nose

p 4786

0vp20-5
Ip
2Ref 10

.bullets

7.92m (.12") Mauser Rifle M1898


.. Length of barrel 29.15" and overall (without
4, pp 83-90; 10, v2,
(Gewehr 98). Bolt Action, was the
.bayonet) 49.25%. wt 9.5 lb.Capacity 5 rimp11&251,
standard Germani Infantry Rifle of
.less,
aecked,center-fire cartrid s wih.
%VIadth
fal al oeu
fr
e
pp' 427-8&2;1,
and RofI2
Iand thfes Searlyvord oall
mroodyem
pointed bullet (Spitzer). kMuz vel 875 iin/sec
Mausr
Sevedas
rfles potoype(2807
it/sec) aid pressure 3500 atm
*for military rifles of many European
.(51333
Psi)
and South American countries.
*Note: Ot iginally Gew 98 used a round nosed bullet (3ame as in M 1888) which had a slightly
sMaller dism than 'the pointed
,bullet.' In order to take the new bullet itwas ne cessary to'enlarge the &iam of Gew 98
'7.92 mmnMauser Cria1898 (Karane
Ckalvah version of Gew 98. Barrel length IS"1.
42
Ip42
98. abbr to Kar 9s). original model
*: 7.92 MmnMauser' Carbine 1898 which
.
Cut-down erinoGe98Lngh4,
pp 83-9!; 10,
was introduced in 1904 and adopted
of barrel 248 and overall 43. 5";
v 2, pp 171-5; and
in 1908 for use by artillery and iwt
8.2 1-,; capacity 5
11, p 428
engineer (pioneer) personnel
7.92 mm Kar-9a was introduced
Slightly, modified version of Kar 98.
10, v2, pp 171 &
after UV I1by the Reichswehr
.
Was used in VW 11
' 177& 11, p 429
7.92mmKar98bdevelopd
afterIt
differdfo Kar 98 in havn a* et
10, v 2, pp 171&
VWI by the Reichawehr for cavalry
.down
bolt handle and aide slving. Was
177 and 11. p 429
And armored forces use
uusied during WW 11
* 7.9 2min K Arabin er: 98 h (K~b-9h)
Can be seen Iat the Miuseum Iof Aberdeen
12
Proving Ground, Md
'7.92mmn Semi-Automatic Rifle, LCan
be seen at the Museum of Aberdeen
12
* Model 1915
;.
1;
..
Proving Ground, Md
7.9 2 mm Gewehr 98/17, developed 1Slightly
modiV-d version of Gew 98 jesigned
10, v 2, pp 175-6
dOuringW IV1
andI discarded after it ! '
to penmit speeding up manuf by reducing
machine operations
* ewhrl8,e~loedaferWas
792m
provid ed with magazines of 5, 10 and
10, v 2, pp 176.7
WW I as an ex periimentale model
.
.
25rudcpacte
7.92 mm Machine (,unM, 1908
Short recoil.- operated, water-cooled MG
8, v 1. pp 309 &
(MG_08)
.
used during WW 1. Wt 40.5 lb -with feed
662
* 7.92 mmn
Machine Gun M 1908/15
A 11
vierso. fM
8 hc
8, v 1. pp 309 &
(MG-011/15) Ma~im
eld
P
30 and 31 lb. Its air-cooled version,
314; II pp 517*
manufd at Spandau Arsenal,was called20ndkf1
.
.
...
Spandau~ Machine Gun

I.

tier 23L,

WEAPONS
(CARBINES AND RIFLES)
7

7 65 mrr. AUTOM ATICG


0'G'FR CARBINJE

.9 mm RIFLE MOCEL I88


_fGEWEHR8 86)

7 2m
MODEL i898K (KARABINER 98 K)

..

7.92 mm RIFLE MODEL 1898/1940,


CGEWHR 9/40)(MODIFIED

7.92 mm SEMII-AUTOMA .TIC,


MAUSER RIFLE MODEL 1915

S.2 mm IKRiEGHOtF AUTOMATIC. NTITANK


: RIFLE (PANZEPBUCHSE 40K)

LUCE
RND
FOR KARABINER 98)

7E2mI-UTmTI

REFLAIFE

SEM-ATOATI

RFL

RIFLE (GEWEHR 41)

.2m!mPARATROOP RIFLE

7.92 mhm SEMI-AUTOMATIC RI FLEL


7.92 mM' SEMI-AUTOMATIC CARBINE

WA LTHER RIFLE (GEWEHR 41 W)


7.92 mm ANTITANK RIFLE
MODEL SS -41

3m
(3.

m) TUFF- MAUSER ANTITANK

RIFLE (MACHINE GUN) MODEL 1918

7.92 mm PEOPLEt RIFLE'


(VOLKSSTURM GEWEHR)

Get 231
fWeaplons) (cont'd)

*
*

(".0 ihrr and,. Designatiton


111111m
lir*qviiann Machine' (sn
MIi910 was~ invented prior to 1900
and imprOv-1i in 1903 and 1910&65

Remarks, Uses and Some Chaaracteristics


Short recoil-operated, water-cooled %jG
weighing (wrth feed) 16 lb&68

Referenc.-s

\i V m)iyeMcieGnSor
1Il)2
was invented in P907 Ly
L.chm.-isser and callcd the Djtqyse,
in honor (if J. von TDreyse, the inventor (if the"needle gun"
7.92 mmlIreyse M~at. ine. (,un, talled
N:G I1I
7.9 2 mmn
Parabelluini Light Machine
G un MI19 1, inan uf d by l)%N'an d
uosed during WU
I

re opeo rated, water cooled MG


weighing; (with feed) 37.5 lb. Was used
during IWW I

Ft.so 1, pp 217&
60&Rf1

4w*r Guns NI
Nlahie
1915 and Nil
1915 NA
(N'ew Pattern) Wert- used during 'AW I

weigllrmnnArrat
hort
rci-operated, air-cooled MG9
wghn36 lb (with teed)

7.9)2 mm Gilst ilinuble'.larrel' Aircraft

Recoil and gas actuated, air-cooled


MG weighing 00 Ilb It was recretely
manufd after Wig I

Machine Gun NM1919

1.9imm Solothurn machine Gun


NI 1929
Iweighing
7.92mmn Solothurn Machine &mun
'M 1930
.
7.92Mrs Aircraft Machine (Main,
adopted in 1Q32 under thc name
of Maschiriengewehr 15 (MG-IS)
7.9 2 mm Aic
atMcne n
adopted before,%%' if under the' name
of Nlst'hienvwehsr 17 (MG-17)
7.92 mm Mauser Carbine M 1899,
,Short (Karabiner 98 Kurz, abbr to
Kar98KorKb-8K.
mss rouce .
beginning 1935. Was the principal
small arm used during %.W 11.
Its essential difference from Gew 98
was in the improved bolt sleeve, -cartridges
sights and shorter barrel
7.92 moi Grenade Rifle (Launcher

F
*

3.

.military

*
-

1;8v1

310-13 & 662


and Ref 12
2, P 315, 8,v1.
p 65

and Ref- 12.5


8v1

,1,p45&
8,vlIs pp 453-4
& 664
8vp
4
6.v62 pp44
S.,v 1,p 455-6
6 ppb

Length of barrel 23.4' and overall


(without bayonet) 43.50; wt 9 Ili.14
s79,1
Type of action: turnbtol j.rotating head;
type of bolt: one piece rotating head;
type of magazine: box-staggered colum;
caaiy
ilsnecked, center-fire
as in Kiar 98. Muz ye! 2800 ft/sec

1,2

lpp 422. 429-30,


ef1
In

Can be seen at the Museum of Aberdeen

12

Grenade) (Modification of Karabiner


7.92mmn Knort-bremse Machine
.Guns M 1933 and M 1935/36 were
developed by IL.Lauf of the Knorr!-'>
Bremse, Manufg Co, Lichtenberg
7.9 2 mm Malusier Light Machine
Gun, called MG-34,was developed
becabom194athe
MausdardPlantfat
d
becme
tanardMG
he
I tefate
Crerman Army
1.92 mm Light Mfachine Guns
MG-34 (Modified MG-.349 and
MG-34/411

Proving Ground, Md
Gas-operated air-cooled MGa.The latest
model weighed 18'A lb (with leed)

86 1, pp 469-71
&660

Short recoil-operaited air-cooled MG


weighing 24%2 lb (wAn efeed). Borrel
length 2%, mu- vel ca 2750 ft/sec,

8-v 1 ,p47-&
42s
470-4
anRei 2F

Slightly modified versions of MG-34

8,v 1.pp
,r 475-7
ai
adRf1 e1

7.92mmn Light Machine Gun

RecolIlv0 erated and air-cooled. Wrt (with


feed) 13 4lb, rate of fire 1200-1 00 rpm and
must vel 2750 ft/sec. It was a muodification of
MG-34,dealgned for flexible mounting
Can bseseen at the Museum of Abetrdeten
Proving Ground, MJ
am asboe.12

89v 1, pp 478- a
662

Samer as above

12

Plaaendally the Mannllcelir4chognauee


bolt r 0is #qulped with a Mause type
malavine. Overall lengIth 43.51, baird 240,

11, p4W0 tond


Ref 12

.the

792 mmrLight Machine Gun

MGrOI, ground use

7.92somm 'Aircraft Machine Gun,


*7.92

Short recoil-ope rated, air-cooled MG


only 17 Ilbl6
short iecoi1-operated, air-cooled MG
weighing 18,5 lb
short recoil-oiperated, air-cooled MG
wegin62'~l

a, v 1. pp 367-70

and Ref 12

An improved version of MG-IS. wt


(wit fed

MC811,developed in 1938 at the


Mouser plant (Aircrsft Model)

-*

Air-cooled MG,secretely manufd after WW I


iri violation of Versailles treaty
Short recoil-operated, air-cooled MG
weighing (wtfed22l
wihfe) 2lp

ll.
vi1, pp 214-1(,

Mdl39 (KrIe~hofl)
milu Antfiank Rlfles Pal-%8
I':Ot-39 and Pfl)-40 (Kritegboff)
.7.92minn (oewerhir9f/40 (Misdlhicatlon
of ht Srvie
lunarinRfleturn
M19351)

of fire 5`50-k( rpmo


and range 5000 yd

e1G

12

WEAPONS
('.IU8.MACHINE

GUNS

AND MACHINE GUNS)

7 m m BERGMAN19
MACHINE GUN
'MObEL 1 5

IF

7.5
75

GUN

M FURRER MACHINE GUN


M MODE
lFURRER, MACHINE: GUN
925
MODEL 1925

Irrm DAR NE AC I
MODEL 1929

IN

DARNE
IRCR FT'MACHINE G
ODEL 1916 (DUAL FLEXIBLE
MOUN

In
MAXIM
.92
N7ACHINE
UN
m ODEL 08/15
WATER COOL
7.9 ?_ m m
BERGMAN14
MACHINE
GUN MODEL
1910,WATER
:tOOLED

.63 mm
MACH!
GUN
ASCHNEN
SWT
OML
E) M

Z92 ni m MAXIM AIR


GUN MODEL 08/15
"SPANDAU MG"

AFT
LLED

CHINE

13ELLUM
7.92 mm PA
AIRCRAFT MA I E GUN
1913,WITH MO I IED BARREL L
JAC

2mm
XI
ACHINE
G N
EL 08
IT SL

mm
SE
HNE

12
12)
ATE R
OLEO

792 mIm GAST AIR'CRAF MAC IN GUN"


MODEL 1916 1917 (W TH EED D U
S
REMQVE
7.92 m m DREYSE
ACHINE GUN
L 1913 (MG I
AIR COOLED

'7.92
MAUSER
USE
A"CR
ZH NE
G UN I&L
I
DUAL MOUNT

7.92 mm
LIGHT AIRCRAFT
MACHINE GUN h*81,
MODIFIED FOR
GROUND USE

Get 233
(WOaPOns) (cozntd)
*(alitier and Dv:;ig~nat ion
7.9

min~ Mwiveld
kVi

tit
Cz:1

\l;1u
cr
N1,0

~we

Rema rk s, UsILS and Some Characteristics


.t

'r
29 1
ausc
:iitanrk Ril.Model SS-41

OA
mi.% lut,omatit.Iifit.

(irwr ir .11-M)tievelopef ;It \Ilu%

Still wearpon (barrel 18") used by mountain11


and ski troopsP43an
C rI biCseen a'tdieMilseum of Aberdeen
Proving Ground, Md
Same as above

Gas-operated weapofn which did not Prove

References
40an
Ref 12
1
IU v 2. pp 187.-8

to be successful in feld u-se

I~.

adRe

:
I Z-m
IIile ei-utna
`l~I'ert;..er~taI gas -c..cting we?.pon,
il'G4',
,p
.15 uprovedincorporating
1-3
40,
0
some features foun npa
2 p189
vc we
~ioj
e d(sig
-41ed y
1
11I
Russian Degtiarev, Simonov and
pp '432-7 & Ref 12
* ItTokarev "
weapons
7.92nm eni-Aurmatc
RfleThese
weapons were 4as operated and the
M
.I 19-13 ((ew-43) and Carbine
action was of the
straight-line noitutatma,
&0,v2,
l
M.M
11)-,,
(Kar-.43) were developed
ppp ...1829-197
Iult
type.
ChAracteris:i -aof Gew 43: overall
during W'.f
11inorder to do away with
length
44.51,
barrel
2?1,
wt 8.9 and magazine
some defects of GAlI and G-4l
cv
apacigy 10 cartridges from two Mouser
weapons'
-u~nd cips
".l9
mmliAutomatic Rtifle,
M 1942
Gas-operated, air-cooled weapon of revo(I ghit Machine Gun), called
4,1 pp 176-79; 8,
Ilutionary
design. overall length
:llschirmia cr
Veehr
42 (Ilaravf
8-1
bayonet) ca 4?2,barrel ca 190 and(without
1
trooper's R Ifle.12).
wt
9%4
lb
abbr to F(-42.
44 n
p
e 12,
(without magazine). Magazines straight box
It'was fitted with at folding bipod
p44sdRf1
inserted on the left side
No~e:
hiswe.ipo was manufd by the ll.Krieghoff Waffeofabrikl,
Suhi. It was also made in the U S A under the
designation
of T4
-7 .oife
9mmAtmtcRfe, M'194.1,
Moiiei'rovnsn
7.9 2 mm l~ig h t WlAiln e un
wa
1JO
elalIl-4
weapon of W
and telalt
the most
rej
nwarkable Sun of11its
type ever produced in any country of the world.
of previous Rumsian and German M~Gs
7.9 1tmmMachine Carbine (Maisch inen..
Lairabiner, abbr to MKII-42)
iversion

W2nmi Machine Carbines MKb-42

Can he seen at the Museum of Aberdeen


Ground, Md
Sh ort reoh4
cihngMEIrrihfeed). Rate of fire
1200-1350
rpm and muz vel 2570 ft/sec.
Used 7 .92 mm German
Service ammunition
Was used on the Russian front. Its improved
appeared in 1943 on the W'estern5m
front tinder the designation NIP-43. It was
Lo e

1
1
P148
& 662; 11,
pp 509-16& Ref 12

11, pp 500 and

bew at the Museum of Aberdeen

12
GonM
Same as above
12
Giis-operated,air~coe
epno eak-1,p
9-j
ble de ign qnd msnmif.
it was practicall;
identic~al with
and Ref 12
No schinenpi stole 43 (NIP-44
and Karabiner 44 (K-44). overall
length
36%-1',
barrel en 16", wt (not $iven), capacity
30 cartridges of special design
Note: The cartridge Iused in the latest 7.02
mm weapons,' such as machine carbines
version of the standard bottle-neck ri fle
cartridge using a 125 grain pointed bullet. and machine p lstols,waa a cut-04own
and good accuracy was obtained at An.effective
Muzzle velocity was ca 2250 ft/sec
range of at, least 400 yd. (The Germans.
ca 650 yd) (Rtef 11, p 502)
claimed an effective range of
"*.92mhm People's R~ifle I (YolksShort,turnbolt action rifleimantafd with
tumGewehrl1, abbr to VO-ll.
lO.v~jfp 181.3;
the Intention of issuing i ociviliansI
manfdby
AIalter SuI(or
home defense. overall length 43,
Ref 12Ian
barrel 23.20. wt 8.3 lb and mnagaine
capacity 10
7.92 mm Pleople.0s Rifle Special
Weapon of veiy original diral
04(1hort) was defve loed ap92 ygeat
and of
9
1
.P
9W
simpliclty. overall length
34.90,
l~al of Suhi and introduced in
lpA4$ubmiicline G;uns
7.92 mnCarbine 1943, Kb-43
7.92 mm Machine Plistol M 19,14
(Nacacpstole 44), w6as originailj
devchelopedin92adte
inve1943. in 1i9lr2 ord ter itprove
called Sturmgewehr.44 (StuG-44)

9arl1.N

1945
icapacity
0 mm G 3150)
Schwarzlose Machine'
*
(tun MIl907 /12,in vented by
A.W.Sclrvarzlose of Garmafiny and
*
* first marnfid bly the Steyr .lrnin
Works
In Austria

0
operated by retarded blow-back and
cooled by water. 141461i lb. mus vel
18l75 fr/sec sand tote of fire 400-450 rpm

v1
8v

p283

'i283

(.er `14

WEAPONL
(SUBMACHINI: GUNS AND MACHINE

U9)m
PP'~~~~~~
AU E

USEMASE
* LO
mW
mER GUN

M C IN

ASCH
HINEGG U

(MG34)USE
A A IGH MCHINE

I
(MUppq

US

4 MODE;94

MAHN

EV
ACMA

GUN

mmUSMACNHINE
')TO7.92

__

___

'HEVYMA
7

WITH,3

GUNS7

-r

-M,
___

LOE

US

__

mmASE MACHINE GUN'


___

__

.92m
SUOUSRMACHINE
HTm
GUNrM
0O

(TUO(STURMEWD ASALGH

__

EGU

AH4NJUNWT

GU

MDEI/3

MOU 42D MOURITED ON


AS

(per 235
(WeOPons) (contid)
(II i I'*

IJ)u
.

Io,

'I utom itA5 )I .stli

r Modsrels 1902
Ho* o(,,
;s oln 19)
I) lo . d 0('( 2,
10 2 06., MIU)j and1
X ()190:t 0
2)
...
NIweuo

*1,used

.'CLloX0t v iv-1 linde.r (,5nm, I. ultm


Whia
Mde V)N
6ema
Aany Weapon(lf of ilit"
both UWAs) -It was
slighltly mdfein920weighing

Refila~rks, U s~es and som e C haracteristic q,

'fee
.srcl 'njgtiss: 4' (of MI02 & M 02/06
anud (.. fox MI 0.1 and MI04/06. The las
t%(, usiodels were ir-sued with a leather

holster attached

to a wooden stock. ',e4178an

MI04 was an offcsisl G;erman Navy wao


during
Ih
wepo
PisteL,- \I 1900 and 1900 and 1900/o6J
oerll

Referen ces
4

.ip 271-3; 10,


V I PP
pp 18 &
2

l-~adRf1

~12~

'4;
t -. oz, magazine capacity
8 cartridges with
4 Vi9 11, f
6
round or flat point bullets
6 3 ad Rc 2
110 and 125 grains. M~uz ve! 1040
~ecial
. roe ind
('1"I .iri. I0" barrels were
rM Oh~ L~ang (fin1 ) ua issued to drtillery provided (Iii this Pistol. The model using an Ir barrel: a1 calleud Q mm I'arabellurn
and "Z" boat personnel
11mnMuv
utmtcPsu
asmt- .iesjxen as 7.63 men Nauser.
Militasry model. Alo callvd
4
,pp275..; 10,
M~agazine capacity 10 Luger cartridges.
M.1% chinsitl.Lsdi
1,p420 =d.
~N
Could be fired with shoulder stock
.nd to a limited extent in VU 11
RfI
holster attached to magazine
e)mm Bterg~mann 'Automatic l'intol
Similar in s;~x and design to the
NI l910 was msanufd for the Greek
10Ov l.Pp 439-41;
lHelgian 9 min Iergmann-Ilayard
Army. Thiere Wwas also a Model 18-1
l1:p491 andRef12
except that it was lighter (32 oz)
9 mmBergmsann Autossustic Pistol
Modification of Model 18-11,49-an
(Maschinenpistole) , .1934, called ;A.so
*Submachine QJun
Rer
Ut e. !oi". we'o was~officially adoprted by
Sweden in '1937 and for this reason is briefly
described in the Swedish section.
9ntSium
:1 Utr
A matjC 1lis~ol,
Recoil-operated; magazine capacity
;nvo/.fr
ro t
2, p 322
V
1
8 rounds
uoai
I9
Imty-o~I~
Operated
by
recoil
on
Pistol (Nlaschinenpistole) IMP),
the blowbacl;4
p208 1
principle. Overall length 32!.,"; wt Willis;
called in the U S A Submachine
p 9n
maazn
aaelium
haaiy3
Gun and in Gt firitain Machine
Rf1
cartridges. Muz ve100t160f/c
Carbine. Also designated as Sl-106
l10 oIG
tscRf1
9 mm' Walthei Automatic Pistol,
'IBlowbacl-operated. Served as h rttp
invented before %W)C
2, P 322
I
ifor
later modelh. Capacity 8
mmnWalther Automatic Pisrol,odgiginally
* 19
introduced
Operat
ed
by
as
short
Model
recoil. Length barrel
was officially
14,4" and overall 8!.r;
desi~nated as P-18, lip,
2
2;4 p28
This model
34 oz; magazine
wats
capacity 8 Parabellumnwtcartridges
2,- p03221
32; lr;V 4278called 'Walther Armer Pi tole"
.andRe1
-Nowc
Several factories manufd] it duringWW
11 and it wa extensively used by the Armed Forces
9) mm Schmeisser Machine P"istol,
I-,"
lllowback-o'persted. Length barrel 7.80
NII1'-28 11
-1,
p 495 and
and
overall
31.60;
wt
9
1
b;
capacity
R(1
~~32 Parabellum- cartridges
:19mm Schmeisser Marchine'n' l'istolc
Rf1
18
Oprted by blowback, overall length~witli
* (NIP-38), called in the UiS A SubI1 pp 486;1
stock extended)350; w~t(without magaaxsnej
machine (Gun, l'arjchute M~odel
and Ref 12
9 lb.; Magazine Capacity 32 Parabellum
cartridges
9 mmi SubmAchin e Gun, MI'-34/1,
1Can
be seen at the Museum of Aberdeen
lfcrgmann
12
-Proving
Ground, Md
ej mni Machine Ciarhie, %4-35/'I
Same as above
12
9mm qchimeisser Nlaschinen Pistole
e)
Slight modification of MP-38; same4
Of(NI-lu) called in the U SASbahn
205;
iesos
Gjun and Burp Gun
ylcrt
ffr 0 p
Ao
dmnin.Cci
'7
9
a
ffr
0
p
mm Auoai
an
Iumcie
rw ingistol.
Recoil-opecrated; length: barrel 4110and
M 1935, designeivI 10 yenar earlier
10.
v1.
pp
404overall 7!1; wt 35 oz.; capacity Is
by J.Ni.Ilrowning. !,',i used during
*V.W ffhy.SS [roor"
.9 mm l)reyfle Automeatic Pistol,
OnJie of the earliest blowback operated
10,,v , pp 408.
Mltrys
Mode
pla'ola, mmntifd In the cloalnRt years of WW
mf a M~achinei I'iisol sometimes
1
10
e
called tht., Schmnclaser MNiine
OvrlI uigth33!0m' wt9l adcclcI,
Pistol or C:arbine
-rr hfr 2 p
9 mim Neuhauften MaschIne Itlstol
Capacity 40 cartridges; wt of pistol 9 lb Zon
11, p 494
9 rmi SubimAchine i(,ui" l'MI'040
Can he seen at the Museumn of Aberdeen
and FlX1l'-41
12
Prlovirng Ground, Md
in 1`.5mm (.40') Norviiglon Hifle
Used Norweglan ball sammo, type 522
50, P I

(ict 216

W iEM0114
(SUBMACHINE GUNS AND MACHINE GUNS)

9 mm BERGMANN SUBMACHINE GUIN

9 mm SCHMEISSER SUBMACHINE GUN


(MASCHtNENPISTOLE 2811)

(MASCHINENKARABINER 35/I)

CMAC~~~

AICRF

9nSbAHINE GUN MDL11

1-

mI~IM
SUMCHN

GUN

IE

AIRCRAFTRA

TRIPLEAL

GUN ON PEDESTAL

MACHINE GUN. MODEL 131, FLEXIBLE

(,er 237
Caliber
lsi~nationRemarks,
ari

(Weapons) Ccant'd)
Uses and Some Characteristics

Rfrne
Tu mnbolt action; the first metallic cattrid e
10 4 ,~
3
o
officially adoDted in Germany&20
to thIVt
'.ote: Previous tote Nlauser
bayonet 10.3 lb. It used black powder
M 1t171,the P~russian without
Army
(Germany did not exist as sc ni
Ncedie Gw., G4tindnadelgewi.hr) invented in
183o by a gunsmnith Nicolas von LDreyse (1787..1867) 81 sdtes-ak
in 1842. The rifle was the world's first successful
and officially adop.ted
turnbolt
action breechloader. In its improved forms
*successfully inthe wars of 1866 (against the
it was used
(caliber 15.4. mm) inca!.ed in a pnpier-tnicht Austrians) and in 1870.71 (against the French). It fired a conical bullet
caitridge together with a char ge of black powder.
References: aj W.W.Grceener, The Gun, Cassell.
& Galpin, London (1881), pp 199)-200
b) Encyclopedia britannica, Londoni,i'etter
vol 16 (1952), p 190
I1I mmn
Rifle Model 18i84 (Gewehr'84)
A slightly shorter and lighter Model 1871
lt a% developed by Mauscr and
10, v 2, p 20 4
a G;erman1
altered to take a tubular magazine with a
Army.Commission
capacity of 8 tounds.lt used black powder
tLInuli Revol vcr, G;erman Service
It used a cartridge cont L20gain of
M1880. Although obsolescent it was
10, v I 'pp 167-8
black powder and a leal bult weighing
used by the Armed Forces as late as
and Ref 12
210 gr
(. 118n
13
7 Sin6
ewe Sho Rif
M~nis*rM
((ew~h 711brcech~oadcr
~l

I1I mir IFrench l'arabellum Pistol


11 mm Vrench Rtifle 1879/83
12.rmm ~.50") Mlaxim Machine G;un
Tu 1- (Tank und Flieger) for use in
tanks and aircraft. One of the -secret
weaf.jns of Us I.- About 6000,were
produced in .1918 but'nonewa used'
in combat
13
m .52)Tuff-Mauser A/T
1achine Gun Mod192
McieGnMo198Greuind
13 mm AC Machine Gun, N16- '131,
developed in 1938 byLthe Rhteinmetall-llorsis
13mm
SolothuirnMachinie Gun
13.
ali
ee)
13.2m
Frech~lch~eUsed
(.5) M~
Gun 1 . minMG271 M
i
13.9 r.im (.55") l3ritisih Machine Gun
1
4Smn
.5l~Rusin lTRifle,
Panzerabwehrb~ichae, 784 (r)L
15 mm (.590' Machine' un
.. MG-iS 1/15, Antiaircraft, Triple
3 2

Pedestal Mcun-t

1min Mauser Machine Gun (15 inni


MG-151, Mauser)
15.43 mmn
(.607-) Needle GunM 1862
i
(See Note under 1 Imma Single Shot Rifle)
20m.8*
zkata
AC
Cannn, Models CZA-1,-Autom~atic
CZA-2, CZB
C7r.C.1veloped during UV I by a Polish
enginee. G.Sczakats but never used
in combat
(
I0m
*7) Bece A'tomstcA
*Cannon, developed in 1918 1
20mm Eltirardt Automatic AC Cannon
t she aidof Wilt IShort
developed
deeoedP
heedof%

:(with

20 mmn
L ibbe AC Conn*,n, nv~nsed

in 1929 by II.Ldlbbe but not accepted


by the German Govt
20, =inRhelftme)akll.Solothurn Automatlc
('annowi, NIK-ST-5,a Naval Mount,
devr'luped before WWI11
20min Rheinmetall Automatic AC
Cannon, MK-ST-I 1, tlevelol A
*beforeO
WW II
20 trm Ihein,,,etillSoohr
ei
Au~tomati c AlT Cannonu, deivclogped
before VV 11

Used Feench bull ammo


Used French ball ammo
Short recoil-operated and cooled by air or
water. Wt (with feed) 84 Ilb, rate of fire 400.
450 rpm and muz vel 27W0 ft/sec. Used
iltitish, German, Italian and Russian ammo

5a. p 8
5a, p 8
5a,p8 and 8,v I
pp 315-16 & 664

Can be seen at the Aberdeen Proving


(Listed as a 13.2 mmn
weapon)
Short recoil operated and air-cooled. Tt (with
feed) 40 lb, rate of fire 850.960 rpm and mu
vel 25600ft/sec
sed lIE, 11E1.,A
adTam
1
3.9m" Frnc
French, Belgian and
Polish

3,211
,nl Ref 12
8,vI. pp57 60
At 6W2
9, p 543
5a. p9

ammo

ap9

'Used llriti sh AP ammio -.


a Par SmnK 89 (1
Used AP-lnc and SAP Russian ammo

il,
5a, p 13

Can be seen at the Museum of Aberdeen


P'roving Ground, '.d

12

Used IIE-T, Ili-1*(SD), IIEIT(SI,), AI'-T,


APTungaten core sand T ammo
Can be seen in the Museum of Aberdeen
Provings Ground. Md
lBlowback- operated and air-cooled. Vt (with
feted?91 lb. rate of fi~e4043 psaua&68
Tel I 00 ft/sec
Bobeeltoperated sand air-cooled. Irt (with
iced) 66 lb. rate of fire 300-350 "p and
mum vel 1570 ft/co
ar-cooled. lt8V1p

recoil-eperated and ssav


ip
feed) 1IflOb, rate of lite
250-300 ip.
and anut vel 2200 kt/sec
Operated by halm tuatssed plato ad cooled
by ai.i' (ihfed
0
ad mux v12650 ft/sec b rare of fire 360

5a, p9,
9,p3543& Ref12
12
8, V 1, pp 5 23 5

8,V 1,pp5l? &


666 and Ref 12
5

666

8,'V1 pp 548-9

aG

No characte stegin
aiagve8,l51.
Shboat rroll-ojitd and al-ole.V
(wish Iced) 1 8Nlb. rate of fire 3W300~ and
mum eel 2250 It/ace
No characseriuslco giveng,

v ,

*
6

512

lPP553 a

p53

(,er 218

WEAPONS
2

CALIBERS

Omm AND 28/2omm

AIRCRAF
1
CEANNONMODEL

1918 (FLEXIBLE)

20 mmRHEINMETALL AUTOMATIC
AIRCRAFT CANNON MODEL ST-Il

20 mm RPIEINMETALLSOLOTHURN AUTOMODEL. ST-5 ON


; A NAVAL MOUNT

Om m SEMW-ATOMATIC ANTITANK

20 m'm LEXIBLE AIRCRAFT


CANNON, SHORT CASE (2 cm
OERLIKoN MG-FF)

NINE BARREL GUN

0m

REOILESSMACHINE

ON TANK'CHAS SIS

28/20 mm GERLICH TAPERED BORE


ANTITANK GUJN (2 8/2. c'm PAK 41)

CANNON (2 cm FLAX( 29)

cGer 239

(Weapons) (co ntd)


Uses and Some Characteristics

Caliberand
DesgnationRemarks,
20 nmnRheinmetall Automnd
AA
velope AAor
Uan
i onf
a 0, e(
20 nm S ot
elk C s
CUsed
cannor, (2 cm ('eklikon MG-IF);
Carion
m Mo derlso Autm aic AC
CnoNolsF ard Sodeveloped
by the Oerlikon Coo Zurich and
adopted by the Germans before 1WWII60t/e
20 mm DOerlikon AA Cannon (2 c.m
i' 28) 1
-.
I0 mmk
2 )noe9 lon A
2c
l~ak
29)Proving
20 mm Manse, Automatic AC Cannon,
Mo el151
by
G-th1)e dafveloped ebfuoreA
~WlIby
affnfarikMauer
he
-G
20 mm Mauser Au~tomatic AA Cannon,
la38(with
20 mm Dutch V T Riflet 2 cm Paft
785 (h) )O5.P1
20 mm N:et -:h Machine Gu
2cmUe

MG 39 (i) j

Sp4;8"1
44;8,vI
p?6
1

and Ref 12
5a. p 43

If E. r self-destroying projectiles
Can be seen at the Museum of Aberdeen
Ground, Md
Short recoil-operated anai-old
VtSp458,
(with, feed) 93%j lb. rate 700-750 and muz
vel 2590 ft/sec. Called by Smith (Ref 9)
Onc Of the most rcmarkable AC Mr~s in
ezistance
Short recoil-operated and air-cooled.
WI
feed) 123 lb, Irate of fire 420-480 andI
muz vel 2950 ft/nee6
Used Dutch AP and liE amoS.p1

rnhH

hltp

12

Ip

602-4 & 666; 11,


P51and Ref 12
SV

S~p4-

5~p4-

v
p4.5
.3p445

is confidential
Can be entshIueuoAbren1

Ground, Md
Developed in 1921 and 1923 but not adopted
in Germany because it wa conidered1to1b
too heav
b eiwascniedtob

,lp541

Anumerof
y
before 13toCiaandSematweesl
to
er soldn
Used French HiE and IIE-T shells

Sp1 n
Ref 142 n
5
,p1

French AP type 114 shell


Can beseItteMsemo

bre1

Ground, Md

~8/20 mm '1.102/10.787) rpcdUsed


bore AlT ile 3sZBG 41), called
also Squeeze ore or Gerlich Gun
30 mm (1. 18 1.) Ma user Machine

ammo: lIE (2.8 cm Sprgr Putt 41) and


Alo
41)
A,(32rat4)*dR?1

Hor described here beca,.se Ref 8,3


o
Is confidential

Gun, MK-213C, developed during WW if


30 mm' Rhelnmetall Automatic AC

30 mm Rh4im~~ A tomtc AC
Cannon MK- 10 3, developed In 1943

30maRheinmretall Automatic A6
Cannon MX-108, developed In 1944

*.

30 mm Automnatic ReeolIleaa Cannons


SC-116,
SO~-lI7 and SG-I , developed
drtIing 1W, It by the llI.Oihlni Withcnfdnta
30 mm Solothurn AC Cannon (3 c~mPiss X)

30 mm Aircraft Machinei Cannon,'Mk_$03


IProvn

Short recoil-operated and air-cooled. Vt (with


vol 2950 ft/see
Oerated by ass-actuated piston and air-ooled.
wt feed 30 lbA
. rate of fIr. 420 and668*Rf1
muz vel 2820 It/s~c
Olowback-op0
tdm aa-cooled. VIt
fed 35irate ofeie4Sa-mesad (withSa.sabv
o

S~ 4 j 7
PPg~s
Re 9a 37
Sv,

SV,4

,~556
SoeVIpp 55M.6
66
ef1
abov

ecrbi eebcueterfrne093P603
~onfidentribaleebcueseteene8'3v603

Use
ad lift and A

mo

mSrrad9

3cm Pap40Pamt)cmSis

Can

~f1

9Sp1
95,p1

hltp

Not described here because th Ie reference

odfidProving

65r

Used ammunition:
liE, HEI, IIEI-T
IIE-T, IIE-T(self-destroyan& HIE (Italian),
AlP-T, ApI-T, AP-'r (self-destroying),
AP-T (irritant) and AP (Italian)

Fec b.8w
AA Gun
2.5 cm Flak Hlotchkiss (f)
25mm
A/Frnch
Guna:2.5 cmUsed
Pak 112 & 113 M1 and2.,cnwK',P1
121 (f)
27 nmn10 634) Signal Pistol
(amfpstle,

5a, pp 41-5

Used All, AI'-T, liE, IIE-T, IIFI--T and

rnhH

25m

projectiles: Ilk, HIL (self-destrayung),


liE-T. AP, APIIE and API
llloWback-operated and air-cooled. VC (with
feed) 136 lb, rate ofI firt 280 and muz
vel
21 t6e

mUe

20 mm Solothurn Cannons:
12 cm Kwl( 30, 2 cm'KwK 38
2 cm Flak 30, 2 cm Flak 38
2 cm Flak Vierling 38, ,AP,
*
2 cmt GebFlak 38 and Italian
2tm M 55(i)
MG20
mm 3 auer Mahne Gun,
*G-1,dveloped
during WW U1
20 mm Reccilless Caenn on
(9bares)Proving
2
0 mm and 25 Mm Semag Automatic Cannon for Infantry (Mounted
on a wheel~ed carriage)

Rf r n e
Rer-coeleds
tale land
pl666

Short recoil-operated and aib.


ih feed) I I lb. rate Of fire 200-280 and
muz %el 2950 ft/sec.Used
HE-Tpr8,eorl.1,

so"enAt the Museun of Aberdeen


G~round, Md

I1

MLEPONS
(CALIBERS
MUZZLE3

3 0 mm TO

7mmn INCLUSIVE)
3

m AUTOMATIC ANTIAIRCRAFT
CANNON, RHEINME7ALL FLAK I8

LImK

PARREL

CHA~RGER
wixCUPERATOR

ECEiVER

30 mm AUOAI

sp IGNOUSI

CANNON RHEINPMETALL MK- 103

IRCRAFT

34^1 BUFFER

37 m mANTIAIRCRAFT
G
cUN(.2/.8cmP4341
~

BORE~

42/2 ERLIH
mm TAERF
NTITNK

'f M

3m (CLERICAN
DEN~

UU.c

FA

(ier 211
(Weapons) (crnni',h
R~emarks, Ulses and tiom. (:hler,1ctcris,tjs

Cailibher and l)CSignarrior

37 nian

1I.157-, Idihejnmctall Automatic


AA (_.ven -d n
p
18i( I . I I kh )
de elp1
o o ' 'I
y Rn'niw~ I
lorsig A.-6
7 armAA5.~:,
annon*
i .nk4(,,Used
F ak 37 anid Flak 4;
I

37 mmnA, T

S37

i"c

(:oaninz

cmiA,.iT
akK 1'

mla-

Hixnd D~efence
Iimn

37asim*,aival (Ou:- 3.7 cm SK C/'30


3.7 m 5< Cc
11 m

1,'niu:37ctK

Short recoil-operated annd air-cooled, Wit(with


feed) 595 lb, rate of fire 16 -180 and mu ,. ve!
1r 2520 ft/sec. U sed projectiles: IlIE, 111:, Il l.. 1,511! 1~:(high capacity) and Al'
animo:IIIE. (3.7 cm Sprsr Pair 18), II K,5app4-;an
high capacity (Mingrilatr 11;), II El (lirSprgrpatr
llIl-T (llrSprgrPatr 18 L'spur) and All, without 18),
ca~p l'zgrPatr 18.)
I~e~A'po
jl h corc.arrowhead desi~n
3.7 cm 'z'i
r 40i); All proj without c..p
(Izg~r I 'itr) and I., : 1o 18I ni'ii lied (Spgr l'atr
8unrj.)0.
r pg Par)
I: sed ammno: II I
i~ nS'~ ar n nt
All (I'zgr~latr
ut%
U4
sed ammo: II E( 3.7 cmnSiprr l'a.r 40,) aind
II 1.-I (Sprpril'atr
I.'spoir

Refererces
8

,p
5&66
p 5C
8 41
r 4 4 & 9 ,p Ya

9, p 3841
5 a, p 15 "'id
9, pp 37 3& 386(

a, p 15
a
9,

5 n
1p
32And38

Use~d Ill: pli-t-j.t iies

`;b, table 1

Used Amimo: IiE ( 3.7 cm Sprgrilatr


urg &
Sprgrilatr 40), IIE-1 (Spirgrl'latr 1S 18
L' sCu r),

5a,p 35

All (lI'ZgrlJtr & l'zgrPatr 40) and Stick


37 mvmA/'I' Gun: 3. cm flak .!1
37
mm Czech A/'Gi
37c
Pak 17 (t0'c
37 mim Czech TnGu:37cmSame
K WK 18(t)
3thnFec
alGn.Used
3.7 cm KwK 143 (f) (lang) and
414(1f)(kurzi
37 mm F~nhLghtG
3.7 cm LK 152
37 1mm Russian Infantry howitzers:
:3.7 cm IG 145 &146 (r)

Used stick (rodded) bomb: 3.7 cm Stielgr 41


Used Czcch anuno: Ill. (3.7 cm Sprgrliatr 34),
All Il'zgrl'atr 34, 37, 37 unig &40/37) and
as above
French IIE and AlP ammo: 3.7 cm
Sprgr~latr.145,147,148 (0~ and
P~zgrPatr 14~5& 146 1,f)

9.p 383
5a, p 16
5a, p 36
5a, p 35

NoMorpingvn5,p'
No description giver

5a, p 59

37
m anon: Flak 36, Pak 37.
Flak 43, livler
Cannoln and AC
Cannon(used in Stuka aircraft)

Can he seen at the Mluseum of Aberdeen Proving


Ground, M~d

40 mm (1*.575 ) AA GunUe
ie28 (4 cm F~lak 28)

mo l- (4au~
cm?
Spgf
rL b 8) IIE-T
Usedt~t
ammo:
, II ( Brpp~t)AP (PzgtP'arr, 18) and] All'-T(PzsrPatr
L spur)

5a, p 46 and
9, pp 388-9

12/28 mm' ( .6541/ 1.102") Tafired P)ore


Gun 41 (4.2/2.8 cm Illak 41),! called
also Gerlich Gun or Squeeze ltore (Gun

Used ammow HE ( 4.2 cm Sprgpatr IPak 41)


and Al' withi core' (PlzgrPatr)

5a, p 46 and
9, pp 388- 9

Germans 3.7 cm Pak (p)

44.5 (1.75 )mmi IRecoillesa


:.Discharger Paniterfaust 30, G~renade,
klein
(Amoeist, te30sml)in
formerly called Faustpatroie 1,
(Fist Cartridge, type 1) and a larger
model Ponz rloust 30, formerly called
Foustpatvone 2
of;wandt wef
Note: Later moes.6 ip!l'eecle
45 mm. (1.772) Russian A/TGunnu:
:45 mm Russian Tank Guns: t.%cm
i'KwK1142 184/..18/40
45 mm Italiain Mormnr:4.5 cmy
4.6 cm GW31()and (01V
36 (p)

Smooth-bore tube,1.73 diameter and 31.5* lons


91pp 339..40t
which fired a hollow chsrgeA/Tmissile, resemrbling
ii, p 522
appeavance aroddded hand grenade
an Itef 13
Projectile mvtilable at Museum of l'icatinny Arsenal
'is 191'" lons of which the warhead is 91,j Ions and
the fi~ned cylindrical body is 10". IDiometer of warhead
is
baledy Ilr.
Pntros6
and Panserfoust 100 ~see description under Fauatpatronej
Used Russian IlIE and Ali ammo
5a, p 17
Uned Rulialan IlE and AP' ammno

5n. p 17

1)med IlIlF omb, 'agr (I)

54, p 2(,

-~

'rw 2'42

WEAPON S
(CALIBERS 50mm TO 75mm)

i~~5

BOPMR(K.5214)K

50mNTT

*~~~5

mmNATOMTICANTTAN

7m INANR

(~.

on PA-4)
PI~'4OON ZEC

ANTITMNATGU

TA

3 CHSSI

(EWRERSON

Ger 24;
Calier
ad lci~~t~ii(WeaPons)
Caiean
csgainRemarks,
4"m
(.S0
utrian "Ii~hler" Gun
4.- i~hler K(() or 4.7.cm flak
Bllihier (,p
4'
~
; mmlrlinATGn
4.17 cm
Pak' 185 (b)
417 mm Czech Guns: .1.71crr K 36 (t),
Pak Skoda 1936 Wt and Flak 37 (r)
rand

(cont'.1)
Uses andi Some Characteristics
Used Austrian design All and [If: ammo:
4.7 cm PzgrPatr 35 ()and Sppi't
Used Belgian HE

Pam

Rfrne
5a. p 17, and
WIo2
115na. p 17
Sp1,9
5zg
pp
aa,31-2&

47 mm French A/T (;un 41.7 cm


flak- 18u 183 (f) JI
47 mm French 'rank Gw,:- 41.7 cm
KinK 13 (1)Sprgr
47 mmnItalian A,'T Gun" 4.7 cm
flak 177.(i)

Used Czech design HE and A13 amnmo:


4.7 cm Sprgr Pair 36 (t'.
3
Flak 37()
Used French HIE andi All ammo: 4.7 cm
SpqrPatr and PigrPatr
Used French HE and APl ammo: 4.7 cm
Pair 17 5 (6 and l'zr Pair 176 (f)
Ue cla I
n
l moSp1
sdIainII
n
l mo5,p1

50 mm (1.68w
'ak ;n
S mKK(PzgrPatr

Used ammo: lIE, (5 Cm SilrsrRl~at 38). AlV


39, 40 & 40/1) and Stick grenade

5a,pp 36-7 anct


9,pp 376 &395-5

50 mmnTank Gun 311:5 cm KwK 3b


50 mm L~on Tank G;uns: 5 cmi KwK 39
( L/60), KwK 39/1 and KwK'19/2 (L./60)

Used All ammo: 5 cm P~zgrPatr


Used ammo: lIE 15 cm SplrirPatr 38), AP
(PzgrPatr 39, 40 & 40/1) and Stick Grenade
(Stielgr 42)
Ured ammo, lIE. (5 cm SprgrPatr 38), AP
(PzgrPatr 39, 40 & 40/11) and Stick Grenade5(Stielgr 42)

9,P 395& Ref 1-2


5a, p 37

50 mm Tank- Guns: 5 cia kwK 40


ndKwK L/142

5a, p 17
5,p3

,p3.7
p3 -.

* So mm A/T Gun 318(5 cmt Palk 38)

*r

y50

ef1

Usdammo: lIE (5 cm S rgrPatr 38) and


5s,p 18
stick grenade (Stielpr 42')
Note: Accoidirng to Ref Sb table 1, this gun existed
in 50 and 60 caliber lengths and was designated'as 5 cal Pak(L/50)
or 5 cm Pal'(L/6'J)
506mmnA/ Casemate and Turret
Used ammo: If L(5 cm sprPatr 38), AP
Sa,p 19
Gun, long nmount~ 5 cm Pak KuT
(P"~r
39,.n
stic&40/1a
(LgL) j(Stielgr
42))anstc
ead
50mm A/T Casemate an'd'Turret
Used ammo: Short HIE (Kz 5 cm Sprgr Patr 38)
Sa, p 19
Gn,)sh1ort mount [ 5cm Pak Ku T
and Short AP [ Kz 5 cm Pzgr Patr I Pak Ku T (KzL)j
'0mmn Lighti Mortars: S cm Gr%%'36
Used HE mortar ammo such as: 5 cm WgiPatr
5a, pp 26-7 and
and GffM/19
.*.36,39
&41
SO mm AA Gun 41 (5 cm Flak 41)
Used ammo: IIE1-T (5 cm Dr Sprgr Pat: 41
5a,
p
46
and
.sur), IIE-T (SprgrPatr L'spur).
-1.
9
*39 & 42) and AP-T (Pzgrllatt 42 V)AP (PzgrPatff,
%'9
50 mm A:utomnaacAircraft Cannon
No description is given here becaube Ref 8, v 3
8,v 3,p 638
(5 cm IlK) developed during- WWV
11
is confidential
by the Rheinmeta Il-Boraig A - G
50 mmi Automatic AC Cannon, MX-214
Can bc seen at the Museum of Aberdeen
12
.
Proving Ground, Md
50 mmn
AC Cannon
Same as above
12
50 mm A/T Automatic Cannoni, Skoda
*Same as above
12
.50 mmnAutomatic Mortar (Westwall)
Same as above
12
0mm Ilelgian Light Mrtar; 5 cm.
Used various8 mortar, ammo: Belgian, French,
5a, p 26
Gilt 201 (b)
German and Russian
450mm F-rench Light ".or0tar: cm
Sam~e as above
5a. p 2(,
GrW 20 3 (f)
mm Russian Light Mortar:15 cm
Same as above
5a, p 26
GrVV 205 (r)
50.8 mm (2") Dritish Mortar:. 5 cm
Used, British lHE and smoke bombs
'4, p 27
OJruW20 2(e)
'55mmn (2.165-) Aircraft Automatic
Not described here because Ref 8, v3 in
8 v3,pp(lq &
Cannon, MK-112, deloduir
considered confidential
627
the end of VW If b tho Rheina~.r~rj55min
Automatic Cannon, Mk-1 14,
not fully developed during WW 11
55 mm Automatic Recoilless

*Cannon, MK-l 15, developed by

Same as above

8. v 3, p 636

same as above

8, v3, p 637

(,r214

WEAPONS
(CALIBER
mASSAU[LT GUN [iT 5 cm STUK
(L/48)]ON Pz L
GV
CASSI'q

GUNLHTAEEDBR
REmLLS

75 mm)
7

/~mELCHTPRnBR

755 5m

GUN/5SANITAN
cm STUK4

GSSUL

cm.

75mm
ANytANTITANK m~
GUN~t 0
PAK~~~.
CARAEPAKIM40T/22
cm

Get 245

(Weapons) (cont'J)

C:a]ibher aftId Designatio 1n

Remarks, Uses and Some Characteristics

Reference.-.

00 mm (".36?) lrenchI Miortar:


o cm c;r%(* 225 (fl

Used French lIE cast -steel bomb: 6 cmat


Sts (Stahlguss) Wgr 225 (f)5,p2

p2

6,0 inm Mo~rtar B3arrage

C~an be seen at the Museum of Aberdeen


Proving Ground, 'd
Used French lIfE shell, 6.5 cmt Gr Parr (f)i

65 innr (2.559') French M.auntsin Pack


1l0witzert 6.5 cm (:t.lK ,,'I (f)
65 mm Ifrench Qluick-i-irin,!
*6.5 cm SGesch (Schnellg.eachuttz) 02 (M
165 mn-Aai~ian Mountain (Pack)
Jfow'itzer: 6.5 cm ,eb~l 21
2
{oi)
65 mmnYugoslav Mountain (Plack)
llowitzrr: 6.5 cm G;ebK 222(j)
73mat (2.874-) Rocket Launcher,
rock erts , aaleoiing
35

E
e z~ch
tu~n ammo: 11IE [6.5 cm Gr Part AZ
& GrPatr DoPpp7 WI ]and APr[ PzgrPatr (1)
Used Italian ammo: liEE 6.5 cmt SprgrPatr (i)
and AP L'PzgrPatr (i)J
Used Yugoslav ummo: HEF46.5 cm SprgrPatr
222 (j) ]and Shrapnel [ Sc rPatr 223 0j)
A 35- frame launcher with fast elevating and9,p23transverse gears. It fired 7.3 cm Raketen-ipreng.

75 mm Mountain Guns: 7.5 cm


GebK 15 &GebK 14/15

Used ammo: IHE (7.5 cm GebGr 15, GebGr 15 Al,


GebGr 15 Rot, GebGr 39), lioC (Gr 39111I/A), as
well as some Austrian and Czech ammo
Same Pmmo as above

75 mm Skoda Mountain Gun MI15:


.7.5 cat GebK M 15
75 mm Light Field iGun 161:
7.5 cat IFK 16
75aim Field Gun 16/1: 7.5 c'm
FKI16/1
7.5 mm Field Gun 16, ne'w pattern:
'7.5 cm FK l6nA

Can be seen at the Museum of Aberdeen


Proving Ground, Md
Used lHE pr%7.5ctKroKS ad9p41&2
AP pr (KGr otPz) KrltP)ad9p41&2
.Used
samie ammo as above, plus HoC proj
.(7.5
cm Gr 38 HI/ A)

75 mim Light Field Gun 18: 7.5 cm


IFK I8

Used ammo: HE (7.5 cm SprgrPatr 34 & KGrRotKPS),.


AP (KGrRotPz), APC (PzGrPatr 38), HoC (Gr 38
HI/A & GrPatr 38 Ill/A) and Smoke (NbgrPatr)
Can be seen at the Museum of Aberdeen
Proving Ground, Md
Used ammo: H1E (7.5 cm j gr 38 FES) and
(Jgr 38 HI/A and HI/B)
Used same projectiles as previous weapon

75 mm AA Cannon'18: 7.5 cmnflak 18

*
4

75 mmt Light Infantry Ilowitzer 18:


7.5 cm IJIl 18
.HoC
75 mm Light Mountain Infantry8
Howitzer 18: 7.5 cm IGebi I 1

75 mm Light Infantry Guns: 7.5 cm


hG~~~~~~~~~~
2Io(Jr8il 183
75 mm Ligt Infantry Mountain Gun:
7.5 cm IGebjG 18 ..
75mfm Hleavy Infantry Gunx:7.cm sjG 33, siG 33/1 & sI.G 42
* 75
Naval
mmGun:and
7,5cm
/34(L/3)Used
K
75 mm Mountain Howitzer B~ofors:
7.5 cmt Gebil 34
.Proving
7.5 mm Mountain! Gun 36: 7.5 cmt
OebG
36
7 5mmt qun 371 7.5
'K 37 Lt24
*
mHoC

75mmt Titnk Gun: 745cm Kwk


75 mm Assault Gun: 7.5 cm StuG
*75 mm Field Gun 38: 7.5 em ~K38

Used ammo: HE (7.5 cm


8 a 8A~
38
/IA,
J rPatr HI/A,
B811)
an dilcatins shell
(Jet Deut)
Same as above

Used ammno: lIE (15 cm JF33, Jflr38 &


Jg 38 Al),. IloC Oat~ 39 111/A & jr HI/B)
trick grenade Stiels 4),Smoke sr38b
Inc (Jgr 38 Br)
s3S )
HE projectiles
.
Can be seen at the Museum of Aberdeen
Ground, Md
Used ammo: HE (7.5 cmt Or 34 Spra Patt 34,
K~~~~r~otA & KGrl4 Al), HoC (Or 3HI/A,
HI/B &HIl/c)an Smoke Indicator (ICrRot
Deut blau & KQrRotwunt)
Used ammo: HMW
(7. cm SptpPair5,
t 38
A, HI38H/)
IO
AP EPx3Pati), CatSho (KPatr~
(Ko 0 air fPatz) and Indicating a ill
Sm saoeS~3
Same as above
Used amof HE 7.5 cm 1K itt I
L/4.9).
V Q and "0~e9p
fl Hol(Gr
le t o(KCargV
t; t Rot

1
1
5a, p 52
Sp6
5 a, p 52
5a, pt 52

5a, p 55 and
9. pp 399 &403
5a, p 55
12

5a, pp 60-1 and


9, Pp 409, 421 &

423
5a, pp 61-2 and
9, pp 400-3, 407,
409, 421 & 423
12
9,pp413,418&
425 and Ref 12
9,pp4l3,4l8&
425

5~
a,P 30;
,~~n
5 P30 and
9, pp,404-5
S. p31

5b table 1
12
3sep52 and
,p8401
W09a 416
So.

so. P 38
ap6 a
9,e4 115

el

Get 246
(W.,upons) (t..ontrd)
Caliber and D~esignation
75mmn Tank Gun 38: 74.5 cm KwK 38
7 5 mmnmA/T Gun 3Q: 7.5 cm I-ak
39 L/48
.(GrI'atr

* 75 mmnTank Guns: 7.5 cm KwK

Remarks, Uses and Some Characreri3tica


..
Used floC ammo: 7.5 cm Gr Pair 38 Ill/A
U seJ a mmo: II E (7. 5 co, Slpr'rPactr 34), 11oC
38 Ill/A, HI/It & Illf/C) , AP' (Ih'zgrPatt
39, Pzgr Pact 4(, & PzgrPatr U) and Smoke (Nbgr Patt)
Same as above

9., p 409
5a, p 39

Same as above

5a, p 39

Used ammo: lir (7.5 cm SprgrPatr'. HloC


(Gr~latt 15/38.111, GiPati 38 111,GiPact 38/97 Ill/A
& I11/13), AP (Pzgr Part 39), and Star (Lt Gr Patr)
and some foreign ammo

5a, p 21 sod
9, pp 415,'i09-20
& 425

Used HIE ammo: 7.5 cm Sprgrilacr 75/50


Used ammo: IfF(7.5 cm SprgrPatr 34 KwK, etc),
hloC (GrPatr Ill/A, Ill/B and Ill/C, etc), AP
(I'zgr l'str 40, Wcicheisei, ut Ptgi Pat, 40, harter Kern)
and Smoke (NbgrPatr)
Used'IHoC ammo,' such as 7.5 cm GrPatr Ill/B

9, p 406
5a, p 21;
9, pp 3 98, 401-2.
408-9,411 & 417
& Ref 12

40 L/43 and KwK 40 L/48


7 5mmn Assault Guns: 7.5 cm StuK
*L/43
& StuK L/48,
7 5 nmi A/ T Guns:'7.5 cmi Pa k 9 7/ 38
and 97/40
*75/56

mmrnSkoda Dual P'urp'ose Gun


mmAGn4'o 7.5 %:11
Pik 40
75 m'm Self-Prtoplled A/T G;un!ci
7.5 cm Pak 4011(S~f, Pak 40/2 (Sf)
and Pak 40/3 (ORef
7 imin tank Gun 40: 7.5 cm
40

rKwK

Used ammo: jI
P

7 5mmn Recoilless Gun for


Airborne Troops Type 40 (7.5 cm
Liichtes Gesch'uca 40)
75mmni Assaul t Gun 40 (7.5 cm
'tG4)(P
5G ~~G,

75 mmn Assault Guns: 7.5 cm StuK 40 L/43


and StuK 40 L/48

75cm Sprst 34 & SprgrPacr 34


t
tfIIB,4941&47
oC(rPi
I/I

5a, p 21;

9, p 411and
12
9 pp 398, 4 0 0 -3,
9, pp 398, 400-3,
0&
11,Rf1

Used ammo: IIE.(7.5 cm Sprgr Pair 34), APC


gr 39 FES). floC (GrPatr 38 Ill/A & 111/1B.
38 11l/13 & Gr Pact IIl & 111/13) and Smoke
(Nbgr Pact)
Used ammno: lIfE (7.5 cm Sprgr 34) and
HloC (Gr 38 111/13)

8 40
2
9. pp39 , 0- &
409-11

75 mm Assault Gun 42:


7.5 cm StuK 42

Used 'ammno: 11E (7.5 cm Sprgr Pacrt42), IoC


.(GrPatr 30 HI) and AP (PzgrPatr 39/42,
40 & 40/42)
Same as above
Used immo: lHE (7.5 cma Sprgr 42) and AP
(Pzgr 39/42)
Usedf same ammn an above
Can be seen at the Museumn of Aberdeen

5a, p 39

Used same ammo as aboveIess Sprsr 34 and


(il 3$ Ill/B

Cami be seen at the Museumn of Aberdeen


'Proving GonMd. Used Ar, proj with
oeL75c Pzgr 40 (W) ]jaitd AP
roj with tungstent carbide core, arrowhead
design L'Pzgr Pxtr 41 (11K)I

75 mmn Tank Gun 42:7.5 cm KwK


4 2L/70
-75 mmn Tan k.6un 42: 7.5 cmn XwK 42

lzrPc)

-75/55mmn A/T Gun,41: 7.5/5.5 cm


Pak 41 L'GrihTy .e Gun, called
aloTprdBr
uRdu`.io
Bjore Gun or Squeeze jnore Gon ]

75mm Assault G~un 42: 7.5 cm StuK


42 L/70
42,
75mmnanr loite
m112Proving
Smooth Boe .
42teMsumo
eore 7. cm
B5i
75
mmRcoHesa Gun 43:
7.5 cm RFK (116ckstos'sfreie
Kanone) 43
i A/T Gun, 50,: E xperimfental:
75mm
7.5 cm Pak 50
75mm Begian Gctns-'
7.5 cm FK 235
7.5 cm FK 235 ~b)
7.5 cm FK 2 36 W(b)
75 mmnCzech AA Goun: 7.5 con
Flak (Skoda)
75 m'' Czech Field G6un' 171
7.5 cm FR 17 (t)
i5mm Dutch Guns:'.
7.5 cm FK 24 3(h)
7.5 cm 8K 243 (h) L 30

Referencesa

Ground, Md
bree
seen
brenSp2
uemo
h
Can b ena
Proving Ground Md Used hloC prol:
7.5.cm GrPatr .i3 Ili
Can be seen mcthe Museum of Aberdeen
Proving Ground, hid
Used ammo.
- Sprgr'230/7, bf and IWOaGr 15/38 Ill/0 0f)
lIE: Sprgr 240/2 fl&
lEt Sprgir 1900/ 15 (1)
Used Czech IfV amnmu, 7.,5 cm Sprtr Patr (0)
Used Ctech HL~ ammo: 7.5 en, Gr M/1",
&M/,19(W
Used *mmo:IHOC: or 38 Ill/C (h)
IIr- kGrRotKPS and XGr RetPi

9,pp 411 & 417


and Ref 12
5sa, p 20; 4
378, & 08
and Rf1

'9;pp

5a, p 39
5a, p 39
9,pp4ll& 423
and Ref 12
9,pp 411a423
and Ref 12
12
p2
and Re( 12
12
5m, p 21 and
9,ptdl5,420-1
425

5&. p 46
5a, p 66.
9, '413.
42&423

Ger 247
(W
Caliber and D~esignation

Remarks, Uses and Some Charfacteri &tics

7 5 mai I-rench Guns:


7.5 cm FK 1231 (M, Nile 9 7,
,5cm

FK 2 12 (f), Ml e 9"/33

7.5 cr. GehK 2381(f), NMle1928


.5 cm KwK 251 (f), Nile 193c,
7.5cm
a~kNI V7/'34 & Fl'ak M 36
75
n Fnield (
~5 crn FK 237 Mi
-~
5 mmIt(ian)

"(See also

ouhtin

-:

.5cm

11,1,lI
L/'17 (n)
c.mei
1K 246 & 24/ (n)
111MVOLISr, Gun.
-1:1

*
*and

U'sed ammo
~app
JL: SPrgr 1900/15 ME& Sprgr 231/1 (1 and
EIoC: Gr 15/38 Ill/B Mf
11FE:
Sprgr 231/1 (M & Sprgr 2&4 Ci) and
11oC: Gr 15/38 11l/1) Wf
lIE: Sprgr 231 (f)
If F: Spug. 231 (f
lIE:: Sprgr 28 (f)
sdltlnli
and Shrapnel ammo5.P

Rfrne
21& 41
9pp 413-25

Used same ammo as 7.5 cm GebF IS

5a, p 55

Used No,,,,,,,ammon
lI:
rKarta MI/31 Wnand Shrapnel: GeSchr(vi)
1I:GrKarth MI/O11 WI21 & M/ 36(n) and
11IF.Inc: Br~rKartA MI/13 (n)
liL: GtKarin M/21 & Mh/36 Wn; jif-Inc:
BrGrKart& M/14 (n)
No information available
Used anmmn
HL: Sprgr 1900/15 Mf & HOC: Jgr 38 HI/B
24C)&S'S 901 E)ad&421

5a, pp 55&
65-66

under Weapons in the ltiIian section)

nirum
Norwegian Guns:
7.5er
n~Scinjder W
".5cm
FK 0 1(n)

fos
cont'd)

.5 cm FK 97 (11)
cm FK 021'2(1~
((hpdr
7inmYugoslav Gus'UedAm
7.5 cmnFK 2419 (jI) Mud 1,2.lShedr
IE: Sprgr 24()&Sr
10/5f)ad9.
7.5hoC:
Gr 15/38 Ill./B MI & Gr 39-971 I/C (0)
-5cm GehE 258 (j)
Same ammo as 7.5 cm GebK 15
.5 cmnGebK 259 (j)
HE: Sprgr 249 (j) and Shrapnel (Schi 250 & 251)
7.5. cm GebK 285 0j)
lIE: Sprgr 260/1 & 20/12 (j)
/-5 mm V~u1-sIav Northr:
Used lIII bomb: Wgr 229 Ci)
7.5 cm GA 229 (j)
%6mmu (2.992-j British AA Gun:
Used B~ritish lIE fixed round: 7.6 cm
:76 cm Flak (e)
Sprgr Patr (e)
76. rcm(;.f000iRuqsian'Guns:
Used various Russian design projectiles
"7.62 cm FK
I9Cr
either captured or manufactured in Germany
7.62 cm KK 290,11 and 310 (r)
7.62 um Pak 36(r)
7.02 cm RU-K 299 (r)
and many other models wvere captured
used by the Germans during WW~k
11
(Set. Weapon s in the Rus sian section)
76.5 m~m
(3.004") Austrian F;'eid Guns:
Used Austrian and Czech design ammo
7.65 cmFIK5/8(8ii FK 17A, and FK 18181,
manufactured by Skudia Works, Pilsen
76.5 mm French field Guns:
Used I-rench design ammo
7.65 c-mFIK ,: Mf & FEK17
.70.5 mm Yugoalav Guns: 7.65 cm FK 300
Used Yugoslaiv, Czech and Austrian ammo
(1), 303 Wi, & 304 Ci), manufactured by
Sfkoda Torka
Not deacribcl'r here because Ref 8,v 3 is
77/ 4 5 mm (3.'03/1.77)')Recoilless
confidential
Automatic Cannon, SG-113 A,
developed during VWIA by the
IIg~i Werke but not'put into
otrmrtram:8mWr3,ipS951&
p roduction
3,52,51
o:8eng
HEmotra
80 mm (3.15") Medium MraUsed
Wgr 38, Wgi 39 & W1gr 38 Deut)
'desiganted 8 cm SGrW 34
Used smoke mortar ammo (7.5 cm Wgr 34 Nb)
80 mm Nledi,,m Nlortar,designated As7.5 cm MGr'A 34
Used IlL Mortar ammo (7.5 cm Wilt 34)
80 mm Trenichl Mortar,designated
and Snmoke (Wsr 34Nb)
as 7.5 cm Kzcr%%42
can be seen at the Museumn of Aberdeen
80 men.AutomatiC Nlortafr, 'l'isen"
Prfoving Ground, Md
81, mmA T Guni ligh-Low Pressure
hio.rta~r Bomb Projector)
80 mmtS9mooth-Dore Weapon,' called
Ponittwurfk~tanon*, developed by the
11heftemetall-floisisCo and issued
to the troops at the end of 1944

5a, p 21 and
9, pp 419-20
&
a, pp 21, 454-5
pp415, l9-20
and 423

5a, p 27
5a, p 48
5 a,pp 23-4,4 &
40-1; 9, pp 2-3

5a, p 68
5a' pp 68-9
5, pp 68-9
O.v 3, p 6 3O

533
9. p 532

9. pp 532-3
and Ref 12
12

Same as above

12

Mounted on a carriage weighins 13701l~ it


fired a finned projectile at a muz wel 1700 ft/sec
to ani effective range of 700 metors. Itoe sell
weighed 6 lb, w~s 18g long and had a penetration

6, p 188

of 140 mm at 60 angle of Impact

(CALBERS 80mm TO 838 mm)


AUTOMATIC
TRENCH
MORTAR

0ftftRCILS
GUN

SMOHBR

(EXPERIMENTAL) IREAR

~ ~{
SO:-~G

OPEN)
WITH

AN~rFC

(iGH -Low PRESSURE MRT.AR

8OmmSKODA rIELO

88
m ATITNKGUN (8.cm

30)
PAK

($IDE~~
MAXIM
M(40 )E 8E6Tmm AND 45

TRAVNROE

VIE

IN

FIIN

POSITONAA
8 mmAN

(8.8

ITAN

GU

43)
FLAK

Get 249
(Weapons) (cont'd)
Caliber
1)esgnationRemarks,
nd

Uses and Some Characteristics


It fired 111i aircraft rockets (8 col Raketen
Sptengranuten), similar in construction to a
sc
Russian aircraft rocket
Can be seen at the Museum of Aberdeen
Ground, %Id1
Same as above

9
9

80 mm Czec
1

Used Czech III shell, 8 cm Gr M 30/17 (t)

5a, p 69

ield(t

n:

80 nMmCzech Field Gun:'


8,

m Plis
30
ortar
80mm
N16rtar
Polis
~Used
8 cm GrX28 (p)5app29
8 1 Mm (3.19") Mo~rtar, Experimental

e er n e

desig na utedipl cm Roket Lancher,


dvacihwerfer
s
m R ktnil
aHpwm
rfer
, rti'Sottandard
A
80umie,
Mo c
tadShr
Tube
Mcroving
-80 r:m Recoi'less sGun, Smooth
litre, l*Vpcrimental

86 mm, Roc ket Launcher (No'


German designation is given)
87.6 mmi (3.45") British Field
*Guns
260, 281 & 282 (e) (25;pounders)
8.8mcm (3.65k18
Gn
8.8
8 m Fak

88 mm Tan
u on 6 lank Gt. in36:APC
8.8 conKwK 36
8 8mm NavalI Guns: 8.8' cmI
SK C/25, C/30, C/11, C/32 &C/3 5
88 mm Torpedo~hoat Gun:
8.8 cmi T bts K L/453btal2
88 mm Tan!: Gtin 36 (56 cali bets
long): 8.8 cm KwK 35 L/56
l88 mint AA Gun 36: 88 cm Flak 36
*88mmn AA Gun 37::
88mm AA 6un 41:
8.8 cm Flak 41
868 mm AA Gun 43:
8.8 cm Flak 43
88 mm short Mortar
*
88 mnmtank Gun 4.3
8.8 cm KwK 43 (L/71) J

8. 8c

Fl a

1
1
1

Used Czech HE and AP poetls


Gr 30, Cr 35 and Pzgr (t)
Germaa and foreign Projectiles

Same --s above


2 S8 ' c ~ , ~ UL 4 ~ u ~ y i
~
ULst "' C,:
rm an and foreig~n projec tiles
(;(a~iclud ed: 8.1 cm GrT 274 (dan),
8.1 cmi (irW 2/9 (h), 8.1 cm GrW 286 (h),5,p
8.4 eim4,k .478(), 8.1 cm GrW 286 (f),
8.2 cm (,rT 27.1 (r) & 274/2 (r4
ft3.5" (3.2H~)'Czcch lesigr AA Gun'
U sed Czech design andmau prop4
8.35cm Flak M/22 (t) j
8.35 cm Gr 23/30 (t) an
83.8 min (3305*) Blritish Field Guns:
Used 13rjtis). fir and smoke shells:
8.38 cm l*K 2711 272 & 273 We
SPrgrPatr 106 and NbgrPatr 106 (e)
83.8 mm Ru~ssian Field Gun:
No information given
8.38 cm l:K 305 (r)
86 mm (3.386-) Single Barrel
It fire .d various rockets used by the
Rocket Laduncher,designated
Nv#sc
sHfaeec9
as 8.6 cm It Ag M 42 and weighingNaysuhaHfaret

3
3

,p6
ap212
a pp 2 9
81

t,

ands
9,. p 436an
5,p 70
5,p7
5,p7
4
p24

Used HIErockets, designated 6.6 cm


RSpr L/4.5 and56-g L5
Used British ammo: lIfE C Gr 292 &
29 5 (e) ]and Smoke [ Raucl (e)]ISop7

ip7

Used am o HJE
(8.8 cm'Sprgr L/4.5, Sprgr L/4.5
ZZ &SprgrPati L/4.5 Kz), AP
(Pzgr & Pagr 39),

9. fil 438, 4 41.


444,446 & 448

(PzgrFatrBdZ) and Inc Shrapnel CGrflrSchrFlak)


Used HIE ammo:- 8.8 cat Sprgr L/4.5

9,p 444

Used HE and Star projectiles


Used lHE and Star projectiles
Used &tnnno:HIE (E& cm S .rsrPstr L/4.5),
lloC (Gr Patr 39 111). Al'Ps ~
36, 39
Scftp
3639
r ra atrp)44-,
39/1 & 40), Shrapnel -Incend aTz (BrSrrao
and Star Shell (LtGesch L/4.5)
Used amino: HE (8.8 cm Sprgr L/4.5,
$prgrPatr L/4.5 Kz & Sprgr L/4.5 ZtZ)
AP' (Pzgr 39) and Inc-Shrapnel (GrBrSckr Flak)
Same ms above
3 74
Used ammo: lHE (8.8
SprgrPatr L/4.7
& Sprgr Flak 41), AP'cm
with tungsten carbideFES
core
(Pzgr 40), AID (Pzsr Patr 41) and APC (PtSt Patr
Used lHE ammo: 8.8 cm, Sprtr Platt M1/4.7) FES
Cat n be seen at the Museum of Aberdeen
Proving Ground, MJ
Used ammo: AlP (8.8 cm Pasgrpat 39,
39139/43, 40 &c40/43), HoC (G Pactr 39
III & 39-43 111)and HIE CSptsrPatr 43, ete)

,p26

5b, table 2
btbl2
S~4 an
n
9p41448
9, pp 438, 444,
446 & 448 and
Ref 12
9p48
4
46 & 4 4 8
,p37944
& p444 r 9Ref12

9.

p 441

12
3A,pp245
9,PP442&447
and Ref 12

88

mm
ANTITAN

~\~*i3oOI

POSIO

GUN

(RtINOCEU

MAiM

IV

05m

8 8 mm ANTITANK GUN

8T m AM3

NP

loc10
LIGHTLES
FIEUNl m m
T105 3G4
'FNOWNO
AS
TKp

c mF

PEIUL
LG

105I'I'
mm CMVS
'TANKGU MO8RTAcR

Get 251
(Weapons) (Cont'd)
C~livet
i
anti lksignation
. 88 nm A/T Gun s 43, 43/1,
4 1/ 2, 413/1 (1.8 cm P'ak 43,
431' 1, 413/2, 43/3)9.p42&47

Remarks, Uses and Some Characteristics


Sm si 8m
hkGn4
Saea n9
mTn
u
15,pp

88 mm Seli-Propelied Assault
GUn 43 8.8 cm StuK 43 (L/71)
688 mm Self-Propelled A/T Gun's
S. 8cm Pak, 43 &1Pak 4 3/4 1 (1-.7 1) .J

Same as above

s min
mAA Gun (C~on~verted
Russian 85 mm Gun)' 8.5/&8 -m'
Ir
$,(la 39
nim Rocket Lncher call ed

Used Russian and German ammo: HEi


('.8 CmrSPrgr L/4.5) and AP (8.8 cm
Pzgr and Pzgr 39)
This was an earlier version of the 8.8 cm
RPzB descri bed below. It had no shield.
It used the same ammunition as below

Rnkte'l 4) n own'erlse a3s.


c
Raketenwerfer 43 or Ofenrohr
(Stovellipe)V

References
ap2n
2442 and1
app2-an
9,pp442&447
ap245
5-,pp42&4-5

Same as above

and Ref 12
9. pp 444, 446
& 48
b
11, P 521

~S nun, Rocket Lazuncher, called


Smooth-bore tube 54%'" long and weighing
8.8 cm Roketenipanxterbuchse 54
20/ lb, exclusive of shield. It fired a shaped
5a,p1,,
8,
p23,pp4-,
*(8.8
Cm V~ill 54) or Ponzerschreck.
charge rocket projectile (8.8cmr RPzIJGr 4322)
11, pp 521-2 and
. It was an enlarged viersion of
ndwihngaot7 b hc
Refi
orignalAmercanBazoka.Itspenetratedaictel armor about 4Yo. Its range
*oneration
required two men. This launwas 55 to 165 Y'dand muzzle velocity up to
* cher was also called Ofenroh:
3280 ft/sec.The launcher was provided with a projectile guide which wore out alter firing 300 rounds
*ot:This weapon wa rvie
ith a simple'electric
generator whichprucdtenesayprko
grieherpelling charge in the rocket. The original American Bazook-t
used flashlight batteries fog produciip a a rm . When
Proectile was launched the back blast of flame reached a length
the
of about 16 ft (Sec also description o Faustpatrone,
Cal ed later Panzerfaust)
* 88 mm Rocket Launrcher Puppehon.
It was essentially the P'mniterschr~ek
designarted as 8.8 cm Rokotenwoemfir 43
5,pl8 6 p19
mounted on a light carriage. The total wclight
9:,p
188, and 99
(8. 43),
RI
cm knw-loa
of launcher was 340 lb and the effective
ip24522
"iWheeled Baxoriva". The proiectile
range 200 yd. This model was discontinued
lwas the same as above except that it
before the end of UV 11
was modified for percussion firing
* 90 mm (3.54") French AA Gun:
No other information given
5a, p 49
9 cm Flak'(f)
* 90 mm Yugoslav Morata: 9 cm
94 mmn (3.7?') British AA Gun
:9.4 cm Flak (e)UsdBiiIlIamo9.cm
94 mm Brx~tiblm Pack'llowitzer:
9.,4 cm Gebll 301 (e) (Mountain
howitzer)
WO mim (3.93711) Guns 17 and 17/04,
new design: 10 cm K 17 & 17/O4nA
100 mmn Heavy Gun 18: s10 cmal 18

100: mm

Light Field, Howitzer IS:


l0 im Flll18
!IIand
100 mm Casemate and Turret ,!Used
Guns (Medium): mlO cmr KK and!
KT
100 emino Turret Gun:
fUsed
Ls10
K(Pzgr),
*100 mm chemical Projetor
,(Smoke Shell Mortar): 10 ciII NBW%37
100 min Rocket Launcher: 1cmAn
100 mm -Guns 1S/40 and 42:
1No
lcm K 18/40 &K42
10
100 nmm
Austrian Mountain Hlowltzer
Pack( owitzer): 10 cm Gebilsub
100 mmnLight Czech Field llowlirtstrs
10 cm IFH 14,119 (t) and IVII 30 Wt
IO10min Italian Light Fieldiliowitier:
lCm IiII 315(1)..

Used Yu a lay lItE mortar bomb: 9 cm


sdDii

Eam:94

mSrrPt
ee)ap5
pgra
Used Brif,sh HE ammo: 9.4 cm Sprgr mAZ (e)
Used ammo: HE (10 cm FHGr & Gr 15 Hb)
and AP (Pzgr)
U sed ammo: HE (10 cm Gr 19). AP (Pzgr) and
Smoke (Gr 3SNb)
Used HoC ammo: 10 cm Gr Rot HI/B and HI/C

ammo: HE (mlO cm GrPatr 34)oa


AP (Pxgr Patt) and Case Shot OXt Patir)8
amino: HE (10 cm Gr 19) AP
Smoke (Gi 3BNb) and &~so Shot (Kt)

Used HE mortar armmos 10 cm W , 37


8

5a, p 30
a
5a, p 56
5a, p 79
5a, P 80

9, pp 450-1
Ref 12
p7

5..

p 8i

9. p 533

enlarged version of 88 awo Panserecliteli

6, p lee

descripftlon given

5a, p 80

Used Austrian ammo:H 1 (0 cm Geb~r U1/32


and Smoke (Geb~r 10M/3 )

Used Catch lIE ammo: 10 ema Or 13, 21 At 30


Used Italian HE~ ammo: 10 cmnSprV 315 (I)

34., p 57
$a, p 78 and
9 pp 451-5
5a, p

n7

Get 252

(Weep...) (con:'d)4
,Caliber and DesignPatiogn

Remarkcs, Uses and Some Characteristics

100 6 n Polish i~iHeld I IIaIw IzeA


10 cml F1 114/19 ()
i100
1m
~unaA Light Field
Howitzenlo cm IFII 315(j), 316 (j),

317 (j), 317/11(j) & 317/2 (j)


105m

*~

(414)LgtFedHwitzer
l6:1.Sc
IP 16FHGr

eece

Used Polish HE. steel shIell: 10 cm s Itar (p)

5,p7

n
r 78'fa51d
9i pp745-5 n

Used Yugoslav ammo


1 mS~g 1,,
311 St 315) aind Shrapnel (Scht 316 & 317)

9, pp 451-5

:Used ammio:' HE (10.5 cmFH~i, FHGrSts,5.p1ad

38, FilGi 38 SIX FE.S), HE-I(FHG.SprBt),


AP CPzgr Rut L'810t), HoC (Ge 39 Rot HI, Gr 39
Rot HIlJA, Or 39aot HI/Ba 'Ge 39 Rot HI/C sand
(FIIGrNb,t FHG 38 Nb and FHGI 40 Deut)
HE ammo: 10.5 cm FHPr Rot

9,pp457,4b1
470-6

105 ad
un 1/04newSmoke
uns17
10 7Ad1/4nwUsed
mGn
patten: !.3.5 cm K 17 & KC17/O4oA 1
105 mmn
Medium Ileavy Gun, 18:
:,Ved simmog. lE (10.5 cm Or. 19 &
10.5 cm sK 18
Gr 19lKs 3) and M! (PzgrRot),
'105III Light Field H~ow'itze'rs:
UotpAmo EIl. cm "FHC, FHlGi~ts,
105cm IFI1,F
8M
IFHGr'35,
PHffr'18, FHlGt 38 St FES, 42 T746-1
'1 FIt 18/1, 1FH 18/2, IFH 48/39
FIIGe 3BKh,' FIIGr 39, S43
& IFH 18/40
.'MirgG:
and F~l~r F), 'IE FliGe SpitB), HoC
:(Ge 39 Rotill Gr 39'
Il/A,''Ge 39,Rot HI/B
9 R :'H tH/C, -Al (Pa m~Z a Rot&
* Pzge 39TS), Smoe (FHGr Ill F If
b FF5,
7~FiIGtNb
39, FHGrN6 40 FESFHG r41Nb),
Smoke' Indicator (FIIGr 40 DeutFS) Incend iary
(FHGrBr) 'Star (LtGesch) and Propaand& (eiss
Rot GecosAZ)
105 mm Naval
a Guns: 105 Cm
Ue EadSa hls
'
SKC
C/28 ,C/32 AtC/3.'UsdHanStrhel5btbe3
105min Me'dium 'Heavy Turre~t
Used ammo: HE (10.5 cm Gr 1
13) and
Gun-; 10.5 cin sICT
'
,AP
(Psge Rot)
;* 105 m'm'AA Gun. 38 'and 39:
Usmed amo HE (10.5 cm -Spert 1./4.4 &p
10.5 cm Flak 38 a Flask 39
L/4.4 ' Spe-ge L/4.4 Xz) and AF C (Pzgro)40aRf
S105 mmr
Mountasin Howitzer 40:
Usdammo: HE(05 m&"MFG3 A)Sp
10.5 cin GebH14
HoC (Ge 39 Rot HI/A, HIl/B a HI/C) anid Star
Shell (LtGs)0
~ lOcm-,
0 5
onTuff et Gun: -Ue
I ammo: 10.5 cm Ge '19 IL: 139p48

10 5 un
.&Gasa(lc; le~Uced

Airborne Guns): 10.5'cm LG


(LeichteiG686h1til 40, 40/41

a40/42)

:105 mm' Assault Hfowitzerts:


10.5 cml i..tufl 40 a StuH 42

,Used

105 mmn1
Sm~oke Shell. Mortar 40:
*10.5cmNbV4O
1,05 mam
6omprieused Air Mortar
105mmn Light' Gun 41 (Recoilless
!Airborne Guu)t 10.5 cm LG 41
105, tam Light Guns (Recoilless 'Used
Airborne Guna) 10.5 cm LG 42
&42/1

p 457
,p45,6
& 481

S,

1)

94G

b al
9. pp 468 a
481
9, pp467-m &
12so
56
,and
Ref 12

nmmo: HE (10.5 cm FHGr 41), HoC


(Ge 39 HI1,Ge 39 HL/1A Ge 39 HI/B &tGe 39 Hi/C),
Smoke (FHGr 41Nb). and Inc (FHGr Br)

Sat pt74,
9, pp 471.6 and
Ref 12

same' ammgo as 105 mmn


Light Field,
H,)witzers: 10.5 cm IPH 18 etc

5a, pp 71-3,
9, pp 471-2 and
Ret 12
12

Can be seen at the Museum of Aberdeen


Proving Ground, Md
Same as above
*No descrIption iven

ammo: HE (10.5 cm ifHdr,1FH1648 aSo,


FHGr 38 Ste),HoC Ge3R OtrlG 39 Rot
'
II/A,GOr 3 R
B & Or/&
39 Rot HI/C,
'Smoe
(H~rNh & FHGr 38 Nb) and In6c
-(FHGr Ora&FHGe 41 Or)
Note: According to Ref 5b, table 7, the recoilless sg n, desgate d as 05c
G4,ue
the 10.5 cml~'l1Inei't
'11
sdsm am

12.
5a, p74
p 75

105 mm Li 3he Field Howitzer: 10.5 cm


Can be seen at the Museum of Aberdeen
1IFH 43
'
'Proving
Ground, Md
105 own Skoda hlowltzer (GemnUe0E=,Mdl
3ad2
designation Is not given) emnUuHEanoMdls2
d289,
105 mat Deiglait Gunt 16. S con X 333(b)
Used 13elgan end Preach sammo
1l0$
mmn
exech. hloiy 0,lalu:t.10. en
Used
Caicb
ammo:110
cm AM~SM
JS
IL3$(t0, L 13
sand also
some118French
saw 5Vagsllav,

10S men butch Guns1:


10.5 em K 335(h)

105mm
Dtch
cm' Gun:1015
~35(h)

8, 40g6

adRf1

.adRf1

Use MIA

1l12o
gI,616i iig,

aaul buth lIE iFifl105e

poetlsa
Epoetlsa
Wi
pp 47S9-0
30,111
si

pe'a

t35(h

ClWEAPONS
CA
BERS 105 mm TO 128 miTr)

(15.nmZS5AULT HVirZER10
1)1JPi. Kwhl CHASS'SC'AS P)

CHAS~lS~fLIGHTI

io8 m t.ARF~r
m ss
LT

ONJ
SELF-POPELLE

K-4.

;et 254~
(Weaipons) (Contd)
cmnarks, Uses and Some Characteristics

(.aihe
I~sigarin
an
105i mmnlFrcenc Guns and Hiowitzers-

References

Used various French ammo

p;77684

105 nn Italian Gun: 14.53c7

1K 38
mm
1Gu2n:d
.e~a
Field
105 nm N .-eia Fie.Goc
ju.5 cm KI/88G d (n)
n
15mm Norwegian Gun: 10.5 cm K 4,70)
105 1,11 Polish Gun: 10.5 Cm kC2 p)
j

tla
Eamo 05c Srr381
Used Norwegian ammo: lIE (Gr 1-/15, M/23,
M/36 & GrKartgi M/04, 161/15 & W/23)
No description given
Used Polishand French ammo

105 mm Russian Gunsi 10.5 cm


K 3,4t; (r), %~349(r
K 350(r)
105 mmnViwslav Guns and Howitzers:
10.5) tm 1141 3N, (i). 11:11 3170j),
11.11 317/1(1), IFIi 317/26j), K 321(j),
K 3300j)& h 338(j) (Scihneideri and
IGe1lIl 329(0)
107 mm (4.21") Russian Gun:
.10.5cm K 352(r)
I
114.3 mim (4.5") Gun: 11.4 Cal
K 365 (e)
..
120 mm (4.72*) Mortar: 12 cm GrW42

No description given
Used Yugoslav, Frerpch a.nd Czech ammo

Unsed Russian ammro

2 imA
Uri 40M: 28c
Flak 40M
128 mm Sellf-Propelied'A/T Guns 44:
12.8 cm Pak 44, Krupp and
Ahei rnintall m odels5b
128mm ight
Infantry AlT Gun:
1_.8 cm P1K 44 (Panzerifigetkenon~e).
als6 Calld Tank Destroyier Gun
128'mmn A/T Gun: 12.8 cm K81/2
Experimental
-

sFu 13/02

sF133(S)
Ho3ter
F ,3 3(S)adO

50mmn Gun 16: I5 cm K 16

5a, p 30
Sa p 91

SS,pp9l-2

Pzgr 43

9, p483fRef 12

5:, p25:9.p 485


Rel 12

Used HE and AP projectiles


Can be seen a t dhe Museum of Aberdeen
Ground, Nd
Same' as abov..1

.Proving

ta l
an
SbRtbef 81an
Rf1

n
ttpojcie
sdlEadSanpoetlsm
Used HE and Star projectiles

:n

5a, p 30 and
Ref 12
5a, p 88
p 91

Nbgr 385(r), Sell, 383(f) and Schr 3133/10r)


Used'ammo: HE (12.8Bcm Sprgr L/4.5)
and AP (Pzgr & Pzgr 43)
Used AP ammo: 12 cm Pzgr FES & Pzgr KPS

Used French ammno: HE (Or 403) and HE


cast steel (Stggr 401 & 403)
E

.-

5a, p 87

So. PP 88-90
& 9,pp481-2

Used AP ammo: 12.8 cm Pzgre

14M, mm Torpedoboat Gun:


15 m;TbtaK C/36.
oa

5a, pp 57,77-8, 81,


83 and 9,pp459
& 464/7

Used various Ruissian 122 mm ammo: Sprgr 372,


374377, 380, 381, 384(r), Spirst FEW(r), GR 371 Be(r),

.ad

149.1 mm; (5.87") Naval Guns':sdH


.15 cm SK C/25, C/20, L/40,
L4

4 intcaK

5a, p 82 and
9,pp 459&464-7
5a, p 86

Used AP projectiles5btal8

* .45 mm (5.70c") French Gun,


14.5 cm K 4050()

150 romF11

)a, p 85

5a. pp 86

Used British amino: HfE (11.4 cm Gr 365) and


Smoke (Nbgr)
Used mortar ammo: IfE (12 cm Wgr 42) and
Indicating bomb (Wgr Deut)
Used Belgian HE ammo: 12 cm Gr(b)
Nodsrito gvn5,
N ecito
ie
Used Russian IRE mortar bomb: 12 cm
Wgr 378/2 (r)
No description given

120min Belgian Gun: 12 cm K 370(b)


120) mir Norwegian Field Howitzers:
12 c~mFH 375 (n) & Fif 376 (n)
12 mRsinMra........,
12 cm GArW
378 (r
120 mmn Yuguslia Field
wtelf:
12 cm IFII 577 (j)
.
.122 1mm (5.04") Russilan Guns and
flow~itzers: 12.2 cm FH 385 (01, . II. 1
FII 386 Wr, FI11387 (r), IFII 388 W.)
K 390, 390/1 & 390/2 (r) and sF11 396 (r)
128 inImm
(5.901) Self-Propelled Gun 40:
I
12.8 cm K 40 (Pz SOJ)
128 m!m AA Gun 40: 12.f)cm Flak 40

9., p 462an
6
5a. p 78

)9

.i

Used HE and Star projectiles


Used anwiosilE (1S cm Gr 1S, 19 and Dutch
GimAI
406), lIE cast siteel (Sri
19,H-A/C
(Or I9 lie, HESho yp
C (Or 39 11&1
11110711=
Smke (GI1OrIN1)40
.Used
lIE howitzer ammot 15 cm Hbgr 16 St
*~~~~~
6 u n hl g

o.p9
m
b

al
al

5b, table 9
Sb. table 8
3a, PP92-3 and
9 pp3'l,495&
Sa, p 96;

1 50 2 an d

Re1.

Get 255

WEAPONS
(CAL!BERS 128 mm TO

00 mm)
I5O fnm MEDIUM FIELD HOWITZER

ANTITANK GUN

MOUNTED OIN PzI~w]


('BUM BLE BEE")
FIELD HOWITZER WIT

i506

RAIROA
~

MORTARWIZ
mm SmOD

~ 2c
*

300m
.UN

"LFOPLV'0
"14171 ANNIFlG33

[28~~ANN

cmKNO'E

()

ROCKE

LANCE

(.er 256
(Weapoos)I(unt'd)
:ra.11.

I t1.1.

.11

Rema,.,rk %,

(.~.i

jj

lI.2 ivr:I
I I j I. ~
1,,-sII~j
IiiIl-A

11

I I1.'v~tr: 15 111

Ilul

I
15 Cil SRt

lii
ai

ow
1~n
I

sIt
1- K
1a

11111r
1( ,kil 19j:

Noi dvs.ri1 ption given


c'r):
z vu~

A nIflit):

IE (15 cm K~r lb , Sprgr L./4 .6


ri'.

I061
,ii

iivrurret

1i.,kitz~er:
sl,
limIIt.ivy I-i k1d Ilow'Azic~r*

I . ,ri
g~Il : iN,\~I
r
I)

i
it

tzer Ca tiri agf!.

miln,Ilea~~ ield Ilowitrer:


15 m s Ill 18,',3) (w~ith n~odi fied breech-i

t Ilowitzer*
,5,
Scul 31/2
150 mil Reccoilless Gun:
S5'cnai G .1J
19) mm (ze1ch (tauns anti Ilowirsets:
5' s:Il K 15, 16 (t), sllI I11/16(t),
I
1il1 25 (t)'and s;11 37 (t)
I
SUPin,
l(ocl.et L~auncheri
152m
I59
( Ocket I AUncher
rinr aItanh
ay il
Ilowivzer:

sed a'mmo: HE
I (15 cm Is' 38 FES) and
l.
Jr311
No information given

,.

sdCec

5a, p 97 ant:

9. pp486-7,
& 493

5~p34

, p 49 5, 4 7
9:0&
pp 4250
97
R6ef &1250

9, pp 4644
497-8, &5U,2
and Ref 12
5a .p 98 and
& ili4-5

.498

Used amimo: lIIi (15 cm KGr 18, SprgrL/4.5,


Sprgr L/4.6 & Sprgr mlibe), A/C ,7Gr 19 '
Rot iIle) and APC BC HE (1zS1rra-r L/3.8 riltbe)
CaI"Gn
be seen it the Museum of Aberdeen
Proving Ground, Md

1 50' mmTAssali

mr

8,43
, Ipp493
&49b

Sa,pp91
9. PP 4-

1-07

5a,pp96-7
1
5a, p99; 9, PP
486&491&kef 12
5a, p'93
5 a, pp99-101 &
9,;kp4S5&48El-90

Used 15 cm lil, smoke and chemical rockets


Used lHE rocket projectile
LedtainlEammo: 15.2 cm Sprgr 412/11 (i)

9, pps
247-8
5a, ps 106

Used Russiman design lIE, Smoke slid


Shrapnel ammo
.9,PP5lO-12

5a, pp 104-7 &

I5 mmri(6.10'I belgian Cjun:


..........
5.5 cmrK 432 (b)
Hwtes
15 m'Feni (;unsi'n lwt

Used belgianHff ammo: 15.5 cm Gr 420 & 4.,b

Sm, ps108

UstA Fren~l Ammno: lIE and IloC

Sa, pp 101.5
& io8

155 mill P'olish Mltcay Field


Howitczer: 15.5 cm; nF11 17 (p)
I 5 min Yugoslav Gulls and,
H~owitzcrs: 15.5 cm sF11 427/ 1
&2/2()and K 403 (j)
17t mm (6.6&') (Jun in Mortar
Mounting: 17 cm KiMrsl.af

Used Polish IF ammo: 15.5 cmn


Gr 14 & 15 (p)

50. P 101

Used Yugoslav lIE ammo,

Sa, flp 10"4

Used Prmno: HIE (1 mI~ 8&


incendia,7 (LrGr 39), All (Pastr 43)39),
and
Star Shell (Leuschtgeschoss)
Can be seen ai the Museum of Aberdeen
ProVin$ Ground, Md
Used HKE
an .o 17 em Sptp L/4.7
Same asabove

5A, p 112 a"d


9, isp 516-17

12 mmnRl,"sian Gu.ns ay;d Howitzers:


15.2 cm sF11 404(r), sF11 4.13(r),
%Itl 4415(r), Kit 433/ 1(r), Kil 4 33/2 r1

1s5cm asF11 41,: (f), sF11 415 (f),


K 416, 417, 418, 419, 420 & 425 (f)

~A'~l

~ cm
1
o e.
A'(~R)9p
Used ammno; lI1: (15
K~r
W8)and
AC (Gr 19 Be)
Used amw.o: lIE (15 cm Gr 19 &
r 19 stg) andi A/C (Gr 19 Bell
Used same ammo as 15 cm aiFil 8IaSp9

K(F

Rfrne

5a, Is95

L.-sellarm Ili (15 Cm (if 19 & Jgr 38),


Rodded l.,mb (Siielgr 42) And Smoke (Jgr 38Nb)

's

Iiiii I-C
1. wa,
Cu, I~ is:I~i

IU
'oi

Some charac teristics

I,~j
11m: lI (5 cmi Il(
18 & .42),
IfFi-.A C:((,r N' Hot Be), and All (iz'z;prgr
L.1.. InmIlbe)
.491
,.:lill"
1. 115 CmlKr 18, C;r 19, &
I I..'-At, V E ), l 'i c ast st e e l ( S tgg r 19 ),9
'
Cr
10~e, Rocket Assisted (R(.t 19),
'(;~r 3c)111), 111ii,Sabot (Spirge 42 TS), At. -an~d
Sd:(l'yjgr 19 Is) and Smnoke (Cr ISNb,
(.ri"N
&CGiW
, 4ONb)

*~I

10. 1 'itIi

*'ii~
mlia

t~.ndi

4170 mm)

(tun 18: 17 tm K ilf

170
imm'Rlslwaiy Gun: 17 cm K(P)
1~~~~~0~i
Arsrn mm
(;n 17crW)

i72.6 mil (6.79!5) Nfival Ciun:


17 cm SK 1./40E

Allsed 11r, Al' and Star pfrojectllet

(764
19 .4 cmn

Used Prerich HE coat a10 prol: 19.4 em


Sta r 406 (f) anI 4 87 (f)51

IeGn
0lwb
rX R0

La

9. pp 245-7

12
S~ I
Sp I
5b, Itble if

Get 257
(Weapons) (cont'd)
&iic I.lllnRemarks,
dI

Usies and Sonme Characteristics

'..cit
Morar
m.10
(e 'ITh) I i(210
'0 (m I 'iidb
I c zch tvr La'dungmwerft r)
(00 nsm RucketI junclmr
3'nim(i
)Rawy(,nUd
LmKI
m'
nim Russni n Ifexiy Il~owitzvnr.
r))
3 trM 11 S01 Wr 11 101/
mmN
mvIi Uun: 2113 cin S~K

aV

2()9.4 iiii (9.2,1--) Naval "Utn:


V.L 5mK/.1
210o mm, (8.-2,") (,un. 21'cm K L, aind
'!o nin Mortar 18. 211em NMrs18
(I Ieavy Ilowitz'er)
'i0 nm I ong 14ortar 18: .'1 cat Ig~irs 18,
taiid
'10 mmiln
Moir 19) 21 cm Mrs 1)

5a, p 34 and
Ip
33
N'

Used 210cm AA Rocket


ammo: HIE (20.3 cm Sprfr L/4.7), AP
lWzgr 1.14.7) and flare (Leuc itGf)
Used Russian A/C proji 20. cGr 503/2 Be (r)

.210 min Czech heavyj Hiowitzer:


21 cm ii rr KWO)
211 mm (8.27") Glin, designated
K 12C12lk-mrangc)
,

'b,
5 table I I
5b, table II'

Used lIIF Proj'ectile:21 cm' Gr 35

5a, p 116

A/c

'Ca

1818S)Sap10

be seen at die, Museum of Aberdeen,

'

and

39 140 and SAP (HalbPxsr 39)


No description'given'
No descriptio.n given

'

Use Fre~nch HE ammo: 22 cm Or 534(i)

220 mm
'Norwegian fleavy hlowitzer:

No description given

,'

owitzer: 22 cm Mrs '(p)

,.

22() mm yugoslav flowitzer: 22 cm' Mrs(jl

234 mm (9.2130) Bel gian Hlowitzer.,


234 iniIf 545 (b), 5 5/1 h) &

.S

110-11

4-,2
-60

S.

'Sb table 12

'

Re l2

5 a, p 115
5111P 116

ed fo launh
VI111411tus rockets, such as
-. , RLg, Wgr
Sp ad
100DS&
,Used
Czec am : l(1cmA r35an5,p17
HE. [fim Capacity'(Min~r 35)

Used HE firojectIles

5,s P 10u9;',
p.522 &1Re( 12
;md
p 523t

12

ammno: lIE (21 cm Or 39 ' 40) HEACs'ppi

Used 11h and Al' projectiles

pro:j: 21 cm Gr l8Be
,
Used armmo: HE- (21 mr17
um
lIE-A/C (Gr 18 Be) ,.9,

9
9 Pr

Used lI1E9 AP Pnd Star pwivvicies

220 min (8.661) French Gun: 22 cm

220mmPois
1)1fi

4
ap1sd
9, pp 52 0-2

Proving Ground, hid


selEshl:2cmKr85,pp114-1S

109, m
3/40&
(,n~ 3/41Used
21cm K 9,K 39/40 &K 39/4 1(Or
2 10 mm (;un 42: 21 chi K .12
21U nm Krupp Gun: 21 cm K(Krupp)
210' mmnRocket Launch'ers: 21 cm
AtAg MI.12 and others

IdH
mokto mortar bombs:
0 cm WW 40 and Wgr 40Nb

Us~e,

-210 mm Gun 381 21 cm K 38

22 cm NlrsM32 Wi)

References

Sao p 117

aP 118

.'

Used Polish ammann


HE (22 cm Gr 40) and
SAP (11albPzgr)
ie
usair [IF ammo: 2? cm Gir (1)
No description given

,.Sa,

p 119'
Sapp 1 9-20
5a

5-s/ 2 (b)

;2,8 It,n (9.37') Naval Gun: 24 cm


AK 1,140

Used lIE and AP projectiles

:238 nmin
'Ihen0doe Gun- 24 cm Thmeodor

Used hhlV
and AP. projectiles

'240 mmn
(9.449") Howitzer 39,
24 cm 1139

Used ammio: IIE (24 cmt Or 39 & 39 uMCI,


SP(Or 39 B~e or HalbPast) and Frnac
cast, steelflIE shell: Sta 58/2 (Q~
used fig ahells 24 cm G'd
od 3AVGmI

2140m
usMdl and is:
24 cn K,3 &K 18
240 mmnTheodor Brune Gun (Raielway)i
'24 cm. Thl~tK (E).

~0m'm Naval and Seacoast Gunl:

,Used,

,24 em SIK L/50

e40' mmTi
r(un iltil~way)f
24 cmiThK(E
W

246 mmkrupp Cunt 24 cm K L/46 't


~24X
um
mii teth
4 CM (t ~.Used

.Stbe12

Cali
beIi
stol at die Museum of Aberdeen ProvaagCrowed, Md
seid IH1E
ammo: 24 cm 'sprfl 0/4.2iad 0/43

34, p 120
$GOP *10
md

Rat 12

it.,p~it

'9,plS

1I9 ammo: 24 cm Spitr L/4.1 and L/4.2


11mme ats above

dese*n
010 Oo
Catch It~aesmot
or 40(tWp2

'42

Sb, table 12.

Sa,' 121
ajl
l2t

em

11"~C)
u

Get 258
(Weapons) (corn'd)
Caliber and Designation
Rmrs
ssadSm
hrceitc
I
"i11
emaks, sesandSom
ChaactrisicsReferences
240 mm French Guns: 24 cm K(E)
Used French lHE cast steel shell: 24 cm
557 (f) & K 558 (f)
Stggt 557(0)
240 mm French Guns: 24 cm K 546 (f)
No description given
&
&K566 (f)
*240 mm Russian Howitzer: 24 cm
No description given
I 5'64 (r)
20 mm (110.6*) French Coast
No information svoslahl.
flowitzer: 27 cm Ki~ate Mrs 585 (f)5ap12
:2M mm (10.76') French RailwayUeFrnhIFamo274cGr53
Guns: 27.4 cm K -(F.) 591 (f) and
U94, 595endh 596 (1)
74 mG 9,
K(E) 592(159,55ad96(f)
280 mmin
(11.024-) Ilowitzer:
Used lHE shell: 28 cm 'iprgr L/3.5
* 28 cm It L/125ap12
280 m(atllo
'witzer: 218cm Kis~te 11
Same as above
2~
mSort: DvulluGun, RatlWAY)
IUr.c'a .. --o .1"(20cm. Sjrgr L/4.M-Ad
28 cmKzllrK (E)
HEAP (Pz.SprZgr L/12.6)
280 mmn Long Bruino Gun (Rai~lwa Iy): IUsed
lHE ammo: 28 cm .5prgr L/4.4
28 cm LRI~rK (E)
Note: According to Ref 5Sb, table 1I the short and the long Bruno guns were 283 mmn
280 mm Theodior Bruno 'Gun (Railway):
Used HE ammo: 28 cm Gr 39mHbgrZ
28 cm ThBfK (E) or IDrNK
280mnu Gun, Model 5 (R~ailw'ay):
sed ammo: HE (28 cm Gr 35 & Gr 42) and5,p1;
2cmK5(E, nicknamed *Leopold
rocket-assisted (RGr L/4.7)
and "Anzio Annie"
1
280 m'm`Guns (Rai~way): 28 cm
'Used HIE ammo:28md394&
r2
K 5/1 (E) and K 5/2 (E)
285~
94
r4
:280 .1m Naval and Seacoast Gun:'
Used ammo: HIE (28 cm Sprgr L/3.6) and
*28 cm SK L/50
AP (Pzgr L/3.2)
280
mFrnhHayowitzers:
~ ~ I
JNo
description given
~
*28 cm Mrs 601 (f) and 602 (f)
I2
0-280 mmf Russian Howitzers:
No description given
j 28 cm If 34/35 (r) and H 607, (r)5a
*280 Rocket Launcher
IUsed
HIE rocket Proj: 28 cm WfkSpr

mm (11.142") Naval Guns: 28 cm


SK C/28, V/34 & C/40
i5btand
300 mm 118e
ifrqlcdCan
Trench Mortar
.Proving
360 mm Rocket Launcher, New Type

* .283

305 imm (12,00") Naval and Seacoast


Gun:
SKL/5Oand
0.5
m
30 mm Czechi Ilowitzer.
*(t)l-High
30.5
c
Mrs
.305 mm Il~el Ian ilowitze'r:
* 30.5 cm if 632(b))], Russian5a
I Ilowitzers r11f622 & 623 (r)
and Yugosrav Gun-[ M 638(1J))
310 mmfj12.397-)GI64t Gun on

Rai~.~y
.

K~3

ount.'Proving

*32D mm Rocket Launcher


*.(No
German designation is given)
.340 mm (13.385' French'GnUsdtecamo
cm K 673 Mjn

A.
QSm
(3.975-)
flowitzer M-11
* 35.5 cm MI, known also as Nil Gun

ir

Noecordingi to Ref Sb, table 14, th


'365 mm (14.37-) Rectillless Gus:
36.5 cm 0 10.A developed during
OW If by the~ hheinmetall-llorasg A -03
370 mmn(14,567"
ftrc Gun 37 cm

K 7 10 (t)C

Us

IE an

Pprojectile

5a, p 123
ap123
ap125~ 2
5*,p12
a

,p14
2

,p12
5a. p 125
5-, ;! 125
Sa,pp 125-6

5~ 2
59, p 529

9p
2- 127and Ref

a, p 127
5a, p 127

ap12 12
9,;pp249-51

an
m

Can be seen at the Museum of Aberdeen


Ground, Md
Used lIE rocket ommo designated as
32 cm Wfk9.p254

te

No description liven

,p12
p193

,p23
56, p 130

~ev R6a.,cI1309.

a .Ijn
50 mm
Not described here because Ref 8,v 3 I1
conflifenthil

saam:lI
3.
m pg .36
AP (Pzgr L/3.4)
'Used Czech ammo: lIF (30.5 cm Gr 35) and
Capacity (MantUr 35)
No description givea,.S~p193

Hatsel

5a

btals1
1 e

be seen at dihe Museum of Aberdeen


Ground, Md
Used ol-, rocket prj 0c
fk 42 SprRe1

sdIec
mo Ies
Use.3~mRrad
A/C~ln
42 le andmo 35.3r
4 lim

nn

Shv

#pp6l4 &

,p11

cGcr 259
(Weapons) (con't)

*
:. I i lkr 111dI )cs gnati (n
ivySigot
MrtrO CiSl.dg~sk) OS, cmn
.. c~Vlc
Idungswerfc r),
manSiegfried lRaikoad .(.un:

~ ~

mSilK(I:)and

Remarks, Uses and Some Characteristics

References

Used 1III and Smoke mortar bombs: 38 cm TXgr


40 and sgr 4ONb

n
Sp3
.9, p 535

Used a.mrnQ- IllE (38 cm Sprgr L/4.5 &L/4.6)


A1P(Pzgr L/4.4)

5a, p 131

\..t6-: A cc Irdin 1 to Ref 5b, table 14,1the Siegfried gun was used as a coast defence gun
* M'm.,\v.I(;un: 18 ciii SK C/ '3'1

No description given,

5b, table 14

iSUIIII.Roc&ket L~auncher
,i.fiiii
des ignationI is given)

Used Ill: rocket, designated 38 cm RSprgr 4581

9, pp 2 54 -5

"I

"4m
n Rin
tIick.,et 1l'rjc,)ceor"Can
O(tir:nmimrser) moun ted on t~ink:
l'I ?KpfKg IVPrvn

he seen at the Museum of Aberdeen


rvn GonM
oIudM

12

loo(nim (lIo") Adolf (;un:


Used ammo- Ill: (40.6 cm Gr 40, Adolf Gr L/4.2,
5,p 3Sgpr;r L/4.6 & L/14.8) and HElAP (PzSprr: L/4.4)5ap13A01.6 cm 51K(/34
5a, p 132
Used heavy A/C shell: .12 cm s~r~le
120mml 16. 54') 1lIviwit-er called
1y thc (,crminas Gamma M~rser
.i-Feb li 1,1), 16P,the word M~rser referred to short mnedium and heavi' howitzers
o sleCoas t Art$ Jan
Acte
VirIi
10
o -i(,. li tixrs loing, %%hilcthe word Haubitze was restricted to field howitzers. The Austrian usage was
%yilt
jsirrels froi I
uit Iaiorm', somie !Ic..vy howitz.ers were called Mdrser, while others were cailled Haubitzen
in t uic
ap13
Saiiie as above
'420 nint Czech and Russi'ati I liwitzers:
-42 ern Mrs (t) and 42 enI I 1(f)5ap13
'Otu: Accordiing ito UIs iy, Coanst Artillery Journal, Jan'- Fel, 19-11 , lip li-15, tile following heavy ordnance was developed
irr rduring V.U, L 17 cmnL, 1 ifgun,2 I tini L/10 & L/145, 21 cm 1.,1150 (Parisgeschiui or Formgeschatz), 21 cm 1.112
lowitzer,'21.5 cm L/I 32' cm 1./1132 gun (Porisgesch~itz or Forngesehbtz), 24 cm 1./';0 & L/40 guns, 24.4 cm howitzer
h
ifiresui,,ably called Alpha), 28 cm I./ ") & 1./145 guns, 28cm L./12 A .l howitzers (Schwere useiauiz) 30.5 cm
1./'50 gun, 30.5 cin L/H liow~tser'(called Beta or Schwerer Kliitenmigrser), '$(I., cml 1./12 howitzer (Schweret Klistonn~riser),
30.5 tin, L/16 how itzer (called Beta 09 L/16), 30.5 cm L/17 howitzer (nicknamed Kartaurv. in honor of tile Cierman 15th
century gun), 15.6 cmi L./52.5 gun (built by the Krupp Co for the Greek battleship Basileos Gh~org ios but requisitioned by
tie-airmans befo .re it was delivcred),i 18.1 cm L/45 coast defense gun (nicknamed Der long. Emil), 12 cm L/14 howitzer
(catlled MAor KMK L/14 Kurse Marine' Kanone, L~ange 14) and nicknamed Dick& Bertha (fat Bertha, not referring Itq Frau
tilertha von Kruppi), Dickes Lude'r (fat wench), Tonto aut Euson (aunt from"Essen), etc and 42 cm L/16 howitze Lcalled
kMK, (;:Gamma or Eisenbahn 42 (,railroad 42)1. It has to be mentioned that the shells for the Dick* Bertha were usually caIlled
Eiserne Partion f iron portion)l,wlhile the'shells for heavy, flat trajectory, Naval guns were nicknamed Kohlankasten (coal
Iis)
According to thle above author;, the' long 21 cmnand 23.5 cm -uns used for shelling Paris were called erroneously Big~
Berthas.The official name of each of these guns was ao;er Willelm eGeschultz but was usually referred tosas Parlageschutit
or Ferrngeschti~t. Ihic c'rew of the gun~s ,i,.de nit dfIistinction between tile two types and called them Die Poriserin (La
Ilaris ienne)
* The terra Big Bertha should I,.- rserved for the 42 cmaL/14 howitzer ,nick~namned by the Germans the Dicke Bertha
No description given

533.14 ni (21.1.1'1) (pun, desig4nated as.

Sb, table 14

Gero~t 36

5a, p 133 and


Can be seen at the Museum of Aberdeen
.
oiter
ev
(2.6 M Isea
mmKarl6"
540
54cm
or
Kal
t etr.
Proving (';round, Md (See also under Il'an;zvt1
Re! '2
called also self-Propel led Mortar \t 41
ls R ,Abreilrylsinc (1948), r 94l thcre were It 10mmn
nrGra
Note: Adcording to G.B. rrtActn
r
ainbut soe bsrvers" leatimed only 510 mm dn
brest
61
Ic Thor and Karl Mor~ats (See under T). According to W.Ley, Coaset Arty J, Jan-.leb 1943, p 20
Iec
an 6(10 mm weaon
2
Used lIE shell called: (uei:clossL/41
('15 mm (24 It? heavy hlowitzer:
56, p 153
Karl Gerit
:,l, 'IN
61.5 cm Karl Morser
*Notc: According to W.Ley, Coast Artiliesy journal; iun-Feb 1943, p 13, the Germans used, at the sleac oflSevastopol the
(appr 274) shorNalrildun
following super-heavy weapons: 610 mim (appr 24") rifled mortar (short' howitter), 690 mmia
railroad mounted and 715 mm (appr 28") rifled mortar (short howitzer)
5a. P 133; Ref 12
Used Hr shell: 80 cm Gustav Granate, which
i 800 mim (31.5") Sup'er Hleavy Gun;
&F.D.Ptaii
can be-seen at the Museum of Aberdeen
..
R0 cm 'Gu'stav Goschhitz,known
5rvng4ron,5d(1945)
also an Sevastopol Gu'n.(See also
"Sevastopol Gun" In descriptive 'section)
telI)ol
V .Wly NY(97,P17tat"rp
Y(97,p17ia:"rp
IJWly
at
Wol
Notes L.F.Simon stated In his book '"German ReseacInt
50ton tank to mount the 90 cm Krupp ounwhich was used at Sevastopol. It was
unet- h eelpeto
designtd for eiperation In buil~t-up areas. This development was stopped before the war ended". Accordin to other
Gun wa g0 cmn.One of the photographs In the files of Aberdeen Ftovimag Ground
vore
ofastheo
1
,,iv~es the caliber of Gustav Lechdi'tz na 82 cm
Refereflci51 ee p 226
* Abbreviation$,
Ameulcot and Britihl AA Antiaircraft; AC Alrcrasft; AIC Anticoncrete- AP Armor-pietcin% A/P Antipersonnel; A/TAntitakt BC Ballistic cap (windshield); 'C Capped; CAP Coll automatic pistol (ammunition); t/see feet per second- lit)ilgh
eIlosive.; HoC liollow charge; How hlowlttacr; at Inc Incendlary; lb pound(s); M Model; men maximum; MG Macfiine S
CFor Pineptuil; rnut vel musrze 'ieocityt on ounct(a)I PG Pitiovhn Ground; Ref IReferencel spin sounds per minute; SAP
Se.ml'rmor-picetng; sic seeoind(s); I Traocer; v volume (oh a hook); Wt Weight
nj of Germran vocalsailaty.
Ah~teiahia# t th
Germn:Se

GomdweeAblfelalos a te

aIG

(,cr 2()0

Qs4rs

6 i

4)

Z~
0W%~

-~~~~~e

E~E
~

(4

0a

ZZ

Azzz

000

r 4 r 0.N

.....
0

UC%

zz

(40

U.1

6~

00

W,

06

-4

m*

I-

r44

e4

A~~~~~i
0'

0000

us

40

0.0

~~~~~
a,

'

o0

1'1

bN

C4

0.-

C;W;

Bit

.0

S 4-

-~I

q^

10

aW!Sct

a0

W%
00

IN

*~
-9
<(

f4

0%(44

f.

Wa

0 .

sassR

V%

a
1

5N

QO
0.NS4

a9
.

t b'a

Ct %0.
a4ad

-C Im

O
-C

%O

el C

IGer

'3

261

-u

0
. z

4,
*

a5
-

-Vl

0e
0
zoz

~ ~
~

40o
---

Ce
C3:

'

cac
co

00

OD

g
0

~, 0

'30~C
Cr.~~ON

~~~~~~~~~~~
C CC
CeC

Cr.

C,

~C ~

C' C '

Cv

00

n 45~,
0% ' .
'r .i~
'r

Li~-,

'4~C
CO .-

~2

V,

o w.

Ch, .ee
__

__

___
I

'

g0

-,

-____

___

0o C"

CUU
r4OC

A
'to-ta

C4

.~~

0:

-2

0ZaC
a

'a

m'0-u

0tC

C)O

.
%.

u)
z

OCO

0 .
IN

10

1oCeco

In

Ail

'__'_

*C

~
UOCO

'

C~

ON

00

sa~

0
CI'~5

Li

QVe

CL.

oC...S

C'.

r4 ^' N r,

Cc

*~%

.eC

I I

.2

Get 262'
The 6xploqives of Table 64 were divided
into thiec groups:
A
iNitrate Permissible E~xplosives), marked in Table 64
,above as Non-gel (Non-Gelitinous)
B.
Nitroglycerin-Wetcersprongstoffe
(Nitro Ilycerin
Permssile mrke
Eploives,
in abl 64 bov asis
Semigel(Sem-geatinus)Too
it.
G elati n 6se.W ott orsp ren Iisto ffe (Gelatinous Permissible -Iclsvsmarked in 'Table 64 above -i
* Gel (Gelatinous). 'The (A) group include podr1opstoswt
-aNG content not higher than 5% and !a density of about
1.0. etterAmmonah~si,
V.-Astrlit,
-Detnit,2)
.,igntirit, W -Sonachit and w *Westfadtl belonged to this
* group. They we~c suitable for blastin~g soft coal.
The
(3) ~uuj.I..cucd patiy gelatinous but not plasric
compositions 1:0rtaining 1.-15!% of NG-NC gel and had
-a ensity of about 1.3. W-tter-43aldurit A, W -Iavarit A,
WSalit A and W1-Siegrit rA'belonged to this group. They
wertsuitblefor blasting bard coal' and rock seams.
Tl
C bu
i
In..c
.... i.
I,-f,latc
x~o~
which contained abnut' 30% of NG-NC gel anti had a
desity up to 1.7. Vetter-Arit'A, W-lBarbirit A, W-Carbonit,
W-Nobel it and W-Tasagit belonged to this group. They
were suitable for bloSting bard rock.
Table '65 gives, the properties of some' Tetter-Sprengstoffe listed in Table 64 (See previous page) .

Note: According to Marshall, v 3 p 123, iiil German coal


ining vxlsvscontained a lre
excess of oxy;gon.
his acItoered 0wpurposes:
a)
t oweedthe brisance of an explosive so that the
coal would not be broken into very small piecos
b taoddtefnaino
abnmnxd
hc
undesirable because of its high taxiciy
large an excess of oxygen also had to be avoided
because it caused the formation of nitrogen oxides which
are poisonous (although not aa much as carbon monoxide).
References.
) lP.Nao'tm, Schiess.. und Sprengstoffe, Steinkopf,Dresderz
(1927), p 147
P.Naotam, Nitroglycerin etc, Williams & Wlis
Blaltimore (1928), pp 389, 414-16, 428, 436-39 & 444
3) A.hlaraihall, Explosives, Churchill, Loi~don, v 1 (1917)1,
v313)p
24) ).Pepin iLehalleur, Poudres, Explosifa, et Artifices,
Bilie
ai 13)
p411
5) C-13cyling & K.Drckopf, Sprengstoffe und Z~ndmittel,
leln(96,p
2 0~
6) ...-. ,.s
Dictionary of Applied Chemistty, Longmans,
Green, London, v 4 (1940), pp 554-6
7)PNaoum, S S J,54
(1944) (Table giving properties
of W-Dctonit A and Ir-Nobelit A)
8) A.Stettbscher, Sprenl- und Schiesstoffe, Reacher, Z6rihf98,p1.
(See also Schlagwettersichere Slieaiastoffe and Sichedaeiltespregacsoffe).

Weyes' Explosives, patented in 1895, ;were bas Ied on a


mi tote of NG and coal tar (creosote), as for instan.~e:
NG 27.0, creosote 4.5, collod cotton 1.0, Na nitrate 53.0.
rye flour 9.0 and Na bicarbonate 5.5.
-Reference: Daniel, Dictionnaire, Paris (1902), p 808.

Wind Guts, developed during WWtIf in Stuttgart, was designe


to shoot a mass of air at An airplane in such a way as it,
bring it down- The energy for projecting the air was
supplied by heat produced on burning a mixture of oxygen
and] hyrgn twscamdtahe
ai
rm
-ao thi s
S un could break a 1 inch bosid at a range of 200 meters,
but at longer ranges it was not effective (See drawing below).
Reference: L.E.Simon German Research in WV 11, Wiley,
N Y (1947),1 p 180.

Wgf21 m. slidoroellnt
n ar-t-ai,
ockt dvelped
in 19 43. Launching weight 176 lb, overall length 3.7 ft,
d-alneter 8.3'1 and velocity (all burnt), 1,050 fr/sec.

t.Reference:

Wilhel'm Explosives, pIatent .ed .in 1894, :were manufactured


~
*a
byEg:.
~~~~
a) Am nitrate 90 ad aniline tartratc (neutral ) 10%
*b) Am oxalate 94 'and naphthylamnine oxalate 60%.
1)1aniel, Dictionnaire, Paris (0902), p 809.

Wind Tunnel (Winditanal).


Many wind tunnels were used
durigll
WV . Of these the foliov ng were used
DyairiG
0
tGray
:. fo ballsi etn
of weations and ammunition:
a) Supersonic ballistic tunnel of AVA 'at GAttingen
was capablo of going to is )achnumtber of 1.7
b) Supersonic tunnel of IIWA at Kochel was Capable
of going to a Nlachnumber of 4.4.. This was the mightiest
supersonic w.nd tunnel in Germany
001%onnc wind tunnels for testing ballisticsl of
* i~l~vi...d*ru...?, lin' tuttgart.
.ru- a, ie wind tunnpls for teu~in 6; aircraft.
LAn
in Braunschweig, LFA at Munchen LGZ
tutatand WVA at Kochel.
One! of the largest
i teBvaranAlps

<1

n~Wur,2)
Aind 6un(1947),

Abbreviations: h~e under Warplants, etc.


References:
1) CIOS Report (1945), pp 28-47
L.E.Simon, German Research in World %'ar 11,J.Xiley. N Y
Psi 16. 24-30, 131, 140-146 & 154-155.
Wire Command Guidance, System for Missiles.
Guidance Systems for Missiles.
Yfitol -The name given to synthetic 1cluene.

S&-r tnder

Wahl Dynamite's patentte in 1891, were based on the low


-freezin NG, which was prepd by the nitration of gyel
previously heated with conedl sulfuric aci to 130160
and then cooled. As the result of this heating, a"me
polygl~ycerinen were formed which on niItasion gave low

Reference.- Dan eIictionnaiwe, Paris 11902). p 811.

W'EAPONS
310

(CALIBERS

inmrTO 610mmin

310mmr G5LQT ' GUINMOUNTFn,1' 2m


28 0mm
RAILAY
[8cm
GN 5()]
MUNT
~'~-~-.-.---~..
--

35 TONS, WT OF~ PRO6JECTILE 1750 LB,


AN
E 14500 YDS)

*NAT

~*'
.'~

'\610mm MORTAR THR(ED


THE SIEGE OF SEVAS mOPOL)

*:.

PROJECT()R(38 cm

LACED ON PzKw~r

54O*,mm SELl--PROPELLED MORTAR KARL


GERAT ON RAILROAD TRUCKS

50m
ARLO
SELF-PROPELLED
MORTAR KARL GERRIT,
PLACED ON
TRANSPORT CARRIER

grins.

It kr

sapoe

iii

!I(SS

IllI

u:tla
WPreptle

el Ipech.
,'Ce
olu~is RasChig'
I
a tt.h te!'15 i
Iowf.r
Zi no (lIiii). Se( gVn.rs tcIin
~I
Note: According ito A.Steitrachtric
~
eg
(9418),
p .13, %mail quiantities.-r.prng
und of
of tin, (or
Shesof
its easily
redtict 0-Ie compounds) were inlcorporated
in -some German
aItili..rire ( if I).
.. 1..i
.
(;mokcel*s
tiroti-t ( Ref 2) gi yes tilt,
Propellants
conilpos t On of ani Carly
of gun barrelsa front erosioni. it, order to protect the inside
s 50
follos:
L~t~ifltityZ-Solz tile' namec given
to Na or cap
l~rILswg Rf
) g~ives for Ult used afjter X% I.
r
ue
e(niSfent a
f rocket propl-tlants in which
N ; 1.N6,
etr-lteor
,Ieardjte 1j.0 and
oinisture.
T-tf
servedit
\(~c'tii~ilic..used
c"'ibtiht lli
NC ,0
t-onmoet ASl
a
in the FetuerI.15
ilice typt. guided
Pritaiest c-alle
was'~
Re ereei&s.
Re~Un'
tfel , I
dOS
M
issislescle
le't
RsIr,('us ded -\itlsRocketsan

C.'89cti~j
Ro).wire1 , vsrI un
V.cartwik.it18)
lio
'4 1,'Cirttvi qs
.
the
gvi ,, (Ilihr
aI
ill Arm"
theii
3lottcrl
" an,
mi
n
5)Itl iti
fosr
Cietmpostaol
('1
f \tI;',':N %as ,inlilr
to tilt(. lIt .m

2)I.1

!,,imat
e
.itiercq Lsi'~losivi'es, luiuod,
flutrit , L .'plosi '.e-,, \'.an Nostraoid, N
Yj N)I10), 1, 78
II.lirusw~. ).t
'ul''rra~cJot'
f'
It i.r'Its',
lt~~~tIII22'

WP C '89. sec' Undt' TP (V~rf fe ILl Ive r;


. y)-e
an
i-i.,*
'V( n to I Itxvjen (RUIA)I prejl'
ti
the
rlltr~itio:r. -of
Y titI~ics'UliIIdlte (`-Tet ti~lier I lexogen)
W~relsuve.

Se l~.
W~rfI puver.SeeWI'.a,..Sattrw
Wu rgebohrung Gcsc h[tz-S,-i; ap .rlti h,,re l.,tin.
1

X.4 wa s ;I fin-stallil iz.id guided IIIiSNI I V with


fuz'ed warlilead

I prox ~imity

deveinped especially fo'r its(' by fighter


nemy bomber formations; twsprple
fly a l iquid fuel (Tonka '50) atnd ain oxvi-6n
varricr (Salbei).
SOi li experimlen~tal . isio~dtls were,
w;.;'.. device..
*'r,
ac ad "Krin ich" land 'i'udvl",(
M~-ln5(93,p
plan's gaist

2l'.-I')~~

I.

X-Ray Equi pment (HI tpnu, iteiriclittjng'). A' short descrip~ios,


(If
1
the k-rae equipmomt sIanof~icturin
indilstry is given
-in ClOS k('lilrt
8g
1~( 19-i")..
X-Slries

Guided

MisI

See,

RuhrtS:l unde ui(ded

X-Scf. Se eta..junctsion

Torpedoes, I . thjr,,jp t'0. N Y P5) pp


*5~
C. 111 millstoi, a solo of
liniIr)aant
ttit~ilni,:
iii
,~Mi(*~
per liter. Sp gr l*.j at 20c and fr p
I %e
1'.L)
01.5 as ': a ltai)'st, as~ 2 .JeciICU below

Z-Stoff

tijuS1-

S pIi

Z*St~off H. An

:.iI,.wotis soln III sodiumn pernliangituate


con*
'r lit,
rL at20
re itp-0
f
g .Irocket
201)planst
;r.jo
a a 'liqfuid ,t c'italystiers
andtp
to0
in liqtuid
J-.C imposiatiol oif hIivdrogen l'ieC.xiJc which served
a~tr
-Stof
a 1 O)
Ct i 5 n -I aric,~
ir
Note: X.Sut N g'
w.as ured inst~m
since its fr
-80 while /.-Stoff C Vvas used in winter (fr p -220). p is
Whens
7.-Steff (. or % is used to decompose the
(hydrogen
'Tcoxidt)
the gaseous productp containT-Stoff
besides water
v .il'tr and oxygen
some siaiall particles of nmanganese
dioxidie. Due to the presence of these particles, the
gaseous
IiixtUWe CIUS p)td. '
sno utbefrdrvn
ubn
b~ut can b~e used for other purposes such
as
in
assisted
take-off units aod in rockets. 'Alien it is necessary
to obtain
gaeous mixture free of Mlno
2 tile ( ceonipotono
1202is conducted by meanq of is solid catalyst,
such
a% dt'atribtul tender MP.14.
Zido.elu.
'asseninlye 1
o
*-uzA
g.si
cn
Zu~ndersprengkapseI.43.
A seprt
a
n
detonator

t-Ki.

(,00ctr. of~n~
(fill.

-viti. a tilt typt: igniter, c~alled

Kippzi~nder 43

Zabel,' in* fit)(, conestructed a, inetallic c'artridg~e


consisting
ZUndkrIoft.sue InitiirvermVll-Ign.
oif two colip'artmcrts 'divided
hy a thin partition. In one
Z6'ndpotronerrsotit. See Cartridge Case Percussion
of the compartmlents was a mixture
Primer.
of
Csi
carbide
and
IBa
Z
peroside, while the other contained a dilute acid solution.
rin
andnaiti i
OIn bIreuking the partition th~e.%,id rc Acted
lend peroxide to form a miixjture 'of acetylene with carbide
Conmpositions.
n
and oxygen
11pston.e
'u-ndschnuramitUnder (igniter or L~ighter for Fuse.Iylg.
edia ely
i mUIcticonnaire
ex l ded
Reference:w hic
Daniel,
lP
r
ltko
p
f
(19
3
6
(1902), p 814
),
p
p
-6'), de s c rib e s se ve ra l typ e s o f
igfntr.Scse of them166 l'rea
inI,.ntled for ease in ipp.
ZeitIsiehnur (Time Fuse), called in the U A Sftor
free mi
fb r SchIa~gwctterIfreire-..uben), while others
tif
or
gaseous
mines MrSchllagwettet;,l~uefn).
l~lIstngFus.
Se
nde Fuesin h~ZurndstoffeZelai'c~hnuizasitzimndei. (Time Igniter With
odor ,Initial explotal vArtiffe (Pirimin,
Igniting
ruse). See under
o
ntaigcolons.SePiayadIiitn
UleitIric Ignite'rs, or P'rime'rs and also -Inliyling
D.-r-opf
(or InitiatingCtls.d)
e
1tmr
n
iiitn
(1936) rP; 175, & Uifi-(.9.
Zeil-Ig9elit W31; a por.ous. Vinyl chloride'
polymer laminate
forUse
USE
ZUnditverstkirker (Ignition Itniir.Into
jn out's ide arinor for tfee air intake
tube (Schnl~rkel)
fapo
pellant in %10 v' 2801 mm
as orellas
heperscoe ' oreto prevent the detectioni
eaposwnaebpihdb
means of a Priivir combinedl with aniiiccniabu
ofl SIaudnir
le
I' s o t w i
s n r m e e y
pa e
2 g blackI Pow der. For lairger guns an extension,
* by adar.Ziindverstarker
was fixed in front ol the primer. Thiscalled
al t' of1
was
g
eert
filled wite large M~ins Of black Powder
wiltiian the material by aI sp'ecial prC
and had a venturi
6
1
of aslt,,i'knOwn-as
Ih
ViUat the'Fradedttho
"Ploro'or N". . or. Invovn
th is a I-utu'fr~dedt
teflm
teful#nt
tto
h lm tefl
enAo l
cosatngIiplyiy
hoddean
P ,f
the charge. There were also one rer two asmall aide holes
v~a
iutolav'
,
it'aed
i
ii
I
n
U
ad
ten
la, eateniid. il niniauthiavs
'
to im~ite the rear oif th
0
tnd l'orofolr it'~
whall.
N d 4issove
Itefererce: C*ItI 115fI 1,(1
;in thev vinyl chloidinle and rca eted wi rIh
7 (See also under Ignition).
p'en whlicll fornit'd blsl'ien in,41de theV the 'i .israt Iot of iditroigiaterf
1l.
Esi
coikl
Zuashallmeader Droll. See i'togresslvt. Rifling.
flI't
waila c ove'red Whill 7.fl
laers4 of1 tile- above porous
lamif ate etvI Inyof Virifi
5''Iitutt-J (rain the other
by
Zuefram"Afe"9g...10ftu, ZUnder (Composite Ignliter.elslp
arbson fil i comte paper, whc
or I'ldmers)
a
lgry
Are descrihed in lyln-re
f
.rIp
()t l ide~
str rl vt' tIy, It wa *' nu1 t h t i e cIn
I71
o Fn I wis caeheulld u ng, Z w i aghe uj aU
hoiw~ves, 11-40,111 fild'i A)ft'ir-Itetd
dle thimi
convection currents
od sp Z w i aehh
g11nd., (Interoiediate (%uat~ nrIose)
withn
'imh~s ht' f.I~lr 1111 thse
~dsbdi e n.
urrntswere suit.
tieltipeflly
A Stettihachret, Seliless. un e.'ipenj~,,tffe,
hitiffi-tv Ii f not1 complrletely pbsorbed
Iatlpaig (1933),
by the
p 32.
nlri~tes.* Relutfttioti of thit fhirt wave Wos
thuft falls
red
Z~c~ 3 ~.,~ .lelnaln
*r'ne:ChM
~e
fitit
'
14
51.')pp 29-10.
.
Zwhisithelnt"11dndgodeeg
Zw.Illhenhadwunit

Giet 26i5

VOCABULARY
OF
GIERMIAN ORDNANCE, AMMUNITION AND
RELATED TERMS WITH SOME
ABBRE.VIATIONS
(in collaboratio, with H. A. Tisch and J. F. Houck of
PicIatnny Arsenal, Doveor, Now Jersey)
A
IAhI
bau

Mininj(ot$, diamantling(structure); abuchiessen


decompoaition
iarm4'hep~

Abbildung (Abb)
abblasen
I Ibrce
*abbremae'n

ito relealpseega
to bI -akE cease
to 6ekof- es

ab'brenne!n

i~obrake; stop

abaampfen; ab~zunaiien
Abdrjft'
abdrucken
Abfallauwtre
Abf euern
Abfeizrungsvorrichtung
Abgang
Abgangsfehiler
Abgangswinkei
Abgase
abgie amen
abknallen
abknistern
Abkommen
*

Ahschleudermanchine
.1

Firinig mechanism; release

mechanism (Mor)
Dchgeabspreng'en
J'ump; vertical JUMp(Arty)
Angle 'of dep'artuire
EXhaus *ages.1
tocstmtal; pour off; decant;
ay,~~~id
I to exzplode; go off; fire offiatc
to decrepitate,
Deilation;, point of airn(at time

of firing)

Abkommrohr
Ahlcommschiessen

abschleudern

tobrdfart;Abachweladrahit
f
finish burni1n8
abuchmnierem
to' evaporate
Abaschnitt
Drift
Absihraigung
~~~to
Pull a trigger; lire
Aahs
WNaste acid
Abachussrobt
1Fithno
absehen *to

.. tldihlen~

Ablenkung
AbnahmeAcptcedcraes)

'Abnahmepro~fung
Aboahmievoeschrifg
aboutzen
Ahaatirung dos Rohres
.to

Ab6I
AbPrallerRcce
Ahprallwinlrel
Abproduct
Abreissknopf
Abrelse.
sehisufe

bplwgSplitting
Abatand
Abstindsladlu'g is
1

Abstandwertfen
Abstikndz'4nder;, Radio.

Ssteuerreznioder'
Asbotillbahnhof

.,

iSubealiber tube (G)


.,clh
fi-l'Aeeln

AblageDi
Ablagerag

hwh
olivCV~
Dnmp; depot
Storage: deposit
Deflection;'deviation

AbIrec~tz
Abwehbrlouchntaelcbea
Abwnelbng(dos Gesehos-

Acceptance

Abigelseiraer

teat'

Specification

to shoot down; discharge;


fr
firtaeo;fgue
ConrrIfuge; catapult (See als
Schileudermiaschine)

to throw with a sling.


Fuze wire; fusible wire
to grease; lubricate
-. Sector; area
Sloping; slope; bevel; taper
icag
Projector (CWS),
see; ain; take sight at

off;, cleavage; sepa-

ration
to blast; bu"t
Dsac
Prepared hollow chargeI
~ eoe RX) qi.~
ped with three legs to prothemarar~
desiwred stand off
dittencen le
Radio proximity fuze;

VT fuze
Railroad yard
etcmntont

Active defence; military


Daefeseou;A
u
Aaru flare
Deviation: dtift(Proj)

rtco

ot,
Dorwe
. ar
erosion
(61; (goe Auobiem.r
nuhg do's Rohres)
Waste oil

es deflector

Abwn
toees
drop; jeitisom
Aw~ 0e
bmlg
:AbwoUrebliterAeilob stne
Ab~wafgerIk, Abwurvo.
3mreeemehis

.rceo

Angile ofuiecocbeg
Waste producel byprouct
Fuse-cord buoos (de
Fiigacd loop(Hd&r)

Abt~mbtstk
Abeaugea~tsehterVAuimi doiloiaeklotg~
Ababoeldoi; Abotholdungaovop Sj~hd

.setis

&bibih

I*"fmaeeeDe
smubmost such as
bobbo, tdot$ too.
essd5bo~bl

~i(

j~e

6er 21.6

Abi~tgswhriur

fs~pipTig
Iger pull
Firing line; lan)ard

A'nnatierunst
Anpassung
Anrufzeichen

Approximmi,:-!; apprnach"
Adaptation
Call signal

Alozu-vc'rr~ichtong

Trigge: me'chanism; firing

Aivsii~tuerug

Acidification

Anschlag

Impact; stroke; aiming


or firing position
Cartridge used fur
adjustment fire and for
wurvisiug up a igun; warmer
Joiring; Junction; connection;
something annexed; liaisor'
Railroad junction
Sighting shot
to ram
Rammer; ramrod (G)
to blow up; blast
Lueticehable magazine
Angle of yaw
Collision; impulse
to attack; assault; charge
to take aim; to sight

*rigger

Abzweigunp
Acctesstgirher; Acetessigirster
AcrlucAcetic
Aclise
I
Adamsir; DX1
ne)
Af(K~s toI
:A etbcr
Arpi

Dranch; junction(RR1)
Ethyl acetate
mr;A
Axis; axle
Adam site:dipheny IaMjaoc oforoarai ne
:406 nim coast defense cannon
,See Xti~er
Name of an aircraft manufacturing
company
Akazin
G;um arabic
AkJa
B oat type runner piaired under gun
wheels for operation in deep snow;
(also -used as a 'swainn cnnvo-anvo
for wounded. etc)
Akumla'rStorage
battery; accumulator
Ikt~eopesellsichaft (A -G'
joint Stock Company; Open Corpor 1ation
Alarm pistol; blank pistol
* Aldrmpis'tole
`Alarraschssgerlat
Trip-wire alarm flare equipment
Aiarmscibusspatrroc
Trip'-wire alarm flare cartridge
Alkali -cartridge (oxygen
1Alkalipatrorie
breathing apparatu3)
alka i r.Ch (at~a)
alkaline
Alkalinity
Alkalirtir; Alkalizitat
Al.cohol; ethanol!bngmiGmaai
Alkohol (Alk)
gnesi;comonArbeit
allemen
algeei
enra;comoArbeitsgesch'Utz
moi
AmmvIlah
Ammosn
Amo
An~nu; a.nIi
*Ammoniafrmi
Ammonla'l
Ammnplvr
Amoaldistinguished
;kMMon" alpeter
Ammonsalpeter

Anschiesspatrone (See
also Anwirmeschuss
and Finschiessgescliuss)
Anschluss
Anschlussbahnhof
Anschuss
ansetzen(das Geschoss)
Artsetzer
altaprengen
Austeckmagazin
Anstellwirikel
Anstoss
ansr~rmen
anvisieren
AwrecusWrig-.pso
Anwend,,ril
Anzahl (Anz)
Azh e
ue
Anzeiger
Az~drintr
Az~drIntr

Armee

Ammnonium nitrate
Ammnonium nitrate explosive

Armeerevolver
- SprengthitArsenal; Zeughaus
Arsn
* Anwrce (see also Zu'nd utchen) Paper percussion cap (toy pistols)Ari
Art
'Amphibian combat vehicle
* Amphbl:ienkainpfwae
Office; post; employment; business
* Anit
Anfangsdrall
Initila!, twist of rifling
Artillerie (A)
Anfangsdrtck
Initial pre ssure
Artillerie.leichte 'A)
Atlei~cwr
s)
iInitial (muzzle) velocity
AnlAngsgechwindigkeit
Anfarig.ladung
Initial charge
'Anfeuchtung
Moistening, apig
Artilleriie,schwerste(ssA)
humidifyingHevet
Combustible composition in a
Artilleriewesen
Anfeucrung
flare cartridge; ignition
Anfeuerungssatzs
Fulminiating compound;
Arznei; Arzneinaittel
booster charge; igniter train
Arzt
Quotation marks
Antulbrungszeich"n
Ast der Flug:bahn
Attack
*Angriff
raierAtemgerat
Aohnge (Ah);An~ngwapen
Anhy~r'i~ri1 erungsmitteI
D~ehydrating agent
Anker
Anchor; armature; rotor
Xther
AnkrronoAncore mne;mooedXthylarsindichlorld
mineXthyldichlortarin
trendet Ifampatoff
Top(prmary 'hrgeof
Anlaung l~irn~rlaung
txnatron
a cp
blst~g
o a
detnatr;
rimr
iussere Pall istlk
Anlartsr
*

Anliufer'schwindlgkeit
A-ilegpp-unkt

,ng
pntalant;eion; anx
plat; eig
StuterAtombombe
Startlng(tiike off)speed
Aiming point

ussere Weitre(aW)
Atmosphire (Aim)

Employment; use
Number; quantity
ubro
roe
Index; indicator
ihe
ihe
W1ork; labor; job
Roving gun (Arty)
Army (a tactical unit
above Army Corps,
fo
the Army)
Service revolver
Arsenal
MAtine (CWS)

eer.

Kind; sort; variety;


pcs;atenty;
Artillery
Light artillery
Mdu
rilr
(it Heavy)
Hleavy artillery (lit
Gunr;Blitc
See
also Schiesawesea)
Drug; medicine
Doctor; physician;
medical officer
Branch of trajectory
Oxygen apparatus (lit
Breathing apparatus)
Ether
Ethyldichloroaraine (CWS)
FPthyldichlorostrine (CWS)
Blister gas(CWS)
Caustic soda (NaOH)
External Ballistics
External dlameter(PED)
Atemosphere
Atomic bomb

Ger 267
A~dau

ulldjR p;

trctue;super.
StutrIe s~oitson 'and
synthesis
oswell up;puff up

Auaeinandcrnehmen
Ausfall
Ausfuhrung (Ausf)
Ausgang

Taking &part, strippin~t


Precipitation; falling out
Design; model; erecution
Exit; departure; start

* agbauento
effervesce
sufbr#-che In
tobreak up; burst; open up
Ifdunsten; aufdunsten
to evaporate
Auffangsvortichtun9
Buffer
Aufodeun Sainal(AS)
Call signal
AufklarugspanzerLight armored reconnaissance
vehicle (S'e also Panzer.
spiihwage.j
IkuladngDe toataB bae) hare
a ap
'Aufladb-Deontlgcaehhageofa
a
*Aufloaihkei
Phoograpicity
ur
Aufplatzen
Phtogrpi
it
tofat
explode; burst open; blow up
AstzRear
sight; telescope mount
Aufschlag
Impact; percussion; shockL

Ausguss

Lip; spout; casting

AAuschlaggeschoss
Aufchlggrnat

Ausschwitzuhg
ussere Ballistik

aulbachen;suibsache
aubuhn
uhuce

"*

UAb ld szindcr mit


*Verzogeruing (AZmV)

A'Ischlaigei
un (Ade o ho
VufchrauerngtA
'Au
ifspaltung
*(of
,aufsprengen

mpact (percussion)spoectl e
mitpruso~hl
Imnpact (percussion) fuze
Impact (percussion) fuzeAusrn
with delay
Au~shligundr
Ipactfuz witoutprojectile
ohe
Im pact fzyi
h u
Lvsdew
ay
aufshraben
toscre inprojectile;
Splitting up; cleavage
compounds)
to blow (blast or force)
.

-AufschlagzUndet(Az

Aufstekwnition
afteigender Aut
Auftaupunkt
Auftreff
Auftreffgesacbwindigkeit

striking velocity

Auftre ffpunkt
AuftreffwInkel

Aufzug

Lof
Augnblcka

Augenblicks under,
Auenl

Auenlikxndr

opeusuwlegen
Semi-fis ed ammunition
Acoiending branch (of trajectory)
Thaw point
Impact; collision
Terminal velocity.

itfuze;

Impinact point; strik -Ing


point
p
Angle of Impact; angle
incidence

Elevtt
Intantneu
Instantaneouas no'kdelay
quickL fuse

Ausgussmorser
ausharten
ausloschen
Ausloseheinrchu
Auslosehebelzer
ausliisen
Autoel
n
un.)adn
Ausnutzunitskoeffizient

Lipped mortar
to temper; harden
to extinguish; put out (tire)
Release mechanism (bombing)
Release lever
t
nope ees
Seecouple;releasun
e oneldn
litilizadon coefficient;
efficiency
Ausreisser; Fehlschusa
Stray shot
Ausrijatung
Equipment; aarmaent; outfit
,ausschiessen (Lauf)towaouthgn;osor
towaouthe
Sun treor
Cut;noc
thchit
Exudation
External Ballistics

inlAgeofelcto
AuaosuhcSmoke

canister ejected fron,


on burst
to expel, elim inate
Expelling charge of a
burster
ue opd
launjching tube; opd
Desnciccator e
Depccto
to weigh out; calibrate by weight

A us ato ssen
Ausatoasladung
.AusstossrohrEetn
Austrockner

Auswahl
auswalzen

to roll out

auawgmten

to anneal; toast
Auawaschflasche
Wash bottle
'Abvrechselbar; austauscbbar interchangeable
auawechmelbares SeelenRemovable (interchangeable)
rohr

liner in a Sun

Ausweg

Way out; outlet

Ausweichung

Deviation; deflection; detour

Auswels
Auswerfer
AiwrugVlain

Proof; evidentce? topert


Ejector (Ord)
au

Auswitteruna

IUne
ntlstuntaneous fuze with delay
uxleato
VerogeuI
Ausaleher
Augenrei tff
Lacrmatoi(CWS)AufrtgeSeKlnecwg
r Aushau
Construr~tlon; dlsmmountles(G)
Automat
* A~buchngExpAUSlou;swelling;
autoinatlache Mine
enaremntautomatlechea
Gewehr
Ausb Pure
Yield; crop; ouItputAx:chesi
Ausbla~ser*
Deflagratlon without
Axetyleasauerstolff
detonation
brentier
* Auxb iung
Efflorescence.zr
tcsol()Ntoe
Ausbohrung
Bored hlae; bor of r~fle
Ao;Siktf()Nror
* Ausbeennen
to burn out riflInS; erode
Ausbeennuag des Lauifess
Erosion of the bor.(G)
:1obtabiuctruag
*(See
almo Abanutaung des
. AU.
Robres)
achbord
*udeun
Ex aout
Bohnho
Ausdehnstn;Adntung
Exipansion;
Bao
ahnoflt
Auedrisunfi
ffapoaildl
Aud~rstun
Tp"

Efflorescence; detection by odor

extract
Extractor (Ord)

Automtat
Automatic mine
Automatic rifle; submachine Sun
Osacetyleag torch

B
Porn mide
Vayi roadl railroad; trajectory
Railroad station
ayonev(See also Seittagewichil

(.tr 26~8
mrteri

lak.

Kafetltlafette
(TiWJe
r blli%tis.clher, Beiwert
hailfi'tischer Pendel
lt~l'nBalloon;
hiand, lter

"Isar
., Isi"Seh(bas)
hatt erie
*!ur:Type
lfujkrYear
liatn'eriad; ile
fSaumu.jllabfal,
AiiuW %,lle
Ilsus.'ldlat
lieamtvrc;" leamnte'
S lieani~lIruchung

f.n

hytet;-ntBrrger-Mischunit
eacon; n ,avigation guide
lDcam gun carriage
lcami balance
Ballistic coefficien,
Biallistic pendulum
carboy
Bandoleer; shoulder-belt
Bear (One of the tanlcs)(See
wiuder PAtIser)
basic
liattery(Arty); accumulator
of constr ,uction
of cons~,ur-tion
D~egree Baurni;'B4
Cotton wastti; cotton linters
cotton
Soldier in a, construction unit
Official; civil servant
Strain; stann

fereer-type smoke agent (Zu


dust 40 and hcxachloroethanc

60%)(i
Bte-hl1G)Mountain

gun (See also


GebirgsgeschUtz)
Miner
Mineral wax; ozocerite
Mine(coal, ore, etc)
Mining exploa've
Damp (Mining)
Mineral wool; asbestos

B~ergmann
Bergwachs
Bergwerk
Bergwerkspfenrmittel
Bergwetter
Bergwolle; Steinflachs
Asbest
Bcricht
Bernstein
Bernsteinsiure
berittene Artillerie
hersten
Beriicksichtigung
Beruf
essStemming;

Re port; not'.ce; information


Amber
Succinic acid
Horse artillery
to burst; explode
Consideration; regard
Calling; occupahion
tamping(Sec A'so
[lecher
lieaker
Vettlammen)
l*e~dienung
Gun squad; gun crew; scrvice
Resatr~ufg
Garrisou: crew
Bedruecking
Printing; impression
Besatzungsheer
Army of occupation
fiefehi
re;
omn
Beschiidigung
iDamage;
injury
flrfeuchtung
Moistening; dampening
Beschaffung
Procuremenr(A division of
Ilegleitartillerie
Accompanying artillery
Heer,-swaffenamt in charge
Beligsh"i
AccompanyinggSun
of pro'curement of amterials
f4eh~ltcr
Container; gtasoline tank
and fin'shed articles)
*Beharrungsvermogen
Inertia; force of ine:tia
Beschliftigung
Occupation; business
lieel ungheaing*~beschiessen
to proof fire; to canz~onade
-rhvfsnaine
Makeshift mine
Ibesch'iessung
Bombardment
flethe ft
Supr~lemenit (The word is someBeschuss(Bs)
Firing-shooting; proof fire
times used in titles in journals
Beschusspatrone(BsPatr)
Proof round (high pressure)~
such as Kolloidchemische
beschuss-sither
bulletproof
Beihefte)
beschbtzen
to protect
Beiblilfe
Hfelp; assistance
Beselcratc5
Footbridge; hasty trestle
B~eiladung
Supplementary (increment) charge,(ae
fe GnrlH o
(Such as in non-fixed
Beseler: 1850-1921)
ammunition%); booster charge;
Besetzungarmet
Army of occupation
*ignit
iion'charge
.
besonders(bes)
especially; singularly
Beiin
Leg
bespanintes Geschurtz
.Horse-drawn
gun
Bt-rispiel
EXa ,mpl'Ie
Bessemerstahl
Bstomk; (suples;eql
pe)
feszneNippers;
pihchers
.. &Sestaied
eStomer
(stpleelttipen
Bestras'
otiuin
hr
inventory; strength
Deiwagen(beiw)Sd
car,
Be. nigrit; Stabilitat
Stability (See also Haltbarkeir)
kleiwart .
.Coefficienht
Bestiltigung;
Confirmation
Beize
Corrosive; corrosion
Bestimmung
Determination
iBekapsaeln(der PatronenPriniing(of cartridge cases)
bestreichendes Feuer
Grazing fitc(ArryXSee also
bulsen)
Srcfur
belkapselte [tose
Primed cartridge case
BestUckung
Strichfeue(Cr
TXee
bek upfern
.
o copper
Bewaffnung)
Beladen; Bclad.ung
Lo0ading; charging; load; cargo
Beton(Be;Bet)
Concrete(made with cement)
DeagrugSiege
.
Betotibombe(BetB)
Concrete bomb
ple age'rungsgeachiUtz
Siege gun
Retonbunker
Concrete pillbox
:Beleuchtung
Lighting; illuminationBeoraaeBt)Atioctesl(e
lo
.1Belxien
B elgium
Bt.ogoaeBtr
nioceeselSeas
fieldftang
Ventilation
.Giaknate
Beton)
Benin
asoine **Betonturm
Concrete turret(Fort)
flentol
*..Benzene
Betriebsanlage
Plant; works
Betriebabereich
Limits of operation
Beobachtunagamine
Obiservation mine
Bein(t)
Beobaichtungspatrone(BPatr)
(Artridge with a smoke producing .*
tu(Bt)
[Platform(RRI
G); base (Fixed G);
projectile used for adjustment fire
foundation
Oeplattung(de's Zundets)
Fuze cap
etugg
htz,
U
Platfor.a gun
Mountai

DeLat

egsfb

ilo

et.*

etssh~zCpue

Booty;uBgb
e captred materiel; loot

Ileutlkaellche
lilwaffriung

charge in a bag
Armament; equipmentofaroctl
bewpglichriGsht
mobile; movable; flexible
be~gic~
MNeibl
u
5 Gecht
bewglih.Sclei
'ointarget
bewegliches'NMaschjoein.
Mobil ! fexa,,e 1,ma gewehr
chine gun
Bewegliehkejlt
Mobility; maneu Iverabilit y
1ceugkigBodenkrepierer
fiLew teungkre
Mobile arffare
Bezir terun)
Ve tl t o (Ini g
* BikBe)District
6ezieug
w ie b w
bezaugch
bezuglich
b ild'
Bildsa
l~lurgswarme
l~~rd-nitte!

bre pet iv l;o


Datum; reference; relation
~~~~referring
to; with reference to
Image; figure
plastic; flexible; ductile
flea- of formationbeehndbrchinG)
~Binding agent o mrera!;butt
aei!
Ilinemite!or

IlU.1enkamnmer der Granate

babe chamber; rear burster

Bodenkammerladung
oekmeshan
Bodenkanzel

Base charge(Amrno)
Shrapnel with rear burster
Ball turret; ventral turret
(p
Base cap; bottom plate
lDod
Ventral gun mount CAp)
Rase pla'e (M or)

Bodenkappe
Bodenlafette(Bola)
B odenplatte
BodenrandFlneri
Bodenieisser(der lfu'lse)
BdnagdrPtoehodn ase) rPtonn

Split base; ruptured base


(of a case)
Rmo
sc
i~o
ae

Bodenschwanz

Tail(of a bomb);

Dnistooltze
.B i ni ro ol o
Dii troolu en
lBod en ziel
bliwak
Btivou clac ;sot
ln
Bodenzuinder(BdZ)
blainke*
n
bHindt clearon; rmoothblankhe
B gn
"blasnke r'ff e
C lond watta ns;
cl rdm issbl tancheko
e h
Biais anz ri ffe e
Cl ud at ac ; lo d as at ac
B ogensp i tze
blaenjeener amfsof
Vesicant, agent(CVS)
Bohrseschoss
Blatt
Leaf; blade; sheet
* B~tehn
La'mina;; leaflet; flake; lamella
Bl~ttchenoulver(Blp)
Reenua lk
rplatconcrete
Blaukreuz(BIK)
Rfe ctangular fltake
ropellant
Bohrladung
Blua-'e
1ue croin trnttrscs
Bohrloch; Mlnenrohr
illau pau Iel
Blueroian i '
'
C J4
Bob a r n
Blecu
Shee meyro
tai &cdhC N~C S
p
Blech
Sheet metal
Bob
'
Blcbi-sr
Sheet metal Container; tin can
Borpatrone 88 (BhtPatr 88)
bleie
'l~eachd hie
Bleicthen
'
to'be h;
hi n
Bohtjiatrone 02(.Bhrpatr 02)
Bleirah
Led wre sedfordecopeing
'(containing
gun tube)
'
Bohrpatrone 28 (IBhrF'atr -28)
Bleigeachoss
Lead bullet
eimatelsschos
Borung(containing
Bl i a fktleadb
c hoss
'
Lead-jacketed bullet
'
B h u gBore;
B lend o be
GuD azze b mbBte
'Blnd
'
Gn manlet; gun shield
'crossbow
Blenidkgrpea(BK 1)
,'Frangible
glass smoke renade;
Bolzenblech
gls
otegrenade
Iozenb~ichse
Ble'tdungschiesaenSmoke-oscreening fire(Atry)Bmbd'Getg;bobd
blind
'
'
'blind; dull; inert
Bombardierunil; Bobre.
dIe
mentdiner
Boekelr
Ddm
'blindgenger; Bolorpar'Dd
blindeae
'
laed with blank ammunition
Bombe
bidgeladene Granste
'Blank
shell
Bombe in Felder elag.
Blitilgerit; Blinklamaipe'
Sga ai
el
.
Blitzkrieg
'
" Blitz war; lightning war
Bomb mit Verztugszeit
'Blitzlichtbombe; Blitzlicht'Photoflash bomb; photographic
Bombenabwurf; Bombenaub.
,.ylindrische Bombe(BLC)
flash bomb, cylindrical 'aun
uol

c '
Blitzschut
'
Lightning protec ,tion
'BlockverschluaaBlock action; block-locke
Boden
'
~Ground; earth; base; container

(fo bombs (much is deacribed


BodenabstaideAznder
Bodenaibwehr
OBodenanlage
Dodenaufschlegzllnder
(OdAZ)

'In TM 9-1995-,p17
Base d
.la-2cio117)ombenschacht
fpz

Bombenblindeltr"me
Borbenfalikurve; Bomben-

fubh
BombenkopfBobos
BombIenlast

Ground defense; 'AA defense


Bombenplitter
Ground Inataillation
Bobnopd
Bsepcuao ueBombentiliger; Bomber 141-'
r

rehed
Abaael~lby rehrn()
(MG)
Outrigger supporr (G)
Gro und target
Base detonating fuze(I3DFz)
Dow; arc; bend; cueve
Curved fire; high-angle fire
Og ive (A m mo)
APIIE Projectile (HE charge
eploded after the armor or
was pierced)
Borehole blasting charge
Borehole
Blasting cartridge; pre-~ared
charge; demolition charge
D~emolition cartridge type 1888
(containing Picric acid)
Demolition cartridge, type 1902
7
5g of TNT)
Demolition cartridge, type 1928
100g of TNT)
caliber
B olt; pe g;striker; firing pin;
bolt
Washer; rosette (Arty)
Compressed air gun
Br
obing; bombardment
Bomb
Segment-bomb; fragmentation bomb
Time bomb
Bomb re'Aase
obcutrcrir

Bom

clsdaptere;lute

Bobraetr
Bomb loade
Bomb rack

Bomb fragment
Treobm
Bomb carritr; bomb rack

'

DombenvIseie; Dombenvlel.

Bomb might

lse

(,(r

.?0

Aiiat
tdeBomb
fuze
.::::1t"ioine
Boat; hull(of a flying boat)
II1irdlung
Cri~mp; crimping
Ih'rkanne~ll~)Gun o hprailneN
Bordlafette(Bl.)
Gu
on nsi rairplaneflame

IBorJland Fackcl. weiss


flfor.1niunition

Beach flare, white

Aircraft ammunition
armnament; tank
armament
* lorsiur
Boic cidBrennstoff
Biischamjrswinkell
Angle of slope
H~t.-'., Flah
Btl
Buie,
Submarine pen
Brand(fir)
Fire; incendiary; gangrene
Ilrndbnth~lf~f nccdiay~lc) ombBrenriz~inder
lira'nrdbombeiblindelI
Cluster of incendiary bombs
B11 ia,
M.flark.%It
It~U&
Frnagiblc irnccnidiazi nA.--,ea-Pyo
'2anti
*liter),
glaSs bottle incendiary grenade.
"Molotov Cocktail,"
*

lorwafenAircraft

Brandgranate mit Leuchtsp~ur (ll49r mL'spur)


Alfrandgianate ohne Leuchtspur (flrgr 0o1'spur)
lDrandkerrngeschosit
'Brandliuchen .InLendiary
Brandloch

hrnd of buraing

Note: According to W.Dornbcrger, V-2, Viking Press,


Y (1954), pp 9-14 the above word is used in liquid
rockets to signify the moment of disappearance of the
issuing from the tail of a rocket. The English
term "all burnt" is not correct, because at Brennachluss considerable quantities of fuel may still be left
in the tanks.
Fuel; gasoline; Diesel
fuel; combustible
Powder-train fuze (Sh);
time fuze(l~dGr) (fit
Burning fuze)
Friction type igniter
(41/; seconds)

BrennzU'nder(BZ)

24

Brenzcatechin
Brenzweinsgure

Pyrncatechol
Pyrotartaric acid
Pressure-boaid land mine
High explosive; disruptive
(brisant) explocive
Shattering power; brisance
High explosive(IIE)shell
HE ammunition
lIE shrapnel
HE; brisant powder

-Brettstilckmine

Ilrandgeschoss(lirG)
*r

"Blrandgr-inate(.HrGr)

B3rennschluss

incendiary bullet; incendiary


pjectile
,Incendiary shell
Incendiary shell with tracer
Incendiary shell without
:tracer
incendiary bullet
ccompositi.)n
Vent; flash hole; flame

brisanter Sprengstof!;
Brisanzsprengstoff
Btisanz
Brisanzgranate
Brisanzmunition
Brisanzschrapnell
Brisanzsprengsto Iff;
Br'sonzpukvcr
Brombenzylzyanid

Brombenzylcyanide,(cWS)
Cyanogen bromide(CWS)
Fracture; rupture; craah
(of a plane)
Crash landing
Breaking test
Fragment
Bridge; platform
Electric(bridge-) wire of
blasting cap (lit Incandescent bridge-wire igniter)
Bridrge-wire ignitet; electric

.Bromzyan

Bruch

passage

h randmittel; Bra .ndstoff.


Incendiary'Agent
.
Brandmunition
incendiary ammunition
Brandpanzergiranate(Brpzgr)
AP Inc project~e
Brandpfeil
.
.
Incendiary arrow
Brandsatz-Brandzeug
Incendiary composition;
S.Incendiary
filling
Brandsprenggranrpre(Brsprgr
HE-Inc projectile
Brands'tab'
Incendiary tod (used for
detucin fdocuments, utc)
brandwirkend.
incendiary
.Brumb'l.
Branar
-Lqiuse
in recoil mechanism
Braunkohle
'Lignite; brown 6oal
Bra'unie~rung..
urishing~ browning
Braunstein
Manganiese diozide(lit Brown
atn).Brustachild
Braunpulver
.,.Bow
pwder
Brause .
Effervescence; shower
Brechung
.
Breaking; refraction
Breite
it
i
Breitenfeusr
.Swe
.eping Lire
Breiensreung
eeQ rsrug.
.
Brem:e
Brake; buffer(also Rolirbremse)
BrmrohrBak
ub
bireanbar
,Combustible; burnable
-Brenndauer
*Draino
burning; burning
'time(Fzi, etc)
*Bcseulr
Braernngerisch . .Liquid
combustion mixture,
such as gasoline
Brengeshwidigtei
Bunin rat(Fz cr) *Bugesc~txBow

lruchlandung
Bruchprohe
Dr~uchstiick; Splitter
Br~cke
Brulckenglilhz~nder

Prtickenzrinder

.-

~~Cap
'I

.';rizzly Beat (SP weapon)


See under Panzer in descriptive part)
DiaONKn~e.280'mm Railway Gun (Sec
-ude Weapons)
Breast shield (G); chest
.protector

Brustwehr
Bruttogewicht
B-Stoff
*Buchse(Bu)
BUchse(HU)

Breastwork; parapet
Goswih
Bromaceton(CWS)
.

B~chsenhandgranate 42(0)
B chaenkonserven
BUg
B~el
B"

Bushing; jack; socket(Rsd)


Shotgun; canister; tin can;
rifle
Norwegian,box type,bandgrenade 42
Canned food; canned ration
Rifle propellant
Bow; front; nose
rge
r
gun; front gun

Get 271
BuinarfnzcB
Bunareifen

Fot armor
B~~~~una
tie; synthetic rubber

Bunr'
Bunde
b'krBundle;
Bunkerplcmnt

B~inel

and ti; budle aliarce


cluster(bombing)
oncetepilbo;
seltr;Darstellu,,g
submnarite penmaucur
Ammnticonosed; b
origt
dazaingi

bsuntkemuion

:shesn(qv) (lit
Uicrus escrjas
ammunition)(CWS)
~
eaSimultaneous firing of different pozson gages from separate Suns. The
gases used were a mixtur of Weiss.
I rezGebkeu ad Grlinreux,
sometimes together with BlauktcUx
luntrauch(Bunir)
Multiclrud s
Coke
Ountseb .i.ea.sen
Shooting with HIE and chemical
L'ussol

Pompals
BIiubee

*
*Chaussee

Centigrade
CyAnugenabumide(CWS)
I
Streamlined shellDetrto
Highway

* hmeChemistry
Chem i che" Knmpfstolfe
Chemical warfare ag'i-rts(CVS)
Chem i sch-niechnni seher
Chemical1-mechanical ignitier 41,
Ztlnder 41(CMZ 41)
chemiacher Krieg
-. Chemical warfate(CW)
chemiacher Zuinder "Buck"'
Chemhical crush igniter "Buck"
chifree
tciher'cd
Chloravnin
C6hlnramine-T (CVS)
hlrarsinksmpfstoff.
h
ih~~hoi~e4v3
1Cak6.he'clrrsnt.vS
(Clrk1)Detonationsi~bertragun$
Chloiatspren.gmittel
Chloriate explosive
Chloracettophenon-Chlor.
Chloraceto~phenone-Chloropicrin
pikrin-Lgsung
solution(CVS)
ChloJrCyan
Cyanogen chloride(CWS)
Chorgas
Chlorine gas(CWS)
*Chlorkalk
Chlorinated lime (coClO )(CWS)
Chlorkuhlelcoxyd
J(Phosgone; carbonylchlorlde(CWS)
*Chlorpikrin
Chlorplcrin(CWS),
* ClorulfnslureChirsufonc sid(VS)Gesch)
Chlorvinyldichlorarsin
C.
iLewrlaite(CWS)
Chlorwasserstoffalure
Ii Irochloric acid
*Clark I
See Chlorasinkamplastoff
Clark 11; Cyan Clark
i'See Cyanichlormarinkampfstoff
*Cotistruckti n(CX ld
TyeIateo
brn.Seas
spelling)
IKonstruktion)
Cono
Conus
Cynhoaunampfof
(Cyaclark
ri
fsto
C anwasserstof
*dick

Dauerfeuer
uep~
Dauerprobe eines Laufes
Dauerschumssfeuer
Deckblittchen
fl~eekrl
Dekui
Deckungsloch
Debnn
Deich
Demolierung

ccontDichtuag
i Cone

demontieren; von der


Lafette n'ehmen
Dmnigecos
Detonnationadruck
Detoriatio'nsfhbigkeit

Detonin'ionegeschwindig
keit
li.Pfflnstinnstennperatur

DeoainwleSame

Dernoator
deuten
DeutgeachossfDeut-

Deutpattoroe(DeutPatt)
Deutschniark(DM)
Deutung
Dlchte;, Dichtlitkelt
icugdeklSealing

Diphenylcyanarsine(CWS)
(8.0 also Schwarzkreua)
evdr
eync acid

Dlchtitngsplat,.Otuaig
Dic'htungsring

dlckandlgthick-walled

Dachitaestwalf.

Dackorn

iTrsaguiwI hrost esigh

Turret hatch(Tk)
rn,
Damper; flash hider(G)
engine
Steam pipe
Preparation; productionl;

De gen

ue:vet

C.clciu~sgrad(C)
Cc -Staff
C-~Geschoss

Dachluke
DmiVpr
Dimpfer
apmshn
DmpfaacineSteam
Dampfrohr
amfpann

Pu I~xnratuagc~
Ter'

Continuous fire; autom~atic


lut-,l
ire; fire for effect
Relintaftre tent; rantinuous
ts
Endurance teat of a barrel
Sutie
rat~:.Lfire
Top wad; overshot wad
Cover
Cover; shelter
Foxhole
Sword
Extension; expansion
Dyke
Dmlto
Dmlto
to dismount a gun
Demountable projectile
Blast pressure
Ability to transmit detonation
throuaghout the mass of an
ezplosIve, as determined in
Germany by the "Four-Cartidge
Test"
Velocity of detonation(expressed
in meters per second)
I empe.?sture of detonation
Ability to transmit detonation
'by'infliencee from one cartridge
to another placed some distance
away (as determined by the Gap
Test described in the general
section)
all Exploslonawelle

Detonator
to indicate; explain; interpret
Projectile giving on a bumst a
cloud of colored smoke serving
as indicator; indi.cator projectile
Indicator cartrldge(such as for
grenade pistol)
See Reichsmark
Interpretation, explanation
Density
Packing; joining; ohturatlon
cover(See also
Fliesadeckel)
lt
Obturating r"ing gas-check ring
thick; dense
Service wespon
Dlethylentglycal dinitrate
DG
flDN
aked propellant

Get 272

"Diphenylcyanargin
D is ushandg -

Itpropel

-,:..nns"f

Dobgerat

I,-htWikk
Do-Gerit 38

lan
D
e hrsSee
Chiorarsankaml
fstoff
Diphenylaraine
Cyanide,
called
El- Cyanchlorarsinkampfstoff
Hand grenade in the form
of
a disk for firing
Launcher
simeltaneously up to 65 rockets,
uch
as Taiun(TM 9-1985-3.
S223)

Wick

l.auncher for 150 mm rockets


(15
cm W'urfkorper41Nb)
41 Spreng
and
and Vurfgranate
urftante 4Nb)I
Dagger
"(C
Daem
r
i
.Demolition
cartridge with 100g

joni
Dolch
o
Donaritpatrone 100 g

of Donarite
Double-barreled rifle
Two-barreled mount

I)lPpelbuchse
lDoppellafente
doppellirtifi p
Doppelzbnder(Dopp Z)
S

dZbe-a)ee
.
.Time and percussion fuze (lit
Double action fuze); combination

Note: F uze which contains a pow d:-rtrain ignition elem ent is


called Pulverbrennzirnder
Dora (Kanone)

Same as Sevastopol Gun, called


also Gustav Gesch~tz

Draht(D)
Drahtnetz

Wire

"t)rahtrohr

Drahtschere
Drahtzange

..

Wire net; wire mesh


Wire-wound gun barrel
VirM cutters

"pefffratinS
handling
D- D/,II
'Rifling Plie*s(for
wire) spin (of
twist
(in a gun);
a projectile); pitch of rifling
(gleichblcibender
(Uniform twist)
(zunehmender Drall)
twist; progressive
"
(Increasig
'rilii, ) -.,inje
rifling)
) rallabweichung; SeitenabDrift (due to spin of projectile)
SJLweichu-39
L

weichung

"

:
Dtailange
Drallwinkel
rallzise

Length of rwist(rifling)
Angle of rifling; pitch
of rifling
.Gionves(RiflinS)
-such

Drang
rehDreRotary;

..

"

Dretbank
Drehkuppel
l)tehscheibenlafette
Drehtum
Drehverschluss
Dreh zahl
1 lrehiahlmesser
Dreinchslafette
Dieibein; DreifusS
Dreiergemisch
1 relfachzunder

Lu
'

I)relfussliafne

.rTriple

Throng;S pressure; impulse


t ting
Lathe
Revolving cpola
Gun' carriage on turntable
Revolving turret
Revolving breech mechanism
oNwnberfo
revolutions per minute
(rpm)
.
Tachometer
* Trniauial mount (G)
Tripod
Tripod gun mount
m
(x.urea(8
me 50,
bbenzene 40 and alcohol 10%)
Triple-action fuze; combination
fuze (superquick, delay and "
Tid
nutime)
STripod gun mount

nhrcc-barrclcd

hunting gun

usually
smooth bore
and one with
rifledtwo
barrels
Pre sure; compression; print
Bufet bolt
Buffet bolt
Compressive strength

Druck
Druckbolzen
Druekfest;gkelt
Druckknopfalinder 42
D k
esnap
Druckkugel

Pushbutton rocket ignitet or


igniter, pattern 42
Land mine operated by
pressure
Pressure ware
Pressure fuwe; pressure igniter;
Push
igniter,
35
Push igniter, type
Dlmethylsulfate(Cws)
Die"yol
Dumdum
Drro bullet

Druckweile
Druckzwider 35(DZ 35)
D-Stoff
:
II
if
Dumdum
Geschoss(DdG)
Dunkelkammer
dnarkroom
dilan
Dunst

thin; dilute; slender


VAPer; haze; smoke; fine shot;
small shot;pdunst sho
t
;
t ra
hog;pec
bure oug
Land cruiser (lit Breaking

urchbrechen
durhbbeto
Durchbrchkampfwgen
D w

P enetration
Penetration
to load(a magazine or belt)
Diameter
Perforation

durchlaiden
Durebmezser (0)
Durchschiessen; Dutchehuss
Durchuehlag

Penetration; filter; screen;


Force of penetration;
pow~er
pAverage; mean; cross section
Average thickness of armor
Saturation; impregnation
tor; jeti nozzle; vent
(okt
Retf
Jet-fighter
plane

Durefhiblagkragt
Durchschnit
Durchschnittpanzerstge
Drall)
Durchtrlinkung
Duse (DOi)
.

..

D"senjger
us alie

DUsenrohr
Diisenwaffe(DuW)

Blast pipe

Jet-propelled projectile,
scasProe
erfaestie
Panzerfaust
(lit
Vent as
weapon)

l)ynamitgescheltz

Pneumatic
Pneumati gun
sun shooting
shootin
projectiles filled with dyanmite
damt
E

E-100(Panzer)
Ecke

Ei (pl Eier)
cheto
Elchung
Eierhendgranate
.g1gap

Einabsug
Einlscherung
.

'

Elnbru
Elnbruchsfeuer
Eindampfung

On.- of the heavy tanks (See


under Panzer)
Corner; angle
Egg
calibrate
Calibrate
EClbshaped hand grenade;
grenade
Single. trigger
Incineration; complete
combustion

Mounting; Installation
Assault
vprto fire
EvaporatIon

Get 273
EladckerMonoplane
Eindrehung
Eindrehung der Patronen-,

Slot; groove
Neck of the cartridge case

t;pesi;iflrt
oIpn
tompresinetae prE n nitae
Simplesso
cinfch smpleconstruction
Ei.,fallwinkel
Angle of impact
,Einfeuer
Single shot fire
*Einfllssrohir
Inlet pipe
*cifdhento
adopt; introduce
Eingang
..
Entrance; introduction
EinsngzdnungPriingchageElektron
E i..Siessung
Pouring in
Einheit
Unit; unity
F inheitsgeschoas
Standard projectile; combined shell
*Einheitsmeschu~tz
Universal piece; dual-purpose Run
.Einheitsgewicht
Specific gravity
Einheitssranite
Combination HE and ahiapne -he'.H
Einheitsanunition
Fixed Ammunition
* Einheitspatrone
Standard cartridge
Einhe ,itspulver(EP)
Standard propellant (See descrip
tivo section)
hainlsne In.
ejodringe
Feinduck

ualpurposewepn
Sanard fuze; combination fuze
'Insertf
Storage

Finheitwaffe
* Fineiss~de
*Einlage
Ein lagerung'

Einiaufgewthr'
Einlegerohr

SInl barBounde
Subicaliber tube; liner
Einpressen de's Geachoases
Foircement of a projectile into
in die Zu"ge
rifling; engraving,
einrasten
to engage; raw home; lock
eintichten
'to
adjust(fire, ere)
Eintichtang
.Installation;
e., Ilishment
Ei n~etting
Acidification
* Eina'chi'essen
'Adjustment fire; trial fire;
target(raage) finding'
Einschies'sgeschoss (See
also Anschiesspatrone and

finding bullet; projectile


used for adjustment, fire; round to
lo6c1ate .tartiet;Ormier"
Adjustment target
Embarkation

,Range

vAn rmeschuis)

* Einschliesszie'l
Einscbiffung
Fioachlaft

*Eloachnitt
Einschuss
einsetzen
*
inspritzdse[jtonozl
,

* Elcstecklauif; Einsteckrohr
cinstellen

Einste~llring; Stellring

Eizlae
Einze'lschuss
Einzelschussfeuer
Elizselatetnpiltirone
Big
* Eiaenbaln(B)

Sheet Iron
Iron roller (in clearinf, of mnine-9)
A/P bottle mine (lit Ice mine)
Electron (trade name for
Al-Mg alloy)
"Elephant" tank destroyer (See
under Panzer in descriptive

FlefAnt

part)
empfindlich
empiindlicher AufachlagzUnder(EAZ)
epfindlicher Kopfz'under(EKZ)
empfindlic~her Ziinder(EZ)

sensitive
Superqutck impact fuze

Empfindli'chkeit
Enddrall

Sensitiveness; sensitivity

Sensitive type of PD Fz;


all ways fuze
Superquick fuze; high-aerisitlvity
fuze (See also Schaeltz~inder)
Terminal twist of rifling
Fin~al pressure
'End; limit; termination

Enddruck'

Endgeschwindigkelt;

Terminal velocity; remaining

Restgeschwindigkeit
Endwucht
'Remaining

velocity

Enge:
Entenfilnte
Entferatung(E)

Narrowness, closeness
Duck gun
Range; distance (See also

energy

**Shswle

Eofern
sggert" Bufferonugsmesser; Betfer-

Rtange, finder; range


Indicator

ugsie

Eatfeuebter
EtlmugInflammation,

Desiccator

Entflammungaprobe
Eergiftung

' lash test

flash

en~tkupfere

Notch; cut,
'
Hilt
to. commit; insert

Entkuplfrungsamttel

Detozication; decontarninaktion(CWS)
to decopper
Decoppering agent (such as

entlasten
Entlastungszalndet(EZ)

Pb wire)
to relieve (of pressure)
AntiliftirSg Igniter (with "~E

A~djustlns ring(Fit)

Elatasuchrefraktometer
elovisieren
Einsellade rmagazle

Eiaenblech
Eixenwalze
Eirminc(EisMk; FsMi)
(See also Flascheneismint)
FiweissWheofg;alui

Impact; strike

Subcoliber tube; Inetbre;charge)


adapter
.
.Detachable
mitgazine
,. ~~to adjust' or set(Fa, etce) coast
flie; tune in(Rad)

Einsteckmagazin

Ei
"bhgec~tz
Rlha i
Railroad hvowte
Esenbahngshaubl
Eisenbahnfafette
Rira
onigG
Armored railroad train
Eiaenbahnpanzeraus
Rail
isenbahnschiene
Reinforred concrete
Eisenbetonbau

Immersion refractometer
to eight in
Single-loadlng migazinaitfor
tepeating fire)masaae
Slngleloader; $inste shot
was..
.Single
sago; siesla round
Single shat f ire( Is contrast
to bursts) .arld
.Single
star cartridge
.

Icts
*Ralltoad(RR)l

.Kaaauetme

railwayte

einillften

to ventilate; to bleed recoil


mechanism

areeug
entseblrern(Zlndor)
entiehr

nokn

EmteichorimSflI6ge1
eawafue.to

etsento
Eativlaservagosrabom
aaldiekl

to unprime Mea)
to disengage or release the
sft evc V) to arm or to
activate (MI or D)
Arming vaso(D)
to uneock; to relieve tension;
to lot the fIring pin down
disarmi
free From waterl dehydrate
Drainag, diteh
to ignite
lamabillety

IgIsitloo (Inflammatlen)
erte

* Erdaftilletle

Artillery used agtainst ground targets Ex-.udat


(as distinguishedl from AA Arty)
Earthquake bombF
Earth; soil; ground (elertri~al)
Land Min
*e
Fabr~k
Petroleum
Fach
'Ground target
Investigation; research
Fackel
Completion; supplement-,
Faden
replacement(s); reserve(s)
Fadenpulver
Result; yield; score
fahrbar
Heating.
Fabrer
Qudrat levtiot~uy)Falorgestell(Fil;
Fgst)
'Detection; recognition
FahrradBiyl
Explanation; declaration
Fahrzeug
H.,ara~ing agSent(CWS)
.Fallblockverschluss
liarassine fite: gas-shell fire
Fallhghe
Proving ground; place for testing
Fallkessel
.Precipitating
-weapons
il
Fallprobe
ubstitut~e; replacement;
..
Fallaechinn(FS)
synthi-tic material; spr pr
FallsAcirmbombefBil
Substitute explosive
Fellschirmngewehg(FG-w)
Sp~are part; nen 'piece resembling
Fallschitmjkgergewe...42
in appearance afutze found in .
(KFG-42)
front section of some proljecd les,
Fsllschirmleuchtku'sel;
Substitute part; sa e',~
Fallactairmleuchtbombe
Concusqoin;ii~ ock *
Flchrlchptne
Solidification; congelation
..
"Asphixiatiag gas; lung irritant(1CVS) ';allschirmpattone furi
iWarming; heating
Windmesaung
*,Softening
Fal schirintakete
to iep ly; return
Fall schirmuriuchpatrone
Retaliation fire; counterfir..pacut
ore ' metal especially bronze
Fall sehirmrauichzeicheni
Prducert; generator; manufacturer
Faliwinkel
2Nickname for 1000 kg, AP bomb,
Fill'UnS
called. in Ger'1l006 kg'SD"'
Flx de
Ash;'ash tree
.
.
.drop
Forge; hearth; chimney; tc
Farngneft

E.
Lrdbebenbombe
::Erde
Erdmine; Landmine
Erdi~l
Erdorscil
11 .scun
Erganzung
Ergebnis
Erhitzunig
Erhhun
Erkennung
Etk la~run .g
rmind ungskampfstoff
E~rmUdungsschiessifn
iErprobungsplatz; Vaffen'p ru
fungs'platz
Ers ,atz(Er)(See'al~so
Surrogat)
Erstzsregstfe(ES)
ErsatzstUck(Erst)

Ersatmete
Erschiltterung,
*

.Erstarrung

-.

erstickenider KampOfstoff
Fr rrwi~ung.
Erweichung
erwidern
Erwiderungsfeuer
Erz
Erseug er
Esau

Esche
lisse
* Esig

.Vineartfnce

Essiglihr.Ehy

Essi

*Easiggeist
Essisakure
Exerxierbombe(ExB!
Exrziergeschoss(ExG)
E
Exeiriiermarach*

IExtilun)

'ExerxierMunitsio(

*Exerzierpstrone(ExPatt)
Expansionsgeschoss

'

explodierbar; explosibel
explodieren'
E .plosibilits~t
Fxplosionsdriek .
* xposofhiki
' Eploi~ionusgeachosi
E
Epolnskraft- Explosivkraft
Explosiongstoss
Exlsintmperatur
'
Eplainswrm
Explosion swell.
9sploalvgeachoss '
"

Explosivatoiff

l~nega

fagento

ctt
Farbe
Acetone
Faschine(Fasch)
'Acetic acid
.the
Drilll(practice)bomb;, dummy bnmb
, Dtill(duinmy'jrr.ojectile
Faser'
.
Training hike, .*
,*'
..
Fassnebelzerstiuber
Drl~um~amnto
.Faust
.Fist;
Drili(dummy)cartridje
Faustfeuerwaffe
. Expaa ndingt bull t bt;
hllow poirt
Faustpatr one
bullet.
*'explosive-,
exolodable
F-Boot
to explode
.FdrFeather;
'.- Fxplodablllty
Federantrieb
.
Explosion pressure
Federkapsel
Explblt
Federkraf t
'HE projectile
Fehler
'Explosive
force orpwrfeinko~tilgea
Pulver
'

'

'Feld

Eilplosive Impact
Feidbahn(Febs)
EpointmeaueFeldgeschtita(Foesch)
'Heat
of explosion:
'Fle
'Explosion wave; shock wave
FelIder und Z~g
'Exploaive
bullet
'
Feldhaubitte(FH)

Explosive; explosive: substance

Feldkianont(FK).

Euae

xdto

Factory; works

Branch; department; trade;


branch of knowledge
Flare; torch
Thread; filament; string
String propellant
passable; transportable; portable
Driver (of a car)
Chassia
Veiccle; rf
Drop hammer
Hih
fdo
vessel
Drop test; impact test
Parachute
Parachute bomb
Parachutist's automatic rifle
Paratroop fully automatic rifle

Parachute flare
Parachute-flare cartridge for
signal pistol
Cartridge with parachute for
measuiring 'wind velocity

Parachute rocket signal


Smoke signal cartridge with
Parachute smoke signal
Angle of fall
Precipitation
Percussion fuze (lit

fuze)
Antisubmarine net

carch; capture

Color; dye; pigment


Fasciae (bundle of sticks for
strengthening of field

fortifications)

Fiber; filament
Smoke sprayer (barrel)

grasp
Hand gun
Fist Cartridge; HoC rocket
(See description)
Tank landing craf t
pen; spring
Spring action (clockwork fuze)
Cap over a spring
Elasticity

Error; defect; sias

Fn-andpoeln
Field; land(riflins); ground
Field railroad(narrow-gage)
'Field
piece, field gun
Lands(Ord)
Land@ abd gtooves(Ord)
Field howitzer

Field cannon

Ge r 2'
Feuerwerksk~irper
Field gun cartridge(Fix Ammo)
Filterbuchse
Field police
Filz
Army mcdic
Staff sergeant (except in Arty & Cavy)FilkPropfen
i.(lglwlt
Ordnance depot
Flachbahn
SP mount(See under P~anzer)
Fliche
far; distn
Flaebfeuer
Long-range projectile
Flaehfeiiergeachatz
Long-range sun
Flachkop~gcscbn~s
flackern
Guided missile
Fladdermine
L~ing-range propellent charge
Flaggschiff
Telescope
Flalc(Flugabwehrkanone)
Television
Flakmasehinengewebr
Te ephone
Flakpanzrer
Remote coIntrol guidance for

Fildpatrone(FPatr)
Feldpolizei(Fepo)
Feldseher
Feldwebel(Fld,.
Feldecuglager

Ferdinand
fern
Ferageschosn(I'Gescb)
* Ferngeschuitz; Fernkampf* gescbd'tz(FKG)
Fernsesteuertes Geschoss
*Fetrnladung
Fernrolir
Femnsehen(Fesh)
Fernsprechez(Fsp)
Fetnsteuer Gerat

em

'c~~usi",winge

Strength;, resistance;, smlidity


Reference point
establish; ascertain; fix
fort

Festungsfttllk(FFe
FetnalkF)Fortress
Festwagagescb~acx
*Festungograhen
FetngkregSiege
fett
feucht
Feuchter
*Fevehtigkeitagebalt
Feuer
Fitserbereich
fFire
Feuetbuper;s~i
r"pe;Flammendampfer; Muadungsfeuird~mpicr
feueifest; feuersicher
feuetgefAhrlichi
Furgewicht

Fortresa artillery
AA Sun
$otea
gun
Woat
warfare
fatty; oily
moist; humid
Humidifier
Moisture content
Fire
Fiexn;rneaircraft(Sce
zone;nrang
fireproof
aprFliebbacke
Fls
ie;fls

FarilngFour-barreled
Flammend'a'apfer
FlmintalSee
Flaminenwerfer(FanV)
Flammenwerferpanzerwagen
Flansch
Flanschgeschoss
Flaschencismine(FlEsMi)
Flata(Flammenwerfertank)
Flattemmine
Fla-Waffe:
Flieper
Fliegerabwehr
Fliegerbombe
Fliegerdichatu~ze(FIDSt)
Fli egerleitpanzer

Fliegericuchtpistole

jFliehbatkenfeder

:fireproof
inflammable, liable to catch fire
*Vight of gun in action

Feviri~r
Firdampcoa
Shwaen
mie)
i Firpoerrpopelan
Ito ecoic i ireorks
FetekuntFeuewerereiPyrtechik
yrotcliy
'Fire control instrument
Feuerleitgerst
Fire control
*Feuctleitung
extinguisher
Feiirl~shetFire
Fire eztinguial-Ing substance
Feuerloschmittel
-Firearm; fire tube; flue
Fenerrohit
Lightship
Fenersebiff
See feuerfest
feucraicher
Burst
* Feuerstoss
I) t of liquid fire
Feuerstrahl; Flammeag~m
'Fire distribution(Arty)
FeuerverelluoX(Firsg)
Firearm; sun
Fauerwaffe
Fire department
Peuerwebr
See Feuerkunst
Fenerwerk; Feuerweikeriel
Ordamance aouconwmlsslonted
Feuerwetker,
officer -pyrotechnist

naac~~

Flat trajectory
Surface; flatness
Flat trajectory fire
Flat trajectory gun
Flat-nosed bullet
to flare; flicker
Contact land mine
Flagship
AA cannon
AA machine gun
Special armored vehicle with
full armor cover; usedas AA

issiles,~ such as V-1yerin

Making ready; manufacture


erotauatr
BetAjy-faxed fuze
alo;suaeblon
Catv
fixed machine gun

.Fettigung
Fertigungsiahr
:Fertig.' inder
* Fesselballon(FessB)
feet eingebautes
Maschiningewehr
Festigireit
Festlegepunkt
ferselento
.Fsrn~es)Fortress;

Pyrotechnic composition
Gas mask
Felt
Felt wad

Fliebbolzen
Fliehkraft
eckl)

AA sun
See Feuerd~impfer
Feuerstrahl
Flaate-thrower(See also
Nahwerfer and Weitwerfe r)
Flame-throwing tank
Flange
Flange pro jectile(See
description)
Bottle-shaped mine placed
under ice
Flame-thrower tank
Tumbling mine
A A weapon
Pilot in Air Corps personnel
AA defense
Airplane bomb
Meaning unknown to us
Armored observation car used
with front line support
also under Panzer)
Aircraft signal pistol
Centrifugal arming device(Fz)
Spring of centriulual arming
device (Fz)
Centrifugal safety pin(Fz);
disappearing firing pin
Centrifugal force
ithozokerite, placed between
and shell to prevent
th esapeof gases (obturation)
an tolubricate the gun barrel.
Th
eiewas used during
WWI y h Austrians.

Flinte
Flotte
Flug
Flugsbwelir(Fle)
Flugabwebikanone(Flsk)
Fluabahn
FlgltePcopaganda
Fliugel(Fl
Fluseldhmae(FWVU)
Fluselgransate
IlUgelmfine

Shotgun
Fleet; Navy; dye liquor
Flight; flying
AA defe.s
AA gun
Taetr
leaflet
Stabilizing vane or fin; wing
jet motor mounted on a wing
Fin-stabilized shell
Fin-statbilized mortar shell

(,tr 27(,
fliigelstabi!isiertes (;eschoss Fin-stabilized projectile
Funk turr.(FuTu)
Fl~etTime
of flight
Funktionsprobe
Filugzeitrnesser
Chronograph(Le Bouleng4, etc)
Funkwelle
Flugzeug(Flzg);
Airplane; aircraft
Fuuier
Luftfahfrzeus
F~sisjier
Flugzeugabwehrkanone
See Flugabwehitanone(flak)
Fussmijrser
Fluzeggsc'dz;Air'rf~A~u
Fussplate
Flusse
RkroIver
Futterl
FlussRive
FuteralCase;
,liWssige Luft
LiudarFutterlauf
* Fliuissiplkeitsbremse
Ilyt...i~ irake
Futterrohr
Fulssigk is~k Ia"fbremse
Hydraulic recoil brake
Futterst'iick
I~siXkeitsz.nd
er
Liquid escape fuze; hydraulic fuze
FsslutSrnstoff
Liquid air explosiveG
Flusskabeib
Marine~icable; underwater cable
Flusqtr'ibmn([ri
Drifting mine
Gabel
r~n73
min Rocket Launcher(See under
Gabellafette
Wapone/
Gabel-:UtzcBio
Formanderung
Deomto
Gallert
Formbarkeit
Plasticity
Gamma(Mudrser)
Fortbewegung
Propulsioat; movement
l ortpflanzungsgescbwindig.
eoct of propagation; -of
Gang
keittransmission;
or - of detonation
* Fracht .
Freight
Gangapill
Friiqer
Mtilfinp.: cutter;.eae
Garbe
.Freischarler; Pa.rtisane
See' Guerillakiimpfer
Gasabwehr
Fettage
Iopn;hrkaeGasbombe
* Frie

utismsr
Ftkises
FJrikdion szUridschraube

Freezing point
Apparatus for measuring friction
FrVi-tion igniter; friction priminig
screw
Fritt~ung
Fiitting; sintering
Fritz
Nickname for 1400 kg AP Bomb,
called in Get "1400 kgs SD"
Fr~izerpriger(TM9-9-,p2)

FrhPremature
* Fru~h 11dun I
F-Stoff

burst(Arty)bnae
Premature ign~ition; pre-ignition(MG)
Titanium tetrachloride(.moke agent)
( S)Gasgewchtgranate
ugseiFougasse(See
general section)
F~hrungsband; F11hrungsring
:Rotating band; driving band
*Fhrungswd~st
Bourrelet(See also Zentrierwulst)
*FUlloch
'Filling
bole(Ref 6, p 57)
Fu maerial; Fuillmittel
Filling material; loading material
Fullolffrung
Charging bole (Arty),
.Fllulrp
HE~filler(lit Filling powder)
*F-1stll
Installation for filling projectiles
*fu"Ilstiff
See0FIlmateiial
F"lltrichter
Filling funnel
.blocks
*Flillung
Filling; fillet.
*Fundamentplatt.e
.Base-plate; foundation-plate
Ftink(Fu)- Funkgerht
'Radio
* Funke; Funken
Spaik; sparkle
Funkenchronograph
Spark chronograph
iFunkenziindung
Hi;gh-tension priming; spark priming
Funker
Rai prtrGebirgugranate
Punkleuakpauzer
Radio controlled light tank for
special purposeu(See also under
Funmesgr~tFuG)
Panizer)
.Gebirgsjlager
Funklmpssser'FuG
Radar
FukazrArmo~red
vehicle for troop comnin
.unlcatlon(See also under Panter)
* Funkeendung
Radio transmission
Funkatelle(Fust)
Radio station
Funktrupp(Fu T,)
jSignial corps detachment

Gasbr-sanzgeschoss;
Gaksbrisanzgranate
Gasdruck
Gasdruckbombe
Gasdruckgerlat; (;asdruck.
messer
Gasdruckhtilse(GDrH)
Gasdrucklader; GaskolGas-Erdmine
Gasgeschoss
Gasgranate(Ggr)
Gashandwerfer
Gaskampf; Gaskrieg
Gasmorser
Gaismunition
Gasteer
GAbwerfer
geballte Ladung(GebLdg)
geballte Ladung 3 kg
geballte Ladung 10 kig
Gebirgaartilleuie(GebA)
GeblrgsgeschUez(GebG1
Gebirgaboubitze(GebH)
GeblrgsinfanteriegeschUta
Gebirgsjgser-Bataillon
.(shock

Gtse
Gebrauchsladung

R-,dio tower
Functioning test
Rddio wave
Quartermaster sergeant
Rifleman; infantry private
Plate-base mortar
Foot plate; float(AA G)
Forage; fodder; lining
scabbard; sheath
Lincr(of a gun)
Lining tube; inner liner(G)
Bushing(breechblock)

Bracket; fork
Gun carriage with shafts
jelly; gelatin; slue
420 mm Howitzer(See under
Weapons'
Motion; action;
passage(Mining)
Capstan
Cone of dispersion(Guny)
Gas defence
Gas bomb
High explosive chemical
shell
Gas pressure; blowback
Pressure bomb
Pressure gage; crusher gage
(see also Messei)
High-pressure cartridge
Blowback-pstdaomrc
weapon; gas operated gun
Chemical land mine
Chemical projectile; gas shell
Chemical rifle grenade
Chemical shell
Chemical hand grenade
Chemical warfare
Chemical mortar
Chemical munitions
Gas-tat
Cilemical(gassprolector
Concentrated cbarge(eonsiating of several explosive
tied together)
Demolition block containing
3 kg TNT
Demolition block containing
10 kg HE
Mountain artillery
Mountain piece; pack gun
Shell for mountain gtuns
Mountain howitzer
Mountain Infantry howitzer
Mountain lnfantryman(See also
J&'ler)
Mountain Infantry battalion
troops)
s;cso
Normal charge; service
chaasge(Amumo)

Vessel;
GefechtGeschaitz
GecFti~ghit;
6 .chsofKimpi

Gefreiter
*

(er 277

fightinig; battle (See also


and Krieg)

~Private

first class

Geschiirz auf

Attiliery piece, gun, cannon


SCUl-Prcpcllcd gun

.Selbstfahrl.ift.tte

Gesch~tzpulver

Gnpoeln

Gefrieruk
GehlStucure;
Ge arContent;
gcharteter, Stahl

Freezing point
texture
concentration(CW'S)
Hardened steel

Gesch tzrohr
Gesch"Mtverschluss
urehlc
Gbr..idgk

Gun barrei(Scc also Rohr)


B~reech mcclipqism;
eehlocit;spk

Gehiluse
St
GeeeSAatspolizei

Cmast;e
Case;m asing; housing
Secret State Police

G. sellachaft
Gestalt
Gestapo

-society; Company
Form;shp;fgr
SeudrGra

9Gstk o
Aelrummte Flugbahn
geae~e)loaded;
Gelarindynmi
Ge
ain d na i
Gclb rei.

Curved trajectory
aimed; charged
Terrain; ground; country

GesteinRokstn
Ge stein ssprengmittel1;
Gesteinssp engstoft
Igesteuert

Gelatin dynamite

Yellow Urzubs (Get markingt for


vesicants) (CWS)
tzesc,,oss
8
Chemical Projectile with vesicant
filletgcwchr
Gelbkrc.uzgas
fillerd a
Geekjoint;
knuckle; flexible couplink
gelienlfertsel
Nonrigid sun carriage
geiqfrtge)manufactured;
provided
Gemc:,de Polixei
Local polIice; towniship policesrckn
Gemne; Gm ic
MRxuralpl.ema
Gendrar
RuatPlcea
Gnastb
I
des Hleeres
General
Staff of the Army
* Ge n~ b )G
epack
Baggage; luggage
* gepanzert
armored
*gepanzerte Kampffahrzeuge'
Armored fighting vehicles
Ge~
onexpendable supplies; materiel;
Gerblohe
or: n e p a a u ; i sr m n
Tanbat.k; tan liquor
Gerbatofi fit
r Tannin
gerefelt;
gerillt
grooved(rifling)rilgend
gerllts GacossCanelred bullet
*o~l
entire

Abbreviations
Roc basting esriosive;
blasting explosive

co to l d;s e r d

cnrle;serd
Gie
isl
-Synchronized MG

gesteuertes Geschoss
gesteuertea .Maschinten.
gtesrreckte Flugbahn
gestrcckte Ladung

Flat trajectory
Biangalore torpedo (Sce
tllsoRohrladung)
Urought iron (See also

gestreckttes Iiisen
Getreidemebl
getrennte Mbunition
Getriebe
wl
gewalzter Stahl
G eb
(Gewehr(Gew)
Gewchrblendgranate 42
Gewch rgescho ass
rewG)
Gewehirgranatte(GewG,)
Gewehrkartusche
Gewehrmunition

C.ewehrnebelgrati ate 42

Oeatanever-all
length
Gewehrpanzer.
Geschoss(Geach; Ga)
Projectile; missile
gaaeGwzr
Geschoisbahen
Trjco y
als c c r eGewehrpatrone(GewPatr)
GesehosabodenBase of projectile
Giewehrpulver(Gewp)
Geaehosadraj!;Geschossdrehung Spin of proj-ctile
Gewehrschuss
*Gediieosadurchm-taae 1
Diameter of psoje~tile
ecosaikG)Projectile
factory; shcl 1f.cwry
Gewehrspreng..
pescho saighrung
Seating(forcing)of projectile
rnt(wpg)
Geschossgewicht(Gi)
'Weight of projectile
rnt(e
pgt
Geschoasgesehwindigkeit
velocity of projectile
gwrlceSrnaof
1 Geschossh~hlun
Shl cavityt
G chahleBod
y of projectile; shell
Gewichtadn(ig
* Geschosahillse
Ca..tridge case
* Gschsakr.
~
Ca ofproectleGewinde
* Geschosskopfe
Coap of bulectlet
e~b gew~lbtconvex;,
GeshosinatelHea~pont~f pojetil
ezogen(gez)
Jecosop
ackeoit of
bullectil
ezogener Teil des Laufes
Geschossmine(GMi)
:
Improvised A, T mine made of
gexoga
e ecbRfe
l
a lH E sh
gexogenes Zi lT
Ogie(Pog)Gichtataub
Gesehossaptze ; Gescossupixe;Bognaprze
oenpie
Projiectil o
pnets bullet
siessentopr;ct;ml
Ge -hsa-prengatoff
Busigcharge of projectile
girntya(Sels
GescosazpfeoRcarpatofnen
el
Giltoebel; Giftrokuch
geschrumpftes Rohr
Built-up barrel (lit
*
i
Shrunk barrel)

Cereal meal; wrain flour


Separate-loaded ammunition
See Wechselgetriebe
Power; force; violence
Rolled steel

Fbi;tsu
See Gewelirnebeigranate 42
Rifle bullet
Rifle grenade'
Propelling cartridge for
Rfeamnto

Smoke grenade for rifle 4?


Armor-piercing rifle
rnd
Rifle cartridge
Rfepoeln
Rifle shoplat
Rfeso
HE rifle grenade
nurilc~mtil
We~ght; gravity
Wexpltofsives
poetl
Thread (of a screw); winding
arched; vaulted
rifled(barrel); drawn; towed
Rifled part of barrel
u
ow ed targ et
Blast furnace dust; flue dust
Toxic smoke; irritant
amke(CW
Poisonous muittet; toxic
sgent(CWS)

(Per278
*('iplelho~he

Maximum ordinate(Traj)I;.azmdrcs)liefrh~

hl

m t 1~ j
G ran u lie tun g
(I~rating; hcre~en; grid; lattice
sgraphische Scrhuss'lasmine
S
(Glassland mine Glazng~f
tafel
orpropllat-)with
poder
(slAttcSn( des
lchrs't(;laxingSm
thf1r gun r o r pe l n s
graphitieren
91latte'O (.es
o
hte4%
l G
Smultverr
Gun(at
glates~lolict.~~l'uver
il4zed(Polished)powde, or prollellant(ibrefagin
glatt: s ohrig
Smooth-barrel
Grauguss(Gs) .Cast
*Glatthiwa ig't
Sm o h bo erauspiesaglanz
Giei hge ich
Ba anc : e uil bri m
gavim etrisches Gew icht
Gicish b
Ralile bombliR
Grenatdier
Vimme micaalso
Glimm er1.16car
Gtrienz((r)
('lmmi
r(G's -)
racer with glowing composition('tiff
dim tracer
llhnto
glow
grobes lll'Alttrhen.
(Wfd-ifiaetlulver(grBll')
G;llu~dt
6(6ldikathodenoe
acuum 'tubeti*adi
Grobgewicht
Hotfgose
-headminna
Lallakpfc'enIlo-wie b dge vih
e )d(nu
werter)
electric igniting device
Grossadmiral
Ulha p
ncndesent lamp
G .rosse
(alihz~indapparat (see also
Low tension blastiag
machine;
grosse ly;dngkgr~dg)
Zs~
ch
nidne
m)a
a
pp a odra
tu s
r) el c r ca g it o
ro ss r Z ~ind la
d u n g( g r~ d lg)
apparaieO'lui)
otensio e
.
(;rrossfettiguns
('I ihziaidrC~lltz Lowtenion lecri igniteir or
grosskalibrig
detoaiitor , ..
1ss
te
I,
(vl~h-iinkecc
ti~.~;eoao hi
ih delays Cirube
de:t4
11IA
.I gt
ignit?. or
Grubengas; Grubenwetter
;i iife lpr

t~u
Gitter
-.

"0(Glah

"(;oliath" DenltoVehi'l
Guiielond 14; i
Sotapato

brhneuht

itrIeof Ihardt

GCraawercgsltd

FVObharcele.J automatic
eorrAr 11suncher)
os hl

ibon; gray iton'casting


Antimony trisulfi(;e(Sb,2S,1
G ravi mectric density
Infantry rifleman, privatt(Sec
Panlzergrenadier)

Frontier; border; boundczy


Gi;hnl

Prip;lhantdnle
refae
Poeln nlrefae
Gosweight
Ileavy flame thrower(on twowheel carrier)
Admiral of the lieet
V att;m~ aid;sz
chazg trge
L ar ge i gn i te r o rp ri nete c h a r ge
Mass production
large caliber; big bore
Muzl
ditchit
Fiea pepoiemixture of
mehn

Gundadu.
n(Grndld)

Bse hare;

GrundmIine

Sta hell
terba
(.r n x t p l tte
Sh ll spl nte
.
Grantattrichter
Shell crater
(;ranaIt%vtfer(GrtXSee also
Grenade throw,-r or r'rojector.; trench
M~rer *.motar;
AlT grenade rifle

Gpi
to
G l~terw age n
Gttu

an air,; mine ai
aincharge(.See

ground mine;
controlled mine(Nav)
rrcen cross (Ger marking for
ln riat)CS
Group fire; volley fire
Do u ble-base p ro pella n t c on t g
nirgnrle.Nu
Gueerilla (See also Partisan'e)
Fd
ice cag
Fubir gukicen(lag
e lt; strap; g irdle; a mrnu n ition
bl;frdbl
t

strap; band; girdle; zone


oda muiinbl
oda muiinbl

atio
Cast
steel;
fur-lace steel
00 'in",
(Puas~evarrapolitSee
under Weapons)
Freight station(ltR)
F re ig h t c sr(RR )
FrihtriRR
rih
ri(R

.H

haarartig
IlafenPort;

ecnu

US graphical firing table)


to graphite; coat with graphite
Edre; ridge; burr; seam ;

nGrnd~egun
e
e .42

IFixed
Axlatwt ihbiijmineral Oil
GrabngeshutzGr~rreuxGr~t)
Trench piece(Arty); trench gun
(!raben h uiteg
Tr nc howit:er
Gruppenfeuer
(.raben kin
i eg
Tr e ch war ar
Gu ol ul v a( uP
Grabnmie;
rabnnarserTrench mortart shell
*grabnrat'rer
Trench mortare
Grahnmtrer
regih motarFreischarfer
Grad
D~egree; grade; rank
Gul 'sckanione
Grn~taihs(rl)Grenade launching rifle
unra
ra
n A te
e
Shell;i~proett le gr n d
Gr
Grngleolrfe
niconcrete shell
';,naf~laag(GI)Shell fillet .'.Glirtelbetfedel
GAftatfiillu's 02 (Grf 02) r
Sr,,Belt;
n
Seltiller
type'3902(TNT)
sgurten
(Ouanatfiallung 88 (Grf 88)'
Shelfle'yeIHRirccd
ust
Gramnathulse
Shell filrtp
~l~'aa
ca)
(usCasting
Shell can,
.
~Guaselsen
.Catio
4 Giaatatkart~tsche
'Cn se:sel
Canisterc shllhoel
ussth
'rA'ttoh .Selhl
Gustav (iesch"iz Doa
Grntiga
'ujector signal; rockeItsignal;.

(a~aatw.rfel-~nling~rVflin)

G a i l
(Trnuajetorycat(o t

Ilairlike, capillary
harbor

I hfthohl: adrng( Ilagtl)


hI
Ia
n
ilfhhlain
Hahn ~
fiahnflinte

Custody; arrest; bolt; loop; confinement'lapkrtsheltat)


Magnetic antitank hollow charge(loC) lfutaticetpkr)
Vg Adhering hollow charge)
(See also
Magnetic HOC of 50 0S RDX
aptadtung
0
e n
'Magnetic "oC of Usg RDX
autaugMichreoInplnt
Hlammer; cok tpokbase

(lit rooster)
Hamrll
u
auptinann(Hipt)
Ha~ggee~Hammer
shotgunptach
hahailose
hlaupnsch
hammer rles
HlauptzUndung
anoe P ewchr
h1ammerless tlelead-in(BI)
Hasenbucs
Iaok
,1sim rclams ; atce
haut~atzcnd
hook; clqeb
s p; c a p a c
H autgift
Hakenb11t~octisc
Arqebu
* Halb automnia
s
cea o
Hebel
H lalbdku rchne ss
Radius; semidiameter
Hebelzi~nder
HfalbkuCZcgel gldelabzr
HemisphereLe
H~altne~ 4 ~~
5Al' proetl
hlals(Halpzgr)distnguised
haltbar
Neck;, throat; stem(of a thermometer)
lerl)Army
Haitbarkeit; Bestind;,;
sal;drbe
asigatcia
llaltering(HRB)'
ab
I~aSO
Lagerbestandighke t) Heeasatatcia
hlaleshrub
itrsastn
Haltesthab
Retaining ncrew(Fz)
Heeresartillerie
hhateeicenRetaining pin
Hateeihe
Herna.ru~l)
Sopsina
leeresfiak(hIrlak)
namerhr
Sop ignl
Ieerenfunksttele (lFu)
Hlanimereisen
Wruh rnHeereshauptquartier
Hhandbremse
Hnbrk;eegcyraeheadquarters(G311Q)

Mi EPIiAca~
Min pronefingd cammo
ianucl
no-fde ammortsc
Melainchare o toela
charge of blasting
cpo eoao
Captain
M-isn
Main gulard
ignition
vesicant(CWS)
Blister agent;
vesipant(CWS)
Lever
rtyein
e'
Levor typligits
(for Glas mine)
fom.as
1 rmee
(the Army,

Army
Army
Army
Army
Army
Army

nt
establishment
artiliery
vehicle
AA Alty
radio station
general

hladfeerwffe
Had rak; e ergncybiae
eeresa zantirett
Army general hospital
Small frarms; sholde
amrunitit
IHandsranategllgri
depotmniacms
:Handgrenade(HdGr)
laget(HML)Aryamntodet
llandgriff; Handhabe
Handle; grip
lleeresWa1fcnamt(llW.4)
AryOdacOfie
Handbabun
Handling; manipulation
adhbungasichere
(e
ne
apatec
Ezpoie saet adeHeereszeugamt
Army undee
tarpantsdetc
ordnance supply
(Seeie
depot; quartermaster
Handleuchseichen
and signal flare(ground)poe
*Handrauc'hzeichen
Had mkesgalxrun)raft
Heating p
*
aditghand-operated
manualcaoicpwe
HandwaffeHand weapon; ha~nd arm
HipacHot
plate
*Hnwrfe
alsoMortar;
mortar
Granatwerier)
een
Heating; firing
(lit Hindtrench
projector)
Helm
Helmet
Handweirk - eug'
Hand tools
Hemd
Shirt; shell Iof a
H1ang
tI
Slope; bentblsfunc
Hangemine
Hagn
ine
lHemmiumgJamn;soag
pace
furn
flatnotofblastnX
Harn tnff
Ue ane
ua
N ick na e for 1000 k g
Hattnes;'tmperof
meal)GP-HE
bomb, called in
H a ta
b rdl
ni s ;te pe of a m t lG
r " 10 0 0 kg SC '~H
er
Hard c ar
e ( suc h as of tu ng
st e n ca bd e) l ierstel le r
l a ua t r r a rc n
Abe
Rsin; osinHersterla
aub(Hb)
.Ballistic
Production; manufactur~e
cap(BC~oa Some lusger
ete
Baiter. Tani destroyer
clbr shells; false cap;'O
kdwre(e
ne
l ub nIIue~a&eH~)windshield
r naejj
)s
Parzer
hell witha DC (ballistic ca )Hilfslafette
HaubengranateniazdeiHlgZ
Ipan vier) m un
Ha
ri
e bmll gcrZ) -* PD &faz or use under BCifaae
B
Hilffwaffe
Auxiliary table (Ball)
Hatibi le(sH rap (See
id
hr 'I
Shrapnel with false 'Cap
Hinterlader
Breechla r ery
llaze bi
H) (S e ls Ngrse t) *:How itzer (light sod medium )
Birefea
c; ho dtne
s a so
Haubitze
(nung'S
eealso 'Seilfeeergeschitiz)
l- a u g bh
lahm(T)
ol
Turret howit'&.,r
w
c
a
g
( o
*
Ladusg#~; HL)saedcag
Haubi essrsa
pus r(H~
R 1Wl
)
Howitzar shell
o hBriar
Haawu~i w
" gff;
reu( H~ p)p
Oag High tE Plo aive(H E )
rop ell ant in dug fo f el
B is n Sp
ea o
( l it H i ghl y hti s aat
Ha.Naiu da(z
Howitzer shell fuseexlsie
H-Pletrehe
ainW~w~sio; unsa&at
110hclieshrfladlich
sprestv

J.ie,,fnlih.

Afcla.

Sgirohirv

Percu~~,i(n fuzep

C %ruk ;k 1MAi~ui
II hsg.,drck
axmumgaitIn.fluenzdetonartion
pressure
*r.axmurn, rangc
4
eri
Hump
Teeth (A/jT obstacle)
h10ll0w; concav~e
cavern; hole; cAvity
110lko
I-lol
. wvhead projectile

1111Dragon
!hICave;

* 'clges hoss

* Io'iladn~tlll

geshos
II.)

ollow chtg~.iC;Innenzitrider

No~~~
e WII
urn
h
.
Charge
*~~~~
Noe
~ ~rn
W teGrmans
u~sed111ed
at least
four types of hollow
:eharges: Ill, Ill A, III 13and Ill C
*14llnhlldung 4iOSp

flohla~dung 12 1Og

llhladng)Ig12.5
hliohlladung 13.5 k9
IilaIn,50 kg
llohlringladuip'
Ilohliringladung 1.2, kfg
Ilohhiringladiuig 3.2 kg
holI'ndisc'h(hjy
Z
Illoizgeist; Ilolxitpritus
llolzk ast n
Iolz kohle

Iol w d m lton
&0gcharge

0og imiuvbu

demoitiowhci

liaige

k-gHlollow demolition ' carge


13.5 kg Ilollow demolition charge
.50 kg fiellcw detrolitirn chariz
hotllow, ring demolt'lIion charge
1.2 kg lHollow, ring charge
.3.2 kg. hollow, ring charge
r h
aloho.mtao
aIo

uo en bo
Charoo
mal ; wa
I~ o l me h olho mea ; w od f out(
od n b x i e
Wood pitchJ
Woodsoonte

hlol chsi e.
l holz pech
llo lz rassn
llolzstino 1 hje
.gn1

1
Wllsof~ood.
Pulp; cellulose(from wood)
o d p lTi
tar
o -t r- p t c

llolxstoef m s
ihlterWood

lnfanterieratnateflyrr

-Shell for infantry run


Sympathetic det'on'ation
Ingenicur; lIn eniior
1:nrgineer
lnal..lverzeichrnis
Tablv of conments
lInhaltszettel ' .Contentlae
lnitialexplosivstoff,
Initiating explrsive (such as
lnitialsprcr~gsf
M 1; . 1 A , 1. St , etc)
ataitialimpuls
See Z'indreiz
lnitialladiing
Initiating explosive charge
Initialzrinder
Initiator
Internatl fuze
Innere liallistik
Interior Biallistics
orgt lr
~
nslr opd
imRoihrnladun eBnaor
opd
Interessengemean.
Association for F-urtherance

bciiAft(IG)
Invarol
Irdenware
Irume:c;
Isolator

g p ne( g p )
Pan xerj~gercl'zJ~it)
Jagdpulver
Jagdtiger
e J ge
Jgget(J)

zyaalfreKahn

Intanterie(b;J)
Islanteuieseschms (Geach)
-

llydropnieurnatic Sur carriage

Infantry
natypec(
r10)
InatypeeG rHw;Kalk
close, support gun

of Mutual Interest; Trust


(-old! resisting grease
Earthenware
itk
Insulamito
ke

aoJgbmelgtrbi~e
Jag d
d a t c

Ilo hxt eer pIo


eh
llo~zcI saffLignocellulosc
Ilorchiapparat;, Ihorchlgerlit
Sound locator or detector
Hor'niase
Hornet; Self-propelled AlT Sun
I-See 'under Panzer)
J..ebtiln
llubncbrauber
aebt
in
IHelipcopter
IlleCover;
covern;cs;set
hhllse
ul;
ac 'case
hthGe
fll'huske; rig
cartridge
j)Igerdivision
ll'ulsenauzzieher
Cartridge case extractor
J'srecut(G
11scieashulCartridgcaeintfcto
acgch1jG
sehcasenbdxeichnunio
(number)
'Jigergranate(JGr)
Halulsenboden
Base of cartridge case
Jod
* Ilinenhals
Nec ofcrrdecsIuai
,
Ne~Cartidg carrdecs
.1
lianktuhe(IulKar't)
Catig ase of rapid-fire non-fixed )ode Isaigeater'
otig
(ilsnltoe
ase
,poe tobg
Jodtinktur
HVuItnc a tratie
C rri g ca ejodzahl
* lh~ilsenrsadCartridge case rimh
justieren
*t
HumnelBumblebee
SP Howitze,(See under
Panzer in descriptive part)
Ilut
IHat; cap; cover; lid; topK
*
hirceaBlasting
cap; cup (cartridge)
Iidtte
Hlut; cottage; iron works; rolling mill; KabelCal;wr
glas wrksKabine
Hydrociynsnauae; Hydro-o
Iydrocyanic acid
hydropneumatische Lafette

Jigr

KiQa
KajUte; Koje'
Kaliber(Kal)
gaias
KalisWmK), Kali

blun t; ch ase
Tank de i'troyer Jagdpanzer V
See u n d er P a nz e r in
descriptive part)
Tank destroyer or hunter
(Sve Under Panzer)
Hunting (sporting) propellant
Tank destroyer (S--e under
Panzer in descriptive part)
Hunter; chasseur; ranger;
r ifle m an in Ji ge r div isio n ;
private in Gebirgsjia'gerationfghearpn;
ailo;fgtrapne
usi ln
'Light infantry battalion;
ranger battalion; (See also
birgsj User- fatajl Ion)
Light infantry division
Light infantry piece
(G or Ihow)
Light infantry gun proje--tile
Idn
odinieaid
EthyliodoacetatecCWS)
Tincture of iodine
Iodine number
dut olmt
(bore-sight alignment)

Compartment- cockpit
(See also Kajuite)
Boat
Cabin (ship)
Caliber; gauge
Caustic potash(KOH)
Potassium(K)
Lime

(,er 281I

KalMsiicht

I-Ime solution; milk of lime


Kmltisapekttera
Calcium nitrate
K~rrkibektt~at;Cold Adhesv put
ise
tn
attaching demolition charges
Cold extrusion (lit Cold-squirting
Katrckn;Katrcung;
Autofrettage (a process used in
Selbstschrumpfung
Manuf of sun barrel s)(See in the
Kam
Kamnier
KaminerhUlse(Kh)
Kazeiterh~lsenladung
Kammehpf erh
Kampf
kampfgaa

Kmfstoff

Kavaleriegeschittz
Cavalry sun
Kegel
Cone
KennbuchstalheIdnfiaconr
Kennzeichen
Mak; sign;indkarzo
KennzeichnungCoedeinin
Kern
Core; nucleus
Kerngeschoss
Ble
ihcr
gamCeneralge
scton)m; a
Kernladung
Base
sect
ion(SL.Ammno)
Crst;ride~cmb;camKerzenst~arke
Candle power
Chamber; room
Kettenkugel
Canso
Central tube;'(lash tube(Shr)
Kiesel
Flain; silc;ot
s gae
'Flash tube charge(Shr)
FlfiTnt; tiianbark
,grve
B~urster tube
Kil~pr~under(KiZ)j
Tilt
type
igniter
l~~~att'-.,
combat; fight (See also
Kissen
Csin a;plo
Gefecht and Krieg)
Kiste
Cuseio;chspcate;
bilow
War gas; poiron gas(CWS)
KitCaemn;
chetrty
;bo

K~. c4( p P
i )s

i fed b o r c ui g r.dnal
rC
ol
3,K
pistol (Sep alno lI eswhprhi 5tn,lt
Kmpfstoffbombe
Chemical bomb
Kampfwagen(Kpiw; Ka
ombat vehicle; tank; armored veIhicle
Kamil4wagenfalle(KwF)
Tank trap
'Kanpfiwaf6nkanone(KwK;Kpfw)T'i,~l gun
Kanone(K)
Cannon;, gun; piece of ordnance
Kanionlenboot
Gunboat
Kanotien granare(
)C
KaonnrheGun'
Kanonienachl"g mit
Raucheracheinrung
I
Kannnenschuss
kanoneniz~inder

n o hl
barrel
Smoke-puff charge
(sim.ula'ted fire)
Gun 'Shot
Fuze fo,r Iacan .non shell

Kapitoniert
Kaitneunnt

rivate(Arty); cannoneer
Lieutenant-Commander(Nav)

am
KlappeFlptr;li;dm
Kleif(kleiner Flammenwerfer)
kleine Ladung
Kleinkaliberlauf
Kleinlcatibe~munition
Kleinluftschiff
Kleister
Klemme
kbpfis

*--Knall

Knalld~impfer
Kapptnu Seep
Captain(Na,
Knallgas
Kap(K)AP
cap (See also Ilaube)
Knallslyserin
Kappengeschoss
Capped projectile
LInitroglycerin(NG)
Kapsel
.- Capsule; priming cap; blasting
cap;
Knailquet-ksilber
detonator
Knallslure
Karabiner(Kb; Kar)
'Carbin'!
Knallailber
Kal ert
eay P ortars (See Thor and
Knallwelle
Karl Mortars)
Knallzuclec':
Kar6, tt.r h,
Caniatet(SL Ammo); case shoct
Knallzuindschnur; lDetoiInier.
Kartitschengranare;
.4chrapnel(Slir)
ende ZUindschnur
Spc nh en
r a
t
Kn t m sc i n
-rri.peiinrba
Knick
lastuschdleckel(Kartd)
Covet for Kartusche,
KnickzundetKnZ)
KarasheKat)Cartouche; container of propellent
'Knopf
charge not used in F1_ ammo
Kochsals
Kartusche,einfach
Bag containes of
I?~ent charge
Kohle
ICoal;
*plaiced
in Kartuachv-a,'plse
1
Koje
Kaiusichenhii'lic(Kartt)
Ceortridge case for &<arcuschenfqv V Kohlengrube
kartuschenimunition(Karthiu) Amuit
using Kartuschen
Ko;Ilens~ure
*
Compare with Pitrone`munition)
KosCake(coal)
Kartuschenvorlage
'jMzlsle-flash reducing wad
Kol~ben
Kasematte
'Case~niate
.
1-1 :piston
Kasenrattenkanone(KK).
Casemate cannon
Kolbenpistole
,XaseMattermlafettk(KL)
Casemate gun moun~t
Kollgodiumwolle
Kasarne
Permanent barracksa
Konigutiger
Kasino
Officer's meis or club
K~ask(such as Mk 50 Kiak)
Target indicating flare
konisches Rohr;
* (TM-9-1985-2, pp 71-4)
Wl~rgebohrungsqezboearl
KatnChest;
box; cas
Kontaktseemine
Kasgelafete
BX! tiail gun carsi.ge
KIf(pf
'Katapult; Sihlcuder
catapult
:;.Kopfring
Kauraschult
Canutchouic; rubber, before
Kopfuelle(an der Spit . e
*
Vulcanization
des fliegenden Geaschosv)

Clamp; c la s p; p u t
sw;ivel~lf); clip; p~.zenthesis
r
Portable flame thrower
Reduced charge
Small bore barrel(Rf).
abaic ueG
Su hcaliber ammunition
Blimp
deiepst;ti
at
Clheip; lap; te; tin as(Ee)
bind;ncapostemnlEc)
ntikngok
Bang; crack; detonation; report
-Silencer(Ri or Pist); muffler
Oxyhydiogen gas
Fulminating glycerin;
Mercuric fulminate(M F
Fulminic acid
Sle uriaeAF
Shock wave
Nitrorelucose; nitrosaccharose
l'rimacord; detonating fuse
K n ead ing m ac hin e; i rialax ato r .
Break (in curves); sharn bend
Snarp type ignite
Button
Kitchen salt; common %air
%:atbon
See Kajr~att
Coal Mine
Carbonic acid; carbon dioxide
lla;bt

it

G r)

Machine pistol
Colodior, cotton; soluble NC
Kn
ie(akce
ne
Panzer)
Tapered-bore bamrrvPG):
Contact sea mine
ead; nose(13); point(Sh)
Fotrn(rj
Shock wave(at heti o
Projectile)

l1 op I .;sns.Ir(

K /.K

fir)a.ct*u

o r

:Io
1 N '

s.- .(

uc(Po ;K~ISIBdao

II a sket; vr,: Se; Clusster ofg


Korni

Cordite

Kornen
Kompuchten
*

oGral
c

KoBodyk3pt~l

?~orvettc
k

Ki %dhCrc,
K5 id

Gratn; ule

r,

ih('~

~~Sete

rs
Kraftrad

(init Kraiftz.ug)

nlvz) truck with trailer


(Tractor drawn; truck drawn)
Krafth
s:rilei
Motorized artillery
rhn; Kran
Crane; cock; faucret
Krankenhaus; L~azarets;
Hospital
Sptlk~stenkanone(KstK)

Kr!rz
iKrieg
Kriegsausrdstung
Kraegsgerki
* Kriegsm~arine
Krigsio
ae5~un
Kriegschiff
* Kriegswerft
Kriminalpolizei(Krilso)
Krummeru
*Kr.upp-Maun
K*Ubel
kubisches Pulver
Kugel
kugelfest; kulgel'sicher
Kugelform 3 kg
Kugel K
Kugell~ager
Kugeipaerone
Kugel spriit e
K-sgeltre~ibmmn(i
ri

kuprsfparltai

ca. etprc)s~latn

tah

Kupfcjrschierer

mm ncrNuv

Ful
Power transmission
car; itutoimobile
lowc r station
tractiOn (Os a n~rme

Kreuzer
*Kreuzf cuer
Kruple(KrP)

I opper wire

Crack,
li u c rash

Kraftibrstoff
ti
Kraftwigert~n g
Kra tv~~eMNoto'r
Kraftwerk; Kraftzentrsslle

Kteiselpumpe
kreisclrad
Krrisetvisr
Kreislauf; Kreisprozess
krepieren
krepitieren
Krepp
Kreuz.

Kuilferdrp~el

fIIun s in
nrersth
( PSmetallie
fJoudrig~s

( r i ~ . ' t e g h s; p w r
M t r 'e i l
source
Motorcycle

KislCircle;

Wl
date rI c e ( G
COUI i Scke(G

(~ nulate powdrp
D;rilltiitr~
we

K r tp
lf iuri
t .
Kra ft fa hre ug K z
Kr~s~qullvPower
*Kraftrasd

KrfzgPowce

K u himantel
Kul is se

area
(Gyroscope
Centrifugal pump
1urline
Hn
Cycle
to bur st; die; explode.
to crepitate; crackle
Crepe
Cross; crosspiece
(of universal joint)
Cruiser
Cross fire
Tubular propellaue: with a
Crspiece inside of tube
'In' ersectison
:War (See al so Gefec ht and Kampf)
War equipment; arnisment
War materiel
Navy(lit War Marine)
ar D~cparrmcnt
Warship
Navy yard
Criminal investigation police
Bent barre l(See description)
Krupp Mouse heavy tank
(See under Panzer)
Jeep; bucket
Cubic powder or propellant
B~ullet; sphere; shot; ball
bulleiproof
Ball charge, 3 kg
See Kurt Apprirat
flall bearing
BalcrrdeLadungsverhiltnis
See Maschinengewehr
Spherical floating mine; sanan chored automatic contact mine

raugwre(dW

Kuplerzylindt..~des
Stauchapparate.)t,
K uppe ll a f fe te
K p l n
KurbelCak
Kurt Apparat or

rotating
band(steel coveredl with
copper)
Corsper-bearing schist or shale
Copper cyiinder(for crusher
pprts

Cu pol a g un mo un t
Co u pling ; c on n e ctio n; c lutc h
Sphtcalhdotaial

B 400 Kugel K
K urve
K urzschussShr(uy;sotht
Kurzwelle
KUistenartillerie(KatA)
K'Us atenbatterie(KstBrrr)
Kiln, .gesch'utz(Kstr.)
K~stenhaubitze(Kstl;
K'istentafette(Ksti.)
Kii'stenm~rser(KstMr%)
Kilstenridne(IKstMi)
KstenwacheCosgur
Ksightgar

operated aircraft-laid skip


boral, (TM 9-1985-2, pp 14-i;)
Curve; turn
Short wave
Coast defense artillery;
shore ertillery
Coartal battery
Coast defense piece
oatdfes
owte
Coaat defense cannon
Coast deiensesgun mount
Catdfnem~a
Coastal mine

L
Labovint
Laborantin
laborieren

Laboratory technician(male)
Laboratory technician(female)
t ao;t
oki
aos
tolbry; to
place
lbos

L~ack
Lackmus; Lacmus
ILadedichte; La ssihe

Lacquer; varnish
Ltu
Loaingdnst;ussiyo

laden
Ladeklappe
LaeofA

LaeemSee
LdtokRammer;
Ladestreifen
LdtomlCrrdedu
Ladevorrichtung
L~adung(Ldg;Ld)
LadungabUclise; Ladungs.
gef's.; Ladongskaste
Ladungsgewicht
Ladiungaraum; Laderaum;
Pulverraumi

Charge
to load; charge
B~reechblock
devs'
e
~ sm
electric bomb fuzes(lit
Cheirging head)
Ladungsraum
ram-rod
Ammunition clip; cartridge
cI ip(for loading magazine rifle)
Loading or feeding device;
breech mechanism
Loetd; charge; increment;
filling
Blasting charge container;
blasting charge box
Weight of filling
Chamber;, propellent chamber
(See also Verbrennungaraum)
Loading ratio (Ratiobew n
weight of charge and total
we'gh o'po
te)

LdngwrrLgWSpotmta

pgtmra

*~~.
I

l-'~tti%~hGun

carr~age bed
Si tuat ion; ilosit ion; layer

L eiter

Ca 'n~al; 'lepot; dump1 ; bed; layer;

ILelfaliigke~t; Lcitungs-

~andol~il

.eaundt3kit liat(astei
l
Dutstuitget
llhretjj

Stabilit~t)
Sc-oring test
lacquered; varnished
Lakmus; l.ackrnus
litmus
I 11ndelicht
Ground flare for aircraft landing
*Land!-panzer
Armnotei amtkihious eroop carrier
(See also under Panzer)
*
L~andme ile
Statute nii'c(l.6O9 kin)
L-andcuine
Land mine
Landaterin
Territ'irial trained reserves
Note: Ac'cording t4; 11. A. Tisch of Picatinny Arsenal, the
Imprerial Germa~n Army had approximately the I lowing
classification: Active (ages 10-22), Res~~rve (22-28), Ersatz
Reserve (213-32), Laridwelir I (32-35). 1.andwehr 11 (35-30),
*Lan~lstrrnr
1 (38-42) and Landsturm 11(over 42). All classes
were trained. I! the mnen had not served 2 years in the
active army, they had to go through 6 nionths of basic
:I:-,Leuchtgeschoss-Z'indcr(LgZ)
trai'i~ng.
ne
On. ftetnk(e
* Ladserke 60(L60
1,agzrungsprobre
1lakiett

Pan

~r)

Smoke generator for aircraft


landing
See Note under Landsturm
Landwrlr
Agricultural tractor of pre-WW HI
* Landwirischaftlicher
which was converted to a tank
* Scblepper(LWS)
(See under Panzer)
Length; lorngitude
Liinge
Lange der Waffe
Length of weap~on
Eaongated projectile
L~anggeschosis; Latiggranate
Larignebelkerie 42(NbKzL42) Long smoke generator 42
1,Long gun; long-6a~rre led Sun
Langrohrgesch~ltz ,
Slow-burning propellant
* langravis verl-Tn-neadeTPulv~r
Long waves(Rad)
* L~answellen
l~ozit~drLong
time fuze; delay fuze
L u.Load;
burden; weight
Truck
*LastkriAf.-rgen
Darrel(SA); course; pet
Lauf
(See also Rohr)
Bore(G)
Laufbohyung

L.eitungEecrccl;cndt
Lenkballon; L-nklclftschiff
Leopard
L~eopold
Letten
Leuchtbombe
Leuchte
Leuchtfallschirm,
Leuchtfallaeliirmrgrarnate
Leuichtfalischirmrslcete
Leuchtgeschoss:
Leuchtgraiiate
Leuchtgranatwerfer
euchclc .gel

L1andungsrauclizeiclien

Lsfsel
*Laufeinnrs
LauweteCaliber(SA);
Laufzeit
'iLye;
Lauge

ore(of a Sana'J arm)


(See also Kaliber)
Running time(Fiz)
leach, (Sodium or
Potassium llydroxide)
Loud apiesket
Hfospital

[.AutapTecher
Lozarett; Krasikenhaus;
*
Spital
Hlospital train
**
Lazarettzug
*
Lebernadauer(des GenchLte)Lf (fagn
Vivacity
Lelbhaftiglreit
Vacuum; emptiness; gage
1*.
Leere
emlpty
Leergewicht *Weight
*
light
leicht(l; Ie; L)
Light weapon(such as
lZG
Le ichtge5ch"t~l
leiclites Ge chtz
*
recoillessz gun)
Light metal(Alumninum)
* Lezchtrnctall(L-tm; LM4)
Glue
*
Leiin
Liniseed oil
L-einill

Leuchtmittel
Leuclittunitiun (.LMun)
Leuchtpatrone-(LPatr)
Leuchtpistole(Li'ist)

Leuchtrakete
L.euchtrohre
Leuchtsatz

Leuchtspur(tia'pur);
Lichtspur
Leuchtspurgeschoss
(L'spurG)
Leuchtspurgranate
(L'spurGr)
Leuchtspurhtilse
(L'spurti)
Leuchtspurmunition
(L'spurMun)
Leuchtepursutz
Leuchtratern
Leucht- u SignalMunition(LuSklun)
Leuclmtvinier
Lecuclitzeichen
Leuclitzifferblatt
Leurnznt
Licht
Lichtmris sung(LMsisi)
Lichtrzpur(l.Sp)
Lichtspurhaluc(L-SpiI)
Lichrt-tirkc

Cap)acity;

Work

-on
leto;
cader; guide

Conductivity

Ranging roinds (used to


establish the a2curacy of
the cst iniated distance from
rn pitntotiet
Dirigible
One of the tanks (See
under Panzer)
280 mmnRailway ,un Model 5.
called alsoAnzio Annie
Potter's clay; clay us-!d for
t amping
Illuminating b~omb; flare bomb
L~ight; lamp; llumination
Parachute flare
Parachute flare shell
Paracbhute flare rocket
Star shell; illuminating shell
Fuze for star shell
Pyrotechnic mortar (projector)
Ground signal; W~ry signal
light
Pyrotechnic device
Pyrotechnic ammuniticn;
flare ammunition
Siznal cartridge; flpoe
cartridge; (single star)
Smooth-bore pyrotechnic
pistol; signal pistol
(See also Kampfpistole)
Signal rocket; flare rocket
Fluorescent tube
Lumi'nous composition; flare
comp-osition; Pyrotechnic
composition
Tracer trajectory; light trail of
tracer projectile
Projectile with tracer
Tracer shell
Tracer element container
Tracer ammunition
Tracer composition;
tracer column
Sta'(illtiminating signal)
Signal pistol ammunition
Luminous sight
Ground signal lighr
Luminous dial
Second lieutenant
light; candle
Flash ranging
See Leuchtapur
See ILcuchtspurh'Cse
Intenqily of light

tier 28t4
*
*

lidern
Liderungl

to pack; seal; obturate


Obtitrator(Ci); 555a check

Supply; delivery ; lot

L~ieferung

lunt,
Luntengewcht

In mateh; flimp light-r


Matchlock gun

Delivciy number
M
Ballistic line; trajectory
353 min Howitzer(See under
MI(Kanone)
(S,,ee also flugbnhn)
linl,.
to the left; levo
Weapons)
links~drehend
levorotatory; counterclockwise
Macht
Might; power; force
Magazine rifle
~
Magazingewehr
Lens
*Linse
Maneuver
Man'over(Man)
Lip; edge; rim
Lippe
Maneuver(blank)caritricge
Manloverkartusche(Manl~art)
Livens projector(CWS)
Livens-liandwerfer
Maneuv er(blap k'propell ant
Mano'verpulver(ManP)
Hole; 6pening
Loch
Mantle; envelope; overcoat;
Mantel
Hollow pitbullet
ni
ogeschoci
jacket(bullet, projectile, etc);
(See also Ilohlladung)
sheath
En;ine yard(RR)
Lokom~otivbhnhof
jacketed pro jectile(such as
Mantelgeschoss; VerbundRoundhouse(RR)
'Lokomotivschuppen
nickel-eased or steel coated);
geschoss
Decontaminating agent (Ca
Los&antin
compound bullet
hypochlorite preparation in powder
Jacketed gun
Mantelkanione
or in tablet form) (CWS)
Sheathed cartridge(coal
Man:telpatrone
Ca hypochlorite slurry(CWS)
Losantinbrei
mining)
to extinguish; quench;
loschen
Built-up barrel(G); jacketed
Manteiringrohr;
s'ake(lime); discharge;
barrel(MG)
Mantelrohr
unload(a ship)
(See also geachrumpftes Rohr
extinguisher
* l~shge~tFire
and Ringrohr)
Solvent
* IAsemittel; Loisungsmittel
Sheathed explosive
Mantel sprengstoff
solventless
*l~isemittelfrei
Marten. Nickname for some
Marder(38 and 11)
Solubility
*
Lslichkeit'
SP AlT guns (Seei under
F'olution
Losung
Panzer in descriptive part)
Password
Losungswort(Lsg)
Water bath (laboratory):
Marienbad
Suding lead; plummet; solder
Lo
watering place
Solder
Lotmetall; Lotzinn
Navy(See also Kriegsmarine)
Marine
P ilot(Nav)
Lotse
Naval AA gun
Marineflak
Magnifyting glass
Lo~up'e
*
Prisoner-of-war camp for
Marinelager(Marlag)
Lynx; reconnaissance tank
Luchs
sailors
(See under Panzer)
Admiralty of the German Navy
Ivarineministeriurn
Air gun; air rifle
* Luftbiichsc; Luftgewehr
Bureau of Naval Ordnance
Marinewaffenamt(MWA)
airtight; hermetically sealed
luftdicht verachlossen
(Branch of Oberkowtmando
Marinewaffenamt
Air density
'Luftdichte; Luftgewicht
der lcriessmairine)
Air pressure(Mech); atmospheric
LufidA~uck
See Reichsaaark(RM)
Mark
pressure(Met); blast effect;
Mark; index mark; label;
MArke
offect of explosion
brand
Air brake
Luftdruckbremse
See Marinelapter
Marlag
Barometer
l.uftdruckmhesser
Marble
Mannor
Blast effect
Luftdruckwirkung;, Luftstoss
AA automatic weapon
ArntiqavtonMaschinenflak
Luftfahrt
Machine gun(MG)
MaachinengewehrMG;
iAircraft
Luftfahrzeug; Flugzeug
MGew); Kugelapritze
Compressed air cylinder;
Luftflasche
Automatic cannon
Maschinetilatione(MK)
cxygen flask
Automatic rifle or carbine
Maschinenkatabiner(Ml~b)
Iair-cooled
IIuf.tgekUhIt
Machine pistol; submachine
Maachineopistole(MP)
it
tni(CWS)
chemnical
Volatile
Luftkampfstoft
Light armored vehicle useditgu
l~ftladepanizer
*
Submachine gun(called later
Masehlnenpi stole 44(MP 44)
Airbornie(Se.- also under Panzer)
Sturmgewehir 44)
Aerial mine
Ltuftmhine(LM)
Mechanic
Maschinenachlosser-2
Air pistol
tuftpistoli
Mechaniker
Air raid defense
'iftachutz(LS)
Typist
Masehlneriachreiber
Air raid shelter
tIftschutxraum(LSR)
*Lieferung--nummer
Linie, balli~stische

resulting from an

Ltto-Vacuumi
Lulftatos
Luftdruckwirkung)
*
Luftstosawelle
Lufttorpedo(LT)
Luftwaffe
* Lugel(Parabell~tn)PistolC
Litrgenreizotoff *Lung

alo explosion
as:e,(e of air caused by an
Cocsin
explosion; blast effect

Blast wavemsspoutn
Auril toped
AeiltreoMatrMuroseaytakdveoe
German Air Forces
See tinder Weapons
irrltant(CWS)

Mascaineawaffe
Maskensicheruag
maussanalytlsch
MassenhestetlluflS

Automatic weapon
Meaning unknown to us
volumetric
Fabrication In serides;

MatomeSailor;
Mu

apprentice seaman
eeoe
os;haytn
by Porsche (See under
Panzer)

Ge r 281,
Ma~icmb)Nickname for 2500 kg GP4I1F
bomb, called in Get "ISc 2500
Max" (TM9- 1985-2, p 13)
MsxmagadrckMaximum gas pressure
meChanischer U~nd er'
Mechanical fuze
Meertise
MeerlcusteSeacoast
MehIMeal'
flour; dust; powder
Mehipulvert
Finely ground black powder;
Iehrfachzi~der
Mebriader; Mehrladegewehr
Meissel
Meis'selapparat;'GasdruckMesser
?edbcheMessage
Meldebijchse, Land
*Meldeblzchse,

See
M-Patrone
Medeaton;Ground
also Nachricht)

*Meldung(See
Messei

tnesien
Messing
Messpatrone
MG-Zwilling
Mila
Mi lchglas
mInkitirische Besetzung
ag)
Mine
M inenbombe
Minenfe'ld: Minenspeire
Manengang
'See
MInengeschoas(M)

LMilit~irlager(Mil
*

Minenhund

meal powder
Combination fuze
Magazine-fed rifle; repeating
rifle
Chisel
Crusher gage; pressure gage
(See also MesseV.mnai
cootainer(carrier)
Land message container
(with Yellow smoke. ge.nersto,)
Sea message containe
(with yellow smoke generator)
signal cartridge
Message; report; disaptch
Pressure gage(Arty) (lit

MSipa
~ rs ml a m
ishealMited

*MischAiwe
Miachusig

mit Verz.;gerung(mV)
Mitte; Mittel
Mitteilung
Mtekmeshanl
klttekamersirapell
mittdere FlugbahnMentacor
mittlerer Fehier
mittlerer Gasdruck
Mockstabi
Mollit
Montage
Mna-Motmntain;
Montanwacha
Miursez(Mrs)

Mortel
MOTO
Mobevaorn
MtrEgn

Measuring egg)
Motorrad
nomeasur; srveyMotrschellootMotor
Brass
'Bore gage
Motortorpedohoot
Twiko machine gun
See Milirlage
Frosted glass
'M
atne pr
Militr occuptio
Muffe
Army camp I~
Mie la frpeclle
Aieeral foin
e ni
Mill
Muridloih
Mine-field
MudohAdapter
Minenstollen
Mundlocb(des Zriiders)Fuehl
Mortar shell; high capacity,
Mundlochb~chse
HE
misilecontainer,~
Remote-conttolled explosive-

laden miniature tank


*
Mienleer
Mne lyer(lit
MienesrMie
ayrMundlochgewimde
Minenpulver
Blasting pow-der
Minearlumer; MInenrumhoot Mine sweeper(Nav)
(See also
11'aurboot)
Minerohr; Bohrloch
Borehole
Minenschacht
Mining shaft
Minensperre
'
Mine field; mine obstacle
Minenstollen; kin'eogang
Mining gallery
Minensuchboot; Minensucher Mine sweeper(Navr)
Mmneasuchgerit
Mine detector:
Minentrlchter
MecrtrMnugfedlspf
ml e-mverseuchtes Gebiet
Minerinfested area
Mlnsueufese(MiWXSee also
Trench mortar(lit Mine
*D
Granatwerfer)
projecrot
Mlmsteowlzkn
Mininje fect
M6*enz6m'ie
Mine igniter
*Productio

MischunR 1ip 60/40

i ni t r of As ame tIs d Wa
n amed after its
chief, Spoor
mea;alloyl
-alloy of ceru adaO Iasathasu
with some other rare earth metals
Mixed acld~such an mixed
altric-sulfuric acid)
Miztuq mixiag; bleed

Mundlocbfutter
Mnlcs~rueAatrpu
Mundstlack
Mandung

Amatol 4'i/6o
w.ith delay
Mdl;ma
Communication; information
Central-burster shrapnel
Aeaema~ro
Mvrge(ean
prss
re'
German steel made by
drc eiigo
atio
Ceatrallite (See in
descriptive part)
Mounting assembly
mining: montan;
Montan wax
Short, large caliber
howitzer; (translated as
as Mortar)lo
Mra bidn
aeil
See under German

Enginyce
speedboat;
PT boat
Motor torpedo Lost;
PT hoat
ne-tkSe
ablgeviations
See %edparn
Socket; coupling box;
Musi
mf
Mouth; openins; muzzle
opening

Gamne-type fuze-booster
bushing to
hold detonator in fuze

Gamne (See general section)


Fuze hole casing)
Adapter oeigthread
pnn

m~ndusleverfrei

Mouth piece
Muzzle(G); outlet;
mouth(riyet)
Muzzle brake
Kisetic energy at the
muzzle
Muzzle flash
Flash damper, flash hider
(See also Feuwerdaqfer)
lslalrplat

Mundungsgeschwinajgjiejt

Muzzle velocity; Initils

MIWDunS~appe
M od uag o na zll
Mmimtioa(Mu Mam)
Musitionskastes,
Mmisitionskrsatwages(M~w)
munitionslee

Muzzle cover; tampion


M uzzle rep ast ; muzzl e b las t
Ammusitiom(Amina
Ammunition box; caissoin
Amsmunilo. truck
Ammunition dumsp;
ammunition depot
Ammueliton pit
Ammunition carrier
Ammunition packaging

M'Undungsbremise
MN1duagaseergie;
M dnssc
Muad~usgafeger

Mimidoasloch
Mabitionstraser(Mme; Mamnr)
Mualtionevelpackusig

Munik~nw~icn
M-u R-Paiitr
Muster
Muttre
?iuterorGun
* uterchi;sel
Mute

mmuitio waun;amaunii~n
Nebelwerfer(NbW(See also
car; caisson; ammunition carrier
Raketenwerfer and WuriSee under Get Abbreviations
gerrt)
Model; type; patttern; sample
Nebelwerfer 41
Mother; matrix; nut; female(Sedcrpiesco)
screw
Nebelw urfgvranate(NbWgr)
tube designed to recoviv,Nebelzerostuber
a liner
Nehentrodruler
Socket wrench
NOel'ascl'lubb
Cp; atNest

N
Nab
Nachbildung
*aNnchbrenner',aglr
Nachfolger(Nachf)
*NcfshugResearch;
Nichleuchten
*N-tchricht(See also Melduag)
*message
nachuichten
NahihenitlMange
N
SNachziindung

Nadel
*

No gel
:Nahkampfgesc~h. 4tz
Nahkampfmittel
Nahpatrone
Nabwerfrr
* Nuiipfchen
Nas'e

Nzietrnttng;
Neuseelen
Niale

to repoint; resim; correct the

fitromvncto
ChocrrosiolMe
ns
of itercomunictin
NachostnCoroson; fte-rusing(lit
RtreigtonNiederdeuck
Needle; firing pin(Fz)

Nail
Close-range gun
Close combat material(weapon)
Low velocity cartridge used
for close combat; close-range
round, silencer cartridge (SA)

Mortar smoke-shell
Smoke sprayer
By.-product
SUr..
Nest; pocket(in ore);
position consisting of a
of foxholes with
oncigtece

shlo
nettone
Nettogewicht

SuccessorNesetnttn;gu;gid
investigation
Afterglow; phosphorescence
News; information; notice;

A .lx.-tube rocket launcher

nichtbribanter Sprengstoff
nichtrostender Stahl
nerlndshSee

Niederaclag
Niet; Nieg
NiteRavte
Nietraple
Nirrbmoleitangctn
Ntireic
Ntirn;NtainNtain

Short range flame thrower


Ntirn;NtainNtain
(Seeals
Flmmewerer)Nitrocellulese;
Nitrozellulove
Nitrrnlycerint(Ngl);
Cup~; small dish or bowl;
iojzen
blank (for blasting caps)
Nitroglykol
Nose; cap; stud; lug
Nitroguamidiu.(Nigu)

Net weight
sy

ue;temd

Relining; retubing(G)
emnsle;fu-e
silver

Low explosive (lit


Nonbrisant explosive)
Stainless steel
Rustless steel)
Low pressure
hollindiach

reiptae;seimn
sein en
Preivetat;
power
irtn

itr
irtn

irtn
Nitrocellulose(NC)
Nitroglycerin(NG)
Nitroglycol(NGc)
Nitroltuanidine(NGu)

irritant(CWS)
tetranitrate(PETN)
Rhinoceros; SP A/T Gun (See "0
Nitropentapulver
Propellant Containing PETN
dter Panzer in descriptive pan)
Nitrostirke
Nitrostaich
.nasa
'wet; moist
Nitroverbindung
Nitro compound
Nassbrandpulvr e;r
Black powder contg 72-75% of
Norm
Standard
X nitrate (See &Ilso Schwarznormoiren
to standardize; trage;
Pulver)
rtc ulate
'NIasge:halt; Nasogehalt
Miurcoen
norwegisch(n)
Norwegian
Natrium
Sodium
NotbremseEmrecbak
Eomu
erenc
Sperfe er
Sodium nitrate; Chile saltpeter
"Natriumnittat; Natroisalpeter
'Nebel(Nb)
Smoke(CWS); fog; mist
Notlandung
Emergency landing
Nebelbombe(NbB)
Smoke bomb
Notaigunl
Distress signal; SOS
Nebeldecke; Nebelwand
Smoke screen; smoke blanket
Notaignulfakel
Distress signal flare(torch)
~~Nebelgerlke
SkepouigeimntNudelpulver (NdP; NP)
Chopped cord propellant;
Nebelgeschoas(NbG)
Smoke projectile
propellant
Nne(N)nodular(noodIt)
Smoke *hell
Nebelgranste(NbGr)
Numme(Nr)Number
Nebelhandgranate(Nbligr
Smoke hand granadeNasuttmbe
Nebelkasten
Smoke generator
M'IA, Nute
Groove; snlot
Nebelkerze(NbK)
Smoke candle; thermal smoke
Nutnche
Nutach; suction filter
generator
Nebelkerzen Wurf Propelling charge for tber'mal
NuzretUflewk
Efficiency; useful effect
Nutzwlrkung
IsduSf~ber~llS)smoe rendeNutzeffekt;
lad~g Nb~rz~ sokegreadeNutzfahzzeug
Id)
Commercial vehicle
Nebelpatrone(NbPatt)
Smoke Cartridge
uzrfwgnCmecamorvhil
Nebeistoff
Smoke agent; screening
Nurrfttiesteirca
mtrveil
load; pay load
uaatUseful
*
agent(CVS)
Newetopf
Smoke pot(C"S)Ntzesngethrpor
Drum-type spoke container
Nebeltrommel
Nashomn

ub; avegroup
rummy; mock up; model; copy

Rocket launcher (lit


chemical smoke projector)

cGcr 2R'7
0land
Ober-

Upper; Chief; supreme;


superior
Commander-in-Chief

Oherhefthlshuber; Oberster
Befehlshaber
Oberdecke
Oberfeldkommandatur
Oberfeldwebel (See als6
*Oberwachtmeister)
Oberfeuerwerker'
Obetfitiche
Obergefreiter
Obetgrenad~ier
Oberjager
*Oberkanonier
Oberkommando des
lleeres(nKH)
Oberkommando der
Kriegsmarine(OKM)
Oberkommando der
**Luftwaffe(OKL)
Oberkommando der
Wehrmachi(OKW)
*Oberleutnant
Oberparizergrenadier

Otter

Paravane

Pack; Paket
Packhaua; Packhof
Packstoff
Pak
Pak-Flak
Pakgesch'utz
Pakgeschiitz auf
Selbstfahrlafette
Panther

High Command of the Navy

*
Oberquartiersneister
Obest(
0'berreiter
Oberster Befehlshaber der'
Wehrmacht
Ub rstieutnant
be rwachtmeister (See
als Oberfeldwebel)
soe
el

High Command of the Air Forces

Pantiger

H1igh Command of the Armed


Forces
First lieutenant
Private 1st class in armored
infantry
rvtewl
aba its 'enrII$.CC.
Dputy Chief of the General Staff
Cloel
Private Ist class(Cavy)

PazrP)Armor;

Commander-in-Chief of the
Armed Forces
Lieutenant colonel
Master sergeant (Arty and
CavyI
Sec1
See(See
Stovepipe (slang term for
88 mm. Rocket Launcher
described under Weapons)

Panzerabwehrrakete
Panzerartillerie
Panzerbefehlswagen
(PzBefWg)

*ffxirOfficer
Offizie

opening; orifice
ohne Veriogerungt(oV)
without delay (Fz)
* 01; Oel
oil
O~lbomnbe
oil bomb
blduc~rmseHyralicbrkePan..erb'uchse,
Oppanol
.Polyisobutylene( synthetic
substance resistant to

* -uit uukt
Order
Otgelgeschatz

,:

orttfest
ontsfeste Flak
ortfese
afeteStationary
Ortung aleuchtzelIchen

Panzerabteilung
Panzerabwehr
Panzerabwenrgewehr,
later calle Pctisda
Pn'rberec~zATgs
Pan 2xerabwehrgie
Panzerabwehrkanone (Pak),

aPanzerbeobachtungswagen

Panzerblech; Panzerplatte
Panzerbombe
panzerbrechend;
pnedrhclgn

Pack; bale; bundle; parcel


Warehouse; shipping
department
Packing material; packing
See Panzerabwehrkanone
gA,'nT-AA Sun; dual-purpose
/
u
Self-propelled A/T gun;
tank destroyer
Same as Panzerkampfwasen V
(See under Panzer in dtescriptive part)
Tiger 11 or King Tiger(See
under Panzer)
cuirasse; tank(See
descriptive section)
Tanke detachment
A/T defense
A/T rifle

A/T~ mine
A/T gun
A/T rocket
Armored artillery
Tank with a minimum of
armor and arms; equipped
with radio for command use
also under Panzer)
Armored car used for
artillery spotting(See also
under Panzer)
Armor plate
A/T bomb; AP bomb;
heavy-ease bomb
armor-piercing

formerly
called Panzerabwebrgewehr
Panzerdurch achiagleistung

Penetration; armor-

Panzerfahrzeug

Aiming point(Guny)
Order; medal; decorationPserae
Organ gun; multiple

piercing capacity
Armored vehicle; tank

Panzerfahrzeusfalle;

Tank trap

barrel gun
Locality; place (See also
Standort)
fixed; permanent; In fixed
emplacement
Fixed AAG; fixed AA Arty
gun miount
Ground position slgaal; signal
bomb illuminating ground

Pan zerfah.-aeuggraben

Panzerfaust(PzF)

A/T ditch

mustard gas and Lewisite)


(CWS)

Ortt,

Eastvisnd;
SP) AA SunI
Pnner in
dSec(Sccunde
dripiv'art)

F,
Housing cap
High Field Command
Master sergeant (except
in Arty & Cavy)
Master sergeant (Ord)
Surface; area
Corporal
Private Ist Class(lnfy)gu
Private 1st Class(Mountain Infy)
Private 1st Class (Arty)
Army High Command

0berpioniert

ferrohr

13Ostwind

Psanerfaust 30
Psanerfaust 30(kleln)
Panzergeschoss (PzG)
panzergesch~litxt
PsanerglasMutpelmnedgas

A/T rifle

Armor Fist (See under


44.5 mm Weapons and
under Faustpatrone)
Formerly Faustpatrone 2
Formerly Faustpatrone 1
AP projectile
armor-protected
rest'sting bullet penetration

l-'knzrgrbenA/T
Panerraar(pGr; l~zor)
P nz qra. ate 39 (I'zgr 39),

Panzergranate 40(Pzgr 401)


Pazcgrrat
4(1.type
pazegI
a ae4 1(3--w4 )

Panzergranate~-Patrone
Panzergrenadier
*infantry
Pan zergrenadier-flivi -inn
Par, 7ofhandmine 3kg(PJIM 3)
Panzerjge

:etoe(e

Panzer jlgerabteilung"
lanzerj~gergeschiitz;
Pan zerj'agerk anon e
Panzerkampfwajten (PzKpfw)
(See also under Panzer
in the descriptive section)

*
Panzerkampfwage~nI
(PzKpfw 1)
Panzerkan'pfwagen 11i
1 pgIzpf
Panzerkampfwagen IIl
(PiKpfw Ill)
'P!m:zerkampfwagen IV

(PzKpfw'IV)

ditch
A/T(AP) Irojeri6.
APCBClCIE(armor-percinR
capped, ballistic cap,
high-explosive) projectile,
type 39
.AP projectile with a
tungsten carbide core,
40
AP projectile with a
tungsten carbide core
for tapered bore gun
(type 41)
AP fixed round of
ammunition
Private in armored
brigade
Motorized division
(See also SS-Panzer-

Panizerschiltze
(PzSfe)
lPanzerspbhwngen (PzSpW)

Panzersprenggeschoss
(PzsprG)
Panzereprenggranate(PzsprGr)
Panzerstahl
Panizerst'arke
Panzerturm
Pan:-rung
Panzerwaffe
Panzervtagen
Panzerwagenmine
Patizerwurfmine

Magnetic A/T hollow


Punzerzug
charge 3 kg hand mine
Tan
Papiermasse
also Jagdpanzer)
Pappe; Pappdeckel
Tank destroyer detachment
Papphiu'lse(f~ur Wurigranate)
A/T gun (See also
!Panzerabwehrkanone)
Pappmnine
Full-track tank w~hPappmninenztinder
tactical armor and weapons,
Parabellumn (Luger) Pistole
used in organized front
Parade Marach
line units; armoredPaoePswr
~~combat vehicle
PtsseSee
Patrone (Part) (Compare
with Kartusche)
Patrone 318(Patr 318)
See under Panzer
in descriptive part

n
ne azr
HEAT projectile; HE
A/T projectile
HEAT shell: HE A/T shell
Armor steel
Thickness of armor
Turret of a tank (lit
Armored turret)
Armor; armor plating
Armored weapon
Au~nored combat v-ehi.clc
A/T mine
A/T trench mortar shell
or bomb; A/T hand grenade
Armored train (RR); tank
platoon
Paper pulp; papier-mikch6
Cardboard; paperboard
Cardboard cartridge for
mortar shell
Cardboard mine
Igniter for r-ardbnard mine
See under Weapons
Goose step
Guerillakiimpfer
Cartridge (SA); round of
QF fixed ammo (Arty)
Fixed AP ammo used in
A/T rifle 39(PzB 39);

(Patronenasuwerfer

Cartridge elector

Patronenbeutel
Pstronenfabrilc

Cartridge extractor
Pouch; cartridge belt
Cartridge factory;
plant
Cartridge loading machine
Cartridge belt

Jammunition

(Pz~fw
V)
Pnzkanne(
K
Tank gun
* Pnzekaone(Pz);Patronengurt;
Kamp'fwagenkanone (KwK)
Panzerkopf(Pzic)
AP cap; piercing cap;
armored head
Pzekop
Armored corps
Panzerkraftfahrzieug;
Armored vehicle;
Panzerkraftwagen
armored car
Panzerlafette
-Armored
mount;
armoed
arragePatronenlager;
'AP-TshotPatronenkammer
Pan zerleuichtspurgeschoss
APTso
(Pi'sprG)Patronenimunition
Panxzermine; Panzerwagenmine AlT mine(Cmaewtth
Panzermine 43(PzMi '43)
Magnetic A/T mine 43
Parizermunition
AP ammunition; tank
Panerptroe
dAP hotPatronenrand
Completeo
Panizerplatte
Panyaerschild
* azrshek

l~apld, lightly armored


vehicle for reconnnaissance
(See also Aufklkrungspanzer

(the bullet usually contained


a small charge of lacrymatory
gas)

Pan7.vkmpfnge
~,Patronenasuzieher

(PzKpfw V)
Panzerkampfwagen V1

**

akgne
Armore'd ,.F gun mount

See Panzerblech
Armior-plate shield
tkmor Tetror'(88 mmn Rocket
Launcher) (Sep under
Weapons)

Pattonenfrillmaschine
Patronengurtel
Patronenhaken
Patronenhals
Patron enhUl s e(Patrll)CatigcPatronenkasten (PatrKast)

(PatrMu)

Ptoerhe
Patronenraumn
Patronenstreifen
Patronentrommel
Pstronenzufahrung

Shell extractor
Collar of the cartridge
o
fixed ammno
Cartridge box;
amnto
o
Cartridge chamber
Fixed ammunition
Karnnahe
lprtuacbndmAuniin)
lpR n
Agn
Rim of a cartridge case
Propelling charge
chamber in mortar shell
Cartridge clip
Cartridge drum
Cartridge feed mechanism
(SA)

(per 289
P a u s p a p er ra c ng ape
set hn
P: ttc he n pulv r r(P eP )
Pitch; asphalt; cobbler's wax
Plarenpu Yler
t'e jn agep r
D
irectio
n~
finding
; bearing
*e apPpnr a
drP
endu l um a pp ar a t us
Pendein des Ge,chos~.s
lt
(precesson)toln);
Pendeliungi
Of a projectile
Oscillating motion (See also
PlatzpaRrone(PIlt)lndn
*
Sctwi~rtsbeveclung
Platzpatronengletat
Pekuso
~drPercussion
igniter
Plombe
Perk us sionsziindhi~rchen
Percussion cap
Plongierachuss
Perkussionsz~ndung
Percussion Priming or
Plotz
*

Ps~c~Cast
rlrg
PesofDiplhosgene;
PeareClosed

metallic box filled


with black powder(uxed
formerly as a demolition

ePetroletol'
:PtoemKerosene;
Pfeihe
PfieWhistle;
n
Pfefina

Pferclestiarke(PS);
frdrftP)0.986
ifrezug
Ne
orarsin

Potenz
Prahm
Pa~cus
ilshs
Pressling(pr)

petroleum
Pressluft
Picket; stake; Post; pile
Press-stoff(prS)
W histlingpipe
prrotechnic
g
s ig n alr~
rpa
d otr
e c hni c sF
sigal arride
sed~.Pr-Geschoss

Aro
Arrow-tyi~e, fin
discarding sabot artillery

Pfennigproetl
Peng1/100

pneumatisches Geschitz
Polizialt; Schutznienn
Polklemme

charge)

Whistaleinalm

Pfeilgeschoss

Pfipfikus P ny ic
Pfropfen
Phosgen

igniting(PG
steel in pearlite
condition
superpalite
(ClCO,CCl,)

Phosphorgeschoss imit
SP
h. ke;rn
- :
P hosanph
om u nttoeh
Pi-ampmitelEngineer
Pikra~ure
P i l eP
Pilz

PlePicric
PilnoznDetonator

Pilrmine

*
* Pirsebbuchue
Piorscbiherrruzppee*as

in
PiatolePapti)
Platt
PltePlate

'
*

apacre;i acitdrome
cartrirdroe
e
il
B eapnkfort fidge ban
town);
lank

Lcaridgesea
PLungin
s
ie;aolaft
EPlosgiongfr;mt
ie
Pneumatic sun
Policeman
Bteytria
binding Post (Elec)
Pwr(ah
Barge; lighter(Nav)
PResscedatie
Pesdatce
Compng ressedti
Cohperm sedrn pasi c;
(iForgedrse tool aeil
o ge t o
See Phosphorgeschoss

Prim~rladung; Aufladung

Primary charge of a cap

rsraice
Probeied

propellant
Test; trial; essay; sample
(c
loPuug
Test firing

uvrPrismatic

Probeschiessen
Reichsmark or
ProfilPrfl;cosetin
Deutschmark
Metric horsepower(1 PS
profiliert
HP)
Progressivdrall. zunebHorse draught; horse tea
mender (wachoender)rlig
Phenyldichlorasi~~ (CWS)
Drallriln
~Wad;
wadding; Plug; stopper
~~~~~Phosgene; carbon'ylchlorideprelatprrsieProgressivpulver

*,(CWS)

Plapobib;Phosphor
Phosphorb ombe; h s h r
Phosphorgeschoss(Pt~esch)

Disk Pro pellan t


Rolled propellant; sheet
p o el n
Protp e ellacn t s ~ n a i y o

tredofie ars
tiecin
strenofamlined
Increasing twist of
rrsie
8

bung

propellant;

rgesv

Phosphorus
Phosphorus bomb

PropagsndageschorT 4!
Propagandawerfer

Leaflet projectile 41
I sun -her for leaflet

Phosphoruls (in Icendiary)


bullet
AP-lnc steel core
bullet with Phosphorus
r p oulm m n t o
combat
qpitcad
aclt;pid e
l;llelet pr merP
pellet
Mushroom; mushromudrg~wel
hedf btraor;

Protze (Pr)

projectiley

Prozentsatz
Pr~ifser~tTetnaprtu
Priifuii

Percentage

small pill-box3
Mushroom land mine

Pulver(P)
Pulverbrennez"ne

r of e t t si g
a s sa y; tria l; v e rificatio n;
examnination
Test firing Proof firing
Buffer; shock absorber
F orm atio n (A wn sla ng);
boat-type runner placed
o
Operations in deep onow
Poeln;pwe

Corps of rifle;
Engineers
Stalking
hunting
rilfe
Pistol

Pulverbrennz~ndung
ulv(rP de
Pulverfabrok

P w e-ri
giin( a
ue(e as Doplzlder)
opl
Prop ellan t bag
Explosive plant; powder

PulverfUllmoschine

works

Pistol propellant
(Tech); phonograph

rpartcordchrgn
rceofdcartridges

Puffer
P
ul

Powder-taint

igoitio

with powder

(;Cr 290O
Pkleb1%Vo

u1ca
oz pwder
mnagiazine
Propellerst ot powder chamber
Ammunition box (lit Poiwder box)
PropclI lc .t (powd ev) charg e
Powder cup
Solventlesa propellant; powder
without solvent
Powder compressed into
large cakes
See Pulverkammer
Powder ring (Fz)
Poder rei(Fz) poder
ompsiton
pelet;power
Powder train time fuze
QikmthRaketenantrieb
xoieRakentenapparat
Lo
Powder dust
uvraugRaketenbombe
Se
P~ropellent support
Point fire; converging fire
to punch; cut; carve
Little Doll; 88 mmnRocket
Launcher (See under Weapons)
Dumy (for bayonet, etc)(An
Cleaning rod
Cotton waste (for cleaning)
Pyrotechnics; pylrotechny

lPulverkammner; JPulverriaium
lPulverkaste'n
I ulverladung; Polvertreibladung
Pulvernaplchen
l'ulver oline 1-6sung (POL)
l'ulverpresskWoner
Yulverraum
lPulverring; Pulversataring
Pulvrsat
l'ulversatzzeitiinder
Plulveiachlauch
Pulversprengstoff
P~ulverstaub
Fuivercreibladung
lPulyerstdhze
Piinktfeuer; Punktschicssen
punzen
Piippchen

~~Puppe

Putzstock
*Putzwolle
Pyrotechnik (See Feuericunst)

Q
Quadrant sight
Square
Dese sokeRampenmine
Mercury; quicksilver
usac htsel
(such as NC)
Swelling; soaking
Swel ling power

Quadrant envi .sicIr


Quadrat
Qual
Quecksilber
Quellszoff; Quellsubstanz
Quellung
Quell ungsvermogen;
Quellverin'Ogen
* qeracrss
rwl
Quedcuguer

oliqel;
tacsross;olqely;pton
transverse (Fr)Randpatronenls
Rcohet obiqulyRasanz
* stikig
prjecilersscher

Queschi~gr
Querschnitt
Quers chnittbelastung
Querstreuung; Breitenit~reuuing

qu etschen
Querchhhn
QerchlduigCamouflet

QuerI s chmine
Quetschmn~hle; Quetschwerk

[
aceRevenge;
Raceneiatffalso
RI hneztofSee
RdWheel;,

Kadachac
Ruiderlafette; Radlaf ctte (RI.)

Axle
Wheeled gun mount
(cetrriage)
Bicycle detachment
e
btnsne
Ilul. cap
hlub
Tire of a wheel
Frame., clip
Clip loader; magaz*-ne
Itader
Rocket
Rocket with so~lid fe
Liquid-fuelled rocket

Radfahrubteilung
Radiogestcuerterz~t~der
Radkappe
Radnabe
Radri-ifen
Rahmen
Rahmenlader
Rakete
Ralrete m.it festem Brenostolf
Rakete mit fl~ssigem
Bentt

Rocket propulsion
Rocket launcher(See
also Raketenwerfer)
Rocket bomb
Rocket projectile
Antitank rocket launcher;
bazooka(See under 88 mm
Weapons)
Rocket-assisted take-off

Raketengeachoss
RaketenpanzerbUchse
(Ofenrohr)
Raketenstart

Rocket-assisted bomb
Rocket launcher; rocket

Raketenstartbombr.
Raketenwerter;
Raenwrasinpojcr
Raketenwerfer 43 (RW 43)
and Raketenwerfer 54(RW 54)

Rocket launchers 43
and 54 (See under 88 mm
Weapons)
Ram; rammer; pile driver
Ramp; platform
Ramp land mine (improvised
mn ne nicie
board)
Rim; flange; edge; border
Rimvent fuze
to knurl; crimp; edge; rim
Rim-fiee cartridge
Rinless cartridge
imd atig
Rimmed cartridge cs

Ramme
Rampe

Rand
Raniddilsez''inder
randeln; rildern
Randfeuerpatrone
andlose Patrone

Flatness of trajectory
Meal-powder COMP03ition
(yo
Rasp
et oc;dtn
Screen
Rest lever; notch lever
Sanoke; fume; vapor
Smoke-puff sign-il cartridge
Smoke cluster cartridge;
four smoke traila. signal
cartridge
Smoke generator; smoke box
Smoke shell
Smoke candle (CWS)
Smoke filler(Ammo)
Smoke-puff charge for
use by umpire In maneuvers
smokeless
See rauchachwaches Pulver

der Flupbahn
Satz

Cross section
Raspel; Raspe
Cross-sectional load
Rs
Lateral dispersion;
Raster
* deflection~dispersion
* (all '*Rasthebel.
Rauch
to-crush; bruise; squeeze;
p ichRauchballpatrone
PnchockRauchb'indelpatrone
(See general
section)
Rauchentwickler
'Crushing mine
Rauchgranate
Crushing mill; crusher
Rauchkerze
kuchk~rper(RK)
lRauchk~rpcr flit
Schiedsrichter(RKfS)
vengeance(See
rptuchlos
Vergeltung)
rauchloses Pulver
Nasenrachenreizstoff
Rauchmeldepatrone
bicycle

Smoke signal canrtrdge

for dropped messages (Avn)

(wr 291

Rc~
~lu~n.
Rauch pato ne(r p

~S

Rauchsat~~~

e~ Le
R a u c s ig n a lp a rasal
fl i lN.a i
Tub la
Ra csmoegen erpator
Rnucroh Tu ula smoe gnertorPresently
Smoke composition; smoktetcmak(M

taucnalw
racshaches
Pulver

Smokeless propellant (lit


(ulee alor au)oe
PrOPellant'giving little
Paulver)wmm
smoke)
Rauch~cwimmerFloating smoke pot
Rauchsignalpatrone; Rauchpatronte Smoke signal cartridge
* Rauctispurgeschoss
SmkRrce
ultin
Rachapurpatrone
Single smoketilsgl
carftidge
Rauchsitrichpatrone
Smoke streak signal cartridge
Rauchivo'~iang; Rauchschleier
Smoke curtain- smoke screen
R.

Rauchzeichenpatrone
Raum
* Raumbild-_ntfe~rnung smeaset
Raumboot(R-B3oot)

~ h ~S n.~ e . k ~

Raumchemie
Ra~umgeichte
RugwctWeight
I
Rauminhalt; Raunirehalt
Rtiumoiter
Raupe
Raupenlafette
Raupenschlep~per
R-Boot
* Reagen~z(pl Reagenzien);
Reaktionsmffittel
Recbengerit
*Rechenschieber
Rechtsdrall
rehtdrhedrifling
rehsrhnddaxttorotatorv:
rechtas'a~ngig
rechtswinklig
Reduzierung!
*Referat
Regel
Regetting

Regendecke
Rehposten
Reibahle

reiben

Reibedraht
Reibepu~lver
Rteibungabremse
* Relbuagskoeffizient
Reibizagmprobe
Relbun 1gazundasita *
:Relbzix'UAdschraube
* Relchasnatalt
Reichasdruickeiei (Rdr)
Relclieforschungasrt
Reich sluftfahrtmin'sterium (R LM)

Smoke signal cartridge


Space; room; chamber; volume
Stereoscopic range finder
Mine sw~eeper(See also
Minenraurrmer)
Stereochemistry
Density by volume
per unit volume;
hulk density
Volume; cubic capacity
Paravane
Caterpillar; caterpillar track
Caterpillar mounting (G)
Caterpillar tractor
See Rsa~uboot
Reagent
Calculating apparatus;
comiputerReevIInciersveo
Slide rule
Right-handed twist of

I Mo

Ileichapatent; Bundespatent
Rcichweite
fleifen; Reif
Reifenpanne
ReiheFlero;srs
RFiiledu;
orgluleRienladung
Reihenachaltung
Reihenwuef
reinpuecla
Reinheitaprobe
R ir~ i uugP
Reinigungsbirste
Reissblei; Graphit
Reissanz~nder
Reissleine
reitende Artillertie
Reiter
Reitergewicht
reizender Kampfstoff
Reizgas
.Reizgeschoss
Reizstoff
Repetierwaffe
Reserve

Reserve 11
clockwise
riht-hand (threads, etc);
clockwise
rectangular
Reduction
Abstract; review; repo"t
Rule; standard
Regulation; control

Rsve
dugAuxiliary
Reevznugin
Rest
Restflugweite

Reamer

Friction detonating train

FrIction primer (threaded)


Government Institute
Government Printing Office
State Research Council
Air Force Ministry

German patent
ag;mxmunag
Tire; ring; hoop; tire; band
Puncture- blcovout; flat tire.
Elongtedhrges
Elongated chorped
Connection in series(Elec)
Train release; train bombing
Tueat foleurin
urificatio n ; cle a n ing
Bore brush; cleaning
brush (Ord)
Graphite
Friction(pull) igniter
or primer
cd
Hi orsearillr
Rider; horseman;
private (Cavy)
Rider(the weight)
Irritant agent;
lacrimator (CU'S)
Irritant gas; tear gus
Irritant gas projectile
lrri~ant; harassing
agent (CWS)
Repeating wepo
Reserve
fully tained men
under 35
Inactive reserve of
partly trained men
under 35
ignition lead(blasting)
Residue; remainder;
rest
Remaining range;

straight-line distance

Tarpaulin
Buckshot
to rub; grind; triturate;
rasp; grate
Friction wire
Abrasive powder
Friction brake
'Coefficient of friction
Friction test

n erar y u n i t b eo ft e 194 7 ,
equal to about 23 cenits.q
called

Rettungsboje
Rettungafahrzeug
Revolverkanione
Revolver mit Viederapannabrug
richten
Richtfernrohr

2 lchtge'alt
Rlchtung
Rlchtungshigrer
Richv ~geschlespen

between point of
burst and theoretical
point of impact

Life buoy
Lifeboat
Revolving cannon
Double-action
revolver
to direct; point a sun;
l jug
aim;cpi eigh
Aiming device
Direction; pointing;,
'aying(of a gun)
Sound locator
Adjustment fire for
direction (See also
Einschlessen)

e*
Ccung
Hietcllocc
HigemieSee
Riemen
Riffeltrichter
Riltec
RUitntnunition; H-Munition

Groove; channel
gro~ove.; cannelure
DolAt; zasil, 1341
lreechiblock
R-Mine
itrap; sling~; belt
Ribbed funnel
Canaclurc; Aroove; furrow
Rimmless cartridge case

ClsdIlkIcl,

RIcSo~l

Roingl
Ring
*Ringenlage
Ringgranate

S Am
~~~~~Ring;
link; band;

loop
Ring layer
hel sel Rin
ih
pre-arranged fragmentation
Ritigkianone
Bul-pgn aktdgn
Ringoul ver(Rgp)
Anuilaru orurn, propeellaunt
R igrhrAnulr
r in popllnt
Ringrh
Bul p barl
RI gst~ttZe
Ring on triped support
Rinine
Channel; groove; fuLrow;
*

Hittr-neister

R-Min;
glie
H-Muniion

I60,114140 Ittooae (lI00r),


Roggen
Rohielsen
*~i
* Ror(H
Ho

RohrR;

Rohrabnutzung

Rohrbreite
itohrbremsc; lId~klaufbiremse
Rihre(R; Ro)

""Rhrnaet
Rcirenpulver(RP)

Rohrfrei (Rf; R frei)


Robtinneres; Rohrseele
Rohrkarre
Rohirladung Stahl, 3kg

Reckatoss; R'icklauif
RU~ckstossfrei(Rf)
RiktsfeesoeRcils
(RFckstsfeikn
Rfoiles)u

III tivictptive p~rt

Recoil mechaniam
Recoilless gun
Blowback (Ord);
back pressure
Recoil; kick (Ord)
Recoilless
u

R'tkkatosafrceiewerfer
(RfW)

Recoilless launcher

RUckstosslader

Recoil-operated
weapon

R I~ckstossmotor
Hhrer; R~hrappafat

Jet-propealsion 'engine
Stirrer; a tio

Rtuonf

tinder It
Rye
Pi rnRundblickfernrohr
ronoi
ioli
Runde
Tue; ipe gu barelRundfunksender
Tbe; It)ipe gu barelstation
(See also Lauf and
Rundgeschose

Titinki torool
fuselage (AC)
(RbIF)

,Rundkopfgeschoss

Panoramic telescope
Tour; round; circle; curve
Radio broadcasting
Round bullet

Round nose bullet

Erosion of the bore


(See also Ausbrennung
des Rohres)
Calibrr(See also Kaliber)
Tube brake; recoil brake (G)
Tube (radio); nozzle; spout;
duct

Rs
RUatung
R'U*stung swerk
te
rstl

ot aplc
Armament; equipment
Armament plant; war-plant
oshk;ol
oshk;jl

Siibel

Saber; &word
Subject index

Tubular (perforated) propellant

Sac

Tubuar mon()Sachintlez;
Empfy gu

arljuice;

Sachrepister

ag

ac;poc

electric current

Rohrterspringer

Bore of a gun
Sagemehl
Tue ariage
Salmiak
Bangalore torpedo,3 kg in
stel
Secals
ppe inSalpeter
Rohi gefuilte Reihenladung
and gestrecl'te Ladung)
Salpetergrube
Gun tube jacket
Salpetethiitte
of's S un
Salpeterasure
G)Salpe-erselhwefels~ure
fuze
Bore-safe fz
Bore-safety of fuze
Salpetrige Schwelelskure
alierSalvenfeuer
Plipe wrench;
Saivengeschiltz
'Stlllson wrench
Salm
Premature in a gun
Salzlraruache

Sawdust
Sal ammoniak; Am
chloride
Saltpeter; K nitrate;
ie
Saltpeter mire
Niter works
Nitric acid
Mixture of nitric and
sulfuric acids; mixed acid
Nitrosyl sulfuric acid
Salvo (or volley) fire
Automatic gun
Salt
Flash-reducing wad

Rohatoff
:Rolle
Rollenbombe
Riintgenstrablen;'X-Strahlen
Rost

barrel
Raw material
Roller; roll
Rolling mine
X-rays
Rust; grate; Still

Sammler (batterile)

(i
atcrrde
(litoSalori
cactidge
muriaric acid
Flanh-reducing wad
contg some salts
Storage battery

rostfrel

noncorrosive; stainless

Smadbad

Sand bath

R~ohrmantel
Rohrminzifting
,Muzzle
* RhrrckaufBarelrecil
robrsicheter Uinder
des Zlinders
Rohweie; alier
Rohrzange

R~icklaufeintichtung
RclulsR)Rcila
RclulsR)Rcils
iklaufloses Geschiltz
(RfG)
Rdckschlag

r s b rl nd m n
Se Rillnmuniion

ii..Geachu~tzrohr)

fRohirslcherhelt

Ruckdruck
Rcaf;Rtkqo
R',,cklaufbRemcsto

cooling fin of an aircooled engine


Captain (Cavy)
Rieelmiautomatic
St~

Red (rnos
U083 4(,Cr Doiirkinii Or
ti
uses of some, artillery
ahela not Eontg poison gas-es
Smoke-puff cartridge;
flashe and sound cartridge
1hrust reaction pressure
(Rock)
Rec-oilbak(G

R .1atrone

gutter

Ri111Rb;

H-Min e; it

lRotr& Krpu~f

irletzRed

Salzs'aure
SaIlxvorladung; Salsyorlage

Gect 291
SandpapierSend
Sandprobe
!Satan (Bomb. I

paper
Sand teat; dust text
Nickname- for l~jfl kg
GP-IIE Bomb, called In
Get SC. 1800 Sntnn ITU
1985-2, p 12)
S~aturation; satisfaction
'Set; composition; unit;

S~ittigung
Satz

dazi
eposet; aprimer t ple
Timeil
Pelle primer
n
i~z
Satzing imetrai rig (T~z)explosives
Black powder pellet (TiFa);
fULe composition disk

Satzstiirk
Sauersacdi;
SnertofOxylten
* Saiierstoffterher
5Sulc

ou
(lit Sour substance)
Ovidi..er(lit Oxygen carrier)
1~U11iz1;
pile; pillar
Acid; sourness; acidity

SiuemsD rAcdmee
* -BotSee
Schabe
* Schablone

Schnellboot
Scraper; grater
Stencil; templ~ate; model;

* Schacht

pattern
Sbaft(mining); bomb rack

Sechachtel
Schaft

SchleDish;
* Scholl
'SchalidI

pfer
ScalwOSound

schalten
Scharf
Mcaf
Muitio
scharfec Panxzermine
scharfe Patrone
schatlgeladeae Granaie
schafmabento
*scharfatellen
Scharfschlultze'
Scharfechiltzengewehur
ii~iarnjer
SvmvShovel;

Sclsaum
*Scheibe(Schb)

Box; case
Shaft; stock; handle
basin; bowl; hus;br
Sound; ring; resonance
Silencer (Ord); muffler
wave
to insert: shift; switch
sharp; pointed; acute;
armed; primed; live(Ammo)
Live ammunition; service
ammunition
Activated A/T minechre()
Live cartridge; ball cartridge
Live shell
arm(Ammo); to activate
:a minc; to fuze a shell
Sharpshooter snprSclianversuch;
Sharpshooter's rifle
Hinge;' joint
&-oup; pa~ludc, blatJe
Foam; froth; scum; lather
Disk; plate; practice target;
pane(oif glass)

Scheibenpulver

Disk propellant

Schelbenwiacher
Scheide
Scheinimine

Windshield wiper
Scabbard; sheath
Dummy mine
Searchlight; projector;
spotlight; headlight
Shear vire
Shears; sicissors
Shearing strength
Shear plate
Shear pin

Scheinwerfer
Scherdralit
Schere
Scherfearigkelt
Scherplatte

Sc-herstift
Schiedisrichter ,,;Umpire
1iSchlefer
iSlate;

Schiene
Schlessbaumwolle-;

schie~swo~ll
Schiessbecher

(maneu-,ers)
schist; shale
Rail; atcip: surgical splint
Guncotton

Rifle grenade launcher


(discharger)

SchiensenGnnr
schiessen (Schoen,
Schieasplatz;
Walfenprufungastelle
Schiesspulvertpve
Schiess-stock (am
Gifleagrnadeer)
chiess-stoffweseit
Schieaswesen;
Schiesslehre
Schieaawolipulver
Sch~iff
Schiffbauwerfr;
SShipyardf
Schiffskanonc(SK)
Schild
Schirm
Schi~rmlafette

Gounne; fre
to .chossen)ir
Proving ground; artillery
sange
Riflngownde ro
Powder businean; all that
conce-r.9 propellants and
Gunnery; Ballistics (See
also Artilleriewesen)
Guncotton Propellant
Ship; vessel
Siyr
Navatl Suit
Shield; label; signboard
Screen; umbrella; parachute;
cover(See also Falisehirm)
Gun mount protected with a
shield

Schlacht

Battle

Schlachtfliegerbombe

Fragmentation bomb carried


by a light plane
Battle fleet
Slag; cinder; clinker(in coal)
Shock; ittroke; blow
Firing pin; inertia striker
pellet(Fz)
Sensitivity to shock (to blow
or to impact)
Srkrarn(z
Booster charge; magazine

Schlachtflotte
Schlacke
Schlag
Schlagbolzen
Schlasempfindlichkeit
Schlagfeder
Schlagladung
Schlaglot
Schlagrohre
Schlagarift
Schlagprobe
Schlagwerrer
schlagwettersicher
Schlaiwetterversuchsstrecke
schlagwetterrsndflihig
Schlagzunder
Schiagzuidachraube
Schlamm
Schlange
Schlauch
Schlauchboot
Schlauchklemme
Schleifmittel
schleppen
Schlepper
Schlepprorpedo
Schleuder
Schleuderguss
Schleudermachine;
Abschieuder-machine
Schleudermine

Schleuderctart

Hard solder
Percussion tube; friction
tube (primer)
Striker(Fz)
Impact teat; percussion test
Firedamp
Safe against firedamp
Testing gallery
ignitable by firedamp
Impact fuze; percussion fuze
Threaded percussion primer
Mud; sludge; slime; Slurry
Snake; coil; bore (flexible
tube); spiral
tube; tubing; pipe
(flexible' ; hose
Pneumatic raft
Tube clamp
Ahrasive
to tow; drag
Tractor; tug
Towed torpedo
Centrifuge; sling; catapult
Centrifugal casting
(foundry)
Centrifugal machine;

catapult
Sling mine; sliding mine

Catapult take-off(Avn)

ittn kill)

I:

Streaks, striae; schlieren


(rgosof varv.-p refraction
arngionlqis
and
ac in liquids and gases)

Schreck
Sccluug

~c~lfiGrinding;

sharpcniztg
sle igh mount;
sliding carriage (G)
'clizSlit;
slot; fissure
Lock; bolt mechanism; cantle
Smoke stack
wrench; cipher code
Main trench
Antivehicle mine laid us road
block (lit Key mine)
Narrow-gage railt ad
Melting point
Fat; grease; suet
Emery
futtetil) (1141matu~e Oi.4
guide

Schrot

shlttl
"'I'A t.'leigh;
!Cblss

sclut; 'Sdhlott
'~clislKey;

"Sdiltsselgrablen
Schlit sselinine
Schmalztpurbahti
Schmelzpunti~
!ichner
Schmiergel
scliucLettiiangt
scliniedbarmislsale

eckmine

Schrotgewehr
Schrotpattone
Schuh

Fih;tro
Booby trap; booby mint.
(See also Srrengfalle)
Shot (for shatgun); pellt;
cut; piece
Shortgun
Shotgun shell,
Shoe; SA scabbard or

holste~r
Schulbombe

Training bomb; dummy


bomb
Debt; fault; blame
Same as Sch'atzenmine
Scale; flake
Shot (discharge of a firearm); round of ammunition;
blast
Obscrv.ation of firc (Arty);

Schuld
Sch4i-Mine
Schuppe
Schuss

Schu:;sbobachtung
misile)spotting
Sclhussbereich

Schmiede
FresmtySchussfolge
Schmied.'eisen; geschmieruh rn;fre'rn
detes Eisen
malleable iron
Schmniermittel; Schmierstoff
LubricantScuwaeFiar
J
cmei
urctn
i
* ScmieungLubicaion(grosate
*
Schinirgel
Emery
Schnabel
Beak; bill; nozzle; nose
.1
Shasle
Bckle clsp; wasing ook
*Schnauz.e
'Snout; mouth; nose; nozzle; spout
S:hntecke
Wvtm(Mech); endless screw;
chcktrb;spiral
Sheenre;Schneckenrad
Worm gear
schncekc-tte
Snol;, chain; skid chain
Schneewanne
Boat-type runner placed under
gun carriage wheels for operutions in deep snow
Schneidf.
Edge (of a knife, bayonet, etc)
Schneider
Cutter, Tailor
Schnellboot; S-Boot
Motor torpedo boat; PT.Boat;
E-Boat
Schnellifeuergeschuitz
Rapid-fire gun; quick-firing gun
Scbnellfeuerkanone
Rapid-fire cannon; quickSchnell
firing cannon
ShelLadekanone
Rapid loading gun
Schnell Ladverschiuss
Rapid loading breechblock
Schnell Ladung
Emergency demolition charge
Schnell Lot
Soft solder
Schnelizilnder
instantaneous fuze; nondelay fuze
Scnpe(See
also empfintllicher Zne)
.Schnitte
S.pout; snout; nozzle; lip
Cur, slice; sectio;itrein
Schnur (See also Zindschnur)
Rope; cord; twine; string
cbrag
oblique; sloping. nlie
Schr~glinie'
Diagonal
*
Schrank
Cabinet; case; closer, cupboard
Schrapniell (S; Schr) :Shrapnel
Schtapnellmini (S-Mi; SclbrMi)
Antipersonnel mine (lit Shrapnel
mine) (See also Sehtitzemnmine)
Schraube
Screw; propeller
Schraubenflugzeu~g
Helicopter
Schrattbenmnutter
Nut (Tech)
Scbraubenschiussel
Wretnch
Schr.eubenzieher
Screw driyer
SchraubkappeSce
ca
Schraubatock
2Vise
(Tech)ScwbSsesonslg

Range of gun; danger zone


Rate of fire
Range table; firing table
Dud; miss

Schusstafel
Schutsversager
Schusaweite
Schussweite)
Schusswinkel
Scbitteltrichter
Sch~ttkacte

Range (See alsu rintfernung)


(Maximum range)
Firing angle
Separatory funnel
Container with a number of
small bombs; "M )dote',
Bedakt;bm
aa
zine
Scha~tz
Relay (Elec)
Schiatze
Private (infy); rifleman;
sharpishooter
Schattzengrabenkanone
Trench gun; tiench mortar
Schiitzenbhle
Dugout; foxhole
Schl~tzenmine (SchilMi;
Antipersonnel mines (See
S-Mi)
descriptive part)
Schiitzeaj Pnzerwagen (SPW; Multipurpose armored car
SPzWg)
(used for carryir, troops
or equipment) (S;ee also
under Panzer)
Scuzee S)Protective
sprinE; safety
spring
ScuzlsBulletproof
glass
Schutzschild
Protective shield
cuztfen(SElegarofheN
i
Scpztafar(S
lteyur fteNz
Schutzwall
Schwaden

Schwadvon
achwiingern
Sehwanlramg
Scbwaaa
SeuhIN ees

Protective wall (system of


land defenses, such as
Weitwall)
Suffocating vapor or exhalAtion; gas cloud;
noxious gases; detonation
products
Troop (Cavy)
to impregnate; saturate;
inseminate
Fluctuation; variation.
Q-teillatinn
Tall; tpail (G)
Black cross (Get matk1m 1 lor
ihnlyarfe
CS

cwspvw
acbwvedia'rh

Swedish

match)~
u w ds
Sulfur
c h w e fe a ni mu .n
S5
ltn
Schwefelmni mon
Antimony sulfide (Sb2S,)
S~'ecsueSulfuric
acid
* SchwfeltrosideSulfur triouide (CWS)
*Schwefetwasserstotf
hyrgnslieSelbstladeeinstecklauf
Sc Ihwedkce

s llcinSft

Sahtefisueshelie
tchweissen
schwelen
Schwelkerze
Sdu'wer sein ,
schw e m m t i
scwrheavy
* e sAhtilwerie

(s )H

schwcre Kunone (rAK)


*
'
schw:ere Panlcrb~achse
Schv%-rkraft
schweres Maschinengewehr
Ischwerste Artillery (asrA)

wcell dsto
e d
u i e st n

e diu martillery) li
Heavyrartillery)-!N
Me-i
hovitzer
Heanvy howitzer)
Medium gun (lit Heavy

gun)
Heavy antitank gun
Force of gravity
*
Heavy M(;dpeso
Heavy artillery (lit Heaviest
artillery)
Schwe'rt
bword
Schwimmweste
Mac West; life vest
Schwinguns; Schwatig
Vibration; oscillation
schwifrei3
to whizz; buzz; centrifuge
chwunggewicht
Pendulum
9chwungkraft
Vibrating power, centrifugal
force
Schwungm'aschine
Centrifuge
Schwungred
Flywheel
Seofliegerei; Seeflugwesen
Naval aviation
Seeflugzeug
Seaplane; hydroplane
Seele
Bore (of a gun)
eeenacbac
Axis of the bore
*Seelendthrchinesser, SeedanDiameter (caliber) of the bore
weite
(See also Kaliber)
Seelenlange
Gun barrel length
tSeelearohur
Tube; liner (of a gun)
* Seemeile
Nautical mile (1.853 kin)
"Cemnine
Sea tmie; underwater mine;
submarine w~ine
Seeminenaperre
Submarine mine field
Seeziinder
Hydrostatic bomb fuze (in
depth chargce)
Segelflugzeux
Glider; nailplane
Segler
Sailboat; glider
Segmenigranare
Segmented shell
Sehrohr
Periscope; telescope (lit
Seeing tube)
seigern
to exude
Seiteaer
Side; face; direction (Guny)
* Scitenee
Enfilade fire
Scitengewthr
Baoe ltSd r)Sinkstoff
Seiteaverschiebung
Drift correction
Seiterfwagen
Sidecar
Seitwartabewegung
Yawing (See also Pendelf)
des Gescloaa
Sektundirladuagl
Secondary charge; base charge
(of a detonator)
SelhstentzUadulrSelhstzuadung Spontaneous ignition
*

(Geschltz auf Selbetiahr.

Self-prurelled (S11) mount;


sun motor cafriage (See also
e
a zr
unSelfp ao zelldr
n)
(efpoeldsn

e
Sualbrarlir

cidautomatic
Slfuous
Sfuusad ge
Selbstladegewehr
to weld;ssweat
to burn lfwlY; smiolderSebtupiolSmatmtcpso;slf
Smoke candle (CWS)
to

~~ch'~ere
(dl)

Sell-stfahrlafette (Sf; Sf1)

e-

weapon
Semi 141tomnati
c rifle; ujellloading eifle
loadingdp
e
isutolai
ptl

itl

el

SclbrttL.der; Selhata e af
Selbatschrumpfung
Selbistv erbrennung
Seib at zersetzung
oeCourAwt'6UL~u6
Sender; Sendegerit
Seudung

Semiautomatic weapon; selfloading w eapon


Self-shtinkage
Self-destroying type of fuze
Spontaneous decomposition
ee 3CIitfiuidua
Sebiutujlt
RA!dotrnmtr
Shipmnttransmitteor.
R

Senfgaut; Yplerit
senkrecht
Seakung

Mustard gas (CWS)


vertical; perpcnadic-0lar
Sinking; lowering; hollow;

Sensibilitit
Seri enfabrikation
Sesshafter Kampfstoff

depresioiiy;sn stvns
Production in ser~es
Pestetcmiawrfe
agent
Se r Spitzgeschoss

S-Geschons
chrsf;eue
'Ncherheitsbottich
Sicherheitsdraht
Sicherheitsglas
Sicherheitsminenpulver
Sicherheitssprengstoff
sichern

Sicherungskappe
Sicherungsklappe
Sicherungsmutter
Sicherungsstilt
Sicherungsvorstecker
Sicherungsz~ndri
Sicht
Sichtfeld
Sieb
Sirednpunkit
Siegfried Kanone
Signal bombe
Signalpatrone
Sign--' rakete
Signalwerfer
Siliziumtetrachlor~r
Sipo (Sicherheitarolizci)
SM; S-Mine; SchWM
S-Mine Verhindungsatil-k1,
Drilling
oklafte(k)Pedestal
SOB

Safety tank; drowning tank


Safety wire (Ord)
Safety glass; shatterproof
glass
Safety blasting powder
Safety explo siv e
to make safe; lock (Ord and
Anirio); cover; protect; make
secure
Safety device (Fz); safety
cap (HdGr)
Safety v alve; safety hatch
Lc
u
Sefety pin (Fz)
Arming pin (r. z); safety pin (B)
Safety fuse
Sight; visibility
Field nf view
Screen; sifter, filter
Boiling point
380 mm Railway Gun (See
under Weapons)
Signal flare
Sigisal cartridge
Signal rocket
Ground signal projector
Silicon tetrachloride
Deposited matter, sediment
Security police
See Schrapnellmine and
Schutzenmine
Three-way adapter for SiMiLe
mount (G)
Suction

So

%tSole;

Solvens (p) Solvenzien)

,r 29t.

"t ry tlloho t p e iptt


bottona of " ([encli.
SoldicSol vent

Spitz(s -loss init Stahl-

kern (g~tt
fSmY. (!Ilj
Spitzgcschnss mit Stahlkern wtd Glmsu (SmIc-

Separate; special; exclusive


(i'spar)
Sondrarillrieheay atilery(hrSpeialSpitZgeschoss mit Stablkern
artillery)
und Leuchtspur (SmKL'spur)
Sond ge t (De)levice
stiving a special purpose
.Spitrtninnition (S51u)
S'onderkatuwl, (S 4rt)
Spci a]propel ing charge in
Spleissung;, Splissurag
non-fixed ammunition; superSplint
charge cartridge
Splitter; Sprengstilck
lekriflarzug(S~f)
peIalzdvhce uha
Splicttrbetonbombe (SpI~eli)
tank, tarik destroyer, etc (See
Splitterbombe (SpIB)
*
also under Panzer)
So'deradug;
Sperchage
usnhme
pI ttedicte(alitip
Sondrldung;Ausahme
Suer-ciare
Spittrdicte

Pointed bullet with hardened


rc!or;uerPL.lc

Ptr!roined bulpet wAt


Poinatetdi
bultwt

6.11,
tt

&onder

"la'-g

Soridermunitior, (Smo; Sdkfu)


St,ndrrwsiffe (SdW)
Spl~hwaigen (Spwg)
sl~ak
Spalt; Spalte
Spaltanlage
'S aiaezur Gcinniun
von Ole~it aus RI~ck!.*iure
S$Paltfwikziinder
Spaltgliih&rnier
Spaltring
Spaltziinider
Spaltziirndermaschi n
Spn'vorktung
Sparsteff
Spattgras
Sp~tzerspringer
Splitziirider;'Verzr~ge'rungsztinlde
Spt~nug
Speer
Spettlballon
perre
Sperrfeuer; Notfeuer
Spertholz
Sperrohr
Sperrve.rsuchsanastalt t-;.-VA)
spezifisches Gtewichit
Spiegel
Spiegeltelegrapih
Spiegelvisier
Spindel
Spiralbolirer
Spiralfeder
Spitze (S"
Sptaechs (;Soesch)
Spit~zgeachoss mit Eie* kern (SinE)
Spitzgeschoss mit Stahlkern (5mK)

Non'ixed aminunitiuo,
sealpurpose ammunition
Special purpose weapon
Scout car; reconnaissance vehicle
See under Get 4bbreviatioills
Crack; split; slit; fissure
Cracking installation; splitting
device
In'rt.g
tallntion for recovering
oleuin from spent acid by
splitting process
Jump-spurk elect.ic igniter
Hligh-ten-sion electric igniter
Split rin3 (bri-echblock)
Hligh-tension detonator
Exploder for high-tension
detonator
Cocking mechanism
Scarce material-, high priority
matra
Esparto grass
Retarded burst; dmlayed action
projectile
delay fuze
eare intinSprenggelatine
Spear
BraeblonSprenggranare
Block; obstacle; barrier
Barrage fire; barrage
Plywood
Outer steam tube of MG
Naval establiabiment working onl
development and testing of sea
minesSprengkapsel
Specific weight
,Mirror, periscope; stern (of a
ship)
Hleliograph
Mirror sight
Spindle; pinion; gear shaft
Titdrill1; spiral dilwt
"Spiral spring; helical spring
Po1.4t; tip
Pointed bullet
Pointed bullet with iron core;
SAP bullet
Pointed bullet with stteel core;
Abultof

Pointed bullet with steel core


and tracer
Pointed bullet rimmunition
Splice
Splint; cottor pin., split pin
Splinter; fragment (Proj)
Concrete fragmentation bomb
lfragmentatioii bomb; A/P

ers onnel) bomh


ensity of fragments (number
of shell fragments per unit
ares)
Splittcrgranate (Spl~r)
Fragmentation othell; grenade
Splirrerring
Feagntentation sleeve fitting
over casing of the Stielbandgranate (lit Splitting ring)
Splitterschutzbtille
Protective goggles
splirttrsicher
splinterproof
Spom
Trail spade (G); spike (MG
tripod)
Spfachrohr
Megaphone
Spreizilaette
Split trail spade carriage
Sprengarbeit
Blasting job
Sprengbombe (SB; Sprl3)
HE bomb; demolition bomb
Sprengbombc. dickwandige
lIE bomb, thick-walled
Sprengbrandbumbe (SprBrll)
HE-Inc bomb
Sprengb'Uchse
Demolition charge in a co,-l
tamner; petard
Sprengb'Uch-e 07/24
Demolition charge consisting
of a box containing 1 kg TNT
Sprengdienst (Sd)
D~emolition service
sprengen
to blapt
SprengfL~e
Booby trap (See also Schrc~ckladling)
Sprensfiilung
Filler; HE filling charge
SprengflI~ssigkeit
Explosive liquid
;S~tenggummi blasting gelatin
Sprenggrsnate (Sprgr)
HE shell
41 (Sprpr 41)
HE' shell pattern 41, for a
tapered bore gun
Sprenggranate-Patrone
lIE shell in it cartridge;
(SprgrPat!)
(complete round of fixed
ammunition)
Sprenggurmui
See Spreniggelatine
Sprengkammer
Mine chnamber (blasting)
D~etonator, blasting cap;
gntato
Spreaagkapsel Nt 8 (Al)
Detonator No. 8 (Alumnsaum)
Sprengkapselxdnider (7.5,
Detonating cord unit with
10, 25 Sektunden)
blasting cap and fuse lighter,
prepared demolition set
Srnkpexd
2(uz
Prepd demolition set
ea
o e
Sprengkapselz~oder 28 (fang) Prepdl demolition set
With delay 200 sec
Sprengko~rPer
Demolition block; prepared
cag
Sptengkbrper 28
Demolition slab, 200 a
Sprcngk~rper 88
Demolition charge consisting
a box containing 200 it
picric acid

Uuts 297

Sprengko.,per, Tp

Dem~nolition slabh, 200 g inl bakeStahlblechpanzer


Steel plate; sheet steel
lice container (for tropical
armor
Light case shell of cast steel
climates)
Stahigeschoss; rptahlgranate
Explosive force
Stahlguss
Cast steel
Sprengkraft
Steel helmet
iursting charge; demolition charge; Stahlbelm
Sprenglwilung (Sptgldg)
Steel works
Stahlhjitte; StAhiwerk
blasting charge
Steel-core bullet; armorStahikernpeschoss
Bfurster tube (Proj)
Spunigladungsrohlre
piercing bullet
Blast hole
Sprengloch
Steel-jacketed bullet
Stahlmantelgescho ss
Liquid-air explosive; oxyliquit
"Ipreuglult
,teel mortar
Stahlm~rser
Explosive in prepared form, as
S'prengmirtel
Steel armor
Stohlpanizer
distinguished from generic term
Steel liner (G)
Stahlseele
Sprengstoff; H Emoiincsg
Steel pointed bullet
Stahl spitzenge schoss
lI11-charges and accessories
* Sptengnmittelkastens Satz
Steel foundry
I
1
a' Munitiern
Sprengmunition
Prisoner of war camp for
Stalag (Stammlager)
Trinitrotoluene (TNT) charge
Sprengmunition 02
NCO's, privates and labor
Picric acid (P A ) charge
Stprengmunition 88
detachment
Explosive tivet
Sprenguiete
Stammk~rper; Stnmmsubstanz Parent substance
(N); detonating oil
* prnglNitroglycerin
Post; garrison- station; potition
NG propellant; double base (NG.-NC) Sutandort
r
*Sprengrlpulve
post; pillar, bar; rod
StnePole;
propellant
Crossbar shot; doubleStangenkugel
Blasting cartridg~e (demolitions);
*Spreagpatrone
headed shot
explosive bullet
Pelo charge (See general
Stangenladuiig
'Gun destructor charge
Sp'rengpotrone Zerstiirer
section)
Blasting powder; black powder
*Sprengpulver
Pole-charge antirm.sonnel
Stangenladung
Nitrate explosive
Sorengsalpeter
mine
Bursting charge; explo'iive filler
Sprenitsatz
Staple; warehouse; pile;
sttooel
Explosion
* Sprengschlag
launching cradle
Fuse (lit Ezplosivc. Curd)
*Sprengsichnur
Starch; strenitth; thickness
S~trke
Explosive; lIE (See also SprcngSp.-ingstoff
takapurCatapult
mitel)
Launching device
Startvorrichtung
Type of explosive
Sprengstoffurt
Stand; support; tripod
Stativ
HE filler (Ammso)
Sprengstofiiiillung
Dust
Staub
HE bulkr
Sprengstoff, Lose
Finely granulated powder
Staubpulvcr (Stbp)
Subject of explos~vts-all that conSprengstoffwesc:i
to compress (by blow);
stauchien
cerns explosives
knock
See Splitter
Sprengsttick
R~etractable (telescopic)
Stauch!afotte
Technics ef manufacture of exploSprengtechnik
gun CArriage
sives; technics of demolitions
Compression test; crusher
staucliprobe
Mine crater
Sprengtrihebtr
test
Demolition; blasting
Sprengung
Crusher cylinder
Staucbzylinder
Explosive effect-, bursting effect
Spreagwirkung
Stearic acid
Stearmnsiure
Detonating fuse; primacord
Sprefgisin.der
to stick; prick; pierce;
stechen
burst; break; crack
spinrnto
puncture
Injection nozzle; steam injector
Spritzdtise
to stick; stay; remain
stecken
Injection mold; jet mold
SpritzfOrm
Plug (Elec)
Stecker
injection molding; die casting
'Sprirxguss
Inserted rocket igniter,
40
Steckz'iinder
composto
molding
-ion
Inject
Spritzgugamasse
pten4
~Range (oft flamethrower)
Spritzweite
steep
Steil
Spool; electric coil
$pule
High-angle trajectory
Steilbahn
Rinsing;, watching; flushing
Spilluns
High-angle fire; curved fire
Steilfeuer
Trace; track; trail
spur
Steil feuerge schiitz (Haubitze) Howitzer (lit High-angle
.pur (S); Leuchtspur Wapiti) Tracer
S
fire gun)
Tracer projectile
Spurgeseshosat
Stone; rock
Stein
See Scbutzstaffeln
SS
Quarry
Stelabruch
SS armored cotpsa
SS-Panzerlcorps
Asbestos
Steinflacha
Staff;, rod; bar
Stab
Mineral coal; anthracite
Steinkohle
bomb
incendiary
Stick-type
Stabbrandbotnhe
Coal tar
Strriakoblenpech
Chopped tube propellant
Stlibtheripulver (StbP)
Flintlock gun
Steinschlossgtewehur
Stability (See also Best'r'ndigkeit
Stabilit7it
Lock-nut; regulating (adjust&eCllmu tter
Haltbatkeit)
ftand
Ing) nut
Stick mine
*Statimia.
Adjusting ring (Fz); timeStellring
aomb with long nose spike
(Stabo)
*Stachelhombe
IIIII:
iI(See
description)
setting fing
See Stellatift
Stellschliiauel.
wire
Stacheldrahit **Barbed

*Staffelleuer

Echelon fire

Stellachraube

Set screw;, adjusting screw

Stell-stift; Steil

Fuze- setter
S)Srihhh;Sglb
sterils~ndll~s~nn4.Sror Cluster rartridge (Rignal);
multiple Stitr cartridge
Sternpulver (Sti')
Star-shaped propellant
Sternsignal
Signal flare; star signal
Stetier
Control; steering wheel; tax
Steuerfliige
Stabilizing fin (B)
Stpucrunit
Steering
Stich
Thrust; stab;, sting
Stichprohe
Sample taken at trandom
schluse

~ril~wff

Stick stoff (N)


Stick stolfsaure; Stick stoffWRS~erstofWN~re; Sti14%Aofwaiserstoff
Stiefel

sj;.-t
Stielgtranate

Thustngweaonstfeuen
Nitrogenwihonfre(ty
Ilydrazoic acid; hydronitric
itcid; hydiroge~n trinit:,re
(HNO
Boot; case; barrel
BHandle; shaft; stem; stalk

Sriho~;Sxih
ztrifn
Srie
Streifenplvder
Streit
Starotdisolder
Strengsoldt
Streubrundbombe
Swiuftht StenseYone
Streufeuere
t~srb
Stteukegel

(Friction) match
bl
Bad trj. stie
.t
i.
ad ti.
secftodr
agznecip(I
MSagaztip
bnd ori (a1ea0
ptefnuvr(t
tripel(bandt rlmelr
C~opentetcob;sti;
Cotet
ap coma;ati
Scatterfire bomb
to tt-atter; strew; cover
ie fie(Arty); wei
fr
Ctensee
one !f ispe(rty;si
epignr
oeo dseso
Sheaf of fire; cone of lire;
3ta

41gr

Stic grnae rodded


bombfo/
Streuttilne
Uncontrolled mine; stray mine
(not laid to regular pattern)
Sticlranse 4137 m Roded bmb fr A/
gun, Pak 41
Dseso
Bl)
cteig
Stjelhatpdgrsaate: (Sthgr)
Hand grenade with handle;
tuugDpeso(Bl)sctrn;
deviation
potato-mamher hand grenude
Strichfeuer, bestreichendesGrinfe
Gaig
fr
Feuer
peg~; tack;. stan;
Stf'Pin;
Stin~azerFrnt ttuorStrohzellstoff
Straw pulp
SokSikclangrd
Strom
Stream; current; flow; elecpicket; pole
ti
ur~
Stockmine (StoMi)
A/P picket-type mine; stake
SrmregrGnrtr(lc
min (o cocree)Stromliniengeschoss
Strenamlined bullte; boatSto ff
Substance; stuff; fabric;
taile"' bullet
material
Strommesser
Ammeter, current meter
Stoflere
ein asChcaacStromatarke
Amperage
';tollen
Gallery; tunnel
St~mn
Curn;.lwng'.
Stolperdraht
Trip wiremnntcfu
flty ux ;cno
Field of trip wire obstacles
StckneahtzPetc
Stolperdrahtfeld
u;cno
ecazPee(ry
Suk
Trrip wire mine
Stolperdrahtm~ine
Stopfbichse
Gland; stuffing box
Stpsae;dge;an
Stuka (Sturzkarnpfflugzeug)
Dive fighter bomber
Dive fighter bomber pilot
Stukaflieger
ai~o tirl.n
tren
O
disturb;, trouble; harass
Stumpf
Stump
St''vungsfeuer
Hlaras sing fire (Arty')
supe
iklOts
nl
~~Stoss
Impulse; thrust; shock;
Otbtmuseu
s auglt;str
blow;, push
Stutmartillerie (StuA)
Assault artillery
stosadiimpier
Bumper
Sturingeschiatz (StuG)
Assault gun (SP G)
Stise
esl; ametap* F)
Sturmngewehr 44 (StuG 44)
Stormtrooper's rifle (previously
t
Stossempfind ichkeit
Sensitivity to shock (Exp!)
called Maschinenpivtola 44)
Stoassempfindlichkeitsprobe
Test for sensitiveness to shock
Sturinkanone (StuKi)
Assault cannon (SP)
stoosen
to push; thrust; strike
Stuimmo~raer (StuMrs)
SP Assault rocket projector
Stoaskappenmine; Stoasmiine
Contact mine (Nay)
(See under Panzer)
Stosakraft
Percussive power, impact
SturuipnnZer (SLUl.')
Assault tank; front line sopport
stoasreizbar; atonneempf indlich sensitive to shock
armored vechicle supplying everstose-sicher
invensitive to shock
ahead fire power (See also undez
Stooaverauch
Shock test (ExpI)Pazr
* Stosaweasge
Ballistic pendulum
Sturmpanzer 43
Same as Bruminhar (See under
Stusawtlle
Shock wave; percussion wavePaer
Stoiazu'nder
Percussion fuze
Sturuwind
Storm wind
IfStrAh
Ray; let (of liquid or gas);
Stutz
Plunge; dive; fall
flash (of lightning)
Suzntf
iigatc
Strahlung
Radiation; radiance
ueagiDvngtac
Dive-bombinS
eahmie;shr ikieStutzbomben
anuine(dM)
Strndale Sd~) eah ine sor mneStirze
Lid; cover
Strecke
Distance; space; stretch;
Swf-eebrtr
lm
'drift (Mining)
Sturzflamm
Divebeaorflm
sureckt:n
to stretch. extend- flatten;
Sturakapflug
es(Sua
Dive bme
toll (metal, glass)
tizeSupport;
stay; Prop
S hekrb
atreiceitocosot;sr~eot

Role
crs

u;srk

u;eiistee
lmnt

Stiatzselraube (StzSr)
Sttavi (Sturzvirieae)

Support uciew
Dive Bombing sight

Get 2.99
- Stypbainsiure
Suchaaker
SumPfs a; Sump fl uft
SutontSubstitute

Styphnic acid; trinittotCUorcifolO


Grapnel
Manrsh gas; methanle
(See also Ersatz)

TTiger
f te raks evelpedby
serokt e tSenk unde relPaned yT
(Panzer)On
T-3
abl e; hr tc S e u de a z r
Siwdl
car
* Tage-TTone
*
agTone (TATO)
Metric tons per day
*Talc
Antitank gun (A/T Sun)unePazr
1 akrtilere
AT atileryTiterapparat;
*Tank;, Tankwasen
Tank
Tankbuchse
A/T rifle
* Tankgrabcri
A/T ditch
* Taragera~t
Cam(n uflage equipment
lz~rnmi-tc!
'Camouflage material
nuoxung
Camouflage
*Tascheninunition
SImail arms ammunition in pouches
* Taster
Calipers; key; feeler, antenna
Taucher
~~Diver (Nay) (See also Torpedo,toaucher)
tecbniscbrein
technically pure; correct
rTechniache Nothilfe (Teno)
Technicu; Emergency Corps
Teer
Tar
TeerasphaltCa-a
ic
teilen
to divide: graduate; share
Teilkartuache; Teillaidung
Increment charge; partial propellant charge (SL Ammo) (See alao
Vorkanrtache)
*Teilkerngeschoan
Sectional bullet
.Teilladung
See Teilkartuache
Teilmantellgeachosa
Semi-jacketed bullet
* Teilmantellocligeschoss
Semii-jacketed hollow point bullet
*Teilmentelapitzge Ischoss
S'emi-jacketed pointed (spitz)
bullet
* TearingGradatedringTorpedogeachoss
* TilchebeGraduated
diah, dial-sight;
quadrant
Teilatrich
Graduation mark; mil (Arty)
Telefunken
Gennan company manufacturing
eletoi
qimn
* Teller
Disk; sent of a valve; plate'
Teller (Zuwinder)
Time-scale (Fz)
Tellermine (TeMi)
Disk-type A/T mine
Temperstahl
Aneldaeltotpressen
tempiee
oatolz
Fuze time setting ring;
* TemPiering
tm scl(F)tragbar
Teono
See Technische Nothilfe
Teaching
Small bore rifle
*
Tenfe
Depth (Mining)
Theodor Bruno (KRanoe
240 mm Railroad Gun (See under
weapons)
Theodor (Kaowne)
240 mmnRailroad Gun (See under
Weapons)
Theranit
Thermite
Thermitbombe
Thermite (incendiary) bomb
*
Th~ermitladung
.Thermite charge (Inc B)
* Thor
Heavy SP mortar (Se: Thor and
Karl Mortars)
Itreiben
1Tief e
Depth; deepness; deep
Depth charge ; depth bomb
Tiefenbom'.'e
Crucible; melting pot
Tietel
T-38Wanzr')One

Ticgelfluaa-atahl;Cucbeoa
Tiefraizi; Veeanur
Tiger I
H1(KOnigotiger)
rgeris"Be
~e ge)
Tiger 0P)

Titrierpparat

ee;rcil
cotttel;Crcil
Crucible-tah
seteeloru
Heavy toni 'See under Panzer in descriptive part)
Heavy tank (See -.mdci pan?r in descriptive part)
Same as Jagdtiger (See under
Pan zer)
Heavy tnir-destroyer designed by Porsche (See

Titrating (volumetric)
app~ratus
T-Mine
See Tellermine
ti~dliche Menge
Killing concentration (CU'S)
Tolit
Trinitrotoluene (TNT)
Tion
Tone; sound; clay
Tonerde
Alumina; argillaceous earth
Tonnie (TO)
Metric ton =1000 kg or 1.102
short tons; buoy (Navy); drum;
bre;cr
Tonwagen
Sound truck
Tonviedergabe
Sound reproduction
Topf
Pot; jar; crock; band grenade
casing
ofie
To-mine
Pot-shaped land mine
Tori
Peat
Torfkohie
Peat charcoal
Totfmehl
Poadered peat
Torpcdoabschussvorrichtung Torpedo-launaching device
Tospedoabwehirgeschuz
Anti-torpedo gun
Togpedoabwurf
Toipedca releaae (Avn)
Torpedoausswsatrohr
Togpedo tube
Tospedobootzeratorer
Doitroyer (Nay)
Torpedoflieger
Torpedo-bomb pilot (Avn)
Torpedoflugaug
Torpedo bomber (Ava)
Streamlined (boat-ald
bullet
Toipedogranate
Torpedo shell
Torpedorohr
Torpedo-launching tube
Torpedoschnel Iboot
Motor torpedo boat
Torpedoachutznetz
Torpedo defense net
Torpedotaucher
Deep-sea diver (See also
Toucher)
Tcgpedowuuf
Torpedo release (Avn)
to dead press
Totschl~ger
Blackjack
Gum tragacanth
Tr&aoatSum
portable; productive
tragen
to bear, carry; support
Tr~ager
Carrier-, mount; suppor t; beam
Tragloasen
Pack load
Tragweite
Range
Traiengas
Tear gas; lacrimator
Trasnenstoff (T-Stof I)
Lacrimaror
transportsich' rer Z~mder
Shipment-safe ftze
treffen
to hit; strike; meet; take
measures
Treffpunkt
Point of impact; objective
point (Arty)
to drive; propel; impel; drift
Treibgas
Propelling gas-, wood gas
Wood-gasa engine
Trelbgasmotor
Piopelling Chargie; propulsive
Treibladung; Treiboatz
charge

(er 300

l're b m ~e
Tebitlmutic
Trcibpulver
TiisiglPropellant;
Tribilspiee
rilsigelgcachoss
TreibsprengstoffSumrnpe

F oat n g in e an auc ure au ocontact mine


Prplieaetpolicing
propellent powder
Sao ds
Sabot projectile (lit Disc Projectile)

TIeibstoff

Propellent
Fagine fuel
Scpnration process

TrnnngrCu..u
ITrtcnnugogn
Tretine
Tretinine

to step; treld; pass; enter


mine; pressure-ignited A/P

~Tread

b e rtro m m el
Uberwachung
Iiberwasserstrei,.. Afrz
U-Boot (Unterset.ooot)
U-Boot-BunkerSumrnpe

Surface force. (Nav)


U-boat; submarine

U-Boot-jagser
U-DootkriegSumin
11-Boot-Mutterschiff
U-Bootnetz
1J-Boot-Werft
Ubung

Submarine chaser
afr
Submarine tender
Submarine net
Suhmarine construction yr
Prcie;eacie
raiid

Trichter:

in
Funnel; cratter; cone
Terrain pitted with shell craters'
gel~indepractice
Trichterlatlung
Crater charge
Trichtermine
Fi'nni.I mine
Trichterwirkung
Mine effect
Ttiebkraft
Motive power
Treibwerk
Power plant
* Trilit
Trinitrotoluene (TNT)
Triptlerde; Trippeleide7
Tripoli
trocken
dry
* Trockner
Drier
* Trog
Trough; vakt
*Trammel
Drum;, cylinder of a revolver
* Trommelicuer
!
Drum fire; heavy barrage (Arty)
Trommelmagazin
Drum (cilinder) magazine
Trmemaaizuf hung
rum teed
Tropen (TpO
"Tropics
STarupfenflascne; Tropfflasche Dropping bottle
TrpfrihtrDropping
funnel
* TWOty
Trinitrotoluene (TNT)
-trabf g gafD
ge
f u bdt
ITStf
See Trla'nenstoiff;
highly concentrated (80-85%)
hydrogen perozidn
Trichterfeld; Iiichter-

and iJ
iuben
Uberborskurfe
Uberchlornaur
IUberchromsaure
Ebtrdruaek

to practice; exercise; train


Perboric acidsce
P'erchloric acid
Percbromic acid
Excess pressure; pressure
abov I am
Uberfk~bungazahlTransport (transference) number
uberhitzen
to superheat (steam); overheat
(engine) Iference
Uberhitzer
Suiperheater
O bersalpetereliure
Pernittic acid
'0estie
o uestrt
* berschicesen (eigene r
Overhead firing
Tnzppeea
iiberachweres Maaschinaen-:
SIuperhenvy machine guin
* ecrUmrandung
berschwefelsilufe
Persulfuric acid
Uberatrr.ablung
Overradiatior; overexposure
*(to
radiarion)
6bettragen,
to, transfer; transport; transmit;
propagate waves
Uberrragung
Transmission
Obertragungsko~sper
Induced-detonation charge
Ub' rtragungagladumg
Intermediate charge; booster;

ijcommunication

charge

R ange d ru m (e igh t m ou nt)


Surveillance; osrain

Obungsbombe
Ubungageschoss

iu
sratePciesel
Obungshandganate
Ybungsladung
Ijbungstnine
IObungsmunitioe
Ubungspatrone
Ubungsschiessen
Uhr
Uhrwerkantrieb
Uhrwetkzi~nder
Uhrzeiger

drill
Practice bomb, dummy bomb
Tann
rjcie
agt
projectile; drill
poetl
Practice shadgenad
Practice charge (Ammo)
Practice minc
Patc
nanto
Practicc cartridge
PrActice firing
Watch; clock; timepiece
Clockwork action (Fz)
Clockwork fuze
Clockhand; indicator (mactruments)
(Counterclockwise)

(im Gegegensinn zmn


Uhrzeiger)
Oim Sinne des Uhizeigera)(Cokie
Uhizeit
Clocktime (such as 13 45 as
dsigihdfo
et
which means "time length")
Ul1trageachoss
High-speed bullet
Ultrakurz ielle
Ultrashort wave; ultrit-high
frequency wave (30 mc to
300 mc)
Umnderang
Conversion; change
Umdrehungazahl
Number of revolutions; rpm
Umfang
Circumference, perimeiter,
umifassen
Umformer
ume~adert umgarbie
ug
Umkreia
urnkriataisiert
umlaboriert
Umlauf
Uaa tl n
Umrandenmaschine
umrithres
Umschalter
UmschlagopunLic
unbcwaffnet
Unbrennbarmachung
undicht

to embrace; comprise;
envelop
Converter (Elec)
Modified; converted; reworked
Perimeter, radius; circumrecrystallized
equipped; outfitted
Rotation; re~volution; circulation
Jacket; envelope; sheath
Crimping machine
Edge; burder
co stir, stir up
Switch board; reverser;
commutator
Transition point
unarmed
Fireproofing
not waterproof or gasproof;,
permeable:. leaky; not tight.

(;er 301
undu''cilfdinglich
un 1cn,4l;h
uncntbehrlich
unentzuindoar
unerlaubte Entferatung
ungef'hr
uage~scrhter Kalk
unitcharf

impermeanble; impenietrable
infinite; endless
indispencable
inert(Ammo)
Absence without leave(AWOL)
about; approximate
Quick lime
unarmed (Fz); out of focus
(Optics)
unscharf macben,
to disarm (Ammo)
Unterarzt
Interne; young physician
Unter1rincher
nerutrverbiennbar
UneclrglueHypochlorous acid
Unt~erchlorsiure
Ilypochloric acid
Unterdruck
D~iminished pressure:
vacuum; below atmosphere
pressure
Unierfeldwebel
Staff sergeant
Unterf~hrting
Underpsass R
Untetkalibergescboss
Siibr~aliber projectile
Unterka~lun~g
Srupercooling
Unteroffizier
NCO; corporal
Unterschied
Difference
.U tersebo
See U-Boot
to support
Unterstutzen
Investigation; examination;
Untersuchung
inapectioni
Submersion; immersion
Untertauchung
Unterwachmeister
Staff sergeant (Cavy and Airty)'
Depth charge; depth bombj
Unterwasserboinbe
Unterwiasserbriicke~n:.ndeir
Underwater bridge primer
Hydroph one(Nav)
Unterwasserborihger~t
Underwater shunt primer
Unterwasuernebellschlusszuindet
Underwater split primer
*Unterwasserspaltziinder'
Underwater bleating (Dem)
Unterwassersprengung
Underwater primer or fuze
Unterwasserzunmder
Original model; prototype
'Urbauinuster
Primary matter
Urastoff
jungle warfare
Urwaldkrieg

VVerein;
V-1, V-2, and V-3
V8A
Vauueo ire
V-Boot; Vatkehrboot
Velocitas-Null (Vo)
Vent11
1!Ventildichtung
vetlsrMtrSleeve-type
veraltet
vermaderfich
verankerte Mine
Veraschung
Vensgbn
Verbandi
Verbanodsubwtirf;
Verbandswurf
7etbessertrv

See Vergeltungawaffe
Eins, etc
~~~~Brand
of stainless steel

Verbesserung
Vetbindung

Verbindungastdck
Verbot
Verbrauchssatz

Verbrennung
Verbrennungsanalyse
Verbrennungakraftmascbine
Verbrennungsraum

Verbrennungsrtickstande
Verbrennungswiirme
Verbrennungawert
Verbundgescboss (V)
verchloren
verchromt
Verdaimmen; Verdammung
(Se e also Besatz)
vesdampfen
Verdainpfungsarwae
verdeckre Ztindung
Verdichtungsappatat
Verdichtungastosswelle;
Verdilchtuagawelle
Verd-ickunitafnttel
vierdunnen
verdunsten
Vereiaigung
Vereinheitlichung
Vereisung
Veresterung
Verfahren

used in German explosives


plants
vacuum tube

Verfall
Verfglachung

Launch
Initial velocity; muzzle velocity
Vent; valve
Valve gasket
engine
'obsolete; antiquated
variable; changeable; unstable
Moored mine
Ashing; Incineration
IseVerfug'ung
Binding; bandage; dressing;
hond; combined arms wnilt
Formatio rlase (bombing)

verfelnern
verfertigen
verfeuern
verfl~Ichtigen
Verflllcbtigungsffihi~keit
verflllssigen
verfriiht
Verfiagung

Improved

des
Obetkommandos deu
Heeres
Vergalung
vergileen
Vergaser

Correction (Gunny);
Improvement
Compound; w'joining;
asml;a,
.ea)
liaison
Adapte:
Prohibition; off-limits
declaration
Consumption per 100
kilometers (gas and
lubricants)
combuatible
Combustion; burning;
deflagration
Analysis by combustion
Internal combustion engine
Combustion chambet;
propellent chamber;
powder chamber
Reaidues of ignition
(or combustion)
Heat of combustion
Calorific power; combustion
value
Compound projectile
(See Mantelgeschoss)
to chlorinate
Chromium plated
Tamping; mud capping (Dem);
damming up((astream)
to evaporate; vaporize
Heat of vaporization
(or evaporaticn)
Covered priming
Condenser
Compression wave; burst wave;
detonation wave
Thickening agent; thickerner
to thin; dilute(liquids);
rarefy (gasses)
to evaporate
Union; association; society
Standardization
Formition of ice; icing (Avn)
Euterification
Mto;poeue rcs
Decay; deterioration; decline
Adulteration; falsification;
forsery
to refine; improve
to make; prepare; manufacture
to fire; launch; burn up
to vaporize; evapotste
Volatility
to liquify; dilute
premature
Disposal; disposition;
availability
Army Regulation

Denaturing
to ferment
Gasifier; carburator

(,cr 10 2
Vergeirtiing
Vtrgr!tungswaffe(V)

Retaliation; reprisal; revenge


R etali at ion (revenge) weapon
such at- V-1. V-2 and V-3)
castable; ready to cast
to poison; contaminate (CWS)
Gas shell fire iAtty)
Vitrification; glazing
Calibration fire (Arty); test
shooting

vergiesabat
Tersi':e"
Vetgifcungsachiessin
Verglasung
Yeigleichoschieasen

ter

sengEnlargement
VA
tce

to improve; temper (metals);


compensate
Heat-treated steel
Proportion; ratio; rate

Verg'l ungescahl
Veibh"ltnis
* Verb"rugHadnn
Verharzen; Verharzung
~
* Vetlm4uln
: Verhuttung

Resinification
Lignificat!'
Smelting; working off
(metals)
Taper; reduction (of scale)

Ver ungung
*

Verkleidung

PVerkleinerung
verkleistern

verplatinieren
verpuffen
Verpuffungapr.obe
Verrichtung
verzostet
Versager
Versauerung
verachiessen
verachleiern
Vetschleierungsfeuer
Versehluss

reverse; inverse
ikn;lnaeVerschlusaring
Fastening (sealing) with
or other adhesive;
*putty
cementing
Facing; casing; lining;
camouflage
*disguise;
Diminution; reduction
to make into paste; to
cover with glue; to stick

Verschlusakeil

* ekemntogether
vekemnto
verkInallen
* verknistern

Verschlussschieber
.shutter

Verachluss-schraube
Verschraubung
Verschreibung
Verschwindlafette
verseben
versilbern
verspannen
veraprilhen
Verstahlung
Verstirkung
Versuch; Versuchung

jam; wedge
to detonate
to deerepitate
Decrepitation
.Verknisterung
*
to plate with cobalt
* verkobalten
to boil down; concentrate
verkochen
Versuchladung
to char; carbonize
verkohien
veraucha
to coke
verkoken
Versuchschiessen
to calcify
verkreiden
Versuchwesen
to coot down
verkaihlen
verteidigen
copper
vekufento
Verteidigungswaffe
couple; to connect
.a
verkuppeln
verteilen
Shortened tracer trail
vcre u LIcbspr
*
(vk ' sur)Verteilungsstelle
Tubular propellant cutVrieugDpnn;dpeso;
verkairztes R~ihrenpulver
into short lengths
verttockn~en
Verlag; Verlagsbuchhand ung Publishing house
*
verunreinigen
to pack or load on
verlasten
vehicles or horses
verlastete Artillerie

*.

verlcschen
verl'o'in
Ivermengen; vermls chen
vernessen
Vermessungsbaltterie
vetmindette Laclung
.to
Terminen
VermBgeo
Vetnebelung
Varn.ichtung

Pack artillery
to go out; be extinguished
to solder
to mix; blend
to measure; survey
Ranging battery
Reduced charge
mine; lay mines
Ability; power; property
screening
*Smoke
Destruction; 3innihilation

to nickel-plate
to rivet
Order; decree; regulation
Packing; casing
Dummy projectile for
vehicle-loading practice
to platinize
to puffI off; deflagrate; explode
Deflagration teat
Performance; execution;
an!ion
rusty
Misfire; failure
Acidification
to expand; fade; discharge
to mask; screen; veil;
camouflage
Diversion fire; smoke-shell
fire
Closing; closure; breechblock,
brecch mec.hanism

to cant; tilt; incline

*verkanten

vetkehrt
Verketrung
Veskittunp,

vernickeln
vernieten
Verordaung
Verpackung
Verpackungsgeschoss

Wedge-type breechblock
Breech ring; closing ring
Breech locking slide;
slide
Breech screw; threaded closing
cap in fuze
Screw joint; screw cap
Presc:ription; order; note
Disappearing fun mounting
to provide; supply; furnish
to silvcu-piate
to brace; tighten; stretch
to spray (CVS)
Acieration; case hardening
Reinforcement
Experi-ment; assay; trail;
test
Test charge (Arty)
experimental
Test firing (Ord)
Research
to defend; maintain
Defense weapon
to distribute; divide
Distributing point
cavity
to dry up
to tender impure;
contaminate

vervielfachen; vervielfiiltigen to multiply


Verwitterung
Verzabnung
Verzeichnls
verzinken
verzlnnen
vzrnto
Yerzol'f. tngV

utilization
Efflorescence;
weathering
Gear; gearing
List; register; index
to coat with zinc;
galvanize
to tin; cost with tin
delay; postpone
Retardation; delay; lag

(;er 10
Verzogerunjaltoprri-

Voraignal

Verzogerungssatz

Delay eIzment
Di lay-si-lion mine
Delay pellet in an electric
igniter; delay powder train
(Fz)

Vetzlogerungsviinder

D~elay fuze; delayed-action

Voratoss
Vortriebskraft

Adapter; attack; advance

Verzug
Verzugszeit(Vz)

fuze
Delay; lag
Safety time (in fuzzing)

Vorwiirmer

Preheater

VridugPreigroltion;

premature
ignition (Mot)

Very.ogerungsmlne

Verzugszi~xdung(VZ)
Verzweigung
Vieleck
vielfach
Vielfach;, Vielfache
Vielfachwerfer(Raketen)
Vielrobrgeach*itz
*
*

Viereck
Vilerfuss
Vierling
Vierlings-Maichinensewehr
Viertaktmotor
visieren
Visiervorrichituing
V-Null(Vo); Velocita's-Null
Vogeldunat
Volkssturmngewelir Eins
(VGI)
Volkswagen(VW)

Vollbahn; Vollspurbahn
Voilges~ehosa
Vollreifen
Volrob
vollnt" ndiger Schuss;
vlist"ndiges Geachoas
VollTreffer
Vorderlader
Vorderlauf
Vordruck
Vorgang

* Vohal
Vorholer
Vorkartuache

Vorladang,
Vorlage (Vonl)
VoraufCounter
vnlaformerly
Vorprobe
Vorriclinung

Safety fuzing

Vorstecker
Vorateher

Warning signal;
preliminary t~gnaI
Safety pin(Fi, Mi and Gr);
lug (Fz)
Director, superintendent
Propelling power

Branching
Vulkanfiber
Vulcanized fiber
Polygon
W
manifold
Multiple
Multiple rocket launcher
Wasge; Wage
Scales; balance
Multiple barrel gun;
Wachregiment (Wa)
Guard regiment
Wachs
Wax
Gattling gun
Square; quadrangle
WcrGuard;
va.c;rd
Four-footed stand
station (Avo)
Wachtmeiater (See
Staff sergeant
Four-tuber
Four-barreled MG
also Feldwebel)
(Arty and Cavy)
Weapons; arms
Waffen
Four-cycle engir~e
Waffenamt
Ordnance office(lit
to gage; aim; sight
Weapons office)
Sight mechanism
Ordnance depot
Vaffinse
Initial velocity;Ordnance officer
Waffenoffizier
muzzle velocity
Ordnance testing
Waffenprfifung
Bird shot; small shot
Proving ground, such as
Waffenprfi'fungsplatz
People's rifle in last
at Hi~llrsleben (Army)
ditch 1cefncc
and Meppen (Navy)
People's car (designed .
by Prsce)
affen und Gerlt
Ordnance materiel
Wagon; car; vehicle
Wagen
Standard-gage RR
to weigh; halance
wagen
(1.435 meters)
Weighing pipet
Wagepipette
Shot; solid non-explosive
pro ectV
Wigcschale
Weighing dish
Probability factor
Wabracheinlichkeitsfaktor
Solid tire
MoobockgunbarelWalkerde; Valkererde
Fuller's earth (See
also Waicherde)
Complete round of
lUampart; damn;
Wall
ammunition
embankment
Direct hit
Moat; ditch
Wafigfabefl
Muz1 le loader
Roller; roll; cylinder;
Valze
Muzzle end of barrel
body (of a shell);
First Impression; proof;
drum (of a -revolver)
blank
olrml
VlemIl
Process; chemical
ValxIlager
Ball or roller bearing
reaction; occurrence;
azekRligml
azekRligml
event
Led (frin)Vend
Interior wall; partition;
blha
Counter recoil mechanism
Front increment propelling
aenamer
Wet arehouse
charie (SL Amnmo) (See
wreHa;wrns
underCordte
CmrgeIarmeausienn
Thermal expansion
Heat treatment
W;6Debehandluflg
'Casings in descriptive
Resistant to beat
pat)Vruncbesr'hndigkelt
Vurmebilamz
Heat balance
fha
UlmbnugAsrto
Vadd; wad4lng
iebnugAsrtoofha
Flash-reducing wad (Arty);
test
patern
cop;
Wameelektrixltlt
Thermo-electricity
somthig
pt I frntWlsmeglelchwert
Mechanical equivalent
of heat
recoil
I~rmeraftlhre;Thermodynamics
Vmmcai
Preliminary test
1Virmmechtfbankel
hmlcnutvt
UmllIh~etTemlcnutvt
Contrivance; device;
Conduction of heat
.W)1rieleltung
Mechanism

(ier 104
t rmepobe
Warmeregler

Hat test
W)Thertmoregulato,

W~irmri'btrtrufsun 5 (4

Werkatatt
Wetkatoff

Heart raliafer

i tmeI'ermsgen
Woirxe
wuachen
Wascherde
V" set

Heat capacity
Werltzeus
Lu8 ; stud; niipple; knob
Werlizeuspalrone (WZfgpatt)
wa~chenby
~~~~to
wash; scrub
Fuller's earth (See also Walkerde)
Water
Werkzeugatahl
(Wbo)Tool
Wassrbame
Wasserbomfbo(abo
Depth bomb; depth charge
Wesen
WasedaifbdSteam bath
Wespe
wasserdicht; was.serfest
waterproof; water-tight
.wmssetgierig
hygroscopic.

Wasserhahn
Wasqserkunst

Wasserlinie
Was sermantel
Iwassepr~fung
Wasr~'ugWater
* Wasserochiesspro" t
~'A'Asersqtoff l
1
Was setstof f-hyperoxyd;
Wsasserstoff-pe'roryd
* Wasseritoffzahj
* watte
Wechael
*

Wechaelgetriebe; Gettlebe

iwegaausen
wegwerfen
Wehr; WehreeDfnepapt
* Vebzdiengt
Wehtmacht
Wehsmacht.Heer (WH)

MeM*re
Weichlot Weisslot
Weachatah
Weinesuig
Veloseist
Veinstaure; Weinstelnsiure
Weinstein
Weisosglihhitxo; Welesalut
VWeisskreuxn

Water tap- water cockVest-wall


'V'rter'.work; draining engine
(mining); hydraulics
Waterline
Waterjacket
Hydraulic mrortal
testing; water analysis
Underwater firing test
:Hydrogen 09i
Hydrogen peroxide (Sece also T-

Stoff)
Hydrogen ion corntentration (pHi)
Absorbent cotton; wadding
Change; displacemel~nt (Arty);
exchange; currenecy
Transmission (motor vehicles)
(See also Kraftiibettragung)
to suck away; remove by suctiongrvt
to throw away; reject
'Military service
Armed Forces
Armed Forces, Army
ocs

Material (industrial)
Tool; instrument
Steel Precision round used
armorers for testing the
fnto
fwaos(i
fnto
fwaos(i
Instrument cartridge)
steel
Being; nature; character
Wasp; SP Howitzer (See
under Panzer in descriptive part)

Wette$'.unde

West Wall (Fortifi cations


along Germany's western
frontier)
Weather, storm; firedamp
(iig
(Mining)l-dyawc
dynamite safe to use
with firedamip
Meteorology (Met)

wettersicher

safe in the presence of

Wetter
Vetterdynamit

Vettersprengmittei; Wet.
teraprengatoffe
Wetistein
Wichte
wider
Widterstand
Widerstandmesser
Viderstandzentrum

aywee

Soft'sle'Wee
Soft (mild) steel
Wimpel
Vine vinegar
windabwa~rts; leewarta
Spirits of wine; ethyl alcohol
Winde
Tartaric acid
Tartar
VindfIG~el
White heat; incandlescence
idlglihrngAmn
White eroon (Get maskinS foe
idmse
lacrimator)
Vlndschurxicheibe
Weisslot
See Veichlot
Wiadttreicbholzer
Weltachuasparrone
Long-ranse cartridge
eiWer
Lu-image flame thrower (See
IF
:&8
alI lammenwerfer)
Windstrom
!Wehiblech
Corrugated sheet Irion
Windung
Welle
Wave; shaft; axle; frequency (Pad)
windvtrts
Wellenband
Wavebsend; frequency band (Red)
Winkel
WelkregWorld
War I (WI)
Winkeigruppe
VeadetmktTurnin pntcrialontwinkelmesser
werfen
to throw;, fling
Werfer W
Launcher for meklra nr anlral
Winkelopiegel
pro~ectilir, mortar 'lit Thrower)
Venfergrafnato (Wfsr) (Se
Mortar shell; rocket
Winker
al so Togas..)
Verferrh
Frame-type rocket projector
Verit,
Shipyard, Wharf; dockoftn
'Wesr
Tow; oaiutun
Winterritfeg
Vrk
ork woks;plat; anrcyWinterlost

Work shop

f iredamp
Permissible explosives;
safety mining explosives;,
explosives safe to use
in fiery coal mines
Whetstone; hone
Unit of weight; specific
aant
otayt
against; coatrryet
Resistance
Ohmmeter
Center of resistance;
cetrof dra
ag~ain; asnew
to weigh; tock
Pennant
downwind
Windlass; winch;, worm
(screw)
Arm-Lao vane (B)
aeso
Wind gange; anemometer
Windshield
Storm matches for tightIns a fuse (lit wind strike
mths
Blast current; sir current
Twist (Ord)
windward; upwind
Angle. V-formation corner
Friing angles
Goniometer, sweetas
quadrant; protractor
Periscope; protectomeopea

(M)
Flagman; signaler using
a signal disk; signal arm
er light Indicating direction
winter Warfare
50/50 mixture of LewIsite
aid mustard Sao (CYS)

(;cr 305
Wirbe~l
.wirbelscrom

Vortex; eddy: spigot, drum roll


rddy current; whirlpool

Wirbelsrw iC

Wirelindh'irlwind(2O

*i

SF' fout-'
barrele~d AA gun)(See also
under Panizer in descriptiveZ
part)
witksame S'chussweite
Effective range
Witkung
Action; effect; efficiency
%itkungsbereich -iField
of fire; sphere of action;
effective range
S irkungsgred; Nutzetfektc
Efficiency
Wischer
Wiper; sponge; windshield wipe&
Wischiteck
Cleaning rod (G)
Wismur; Wismuth; Wissinut
Bismuth (Bi)
Wolfram
Yunitoten. wolfram (V)
Wolfram-Nickel-Stahl
Tung rten-n ick el- steel
Wolftamstahl
Tungsten steel
Wolke
Cloud; wave of gas (CW.S)
Wolle
Wool
Wolokusche
Boat-type runner placed under
gun wheels for operation in
deep snow
Wucht
Kinetic energy; striking power,
force of impact
Wtalst
Pad; padding; roll; enlargement
Ww~st (am (;eachoss)
Shaulder; swell (on projectile)
Wurf
Throw; cast; bomb release
Wartfbahn; Wurfpa&rabel
Bomb trajectory
Wrfci
Cube; pellet; die; capsule
Wurfeipulver (WP)
Cuia2o rsai)pwe
or propellant; dice-shaped
propellant
Wurfger'at (achweres WurfHeavy projector for rockets,
gerait) (See also Nebelwerfer)
signals, etc (Chemical rocket
prjctor)
Wurfgeschoas
Missile; projectile
Wiurfgranate (\%gr) (See also
Mortar shell; rocket
Wererganae)Zelle
prjcieZelle
u:fgranatz'under (W'Z)'
rtar- 1 shell fuze o inldec~iepr

Wurfmine

Y i. ri
Y-Rohr, Y-R18bre

Zacice; Zacken
Za~he; ZQ~higkeit
Zahi
Zahnarzt
Zahorad
Lahnradpumpe
7
angi.
Zapfen
Zspfhahn
Z"Ssium; Ca'siurn
Zehnling (Zehnlg)
Zeichen
Zeichnung
Z~eigcr
Zcit
Zeitbombe
Zeitmesser
eitschnur-, Zeitz'Undschnur

Zeitschrift
ZiugNewspaper,
Zeitz'under (ZtZ); (ZZdr)
Zeitzk'wdung

Zlo
Zellstoff

Trench-mortar shellZeildCllod
or bomb
Dart; arrow
Framework-type projector for
HE or incendiary rockets
Mortar rag;t
zwaang ng
for kkand grenades; bomibing

'&urfpfeil
Wurfrahmen
\sIurfweite
vravge
W6irgebohrwig
Wrelpumpe
* W,~~rgezange
wurpubt

lmi

pistols: rocket projectile


eue
rpligcag

Wdurflad-Au~g (Wurfldg

c on ; to n d

Zellulose
Zellwolle
Zementcylindri ache Bombe
(ZCB)
Zementieren
Zement-Kaik
Zemenatathl
Tapered bore;, choke barrel (Ord);
Zenoteir
(See also kunisehes Robr)
Zentralblatt
Rotary pump
eniewlt(oprwth
Crimping pliers (for Cape)Fhrnsadba)
Crimp (Ammo)
Zentrifugalsicherung
Zer, Zerium

Xzeibrechen

*
*IXylol

X-Strahle,

X-Ray. (See also Rontgenstrahlen)


Xylene

zerdr~ucken
zerfallen
zerlllessen

MqqtArd gas; yp crite


Y-tube

Proag; tooth; notch


Toughness; tenacity;
v iacosity
Number, numeral
Dentist
Gear wheel; pinion
toothed wheel
Gear pump
Pliers; tongs
Peg; pin; plug; stud;
piivot
Drain cock; tap
Cesium
Ten-r'ber
Sign; mark; signal
Drawing; blueprint;
drawing
lointer, indicator,
P
hand; needle
Time (length); period
(See also 11hrzeit)
Time bomb
Chronom~ter
Time fui~e; safety fuse;
Bickford fuse; blasting
fuse
Periodical; journal;
magazine
paper, news
Time fuze (Ammo)
Delmyed ignition
Cell; cellule
See under Waiplants in
ells
ctt
Paper pulp; cellulose
Cellulose
Cellulose fiber
Coacrete cylindrical bomb
Cementation
Hydraulic lime
Cemetattion steel
Hundredweight; 50 kg
Central journal cr paper
Bourrelet (lit Centering
Centtifugal safety (Fz)
Cerium
to break in pieces;
shmtter, crack
to crush; crumtple
to disintegrate
to deliquence; melt

Z.erkleincrwn88m4, 5 clhinr

iu reduce to .Em~all 1,iec-Sadadrm


Crusher', Pulverizer

Accessories

Itla-it; concuso:Zuehi
?.erl'grn
Zerlegerzjinder, Zerlegungii.
u~nderde,(zmehns
/.ermalen;zeteig
rrblnerbeato

i
1,Ziclscheibe

to decom p ose; disassem blaeh;ri


dismantle
Self-destroying fuze (AtA Ammo)

Sga
ulsSacri
Zuflusar
Zu~rrFeedef~

Flow flux: reso~urces


ehns

Dispesal;selfdest(rUta2mnic
Diprsl sl-dsruction;
strippingR
Zug (PI Z~ige)

weapons)%
belt feed
(MG)
Train;
ritling
groove;

Crush; grin.I in
trtrae
ulng rf
lto
pulverize
*-.
Zugabe
Supullent;
addiftipon
tergtesr, lacerate;bra
awide
7,. rschneidez'Ander
See ;Zag. und Zerscbneiderzinder
Zugdruck,.u~nder
Pul-ressuride intr(
Zersetzung
Decomposition; disintegration
Zugfeder
Pl~esr
serspaltento split p; cleaveZugfestistkeit;
gie
L~i
Tniesrnt
.:to~~~
splirp
~ Zugapannung
~
Da
laeTnile tent
z-litr'to
split up; shatter; dissipate
Zugktraft; Zugicistuog
TIractive force; rcion
tjorces etc.)
Zugmaschio,
rim
oetactior
zrrenge
to crack; bur-it imatu pJicebZustau
blow upZug*
und Druckzunder
T wrp
er nto
r ng
explode; burst
29 (Z Z 2 )29;
(lit P ull and pre&zerstauben
tersetuberduIqi
to reduce to dust; atomize; spray
Zg nZeshid
sure igniter) (LdMi)
Zers~'~egert~tSpray noz2le; Diesel fuel ;.lector
Zs nZeched.Pull
Chemicalbegspray apa"tu
and tension wire
zder 45 (ZUZZ 35)
igniter 35; (lit Pull and
ZsorrDestroyer
(Nav): lonitrange
Zwerh
cut up igniter) (Ldui)
fighter (Avo)
Zgvre
Railroad traffic
Ziratoruagon
'Gun destruction charge
Tensieaten
2tilugDestruction;
demolitionmZ~ae
Tractor
7,,4
b m .
Demul itiouasgz
ur
Pull igniter
Zr
Islo ngbo
Demolition bomb
Zugzunder 35 (ZZ 35)
Pull igniter 35 (Ldi* 1)
Zerst8-r18agafeuerb
rDestrutctiua fire
zuniachenTosu;I
a
Zerstreaufg
06ipersion; diffusion; scotteeing
Zumischpulver
Admixed
powder,
dope
Zerteilurig
r
Division; separation
Zumischstoff
(in dynamites)
Zer~teninung
i
Separation
Admixed material; admixture
Zettel
~~~~~Card;
ticket~, tag---s.Igionyse
Zug
Ordnance suppis gear, equipment;
udapatIgnition
apparatus;
!stuff; material; fireworks compositionprmg
Pstumaeo
Zoe:: Znt
Ordnlance Department
zuindbar
exploder, blasting machine
Nt:Zegamt wias in charge of weapons, ammunition,
military
Prcusson
itdift
lune
(ix
'vehicles and cl.othingsZunble
ecsinPugr(iz
Zeughaus
Arsenal;
ZrmorydZ"
aht
Priming wire
iZeugnis
Certificate; Janscript of trades
xadnto
ignite; detonate; fir~e
(school)a
ziebbar
demolition
charge; take
(uchoil)er
ductile
Zander
Tinderfogsal
'ihnto
draw-, pull
ZTdriZ)lndear,
dforge fscae (
Ziehen; Zichung
Drawing
Z"le Z)IntrM~)
Zi.ebzUnder
ue(h
Plfiigdvc
Li
.,(to
Pull fiigdeiend~)Z~der
set the fuze)
(elektrische)
Ziel
Eetia
~~Goal;
gie
target; objective; aim
E~edckFlsetia ignite(ro
ZieeinicbungSighting
mechanism
ZdrsntlugFalse
ogie
r
ping
ientoaim;
aught
Fz
etn
*Zielfernrohr
'L~efllzas;Z
Telescopic sight mechanism (Rf)
Zunefil~as;Zndeatz
Fuze filling; fuze com o
Zielgerin't; Zielvorrichtung
'Sighting mechanism; bomb sight
'use-~*Zielinunit ion
ito
Subcaliber ammunition; target
ZudreaFuze
body (Sh); fuze
practice ammunition
cover
(B3); fuze housing
Zielpurakt
n
Zielpuppc~~~~
orPraldeoiinqup
Target point; aiming point
Zidre~,tahrPral
eoiineup
etup.Target
dummy
m1.eat
Practice target
Zunder,
gesichetter
Mae met at safety (See
Zielachwarze
Bull's-eye
Zdrat
also Zunder, *charfer)
Ziffer~~~~
liuxc: number, cipher
Zu~xdeZhI"IsC
Zifferblart
odo
az;fe
ie
Dial (on instruments)
Cosin capfz- (Tipx;h"ead
Hoodrp
'Zink
:Zinc
dekpeCoigcp(iz;ha
*Zinknebel
HC smoke mixture (Zn dust 40 and
(PD Fz); upper cap (Clockhexachloroethane 6 0%);llerger Mixture
work Fz)
Zion
Tin
Zunadeutkorper
Zipfel
Body of a fuze
tip; poiot; end; lobe ; ear
Zgbaderlaufxeit
Time of functioning of a
ZolI
Inch (2.54 cm); duty; tariff; toll
fuze

C.-er 3.07

*
*

Zindetschutzlknppe
Z~ndet sprentkap gel 43
Znderstellu a cin e
Z.1
Z~drtlugFuzec
Z~ndertellerBody
Z~devojiht~A-mtrtan

Fuze cap, protective


Cap find detonator sassembly 43
Automatic fuze setter (in AA gun)

7
'udezwsbe~uc
zdndfertig
aingr~
ZiU"ndgeiat 40, tragbar

Pcrwshatc
uze device)
Fuze
extension cap
fuzed; armed; ready for firing (Fz)
Demolition equipment
Portable demolition kit Pattern 40

Zhwed isolz Zt'ii


ndh o~lzchen
(SlweiheZnd'lcn
711ndh~ilse 302
Z~ndh~chen
(Zdh)Primer

M th(Safety mr.tch; Swedish match)


Zu~ndung (Zdg)
Primer tube 502 (French design)mdDm)into
(SA Ammo); Percussion prim. Z"" dungarmprru

LZindh~tchenldjse
Z-6ilhutchensatz;
Z6&ndhrcenzange
Zundkannl

Z~ndkapsel

Zundkegel
Z"ndkerze
Zandiae
Zudieh'Ignition
Zundladung (Zdlds; UdS)
Zundladung A, b, C/980
C/98Np, 36 and 4C
Zundladung No 4
Zendladungsitapsel
Zundiadungakorper

Zwidloch
Z~ndm e
-ignition
Zuodmaischine (Seealeo Gl;h.
zu-idapparat)
Zundmaaae
Zundmetall
26ndmittel
Zu~admittelkaaten Satz A,B,C
Zwlda'adel
ZinndSewehr
Z~ndpapier
ZiNodpatrone
Zuodpille
Zu"Atdtuiver
Zinr unkt
Zitiadrelit; Initlallmfpmlal
ZI~dro~ihrchen
Ziindeatz
Zu*ndschnuT (Zilschn) (See
also Zeitsebaur)
Z1ilnachnuraazilnder 29A.
29B, 29C
Z~dschnu', detonierend

Zudcr'eT
ndcfueTradpcsio

setting

Z~indacisaulben

of a powder-train time fuze


name for a fuze (lit

Zidcrue

e. (Fz.); percussion cap (Ammo);


Propellant primer (Ammo)
Casing of a primer, primer cup
Priming compositiin
Primer piiera
Primer vent (Cart); ari~d flash
bole (Fz); cap hole (BICart);
vent hole (obturator)
Detonator
Anvil (in priie~r 'cap)

readcd perusiton

Putr

utter11,15i~

ileCase

Zijdstift
ZUndatoff
Zu"ndattahl

laiaugnero
prshimer
igiero
Induced detonation (Dem)
aFirditnge;d~etiognattiion (Ammo
emperature

Zundveratiiker
Zticidverbiadung: (Zdv)
Zu~adverteiler
Z~ndvorrichtung
Z~indwaren
a~ndwrme
zunehmender DrillI

Spark plug
Zuneigung
pellet
Zunge
Booster charge; gamne; ignition tube
See under Booster in descriptive
Zurrbolzen
pan
Zurrung
Ignition tube used in smoke generators and smoke grenadesanhrg
Detonator casing (Fz); primer
Zur~ckgleiten
container, primer charge housing
ZuAluckstossung
Detonator charge (Fz); primer
Zusammenfassung
compoitioncentration
Touchb htile; vent hole; flash hole
zusammeragefaastes Feuer
magneto
Blasting machine; exploder (Engr)
Zusammcrnsetzung
Ignition mixture; igniting compoZusainmenstoss
sition
Flammable metal (such as Mg,
Zusammenwirke
Al or Zr)
Igniter and fuse materials
Zusammenziehung
Fuses and accessories, type. A,B,C Zusatz (Zus)
Percussion needle; firing pin (Fx)apedxetnso
Needle Sun (invented in 1836 by
Zusatzgetriehe
N. von Dreyse)
Ignition paper
Zusnrzkartusche
ignition cartridge, p ercussion tube
Pellet of a detonating composition
Zumatzladung
in a cap
Priwing powder
Flash point
Zusatzmittel
initial impulse
Zusatratoff
Vent; channel to transmit fire
Powder train (Ammo or Dem); igZuschlog
aiter train (Pyro); fuze compositionchreadite
*Safety
fuse; lanyard; match cord
Zustand
Zustellung
Safety fuse lighter or igniter, type
Zutritt
29A, 2913, 29C
Dtnigfue
imod;Zuwacha

primet (fer propellant)


B s ia
f at r a
f4t11,
pLk.,.,
of a trei d pl'erCase of
hrae
p
eimFusirin prin e
Fl~inabl
pin
a~.l
Fwigitiog
tagent al

finto
Reinforcing igniter (See
in descriptive section)
Recp~(Fa
Distributor (Mot)
Priming arrangement;
igniting mechanism
Flammable goods
Heat of ignition
increasing twist; progressive rifling
Inclination; attachment
Tongue; jpoituet; needle
(of a balance)
Locking pin (G.)
Locking mechanism
(G or MG); seizing;
anchoral
Recusoil
pshn bc
Summary; reoumi; con(Arty)
Concentrated fire (Arty);
collective fire (SA)
Composition; synthesis;
chemical compound
Collision; encounter,
clash
Synchronization; coordination; working together
Contraction; shrinking
Addition; admixture;
Auxiliary eteansmsion;
auxiliary drive
Additional (secondary)
propellent charge
Adilitional charge; aur.
menting charge (Mor);
increment (in SL Ammo)
Addition agent; reagent
Admixed material; material
for admnixing
Addition; increase; extra
Stcarge; aodmixtio;itato
Delivery
Access; admittance;
admission
Increase; increment; growth

(Ocr 10A
1Aincsghisa

ZwillingsNG-Drehturm
hr1-q$'inocular
Bipod (MG)

iweibejo
:'.wejdcht~
/.Zweielektrodenrohre
Zwei leitung; wigij
.rl

Diode tube 0(ad)


Branch line (RR); junction
line
Bime111L.c1

~weimtorigtwin-egn
Vwei-Ohr-Vcriahren
zweipliasis
zweipalr~hre
* Zweirad
Zweitakt mot or
zweivertilt
Zw~.~ageCutting
S'~willing (Zw)
* !!~ggetel
williro'.lafette
*Zwillingsl'aufe:
Zviillingsmaschinctigewehr

Zwillingssalz

lin,~,.Zwillinaaf

Binaural method (sound


location)
two-phase; biphase
See Zweielektrodenrohre
Bicycle
Two-cl-cle engine
bivalent; divalent
pliers; pincers
Twin; two-tub-er
Twit n mont (07d)
Twi n bprrels (such as in MG)
Twin-barreled MG

Usdn
(Amaerican and British)
Utte
nthe
Pteceding Vocab.lary and in the List of
German Abbreviations which'Follows

AA Antin~rc~raft; AAG Antiaircraft gun; AC Aircraft


!A/C Anticoncretc; AlD Antidisturbance;'-Am Ammonium;
*Ammno Ammunition; Ap Airplane; AP Armor-piercing', A/jP Antipersonnel;, A/T Antitank; Avn Aviation; 8 Bomb; Ball Ballistics; BC Ballistic cap;, BD Fit Base detonating f uze;
B1 Blasting; C Cap or capped;,Cort Cartridge; Covy Cavalry;
*contg containing; (CP Conicrete-pirering, Cryst Crystal or
crystalline; CWA Chemical Warfare Agent; CWS Chemical
*Warifare Service; DA Direct'action; DEGDN Diethyleneglycoi
*dinitrate; Dom Demolition; E-Boat Enemy boat (British desiV:nation for German PT-Boar); Else Electrical; Engr Envineers;
Expi Explosive(s); Fix Ammo Fixed amimunition; Fix G Fixed
gun; Fort Fortification; F: Fuze; G Gun; Gar German;
00ovt 'Government; GP General purpose; OP-HE General purpbse-high explosive; Gr Grenade; Gurmy Gunnery; H or How
Houwitzer, H dGr Hland grenade; HE High explosive; HEAT
HIgh-explosive, antitank, HoC Hollow charge; shaped charge;
Imp Impact; Inc Incendiary; Inc S. incendiary bomb;, Inc-T
fIncendiary-Tracer, In1 y infantry; kc kilocycle; kg kilogram;
'km kilometer; L A Lead Aiide; LD Long delay; LdMi Land
mine; lit literally,' S Lead styphnste; Math Mathematical;
eerooia;12
ecaia; e
McMgccl;Mc
M F 'Mer~curic fulminate; MG Machine gun; Ml Mine (land or
* u~nderwater); Mk Mazik; Mar'Mortar; Mot Motor; Mount Mounting;
N Nose;'Nov Naval; NC Nitro recllulose; NCO Noncomissioned
*off icer., NG Nitroglycerin; NGc Nirroglycol; NGu Nitroguanidine; Ord Ordnance; PD Fz Point-detontating fuze- PETH
Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate; Plot Pistol; p1 plural; Prol Projectile; Py~ro Pyro tech nical; QF Quick firing;' Rod Radio;
RI Rifle; Rtck Rocket; RR Railroud; IRaillwy; SA Small arms;
SA Amms Small arms ammunition; SAP Semai-armor-piercing; '
* Sgti Sergeant;' Sb Shell; Shr Shrapnel; S L Ammo Separate-loaded
ammunition; SP Self-propelled; SP G Self-piropelled gun; SP How
* Self-propelled howitzer; T or Tk Tank; Td Torpedo; Tech
T
Technical; ele~g Telegraph; TlFx Time fuze; Tr or T Tracer;
Trol Trajectoiry- Wp Weapon;, W1Weight

Zwiaige
Zwinser
Zwirn
Zwiruband
Zwirnfadenbund
zwischen
Zwischenbodengeschoss
Zwischenlage
Zwischenptodukt
Zwischenstu'ck
Zwischenstule
Zwischenzeit
-.
Zwischenzustand
Zyanwasserstoffsa'ure
Zylinderpulver tZylp)
Zylinderverschluss

Revolving turret with twittbaxiclcd MG


Double salt
Twin-barreled wpax~on
Cramp; clamp; vine
Wedge
Thread (linen)
Tape
Binding thread
between; among
Large caliber shell provided
inqide with a solid partition
Intermnedint- loyer
Intermediate product
Adapter
Intermediate stage
Time interval
Intermediate state
Hydrocyanic~ acid; prussic
acid (CWS)
Cylindrical propellant
Bolt mechanism (RI)

References:
1) Krupp-Vrtserbuch (Deutsch-Firanzliaisch-Engli ach),
Fr. Krupp, Essen (1938-1942)
I Teil: Feld-, Grbirgn- uadcFlugalbwelirgeschiltze;
11 Tail: Eiaenbabnartillearie, MaschinenwaIfe, Panzerkampfwatzn, Ballistic, Sonderger~it, etc
2)AoGrilsevm174,Rihdukri
Berlin (1943)

3 ) Anon, Deutsche Abwurfmunition, Berlin (1943)


4 ) L. 1. Dance, Foreign Ammunition, The Ordnance
Sergeant, August 1943, pp 86-94
5 ) Anon, German Military Dictionary, War Dept Tech
Manual, TM 30-506, Washington, D C (1944)
6 ) H. Strom et al, Dictionary of Ordnance Terms, F. Unger
Pub Co, N Y (1944)
7) Anon, Recognition Handbook for German Ammunition,
Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (1945)
8) Otto Wolf, "Glossary of German Ordnance Terms", The
Ordnance Sergeant, March 1945, pp 181-3
9 )Anon, Enemy War Material. Inventory List, Office of
Surm
edurtesAlexeiinr
oc,(95
10 )A. M. Patterson, A Gemani-English Dictionary for Chemists, 3. Wiley, N Y' (1950)
1)P.
Naslin, Th,.ee-Language Technical Vocabulary, Edit
0-2
ai 15)
RvedOtqe
)Anon, German Explosaive Ordnance, TM 91-1985-2 and
TM 9-1985-3 (1953)
13) G. B. Jarrett, K. F. Kemp and H. M. Reed, Museum of
Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland; private
communications
J . E. Capell, A. B. Schuilling, E. W. Blasczyk, 3. F.
14
Hlauck, If. A. Tisch, H. H. Bullock, G. Coghiao and
Dra H. W. Adam and R. Weil of Picatinny Arsenal;
private communications
15) K.- H. Eitzen, The Military Eitzen. Verlag WEU/Offene
Worte, Bonn (1957)

LIST OF
GERMAN ABBREVIATIONS (Abkdrzungen)
..OF ORDNANCE AND RELATED TERMS
(In collaboration with K. F. Kempf of Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland)
A
A; Abw
At;Art
A(when following projectile designation; white

Abwelar
Artilierie
Ausstosslalung

Dtfcnse
Artiller7
Fxpclling cha~rge of a shrapnel ot smoke projectile

A(auch as in! HI/A, I1l/13,

lichllodung A, B, and C

Tyn-:

-A hollow char ca

A-I
Aggregat Eirs
Aggregate No 1
Note: A-i was the first successful liquid-propellent :ocket developed at the Rocket Development Cen,.ct at Kummersdorf West
A-4
Aggregat Vier
Aggregate No 4
Note: A-4, commonly known as V-2,vas one of the most succetssful liquid-propellent rockers (See V-2 in the description'section)
aA; AA
site Art
of old type or pattern (See also nA and nF)
All
Abwurfbehs"Iter
Aerial bomb crntainer
'Examples: AB 23 SD2Z; AD 24 SD 2, AD 36, AD 42. AD 500-113, AB 500-3A, etc [TM 9-1985-2(1953). pp 95-108 and 11-1191
AD (black stencilling on
,Ausatossbiichse (Kanonengranate tot
SE oke canister ejected from projectile on burot (Gun shell
*aprojectile, such as 'KGr
A)with
red &tmoke canister)
rot AD)
Abk
'Abk rzung
Abbreviatioi.
Abpr, Abr
Abprallet
Ricochet; ricochet burst
Abr
Abrintiung
Demobilization; disarmament
Abs
Absen'der
Sender
abolabsolut
absolute
Absch Ger
Abschussgerit
Grenade launcher
ADSt
.Artillerie-Beobachtttassstelle
Artillery Observation post
Abt; Abtlg
Abteilung
Section; detachment; department
Abw'
Abwehr
Defence
Abz
Abzug
TrigSger; retreat
ac
anTU curreatis
of the current year
ACB (au:h ts in
Marking on it plastic PDFz in 80 mm smoke mnrtar shell
WGR AT ACB)
(Vurfsranatenzi~ndet Trolitul ACB)
[TM 9-1985-3(1953), p 5911
aid
an der
on the; at the
aD
ausser Dinast
retired
adD
auf dem Dienstmege
Through official sources, hog canl
AD
Armneedolch
Army dagger
Adj'
Adjutant
Adjutant
Adra
'Admiral
Admiral
ADO
Aligemeine Dienstordaung
General Service Regulations
Adr
Adresse
Address

Ae;
*

XAethet;

Xther

Ether

AEG
See under Varplants ftdescriptive section)
seW1; kJW
aeussere (2ussere) Weite
outside diameter
Af1
' Artillenieflieger
t -tillery air observer; Artillery spotting flier
AG
Ato~jewicht
Atromic weight
A-G
Aktienglessellachaft
joint stock Company;, Open corporation
AGFA;, Agfa'
A -G f6i Anillafarbenfabrikatlon
Anlline Dye WManufoctusing Corporation
AG*
Anschiess eschos.
sighting projectile
AHA
Aligerneines Ifeeresanir
General Army Office
Alto
Auineehauptquartier
Army Headquartcra
AK
Anmeekorps
Army Corps
akt
aktiv
active; on duty
Al
Aluminium
Aluminum
*AI(black stic illing'folow-' Aluminiurngrieus
Designation of an HE shell containing sonic granula.7 Al
lag the dossigaation of shell
flash producer
7.5 cm Geb~r 15 Al)

ALI:
Alk
Am~

*Am
AnimonStill
aM
arm
AMI.
.anil
An
An 60/40
Ant
Anfteschw
Avigew Chem

VAnn

Arb
Anlh
AnhW
Aril
Anm; Anmerle
Ann
Anp
ANR
ansch
Puitt
7Ansch
Anst
Anz
Ariz
ANZ
AN72
AO
A0
-All
ApAppppaa
AR
Ar; AR
ARDR
A/R
Ark

See under Wat ianrii, etc. (descriptive section)


Alkol,.ol
Alcohol; ethyl alcohol; eth~anol
Ainesijr wri".k~aaaiscle
Amnerica; American (see also VStA)
Ammonsalpeter
Ammontium nitrate
Ammonntreifenp-ulver
Am nitrate strip propellant
a'n Main
on the Main (river)
an dem
at; by; to; on; near to
Armee-Munitions lager
Army Ammunition Depot
amtlich
Anisol
Anisol 60/40
Anfang
Anfarigsgeschwi*ndigkeit
Angewiindte Chemie (formerly Zcitschrift fiar Angewandtc Cheanie)
'Anbang
Anh~nger
Anthingewagren
Aralage
Atmelrkung

official
Trinitroanisole (TNAns)
TNAns 60 and Am nitrate 40%
Bcpinning
Initial velocity; muzzle velocity
Applied Chemistr y (journal)
Appendix; supplement
Trailer; supporter; follower
Traile~r
Plant; establishment
Remark; footnote

Annahme

Acceptance; receipt

Annalen der Chen-le


Anpasaung
Armnee Nachr-chten Regiment
anschiessen
Anachiesspatrone
Anstalt
Anzahl
Anzeiger
Anz-inier
ncidr29

Annuls of Chemistry (journal)


Adaptation
Army Signal Resiment
t.. hit by shooting
Ammto used for adjustment fire
FEatahlishmerrt; institution
Number
Indicator;, informer
Igniter
Friaion pull type igniter used to ignite a safety fuse or to
set off a smoke candle (TM 9-1985-2, pp 286-7)
Artillery officer
Designation of airplanes manufd by Ago Co
Artillery reference point(Gunnery)
Apparatus; device; equipment
Artillery regiment
Designation of airplanes manufd by Arado Co
of a smoke signal flare (TM 9-1985-2, p 80, Fig
84)
on the Rhine (river)
for use in Arctic climate
Army (formation above Army Corps)
Armed
Arsenal
Arsenic (As)
Artillery
Artillery firing range; Proving ground
Call signal
Computing station (sound and flash ranging Sunr~ery)
Atmosphere
Attache'
Dummyrn
Gage pressure; pressure above atmospheric
Outboard motor
Building up; construction; organisation
Edition
Photographic Picture
Impact (gunnery)
Yield
Training
Erosion (of a bsrrel)
Execution; completion; awd.?l; design
Issue; issuance
Arms and equipment

Artillericoffizier
Ago
Arcilleriepunkt
Arti llerie regiment
Arado
MaigukontusDesignation
am Rhein
ArtkuiinAmmo,

Arm
Arme.e
arm
armiert
Ars; As
Arsenal
Airs
Arsenik
Art; AxtI; A
Artillerie
'Artillerieachiear~platz
Art SchPl
Anfordertingssignii,
AS
Attswertestelle
ASt
Atmosphilre
At;, Atm
Attachi
Att
Attrape
'Atcr
* AilAtmosph'&reniiberdruck
Aussenbordmotor
Aubo
Aufbau
Aufb
uflAuflage
Aufaahmic
ufn
Auftref f
A uft,
Ausbeute
Ausb
Ausbildung
**
Ausb
Ausbrennung
*
,uobr
**
Ausfuihrens
*
*Auaf
Ausgabe
*Ausg
Ausriltung
Ausr

autem Cewj
AVA
AV
OZ.
AZ Az

autromatische,
eer~Cf
See under Warplants, etc (des ,riptive section)
Abwehrwcrfer
Defense smoke shell mortar
auf 7Zu,,
Temnporary
Aucfsclnzalin
Acetyl number
AZ; x
Auachlltz~iderPetcussion
fuze; PDFz
PI)Fz for shelia with billistic cap
AZ fur ilaubengranate
lbr
4zf1~
A~fW
AZ fUr leichte Wurfmine
[I)Fz~ for light mortar shell
* AZfmExMR
AZ f&r eittlere Exrerziermine, Rauch
PDFz for medium practice mine, with smcke
AZ 39K
Aufschlagz~nder 39, Klappensicherung PD fuze, pattern 39 with centrifugal safety device
AZmK
AZ mit Kappe
Capped percussion f uze
AZmV
AZ nut Verzbgerung
Delay action percussion fuze
AZmVfKGrmP
AZ mit Verz~gerung fur Kanonengranate 1Delay PDFz for cannon shell with armored head
mit Panzerkopf
* AZoV
AZ oboe Verzogerung
Nondelay percussion iuze
A 29oVmt(AushazdeohcVrgrug
French impact fuze without delay with tappet (hammer)
~mit St~ssel (franz~sisch)
AZ 38 St
Aufschlasgzinder 38, Stahl
Steel PD fuze, pattern 38
A 701A..~il
vinvl Rrennz'undet
Time and percussion fuze (TPFz) (lit Impact and
burning fuze)
AZ 23unugAZ
23 umngeltndert mit zwei Vet "gerun-PDFz 23, modified, with two delays
gen
AZ 2 3v (0.15)
AZ 23 vereinfaclit mit 0.15 Sektunden
PDF7 23, simplified, with 0.15 seconds delay
Verzogetung
* AZ 23 Zn
Aufachlagzlnder 23, Zink
Zinc PD fuze, pattern 23

B
B; Bat; Batts
B
(b)
13Beutel
[B
B;Bu
B; 1BU1
BlE, BIEZA and B31EZB
B1.3E, B1.3EZA and
Bl.3EZB
B2EZ and B2.2EZ
BA
Baj
BAK; Ball AK
Ball
Bell
Baoa; BatI
bins
BASF
B-B (such as SC 250-B)
Bb; Beob
BD
Bd
Bd
1JDC
BdG; Bd Gesch
BdGr
1BdZ
BdZd 3.7 cm Pzgr
BEBesondere
Be; Bet'
Fefb
BeGr, Betgr
beb; behelfam
BdStz (such a. an
DOV BdScs 15)

Blatteric
Bau
belgisch
Bombe
Buchse
Bfichse
Bombe I E, etc
8lombe 1.3E, etc

Battery
Construction.
Belgian (Marking on equipment)
Bag; pouch
Bomb
Jack; hushing; socket (Rad)
Rifle; canister; shot gun; tin can
Typepe of I kg Inc bombs (TM 9-1985-2, p 48)
Typeis of 1.3 kg Inr bomb- (TM 9-1985-2, p 49)

Bombe 2EZ, etc


Types of 2 kg and 2.2 kg Inc bombs (TM 9-1985-2, p 49)
Bauamt
Building and construction office
Bayonet
Bajonett
Salton Abwehr Kanione
AA gun (lit Balloon defense gun)
Bollistik
Ballistics
Ballon
Balloon
Bataillon
Battalion
sais!ch
basic
See under Warplants (Descriptive section)
B-Bombe (Sprengcylindriache 250)
HE cylindrical bomb of three-piece construction; nosecast stcel, body-tube steel and base-arched case steel
(TM 9-1985-2, p 8)
Beobachtungabatterie
Observation battery
Bleidraht
Lead wire; decoppering wire or foil
'Boden
Base; bottom
Brand
Fire; ince!)diary
Designation of a cluster-bomb container (TM9-1985-2,
pp 93-5)
Brandgeschoas
Incendiary projectile
Brandgranate
Incendiary shell
Bodenizu~der
Base detonating fuze (BDFz)
BodeniA" der der 3.7 cm Panzergranste PDFz of 37 mmnAP shell
Einfftu'sse
Special factors (Poll)
Beton
Concrete
Befeshisaber
Commianding off ice.r
Betongrafnate
Concrete-piercing shell (See also GrBe)
behelfsas~sig
emergency; hasty; improvised; makeshift
Bodenasetie
Base support
(DOV OodenirtUtze 15)
Meaning of DOV is unknown to us.

-r( kl 2

lleildg
fieiw

ikilBeiageAnnex;
lelingIncrement
beiwBeiwageat

BeI

cidi

Behigerung
PcIPelastung

Bet

Bezichte (der Drutschen Chemisc",en


bet beirtGesellschaft)
bt citbcritten

B~erl
Bes
BeshI
bbespesao
Bet
Bet; Betr
BetGr; Betgr
Bett; Bet

Berlin
Besatiung
Besclse ssung

Bett Gesch
Beutelkart (such as in
French 10.5 crnshell)
:Bew
Bcz; Bz
bezw; bzw
:Bf; Bhf
Bfh
BGesch
13gwBergwerk

Bettungspesch'a'tz
lleutelkartusche

Bhr~eatt Bohreiuf

See Be
Beresoperational
See BeGr and GrBe
Bettung

Bewaffaung'
Berzirk
beziehungaweise
Bahnhof
Befehlshaber
Beobachtu.nggeschoss
ohrpstones

Bhr~~tr88 Bhrptfon 88Demolition


Rhr~tr
2 Bhipaton 02Demolition
Bhr~tr
8 Bhrpaton 28Demolition
Bh~k
BeelfsockllaftteAuxiliary
Bi ("h as
SC 5 DO
Sp engcl idri che 0 D)(Bobe)
BK Ilend"
erorpFrangible

TB

eclosure. jappeudix
charge; booster charge
at;ncar; about; with
Side car
Si. 5,..
Load; charge; b)urden
Reports of the German Chemical ociety (Title of a
journal). CpIled now "Chemiache lierichte"
Mounmted
Berlin
Garrisona; crew
Firing; shelling; bombardment
horse-driven

Base (fixed gun); foundation (gun emplacement);


pintform (RR gun)
Outrigger base gun (AA); gun on platform m-otinting
Propellent charge in a bag
Arms
District
respectively; or; and/or
RR station
Commanding officer (CO)
Projectile used for adjustment fire
Mine
Demolition cartridge; blasting cartridge
cartridge 1068 (containing picric acid)
cartridge 1902 (conts 75 g of TNT)

cartridge 1928 (contg 100 g of TNT)


pedestal mount
E cylindrical bomb having a one piece cast steel
bodly machined down (TM 9-1985-2, p6 )
smoke grenade; glass smoke grenade,
pattern 1
BK
Bordlkanone
Aircraft or shipboard cannon
BK (such as
Marking on a container with 25 modified red flares
Mk 250 BK)
(Mark 25 BK)
and three SD 2 bombs (TM 9-1985-2, p 108)
BLBordlafettle
Gun mount on ship or airplane
BI (black- of whitt
Blau
used in conjunction with Deut to indicate blue color
stencilling)
of smoke
*BI; BIK
Blaukreuz
Blue cross (Ger marking on sternutators)(CVJS)
Bi
,Bleilob
Lead seal of protective cap (fuze)
*BI (white stencilling)
Blindgeladen; Bliadgeschoss
Ammo with inert charge
BLC (much as50 kg BLC)
B litzlichtcylindrisache (Bombe)
Photoflash cylindric -1 bomb, 50 ks (TM 9-1985-2, p 81)
*blf
blikterformiB
in leaflets or flakes
LM
See under Warplsnts (descriptive section)
Bip
Bl'*'ttchenpulver
Propellant in the form of square flakes (Used in some
howitzers)
BIVaff
blanke Waffen
Armes blanches (bayonet mnd other cutting weapons)
BMW
See under Warplants (dcscriptive section)
Ba-Stof IBomtyliblco
Bromodiethyl ethyl ketone (tear gas) (stable)
Boi;BoGesch
Bohrgeschoss
APHE projectile (HE charge exploded after the armor
or concrete wa~s pierced
Bo;, Bopt (black stencilling) Bohrgeschoss, Prees-stahlform
Forged steel shell with cavity filled with HE
(ausgebohrte Press-stahlgranate)
Bo (I inch lettering midwAy _______Indicates
a rotating band of the bimetal type, mrn
between the rotating band
covered with copper (TM 9-1985-3, p 349)
*andashoulder)
Bola
Bodenlafette
Ventral gun mount
Do Stg (black stencillirg)
Bohrgeschoaa, StnhigraePte
Ligh: case shell of cast meteed(TM 9-1985-3, P 349)
B Parr
Bebbachtangsgeschoss Pa'trone
Fixed round with a smoke producing projectile used
for adjustment fire
Br; B d
B rand
Fire; Incendiary

lit (such a t:

[it C 25. A

*
*

Atf(w-hite stenicilling)
K t e
IRB
3gr; BrGr m
Brgr;mL'spr
rgr mL'spur
flr gr o L a u
lirK
BridS
kBr~rs
BiNK
Brpzr
llrpzgr
B~rSahrtz
D*SJgr;cBrsrpar
IirSp rg r;
rP gr
Br~rgr
ar L'purin en
(such in* 15 mmnMG-151)

lBtancbombe

Incendiary bomb (TM 9-95,p


55)
llrttrdtrannate
Incendiary shell
See Bunt,
Iirandgeschosas
Incendiary bullet
JBrardgranate
Incendiaryshl
Brandgrante mit Leuchtspur
lncend'ary shell with tracer
r n g n a e o n Le uc btspur
In c endiary $ he
ll w itho ut trac e r
~~~Bruno Kanone
airdSU
Brandladung
Rira
u
Broirze M~rser
Incendiary charge (in a Projectile or a bomb)
Brn
aoeBronze
mortar
Buno
KaoneBruno
railroad gun
D~~~randpanzergranateAorpirifinedaypjctl
Bandat
Brandschrapnell Granate Patrone
Bran dspteag gran at
Brand Sprensgranate Patrone mit
Zerlegung

Incendiary composition in a projectile or bomb


Incendiary shrapnel shell
H igh -explo siv e ..incen diary p roje ctile
IIE-incendiary-tracer, self-destroying fixed round
of ammo

Asz;B-,B
Bsat

Breschuss
Beschuasparr
Bs~ar
BechuspatoreProof
i3SB (such P~BSII-360, B~SB700 and BSB-1000)
BSK (such as BSK-36)

Time fuze (lit Burning fuze)


Firing; shooting
round (high pressure
Various types of iteendiarvround)
bomb containers [See ia
TM 9-1985-2 (1953), pp 110-.111
Rectangular, aluminum bomb container [See
in
B~t
TM 9-1985-2 p 981
B
Beobachtungsstelle
Observation post
B-Stoff
B-Staciaeto
Concealed siick mine (TM 961985-2, p 276)
'B-Soff
ronaetonBrcmacetone
BSW
(tear gas) (unstable) (CWS)
See under Warplants (descriptive section)
BTBimbentorpedo
Torpedo bomb
BtsK
Bootakanone
Boat assault sun
Bu
See8; Bu
BU
Buntrauch
Colored -coke
BU
S~cee ;B
Designation of airplanes manuid by B'Ucker Co
Bull (Be 1g)
Bulletin de la Societe' Chimique 'ie
Bulletin of the Belgian Chemical Society (Jotunal)
Bul (F
I'r)
I
Belgique
Bul (r)Bulletin
de la Societi Chiiaique de
Bulletin of the French Chemical Society (journal)
France
BAuntfr BR (black stentcilling) Buntrauchaprengladung
Filling inaa projectile giving on burst a cloud
of vaniBV
Dnkoverbnd
oloed smokte,'Sc.- also Buntkreur.munition)
BV
BezolvebandAssociation
BZ; Bz: BzZ
of manufacturers of benzene
Brennzlunder
Time fuze (lit Burning fuze)
BZ-24;-BZ-39
Brennabrder 24-, Brennizi~ader 19
Friction, pull type igniters used in hand grenades
Ba
(TM 9-1985-2, pp 283-4)
Benzol
Benzene
BZA
9B1c-benzielapparat
Bomb sight
BZE
11tenonUnder E
Friction, pull type igniter used in "egg" type
grenade
(TM
BZG
SP-198S-2, p 284)
Bombenzielgerkt
Bomb sight
bzg!
bezu~glich
referring to; in referrence to.
Bzn'
Benzin
Gasoline
baw
See bezw

C
C (such saaCA, C/2 . ..
C/12 etc)
C (such as
SC 1000-C 'llermann")
-C;
CZ; ChZtr Ca
C-Geach
C1.1
Chin
ChiamZ; cU7
ChZtr, CZ; C
CMZ 41

Construktion (obsolete spelling of


lKonstruktion)
(Sprengcylindrimache 1000 C)
See ChZtr circa (zircs)
C-Geachoas
Chloroform
Chcnaie
Chemi sch-mechaniaocher ZUnder
Chemiaches Zentialhlatt
Chemi scitmechani ocher ZUnder 41

Model; type; make (when placed after designation


of
a gum, shell, fuze, etc)
Marking on a 1000 kg HIE cylindrical bomb (See
in
TM 9-1985-2. pp 9-10)
about; approximately
Streamlined projectile
Chloroform
Chemi stry
Chemical-mechantical igniter
German journal similar to Chemical Abstracts
Chemical-mechanical type igniter, pattern 41

'ML~IWChcmnisch-mcchanischer

CPVA

CPVA
Cu (white stencilling)
C-7.,8,Zugmaschir~e

Ziunder 41W

See under

Chemical-mechanica! igniter for delayed nctior demc.lition (TM 9-1985-2, p 313)

Varplants, etc (descriptive section)

Kupfer
I&f s:'hwerste Artillerie

Copper driving band


Prime mover for heavy .artillery

D
D; Dpf

Dampfer
Daeurfeuer
(d)deutsch

D
*1)
*

1); Din
) (in fuze dJx.ignation
lIbgr Z 35D)
D (in isn.I ter desintion,
DZ 151
DA (in fuze desig nations,
such as DAAZ)
1) A -G
* *din)d'a'nisch
bap
DP-,; )F
DD Gesch; Dd~eisch'
*Iep
Deut (Ceach); Dr
*Dent (Putt)
Di.,See
DFS
Di
*DisI
*Dig); D iSgillD
* iIBIP
DigIP
DigIPV
Digl RGP
Digi RP
D~igI StrP
DIN
DL
DLII
DM .Adamait
*Do
Do (tu'ch as in'
15 ca Do Ger 38
DOP
DOP 15 WIu (Digl)l
DopZ; DoppZ; DZ
DoppZ inK
DoppZ nF
DoppZ S/60
Dopr Z S160 Fl
DoppZ S160 Geb

Dichte
See Digi
Durchinesser

Steamer
Continuous fire
German (marking on equipment)
Specific gravity, density
Diameter
Rocket nose fuze under BC, (See in TM 9-1985-3, p 585)

ljlaubengranatenz'6nder 35D)
Druck
Pressure type igniter (TM 9-1985-2, pp 295-6
(Druckzuinder 35)
Diet
kin(iet
kinDesignates
a direct action fuze, such as VA Impact Fuze
AufschI9&ziinder)
(TM 9-1985-3, pp 552, 555, 556, 561)
Dynamit Akctiengesellschaft
Dynamite joint Stock Co
Danish (matking on equipment)
Dapolin
Trademark of motor fuel
Dreibein; Dreifuss
Tripod
Dumdumgeschoss
Dumdum builet
Depesche
Telegram
Deutgeschoss
Projectile giving on burst a cloud of .oelored smoke serving
ais indicator
LDeutpatrone
Indicator csrt;!Idge, such as for grenade pistol
OB
See under Vaiplants (descriptive section)
Dinitiobenzol
Dinitrobenzene (DNB)
Diglykolnittat
Diethyleneglycoldinitrate (DEGDN)
Diglykolpulver
Double-base propellant DEGDN-NC, stabilized with centralite.
with K sulfate added to reduce flash
Diglykol Blllttchenpulver
DEGDN-NC (double base) square flake propellant
See DigI
Diglykolpulver, verbessert
DEGDN-NC, imoproved propellant
Diglykol Ringpulver
DEGDN-NC (double-base) propellant(a circular disc with a
central hole)
Diglykol R"Ihreopulver
DEGDN-NC (double base) tubular propellant
Diglykol Streifenpulver
DEGDN-NC (double base) strip propellant
Deutsche lndustrie Normen
German industrial standards
Doppellafette
Two-barreled mount
Deutsche Lufthansa
Designation of a German commercial air line
Diphenylaminchlorarain
Adainaite (CWS)
Dornier
Designation of airplanes manufd by Dornier Co
Marking on 150 mm smoke shell mortar 38
15 cm DO Gerlt 38
Iuch
u i UMarking
on a DEGDN propellant used in mortar ammo
(Recognition Handbook for German Ammunition Sup Hqs
Doppelzunoder
Doppelzaader mit Klappen siclie.ut-p
Doppelz~inder neue Fenriguiag
Doppelz.~nder, Sekunden 60
Doppelzinder Sekunden 60, Flickraftantrieb,
Doppelz~inder, Seltunden 60, Gebirgagcschlultz
Doppelzi~der, Sekunden 60, acbwer!

DoppZ S/608!
DOY(infue designaikon
such as DJZ DOV)
(Bodenziado-r DOV)
DOV (in bouste de'signation -~Marking
DOV ZdlS C/9SNp
*DOV
Ztindladung, Construktion go,
'Nipolit)

Combination fusze; time and percussion fuze (TPFz)


TPFz with foldice. safety device
TPFz, new construction
TPFz, 60 seconds bu~rAnS time
TPFz, 60 seconds burning time, centriluf ally operated
TPFz 60 seconds for mountain gun
TPFz, 60 seconds, heavy
akigo
abase-detonating fuze used in 150 mm rocket
projectile (T.M 9-1985-3, r, 622)
on the PETW booster, pattern 98 used in 150 mm smoke
rocket 41 (15 cma Wurfgrannre 41Nb)

IWOi~
Dr
D)R
DR

See unfder Wairpliints (des~criptive section)

ORP

DIT angem
1)/See (such as in'
* NC 50 D/See
* DST; DSt
St (Geach)
Du
fu
D
DuW
DV
DVA
DVA
* DWM
Dyn
:DZ
D.Druckz~nder
.DY. W-A)

l)Z 35 (B)
DZG'

Doctor
Deixtsches r~eich
See pig! RP
Deutach,-s Reichspatent
Deutsches Reichspatent angeineldet

German State
German State Patent

German State Patent applied for


Marking on 50 kg Cylindrical Smoke Bomb, Floating (TM
.(50 kg Nebelcylindrischc Bombe D/Sce) 9-1985.2, p59)
See Dig] StP
See Deut (Geach)
Duplex
Duplex
Duise
Nozzle; jet; injector; vent (rocket)
D'Usenwaffe
jet weapon such as Panzerfaust) (lit Vent weapon)
See DiglPV
See under Warpiants (descriptive section)
See under Warplants (descriptive section)
See under Warplants (descriptive section)
Dynamit
Dynamite
See floppY.
Pressure type igniter
Pressure igniter used in heavy A/T mine and some prepared
Druckz'under 35(A)
charges (TM 9-198, 2, p 295)
Druckz~lnder 35(B
Pressure igniter used in broby traps andi some prepared
charges (TM 9-1985-2, p 296)
Deck ungszielgerkat
Protected (sheltered) optical aiming device

E
FEinfeuer
'(E) (when marked on projectiics or weapors)
E; El
E
E
F e'
(e)
E
E (such a:s in
B.ZE)
E-4
EAZ
Ec
*E-Flak
*F.HZ
Ei (black stencilling)
E,ihgr
EinlLf; El
*EinlR
Eismi
EK;Es;Ezr
EKZ
EKz; EKZ; EKZdr
El; E
EL
EL

Single shot fire


Railway; railroad

Eisenhnlin
Elektrisch
Elektron
Elektron
empfindlich
engliach
Entferaung
eMarking
(Brennzu~nderE)
Enzian-4
Emtrpfindlicher Aufschlagr~nder
IW
'Eisenbahn-Flugzeugabwehrlcsnone
Empfindlicher Haubitzzi~der
Einschiessgeschoss
Eie'rbandgranate
Einlegelauf
Einlegerohr
See FIEsMi
iebanofxldrPD~z,
te,mplindlicher Kamonenz~oder
of~nder
umfnuce
electrisch
Erdlkainpflafette
Irsatz Lafette

EIAZ; eIAZ
eIRDZ
EIZ; elZ

Elektrl ocher AufachldaS'inder


See ERZ; ERDZ
*Elektrischet INader

EIZZ; eIZZ

elkrshrZeitz'u'ider

Em; EMG

Entferaungsmesegerlat

EMK

Elektromotorischektaft

EMP
ENZen

Erma-Me schinenp istole


(n

nation Mkt35

use dei-

ENZ 3/40)

(Mark 35 ENZ 3/40)

Air-to-air weapon called "Great Enzian"(IM !1985-2, p 229)


Superquick impact fuze
ith rear driving band only
UP. antiaircraft gun
Sensitive howitzer fuze; graze fuze
Projectile used for adjustment fire; sea ranging shell
Egg shaped hand Stenade
Sub-caliber barrel
Sub-caliber barrel; liner
of shell with ballistic caps used in RR Sant.
Sensitive cannon fuze; graze gun fuze
Sensitive type of PDFz
electric
Ground mount
Replacement gun mount

Aiming post

iEntfernungslatte

E-Latte

cti
Election
An allcy of Mg and Al used as an incendiary (See also ET)
sensitive
English (marking on equipment)
Range; distance
on a friction, pull-type igniter (TM V-1905-2, p 284)

Electric impact fuze


Electric. fuze
Electric time fuze
Range finder

Electromotive force (EMF)


*Enna

automatic pinto]
Marking op a Czech PD fuze used in German 47 mm shell

(TM 9-1985-3, p 568)

(,cr 116
VP
EI'I.'p
*Efr Erstp
ERI)Z
*Etas
ELtsR11; EP'
Errsst; Est
ER7; ER
FRZ 39
Es
EsI..
LSMiZ-40
ESN
'Est
LIElektron-Thermix
4

EV
Ex. (red sta'ncilling)
ExB
Ex%1u
ExPetr
'EXRZ f BNM
EZ
EZ
'EZ
EZ-44

Einheitspulver

iserzierp-rrone Granate mnit Leecbtspur Drill cartridge with tracer projectile


*Effdtv
Actual horsepower
Ersarnrungupunkt
Soliddfication point
See ERZ; ERDZ
Ersatz
Substitute; replacetwat; spare part
ErsatzrJ~hrenpulver
Substitute, tubular propellant
Ersatzstick
Substitute piece; inert item resembl ing in appearance a
fuze, found in front section of some projectiles
Elektrischer Ramnddisenzsinder
Electric riuavent fuze (Ammo)
Elektrischer Raketensiunr3
Electric igniter for rocket propellant, pattern 39 (TM
9-1985-3, p 623)
Einschiesegesc:hoss
Registering projectile; adjustment lire projectile
See FIEsMi
Elektrischer S.M4ineazt~der
Electric pressure igniter used in S-Mint.
F~inielsternpatrone
Single star cartridge
See Ersat
Incendiary missile made of Elcktson (MS-AM alloy) and
filled with thermite (Al-Fe oxide)
Eingetragener Verein
Chartered Society; Registered Cnmpany
Exerziergeschoss
Drill ammun~ition; practice ammun;.tion
Exerzierbombe
Practice bomb
-Exerziemiunition
Drill "~munition
ErieptoeDrill
cartridge
ExerzierrsiuchrAnder fIr leichte
Practice smoke fuze for mortar mine
Wurfinine
empfindlicher Ziinder
instantaneous fuze; superquick fuze (lit Sensitive fu~ze)
Entlastungsszlnder
Antilifting igniter (with. HE charge)
Eaterzahl
Eater number
Empfindlicher Z~ridea-, patte ~a
44
Antilifting and antiremoval device (release or pressure typc)
placed beneath land mines (TM 9-1985-, p 318)

F;Fahr
Fahrenheit
F; FS
Fallachirm
F; Fd
Feld
F (black stencilling)
Fernladung
F (in projectile designation Ferngeschoss (Feldlmaubitzegranatie
such as ENGr F)
Verogeschoss)
F ( Such as in
Fertigung
DoppZ nF)
(DpesInder neue Fertigunf)
F
-Fliehbolzen
F Fl
See Fl; F and also Fg
F; Flzg
See Flzg
F (in FZ)
See FZ

(0fran~nisch

.1III

F25
uriie251
;F-55,
Feuerlilie 55)J
*FA; FdA; Fda; Felda
Feldnrtillerie
FA (such as, in flare
Fa'Ischirmleuchtbombe
MAC 50OFA)
.(Mark C 50 FA)
'Fab; Fabr, Fbr
Fabrik
*F & L
Franken und Lunenschlosa
FAZ
~Ferniadung Aufschlagz'under
F1
FUbrungsband
FB (such of in flare: FB 50) Fallschirmleuchtbornbe (FB 50)
F b; Flieb
FA
FdA
FDO
* Fdw
*See
* Fe; Fernspr
Feba; FE

Strindawd propellant (See descriptive part)

Fliehholzen
See F; 14d
See FA
Felddienstordriung
Fldw
Fernsprecher
Feldeiaenbahn

Fahrenheit
Parachute
Field (of battle)
Indicated a shell to be fired only with super charge of propellant
Long range shell or propellant (for a field howitzer)
Construction
(Time-percussion fuze, new construction)
Centrifugal safety pin

Franch (marking on equipment)


for
Fire lilly 25 and 55, rockec-propelied guided missiles
(TM 9- 1985-2. pp 223-6)
Field artillery
Part of designation of single candle parachute flare described
in TM 9-1985.2 p 71
Factory; pl.nt
Makers of Dreyse carbine
Long distanceimctfe
Driving bond (in shell)
Mark on a single candle parachute flate described in
TM 9-1985-2, p 6 7
Centrifugal bolt (fuze safety device)

Field Service Regulation


Telephone
Light narrow gage RR

See FA
F eltdg; Feldgend
Peldiw
I,'Fl

Peld;

Fepo
Fernf
esh
FES(whte
tenillng,
such as'in 10.5 cm FIIGr
38 FES
FeSSB
Fest
!7es'tkr
Feu
Feuerw
Fcue!-'
FEW (white stencilling such
as in 15.2 cm Sprgr FEW)'
FF
FF
FF (MK)

4ki-l

leld.ttlhrege~itField
artillery tequipment
Feldgendarrn; Feldgendarmerie
Military policeman; military police
See Fldw
See t'nder Warplan-s, etc in descriptive part
Feldpolizei
Field polAice
Fernfeuer
Long-range fire
Fernschen
Television
FiilrungsringSiuitcreisen (10.5 cm
Sintered iron rotating band(such as in 105 mm field howitzer
Feldhauhitzgtanate 30 FES)
shell 38 FES)

Fesselballon
Captive balloon; sausage balloon
Festurig
Fortification; fortress- fort
-Festungskrieg
Siege warfare
Feuer
Fire
Feuerwaffen
Firearms
Feiitrwerlcer
Ordnance sergeant
*
Fiihrungsring,Weicheisen (15.2 cm
Soft iron rotating band (in 152 mm HE shell)
Sprenggranate FE.W)
FestungLaflak
Fortress AA gun; stationary AA Sun
FlugzcugflI1Ugel
Wing of an airplane
(Maschinenkanone) im FlUgel
Rapid fire cannon in the wing of an airplane
e~ines Flugzeug
FFA
See under Warplants, etc (descriptive section)
FFM (.such as'
Marking on a 20 mmn AC machine gun
.2 cma MG rFM)
.(2
cmn Maschinengewehr FFM)
F8,'F~st
Ffthrgo'meIl
Chassis
FG; FC~esch
Felclgescl.Gtz
Field piece; field gun
FG; FGew; FSJC-42
'Fall schiimj" ger Gewehr-42
puratroop fully automatic rifle
Fg; Tl; FIS
Fliehgewichtsantrieb
operated by centrifugal force (Fz)
*
(AZ Zerl Fg)
(Aufschlagz"nder, Zerleger, Flacl,PD faze, self- dretroyinv; rentrifugal (TM 9-1985-3. p 546)
Sewichtsantrieb),
(ZtZ S/30 Fg)
Zeitzu~nder, Sekunden 30. FliehMechanical time PD fuze in Which the motive power was deSewichtsantreib
rived fcom centrifugal force; 30 seconds delay (TM 9-1985-3,
p 597)
EFGesch
Ferngeschoss
Long range projectile
FgW-43
Festurgswerfer 43
Fortress mortarufixed mortar
FGIZ
See uader Warplants, etc (descriptive section)
PH
Feldhaubitze
Field howit~er
* FIIGi Nb
I cldbaubitzgranate Nebel
Field howitzer smoke shell
FHG: Stg
Fcldbaubitrgrtanate, Stahiring
Field howitzer shell, steel ring
FHSL-nr
F c Id~haubit ZaCh.-pntl
81
-1, hmwitr,- qhrannel
Fhz
Fshrieug
Vehicle
Fi
Fieseler
Designation of airplanes manufactured by Fieseler Co
FK
Federkapsel
Cap over a spring
FK
Feldicanione
Field cannon
.Flt
Funk
Radio
FKFS
See under Warplantm (descriptive section)
F!; FIS
FI&Sgg
Flag
Fl; F (such as in
FliehkraftziLder.Fliehgewicbrsantrieb
Centrifugally operated fuze ~Time-percussion fuze, 60 seconds
DoppZ S/60 Fl)
(Doppelzriider,5cksinden 60, Fliehburuning time, centrifugal)
gewichtaantrieb
rim
Fltigzeugabwchr
AA defense
Flacbif
Flachfeuer
Flat trajectory fire
FI&DrMG
Fliegerabwehr-Drei fachmaschi neaAA triple machine gun
Bewehr
Fla
.Flugzeustabwelitkanone
AA cannon; AA gun
Flakvilerling 38 (2 cm)
2 cm Flugabwehr-Vierling
20 mmnFour-barreled AA Sun
Flugobwehtmanchineavalfen
Automatic AA weapons
Plain
incendiary bomb filled with flnmmable oil
Flam (B) (such is- C.2',0)
Flammen8l Bombe
Jet motor mounted on a wing
FIDU
Flugeldilse
Meaning unknown to us
Fiiegerdrehstrutze
FlDrSt
Master Sergeant
F7eidwebel
Fldw; FeIJw; Fdw;' Fw
Glass bottle antipersonnel land mine
Flascheneismine; Eismine
FlEisMi; FlEslW1; EsMi
(FlEisMi 42)
(FlisAceneismire 42)
(Glass bottle A/P mine 42)

FlllsMi
-I~eu
F".M;FlMi
FI1Wt
FlrMi 41; FITrMi 41

t'''

Pressure igniter for A/P glasti buttle mine (TM 9-1985P 307)
l'arachute-flare
signal csartridge
Fin-stabilized mortar proiectile

Flugzg; Flzg; Fiz


FIW; FmW
FM

'lg-lmine,,werfpr
Flusstrribmine 4!
Flugboot
Flugzeug
Flamtnenwerfer
Feldmarschall

FMG
FMG
FmW
FoFli
Fp
FpO2
Fp 5
F1, SRltp.rWi.-r
Fp 60/40
Fp C/02
FPatr
Frw
FS; Fschm
FSchr
Fsp
Fst; Fs
FSt; FuSt; FS

Fernmessgerit
Range finder
Flugzeugabwehrmaschinengewehr
Rapid-fire AA machine gun
See FIW
See under Warplants (descriptive section)
Fiullpulver
Filler, filling explosive; bursting charge
FPllpulver 02
1902 pattern filling (TNT)
Fjlipulver 5
TNTcontg5% wax

RR
1RRR pattern flling (Cast P A)
F,1lpulver 60/40
60/40 filling (TNT 60 and Am nitrate 40%)
FUllpulver C/02
Same as Fp 02
Feldpatrone
Field gun cartridge tfixed ammunition)
Feuerwe;ker
Artificer; ordnance sergeant
Fallsehirm
Parachute
Feld-Schrapnell
Field gun shrapnel
Fernsprecher
Telephone
Festung
Fortress; fort; fortification
Funkstelle; Funkenstation
Radio station

SI

.See FlEis Mi
Si~'. ~esess~ji~,wnAZnder
I
ht2,
Jal %chirnleuPzhtpatrone
FFialucht
FluIgelmine

F-Se.ff

Tiranrt.traehlnriA

FSTr
ru

Fallschirmtruppen
Funk: Funker

FuMG

Funkmessgerit
See FSt
Funktrupp
Funkrurm
Fenerverteilung
See Fldw
Focke-Wulf

"FuSt

FuTr
FuTu
Fvtg; Fvtl; Fvt
Fw
FW; Fw
FZ (such as
Of.'60)

Trench mortar firing finned projectiles


River drifting (floating) mine, pattern 41
Flying boat
Airplane
Flame thrower
Field marshal!

Titanium tetrarhloride (smoke producing agent)


Parachute troops
Radlin; radiun npe.rator

Radar
Signal Corps detachment
Radio sending tower
Fire distribution
Designation of airplanes built by Focke-Wulf Co
Marking cn a clockwork aer'al burst fuze (See in
Th! 9-1985-2, p 186)

(F Zinder 60)

G
G
G; Ger
G; Gesch
G; Gesch
G; Gew
G; g
G; Gr
G (propelling charge stencilling)
"G98; Gew 98
Gamma-M'es
Gbd; Geb
Gbh
GB; GBomb
GDrH.
Geb; Gb
Geb (in fuze designation
AZ 23 Geb)
GebG; GebGesch
GebGr
GebH; Gebilaub
GebiG; GebJG
GebK

Gas
Geriat
See Gs
Geschiitz
Gewehr
Gramm
Granate
Pulvermasse G (Gallwitz)

Gas
Equipment; apparatus; device
Gun; cannon
Rifle
Gram
Shell; grenade
Propellant with a standard heat of explosion (690 kcal/kg)

Gewehr 1898
Rifle, model 1898
Gamma Mgrser
420 num Heavy mortir
Geb'*ude
Building
GUterbahnhof
Freight yard
Gasbombe
Chemical bomb
Gasdruckhbilse
iligh-pressure cartridge
Gebirg
Mountain
Gebirga(,Aufachlagzunder 23,Gebirgsgeachutz) Mountain(PD fuse 23 for mountainordnance)
GebirgsgeachuJtz
Gcbirgsgranate
Gebirgahmubitze
Gebirgainfanteriegesch~tz; Gebirgsjsgergeschitz
Gebirgskanone

Mountain gun
Shell for mountain gun
Mountain howitzer, pack howitzer
Mountain infantry gun; or howitzer
Mountain cannot.

(;ef
Geht'dx

6efreiter

'i'

tcballtelailung
so

34Pt[reg~cd

Acting coql)orail; private first cI3sF


Concenrtat(*d charge consisting of srverul explonivt~
blocks tied together; prepared charge
TNT charge, ,kg

gel; Gel
G-1; GelK
gel
Gemrol"
Gen
G enStb1l

gheimsecret
;4clader,
relbkreuz
geliefert
6,teindepolizci
General
Cieneralstab des Heeres

loaded
Vellow cross (Ger marking on vesicants)(Cg's)
deli.'pred
Tiownship police; local police
General
Army General Staff

gt'p; 91p

gcrpanlseff

armored

geb

Equipment
Oer~t
Ger; C.
Projectile; missile
Geschoss
Gesch: G
Piece; gun; cannon
Geschilez
Gesch. G
Gun foundry
Ceschiitzgivsserci
GeschGiess
Secret state police
Geheime Staatspolizei
Gestapo
Rifle
Gewehi
Gew; Gwr; G
Rifle grenade
Gewehirgranate
cew~r; Og
Grenade rifle
Gewehigranatengewehrf
6ew~rGew
lHE rifle grenade
Ge~'~pgrGewehrsprenggranate
rifled
gezogen
ges
Shell factory
Gescboscifabrik
Of
Gun factory
6G-icbitzfabrilr
GeachFabr
Gf
Field marshal
General feldmarsc hal
OFU
Weight of projectile
Geschoasgewicht
Og
See Gew~r
C;g
Cast Iron
'Grauguss
Ga. Ge
A/T rifle grenade
Gewehrgranate Panzer
GgP; Ge*.GrPz
Gar grenade
Gasgranate
OGs, Ggr
See GebH
OH
See GebK
UK
Cartridge case
G'KrtGewehrkartusche
Armored combat venicle
gepanzerte Kampffahrzeuge
OKF
Self-propelled gun mount
G eacbi~tzkraftwngen
GKw
District leader
Gauleiter
smooth; even
51Blatt
Direct current
Gleichatrom
61; Gtst
Weight of live projectile
.dgGewichtladung
i GU
Full-track vehicle
Gleiskettenfahrzeus
Gleisk
Full-track armored vehicl e
Gleisketten-Panzerfahrzeu .
GleiakPr
Smooth-boie gun
Glattes Geschutz
glGesch
*rrnc~er with glowing composition dimn tracer
Glimmspur
CGlimmleuchtspur;
GL'spur, GI'spur
Low tension electrical igniter
Glilh~ncder
Smooth bore mine-thrower shell
glatte 'durfmine
gIVM
Gas mask'
Gasniaske
Gra
Major General
Generalmajor
GM
Gesellachaft mit beschrIlnkter Haftung Company with limited liability; limited company
GmbH
Mine made from a shell
Geschossmine
GMi
Desiqnation of airplanes bbl*t by Gothaer Vaggonfabrik
Gotha
*Go
armored
Sepanzert
9P
DrJ.GDN propellant developed in 1930's by General Uto
Gallwitz Pulver
GP; G Pulver
Gallwitz (See "G" Pulver in descriptive section)
Grenade; shell; projectile
Granate (See also Sprgr)
Gr; G
gray
Stall
or
Frontier
Grenze
Gr
Grosslae
g, Or

gr

:Staln

green

GrB (such as GrB 39 At

Granatbllcbse

Antitank gre!aade rifle

Gil43
SrBIP
GReis*
Grf
Orf 8B
Grf 02
Gritz

aneeeo
grobes Blirtchenpulver
Gwer Reichaweite Granste
Grantiflillung
Granatfillung sB
Gtanatf~illung 02
Gr'"kakruz

Auticoncrete shell
Propellant in large Olakes
Long-range rifle ;tenade
Shell filling, bursting Charge of a projectile
Shell filler, pattern 1858 (picric acid)
Shell filler pattern 1902 (TNT)
Green cross (CWS)

(;fr 120)
grl.dg
(3cof
I t~tr(Sce also Sprgt Part)
Gtundldg
GrGCruantwerfer
GrwSling
Cr2Granatz"nder

Ladanng
grosser Flarnmenwerfcr
Coranate Patrone
Griundladung

5osbe

Geanatv. etfcrfu'nfling

SrZdilg
G N; G; Gecstl
Gu; Gup

grosse 7A'indladung
Geschass
Gudolpulver

Gul3Ip
GuRP
GwFSLtGr
6 w~rGer
Gwr
G wWit
GwrSprgr

Guidoibl~t~tchenpulver
Gudolr8'brenpulver
Gewehr Fallschirm Lcuchtgranate
Gewehrgranateger~t
See Gew
See GewGr
See GewSprgr

.11; 11b; libe


It- Hfaub
Hf; Rlpm
H
2h, Ili
Ifilexogen

See fHb
llatbitze
Hauptmann
Heer
gehlrtret

~h)holl~adisch

Hexogen 5, etc
115; 1110; H115 etc
15
d 15 (H50 + p2tha~n
1115
I
5001)
Hexogeik-Aluminium
HA
Hexogen-Aluminium 41
IIA-41
HaHamburg
Hafen
Haf; Hf n
Hafthohlladung
Hlaft; HaftlUdg
'Hafthohlladunag, Hexogen 3US
_1laft 113
'Halbpanzergranate
Halbpzger
See Ho; fHbe
liaube
Hiauptkarusvche
Hauptrart; HptKart
Haube
kib; Hibe; 1-laube
Hbf; Hbhf
libgr, HbGr
HbgrZ
HbSchr
Hdb
Hdfw
IHdGg
lidgr
IIDI or V-3
He
HF
l~fl-ecresfahrzeug
If Flak
HFu
llgr; PAGr

"G4r
HGrZ;- HbgrZ
HG.
Al (black stencilling)
HlK; Hiart; HI~sKart,

IlL
lit (black stencilling); IlL;
IfldS
HI/A; Ill/B & 1ll/t

Hauptbahnhof
Haubengranate
Haubegransteazu~nder
Haubenschropnell
'Handbuch
Hsndfeuerwaffe
See Hgrr
Hiandgriff
Hochdruckpunpe
Heinkel
liocbfrequenz
lleereuflugabvwehrlcanone
HeereswFnatelle
Ulnedgroonate
Haubitxgranate
HaubitxetrantatentUnder
Holigeschoss
Hartkern
ti~eenkattuoche
ff~ngelafette

Hohilladung
11ohilladungen A, B and C

Large charge
Heavy flaine-thr)wer (on two-wheel carrier)
Fixed sammunition H-E shell
Main charge; base charge
A/T grenade rifle; grenade projector; mortar
Five-barreled automatic inortar
Fuze for lIE shell
Large igniting charge; large primer
Projectile
Double base DEGDN-NC, l-1w calorific value,propcllant
containing about 30% Gudol (niu~og tani.Iine)
Gu propellant in the form of squqre flakes
Gu tubular propellant
Illumiosrting parachute rifle rrenade (TIA 9-1985-2, p 339)
kiflu- grenade equipment

Howitzer
Captain
Army
hardened
RDX
Dutch (mark on equipment)
RD'. 1 5, etc per cent wax
Hollow charge contetining 15 kg 50/50-P.DX/TNT mixtute
RDX-AI explosive
RDX-AI explosive pattern 41
Designation of airplanes built by Blohm & Voss Co, Hamburg
Port, hurbor
Magnetic antitank hallow charge
Magnetic HoC, 3kS RDX
SAP projectile (literally Half armor-piercing)
Main propelling charge in non-f ixed amnmunitio
Ballistic cap (false cap or windshield) on some larger
caliber shells (TM 9-1985-3, p 491)
Main depot; main RR station
Shell with ballistic cap (BC)
PDFz for use under BC
Schrapnel with BC
Handbook; rianual
Small fire arms
Handle
See in descriptive section
Designation of airplanes built by leinkel Co
High frequency (Rad)
Army vehicle
Army AA gun
Army radio station
Hand grenade
Howitzer she~l
Fuze for howitzer shells
Wooden shell (dummy)
Tungsten core (lit Hard core)
Cartridge (in non-fixed ammo) as

opposed to bag
Suspended sun mount
Hlollow charge (HoC) ouch as A/T projectiles; shaped
charge
Types of hollow charges (See TM 9-1985-3,
pp 407, 411, and 313)

7.ld
*

I IL L~~~
lolil) adl of.g shombe
12.%g
50 rlohilladung
12. kg
loliedresuitionsnstkg
kIAg5 '
hiMAheremntosnc1
l~
Millcremnitjne
IIMLlleeesmnirinsiigerArmy
lIP

llpt; lUptst
liptKart;' klauptKart
lipt LUg
iiptni
llptWm
lPrgr
1lPg
1hl1gP
his
lisc Ihr
HIT
IITA

Hensc'hd Co
Howitzer shrapnel
Turret howitzer (See also IeHT)
RDX-TNT-AI explosive mixture

Marking on a mechanical impact bomb fuze type 3


(A-afschl~agztinder*C(l-lut)* 3)
Army Ordnance Office (Branch of the OFdi)
lleereswa.fenamt
See under Warplants (descriptive -ection)
Army, Or.dnance and quartermaster depa.?Iment
11eereszeugamt

im; in; ins


Infanterie
Ingenieur

1; lnf
1; Ing
(i)italienisch
IdA
IG; IGesIch
I G
IGFarbers

iJim

iKL;iWasl~af
Marl

ci&L;

Ammunition Depot
Listening post
Chief, principal
Cupitatl
Main propellart charge in ammunition other than fixed
Base charge of blasting cup of detonator (lit main charge)
Captain
First sergeant (Arty or Cavy)
SAP projectile
Retaining ring
Propellant in rings for light field howitzer
-eigatn
of airplanes and guided missiles built by

flaubitz-Schrapnell
liaubitze-in-Turm
liezogenkTrotyl- Aluminium
HlK; liKart, etc

lldia1:u~See
Hut (such as in
AZC (l~utP*3)
IIWA; !lWaA
II4Z
hIzg*.

IGesch
IGK
IVr
lgrZ
'IHL

WoodIen mine

lorchpofnen
llaupt
llauptstadt
llauptkartusclie
Ilauptladung
hlluptmann
llauptwachtmeister
lialbpanzergranate
Haltering
llaubitz-Hingpulver
h~en-rhel

*llpt

ohm
Prepared fhoC, 12.5 kg TNT
Prepared lHoC, 50 kg, in two parts
Office of Army AmmrnwitioA,

lnaperteur der Artilleric


lnfanteriegescho~tz
lateressenginleinschiaft
lnteressengemeinscbaft Farbenindus trie
See IG; W~ench
Inatriegeschitz Koniranie
Infanteriegranate
Infanteriegranate-Zinder
in Haubitz-Lafette
Jahre
in Kasematten-Lafette
n Klste-Lafttein
s,

iMraLaf
iPL.; iPzLaf
iRLaf
iSL; iSLiki
* IZ; lZ

in; in the
infantry
Engineer
Italian (marking on equipment)
Inspector of Artillery
l.;fazntry piece; infantry howitzer
Association for Furtherance of Mutual interest; Trust
Dye Industry Trust

infantry howitzer company


Shell for infautpry piece
Infantry shell fuze
or howitzer mount; on howitzer carriage
in the year
in casemrate mount
coast defence mount
in mortar mou~nt
in shielded mount
on wheeled carriage
on carriage with overhead shield
Internal fuze

in MWraer-1 miette
in Panz, *. teitte
in Red-Lefette
in Schirm-L~afette
Innenziieder

J
J;

Jgg; )gr

)!get

JJagdfluszelig
Iji~ditch

(~)
J it bomb designetlon
SC 50 J)
J/2 (in oumb desiguatlon
SC 30 )/X)

Jaht
j~hrlich
ugolawlech
~ ldieD~SDMarking'on
ceBme5J
Srnclnr

(SprenIge~ylindtlache hombe 50 J/2)

Ranger; rifleman in light infantry; purstit plane


Pursuit plane
Yearl
yearly
Jws
Yugoslavian (marking on equipment.)
a 50 kit HE cylindrical bonrb having one-pilece
nose and body (TM 9-1995-2, p 8)
Markiu 5t on a 50 kgSPE cylindrical bomb having drawn steel
body and preened etcell nose (TM 9-1905-.2 p8)

I. Ol
(I
b(Ib~l de sgatgi.,o
..

j")

,'~j

bo

'b~

io~rh

Sf

Ja,

M~d, 0 ,,"n
1aso kg Ill:~~ii'
bvmb having onie
Piece drewn steel body (I'M 9-1985-2, p 6)
Pursuit bomber

J .boJagdhomher
ag

(jar)

jB (,in bomb design~ation


Sc SO j13)
JC(inl 111boidrSignation:~
S': wOjC)

ser 3; jag; jgr


ja maplsch
(Sprengicylindrische Bombe 50 JB)
______

(Sprengcytindrische Bombe 50 JC)

Fl-'O
(suchde
J-esch

j(;

504)
*.J-Fer
er504)
J(;;jcys~hj~geresh~zLight
Jgdl'.
(P~ig~.agdpanzer
(Panzerjiger)
jgr

JOr; JXt
jgr

K
K; Kan
*K; Yar; Kb
K~ Kt
K(such as
7 cm Pak K)
K

VKant

Marking on a clockwork tong-dfelay igniter (TM


9-1985-2, P3309)
infantry piece (gun or howitzer)
(Tn etryr ank hunter (See under Panzer in the

~e ~j~gdescriptive

part)

jagergranate
J gergkanatziunder
Junkcr.

Japanese (marking on equipment)


&lMarking on a 50 kg IlE cylindrical 'Jomb, ant improved
version of j (TM 9-1985-2, p 8)
Marking on it tIll cylindrical bomb bav ing d--awn stecl
body and Pressed steel nose (T
-1985-2, p 8)

Light infantry gun projectile


Percussion fuze for itse whth light infantry gunprojectiles
D)esignation of airplanes built by Junkers Co

K
KuliumPoasu
Kanone
Karabiner
Kart~tsche
Kasemnatte
(3.7 tcm Panz-2rabwehrkanone-Kasematte)
lat-,BOX:
i Kern

Cannon~
Carbine
case shot; CeOlAter
Casemate
(37 mam A/T Cannon, Fixed flefense)
case; magaxinle
Ccet
KKrieg
War
K( in fuze -..a.,n&.tion
Kanone
Time and percussion fuze, pattern 28 for use with high
Don') Z 28k)
(Doppel Ziindet 28 Kanione)
velocity gun (TM 9-1985-3. p 603)
K; Kast
Kastcn
Box
'1 (in fuze designation
Klappenaicherung
Folding safety device (Fuze equipped with delay action
'mVu K)

(mit Verzo~gerungund Klappensicherung) and folding safety device) (TM 9-10,8!-3,


p 580)
KI(in bomb designation
Marking on a HE cylindrical bomb of three piece conSc 250-K)
(Sprengeylindrische 2%0K
tuto TM918-,p8
K3'
Kanonea 3
240 mmnGun with renge up to 30 km
a'
anone 5
280 mat Gun with range up to 50 kmn
K12
Kanone 12
211 mmn Gun with range up to 120 km
KI8
Xanonen 18
105 mmnand 150 mmnGuns, pattern 1918
K 111/40
Kanone 18/40
105 mm Gun pattern 1918/ 1940
K-kl
i
klein
small
*KA
KU~stenartillerie
Coast artillery
Kal
Kaliber
Caliber
Kar 98k
Karabiner 98 kurz
Carbine pattern 1898, sh~ort (length of barrel 600 mmn)
iKart
Kartatsche
Case shrt; canister shot
(Compare with Partr)
Kartuache
Cartouche; container of propellent charge not used in fixed
ammunition
Karb
Karu:hbeutel
Propellent bag
KartdKartachdckelCover
for Kartusche N v)
'Kart ein
IKnrtusche,einfach
Ba, conainer of propelling charge placed in Kartuqhhu"lse (q v)
Karth; Kartli
Kartuachenliiiee
Cartridge case for Kartuschen
KittMu
Kartuschenimunition
Ammunition using Kartuschen (Compare with Patrosen.1
munition)
Karynr
iatunchenvorlage
Muzzle-flash reducing wad
Kat
t~lkeeirCold
adhesive putty uted for attaching demolition charges
* Kb
See K; Kar'
*
Bett
Kanone in Bettuing
Platform mounted Cannon
KC (Bombe)
Kampfstoffcyllndrische (Bombe)
Chemical cylindrical, thin-walled bomb; San bomb
* KC Plain (Bonabe)
Kua~fcyliodrusache Flaminen B
I Bomnbe
Chemical cylindrical incendiaybm T 9-19-2 pphro-3)
KDF
Kraft dutch Preude *Atsociation
for wdlfare of workers (lit streagt hog
*
joy).lr financed the constrruction of Volkswagen and some shlps

(.er 12
K(~)

"~'~"Railroad
g~un
Tank; armored vehicle
Kratnfwagren
Kfz
xnft~t~izeugMotor
vehicle
Cavalay gun
Kavaleriegeschiltz
KG
A
'rviton
for some manufactujlng compary
K~;kgK'logramm
Kilogram
Kg
Kugel
1Ball; sphere; bullet
Kg m
Kiogram mt BetelKi'ogram
including weight of bag
Kanonengranate
Cannon shell
XGr(lDoPr)
Kanonen-Grannte (W3hrgeschoss, Press-Shell prepared by drilling pressed steel block
stahiformi)
KGtPattPz
Kaiionet.granate Patr~nenPanzer
AP shell, fixed round
K6.-RotAi
Kanonengranate, rote Sprengwolice,
HE shell containing aluminum and giving on bursting a
-Aluminium
cloud of red amoke
KH
Kanoner.haubitze
Gun-howitzer
Kh; KII
Kammerhiise
Central burster tube in projectile
KhLdg
K~ammerh6lsenlsdung
Central burster tube charge
'KiIL
Kanone in Haubitkenlafee-teg
Gun on ho'?dtzer carriage
K;MrsL
Kanone in Mdrser Isfette
Gun in mortar mount
KiRL
Kanone in RadlgfettCannon on wheeled mount
Kippziinder
L'ilt-type igniter
Y-K
Kaiserlich-KIIniglich
Imperal-Royal (Austrian Empire)
Kanone-Kasemate
Casemate sun
ki
Mzein
small
WIK; KK
Kleinkaliber
Small caliber
K L/
l'anone, Laufla~nge
Cannon of so many calibers long
(KL/50)
(KanoneLaufliange 50))
Cannon 50 calibers long
KIKlemm
Deigignation of airplanes b-ilt by Klemm Co
kIAZ
kleiner Aufschlsgzihider
Percussion fuze to fit a shell with small Opening
klLdg
kleine Ladung
Small charge; reduced propelling charge
kIV; Ky
lieVezgrn
Small delay
k17.dlg (s'uch as kiZdlg
kleine Z~1ndladunRt 34
Small booster, any intermediate charge with detonator
34Np)
between fuze and HE filling
Kn
Knallkorper
Firecracker (simulated fire)
KN (Pulver)
Krumbacl- Nitrat (P'dve:)
DFGDN-NC propellenrt containing small amount of K
uitrgte (CIOS 31-62, pS)
KuZ
Knicki-inder
Snap-type igniter
KnZdSchn
See KZS
KOD(Pulver)
Krumbact(Pulver)ohne Nitrate abet
Same as KN(Pulver) except that K nitmate was replaced
mit Dinitrotoluol
by DNT (CIOS 31-62, p5)
kon
koniach
conical
KP; KfPist
Kanipfpistole
Rifled Wry pistol
KO
Kappe
Cap of projectile or fuze)
Kp; Kr
See under Wairlants, etc in descriptive part
Kpf
Kampf
Combat; battle
Kpf
Kotpf
Head; nose (of a bomnb~v point (of a shell)
Kpfw; Kfw; Kw
Kampfwagen
Tank (lit Battle car)
'KpfwAbw; KvwAbw;, XfwAbw Ksmpfwagenabwehr
Antitank defense
lKpfwAbtsGesch; KwAbwG;
Kampfwagenabwehrgeschuitz
Antitank gun

Kfz~

*KGr
*

*KiZ

KpiwF; KwFl; KfwF


Kampf-wagenfalle'
Kpf'wK-Stand; Kwk-St~and;
K.-'mpfwagenkanone -Stand
kfwk-Stand
Kpa
See Kz; KZ; KpfZ; Kzdr
KpfZ Zerl
See KzZerI; KpfZ ZerI
KPS (white or red atenKupfer Preas-stahlfahrungsring
cilling above rotating band)
Kr
**See
Kr
*Kreuz
Kr;, KrP
Krabus
*Kraftrad
Krad
Krad mb
KIG
Kr~iKriminalpolizei

Tank trap
Fixed emplacement made of tank gun turret

Rotating band of the bimetallic type

Krw
Kreuzpulvcr
Kraftomnibua
Kraftrad mit Beiwagen
See KrwGesch

Cross; crosspiece (of a universal joint)


Tubular propellant with a crosspiece inside oi tube
Motor bus
Motor cycle
Motorcycle with side car
Crimi;nai in-,estigation police

KrH

jeu~ lulag

Krw; Kr; Kw
KrwAnh; KwAnh
Krwllak

Kraftwagen
Kraftwagcaanhinger

KrwG;; Kri~eqch

Kraftwagerigeschhtz
See KzFlak
Kjskade

KrfltW

Kcz~ltk
Ks; KS
Kst; Kiist
KstA
KstBttr
K stG
Kstil
KstK
KstL-

wr...

Cascade (cartridge similar to canister)


Coast; shore
Coast defen-a nrtillery
Cnastal battery
Coast defense gun
Coast defense howitzer (such as 280 mm~)
Coast defense cannon
Coase defer.,e mounting
Coak~tftl mine
Coast defense m~ortar
Case shot; canister ammunition

Kdstr
Kistenartillerie
Kahmrenbatterie
K~isengeschulltz
Kastenhaubitze
Kustenkanone
Kaistenlafette
Kiistenmine
Ki~stcnrnurser
Kart."itsche; Kart-itschenpatrone
Kanot.e-Turm

kr'tMi
lxstMrs
Kt; KT KtPatr
Kt
'(TM (in fuze designation
KTM*:)
KTrMi 41
KuTK
KV
KVK
KVP
kW
kW
Kw
KW
KWI

lXpfZ;

kz; KZ
kzAz1
kzBd
1kz 28 cm BrIC(E)
(suc
Basdin)
AB

20

:KzFlak
KZ8 [such as in
.PzB 41(Kzg)J
1CZGrGeb
kzGrW
kzL

KxL
KzLsf
kzLK

ICA&t
KZSS; KnZdSchn

Waeil;
KZ 2ZCrl P
KZ ZI Py vf

Turret gun
sdb h
emii
Captured Ruesiar
sebyteGr
projectiles
Drifting Mine, Type GL
Casemate and tu rret gun

Kgteiin41Spherical
Kasemato-und Turmkanone
See klV
Kriegsverdienstkreuz
Kasernierte Voikspolizei
Kiowatt(Armed
Kiowat!kilowatt
See Kpf; Kw; Kfw
See Krw; Kr
Kaiser 'Wilhelm Instirut (GO~ttingen)

K'wF
KwvK
KZ
Kz; KZ;
Kidr (in
desitnation of ammo, such
as 8.8 cm Sprdi L/4.5 (Kz)

AE 250

ariiu-

cn,,-n! tu.',e made of cellnided propellant, it served to


retain propellent charge in base of cartridge case (lit
Cross tube)
Motor car
Trailer truck
Motorized AA S-in
Tractor drawn gun or gun mounted on a truck

62m

War service cross (decoration)


Garrisoned People's Police
Forces of East Germany"

Emperor William Institute (Educational and research


establi slk ent)

See KpfwF
See KpfwK
Kanonenz~neier
Kopfzulnier
(88c
pegrnr
ag .,
Kopfz~ider) which ,neans88 mm HiE
shell, 4.5 calibers long with PDFz
kurz
lcurzer Anfschlaszsinder
kurzer Bodenzlnder
kurze 28 cm Bruno Kanone (Eisenbaha)
K
Boen)bombs
Krtattzug-Flugzeugabwehr-kanone
Kraftzt.t
[achwere Panzerb'tchse 41(Xraftzus)]
Kanoaenztider Granate fair Gebirgehanone
kurzer Grsnstenwerfer
kurze L'ainge

Gun percussion fuze; cannon shell fuze


Point detonating fuze (PDFz) under a ballistic cap,
except in the case of the K7-38, an ordinary PDFz (TM

9-1985-3, p 545)
short
Short percussion (impact) fuze
Short base detonating fuze
Short 280 mmnBruno Railroad Gun
Markings on a container with 19 parachutes and tharee SD2
(TM 9-1-985-2, p 108)
Motorizcd AA gun
Power-driven
(Heavy A/T power-driven rifle)
Gur. percussion faze for mountain gun
Short barreled mortar
Short length

kurze Lafette

Short gun carriage

'L%,e L'Inge-Kanone

Outrigger-Sun platform for AA gun (lit Cross gun mounting)


Short-barreled gun

.Kreuziafette

Short Naval gun


Detonating cord; primacord
.Self-destroying
nose faze.
Nose fuze with 2 self-destroying black powder units
Simplified selfdestroyinS PD fuse with powder train

kanze Marinck anone


KnallzU~duebnur
KopfzUnder mit Zerleger
Yopfz'under mit 2 Zerlener Pulver

Kopfzs~der, Zerleger, Palversatz,


vereinfacht

L
L
L; L~d; Lds

mai762m

Ladentreffen
Ladurill

Ammunition clip; cartridge charge (SA)

Charge; load; pktopelling charge

Ger 125
*I.;

1.4f; Ui Ouch~ a$
m(" . 011;,(NMasalt11lswevit
1. (such as is)
cat MNsl'.
1. 1%tuch as in
l'zWfmi I (o.)
LI. (in designation of Sun
13.8 cm StuK 41 L/71)
L/ (in ilesignatihn of shell
10.5 cm Sprgr L/4.4)
1.
I.; Lfg

*17

1.2 (in bomb designation


SC 250-1.2, "Hlermann")
Laf
t ag
.Ll-s t
LC
LC-lt)
LC-50 F AusfC
LC Bombe
Id
Ld; Ldg
LdgW
L.dKpf

tLuctt.
aet I'kC /s')
LafetteMaknsoa17mmorr
117 cmtM~rser Lafette)
Luftwaffe
[Panzerwurfmine I (Luftwaffe)]
L-auf ( Kalibetillinge)
(8.8 cma Sturtrkatione 43,Lauf 71)
KulibcrlZ~nge (Granete)Letho
k1l0.3 cm Sprenggranate,Lh~nge 4.4)
Set .rLuchtg and LS
Lieferung
Sec le;1; L

Mri~ na10msmra
A rorce
m
(AlT band grenade 1, introduced by Air Force)
Length of a gun barre iii calibers
(88 mmn Assault Gun pattern 43, barrel 71 calibers long)
hlincier
(105 mm liE Shell, 4.4 calibers long (TM 9-1985-3. P .68
Deliver); lot; shipment

(Sprengcyl inadisache 250-L2,


"Hlermann")
See L; Laf; Lf
Lager

LdW
le; 1; L
IeFH; IFII
leG; IG; L.Gs
le GebIG; IGebIG
leGeb Jg; IGebJG
keGrV; IGrW
I 'HT; lIHT
(10 cmaleliT)
leIG; lIGs; leJG;ljGs
IeJgrZ
*leLdgW;lLdSW
leMiW; 1MW
*
LE-Muti
lePzM; lPz~ki; LPZti
leS; IS
IS'spur ISS
* Luchts (black stincliing);
L;Lg
Leuc'htgZ; LgZdr
Lent; Lt Y
IeWM; 1I~ii; LWM *
IeWMZ
lEsM
l~imnEleichte
L f'Lafettenfahrzeug
~See
L~'z
*
*
Hlf
Lig
*
IFH
IFK
*
*
,LFM
tftw; Lw
Lfw
*
IG
LG (such as
7.5 cm LG 40)
Lg; Leuchts; L

GJun niount; gun catriage


imuchine gauii,aunt,pattcr lt,10011,'1)

Lichtcvlindrisch; Leuchtcylindnisch
Lichtcylindriscb 10
Lichtcylindrisch 50 F Anafgihrung C
lichtcylindrische Bombe
luftdicht
See L; Ld UdS
See LWrf
Ladekopi
See LWrf; LdgW
leicht
leichte Feldhaubitze
Leichtesgeschmits
leichtes Gebirgsinfanteriegeschiitz
leichtes GbrslggectzLight
leih.tc-- Granatwerfet
leichtc tlaubitze-ir-Tufrm.
(10 cm leichte Haubitze-in.Turm)
leichtes Infanterie Gesch'dtz
leichter 1nfenteriegranatz~mder
leichter Ladunguwerfer
liciter Minenwerfer
Lichteinschiess Munition
leichte Panzermin.'
laeites Spitzgeachoss
eichtes Spitzgeachoaa nwit Leuchtspur
Leuchtgeachoss

Marking on the 250 kg Cylindrical HE bomb of two-piece


construction; nose forged steel, body tube steel
(TM 9-1985-2, pp 8-9)
Camp; dump;. denot
Designations for hydrazine hydrate
Cylindrical flare; candle flare
Single candle parachute flare (TM 9-1985-2. p 65)
Four candle parachute flare des~gn C (TM 9-1985-2 p 67)
Flare bomb
airtight

Charging head; a device for charging somie electric bomb


fuzes (TM 9-1985-2, p 132)
light
Light field howitzer
Gun for airborne operations; recoilless gun
Light gun for mountain infantry
gun for mountain rangers
Light mortar
Light turret howitzer
100 mm Fixed Mortar (breech I ading)
Light~very low velocity gun lor use by infantry
Light infantry shell fuze
Light spigot mortar
Light mortar
Tracer ammunition used in range adjustment fire
Light AP mine; AlT mine (TM 9-1985-2, p774)
Pointed, light weight bullet
Pointed light weight bullet with tracer
Star shell; flare abel!

Time fuze for use with star shell


Second lieutenant (See also ObLeut)
Light mortar shell
Fuze for light mortur shell
Light training mine
Light training mine with smoke element
Gun carriage
under Warplants, etc in descriptive part
airtight
luftdicht
See L; USg
See leFlI
See IeFIC
See under Warplants (descriptive part)
Air force
Luftwaffe
Aeronautics; aviation
Luftfahrweaen

Leuchtgescbossziinder
Leutnant
leichte Wurfmine
leichter Wurfminienzrinder
leichte Exerzicramine
Exerziermine mit Rauch-ladung

Sec leG
1eichtgeschiitz
!7.5 ema Leirlitgeschiitz 40)
Leuchtgeschoss *Flare

Recoilltss 4un (lit Light gun)


(75 mmaRecoilless Suit, Pattern 40
shell; star shell

6.er 12(s
lglndz

langer Ilodenatinder
Long base percussion fuze
lauge BtennlUnge
Long burning length (fuze)
lGrblG
See leGeblG
l(;eb)G
Sec lcGcbJG
lgFllGr(Nb)
lange Feldhsubitzgranste (Nebel)
Logfedh itesel(m.
)
Lggr, lgGr
Lmnggranate
Long shell
IsKZ
langer Kanonenzilnder
Long Sun fuze
Lgl.lange
Lafette
Long gun carTinge
ISM (black stencilling)
lange MundlochbllchseShlwiheghndgaetpbotr
Long gaine-type booster
Mudocbcl
LgPil 40n~
* Lg 40Leuchtgeachosspulvcr
40
TrGDN propellant of calorific value 650 kcal/kg .ised
with Naval skarshell charges
Lip O0N
I..euehtyeschosspulver 40 (NitranaPhTEGDN propellant of calorific v alue 670 kcal/lcg Pnd
thalin)conts_
a. nitronaphthalene used with Nn ral starsheU charges
IGrW
SceeleGrY
IGs
See leG
IS sFH,
iangc, schwere Feldhaubitzc
Long and heavy field howitzer
LGZ
See under Warplants (descriptive section)
LAZ'. LsiZdr. ILcuchaZ
Leuchtgeschoass~sndet
Fuze iot star shell
(such an LgZ S/33)
Lb (i~uch sA
Leuchtaputhiilse (4 cci Spreaggranate
Tracer container (cartridge) (40 mm HIE Fixed Round with
*4cm prg~at Lh29)
Petrone Leuchtapurhblse 2.8)
tracer cartridge type 28)
HIlT
See WeIT
IJgrZ 23
Leiebter lnfanteriegranst~Ander 23
Fuze for light infantry shell pattern 23
.IlGs
See leIGs
lJGs
See IeJGs

lgBrlg; In)

ILK

(such as

Mk 250LK).
LIz
lLdgW
Log I.11
L;LM [black stencilling
such as in KZ C/27 (LM)

LMses
LMsSt:
1MW
Lo (blaclk'stencilling)
LP; LtPimt

Marking onea container with 41 single candle parachute


flares (TM 9- 1985-2, p 108)
See IgKZ
See leI.dgV
Leichtmetall
Leichtmetall
[KoPfznder, Constuktion 27
(Leichtmetall)1
* Luftwmine
Lichtmessing
Lichtmess-Stelle
.Flash
See leMiW
losen sprengmtoffkatpern

Light MOWt (Aluminum)


Marking on a shell fuzed with combined cap and gaine in
aluminum (Aluminumn body PD fuze, Naval, pattern 1927
(TM 9-1965-3, p 565)A
Aerial Mine

Flash ranging
ranging station

Leuchtpistole

L-Pstr
L.Piat

Leuchtpatrone
See LP
See lePzM
lzi;LP ZMi
LS (such as In 7.5 cm Pak Lorraine Schlepper [7.5 cm Pank 40/1,
U
40/1 (Sf LUS) (01~
Selbstfahrlatette, Lorraine Schlepper
(franigsisch)1

La (white stencilling)
Le
LS

*LS
Lag
LSGescb
ISLS
LS Mun
LSPH
L'spur; L'Spur; LS; L.Sp
L'spurGemch; LSGesch
L spusMun); LSMun
LSR
LT
LT
.Lufttogpe.do

LuS Mun
Lux EZ 50SC

Leuchtsarzsprengiudung
Lufrschutz
See L'spur
See leS
Losungmwort
See L'spuwGeach
See IeSL'spu~r
See L'mpur Mun
Leuchtspurhlile
Leucbrapur, Lichtspur
Leuchtmpurgeschoms;Lichtspurgeschosa
Leuchtspurmun~tion'; Lichtepurmunition
Luftechutzraumn
Leuchtturm
*

Leucht-und Signalmpunition

HE filling consisting cf separate explosive bodies,


carton-loaded but not cemented
Smooth bore pyrotechnic pistol much as Wdry pistol;
flare pistol. signal pistol
illuminating cartridge

Lorraine tank chassis (75 mm A!T Self-Propelled Gun


on Lorraine Tank Chassis (French)]
Illuminating filler (in a shell)
Air raid defense

Password

Tracer element container


Tracer projectile trajectory; trace
Projectile with tracer
Tracer ammunition
Air gaid shelter
Lighthouse
Aerial tospedo (bomb)
Elate pistol ammunition
Designation of a sea marker (TM 9 - 2 9 8 5 - 2 .p 86)

(;er 127

L.UX N akid L.U)S

Designations of flame floats (TM 9-1985-2, p 92,


Ratio of charge to weight of projectile

I~vLadungsverh~ltnis
iLw

See Lfrl4
I-Ptwagen
See IeWM
See IOWMZ
Ladungswerfer
Langzeitzunder

Lw
lWMkj
IWMiz
I.Vr(; LdgW; Ldw
I.7r7.

Truck

Spigot mortar
Long time delay fuze
M

Mt
Mt;Man
Mt
Mt;Mk; MK
NtMaske
NI, m
M;tMi
kienechs

Main
See K~in; Man'~v
Marine
Marko (Kennzeichen)
Meter
Mine

In
I Md; MB !.such as in
M;
8. cm GrWM 35 (n)l
(eFH18BM; IFII18mM)
M
NI-1 (kanone)'
MA; Ms
MAA
Mag Gew
ManlManiv;
MAN
Man~'?I
M~r
Marlag
MB; Mt; Md
MB; NUB
Nt-Boot
Nt-Boot
Mdg .
Mdich
Mdlchb; MIB; Mb
Mdlchf
Mdlchsch
Me
imE
ME
Mebu

FMF

River Main
Navy Naval
Mark (identification)
Gas mask
Metre (ir.)
Mine
Mortar shell; high capacity. HE missile

But
Mu~ndungsbremse

with
Muzzle brake of the Norwe!an Lauricber 3

[8.1 cm Granarwerfer mi~t Mi~ndungs


bremse type 35 (Norwegian)]
(leichte Feldhaubitze mit Mu~ndungsbrems.t)
Muster

Light field howitzer~pattern 18 provided with muzzle broke

Munirionsanstal

Pattern; model; saamtle


Designation of a gun, Cal 305 min
Cassel, Hannover, Ingolstadt, juterbog, Konigsberg,
AmmuniStetion
ad
epot; amm
to oaigfcoy
sc)sa

Marineartillerirsbteilung
Naval coast artillery battalion
Magazingewehr
Magazine rifle
Mangver
Mnue
See under Warplants (descriptive section)
aberlrartusche
"at
Blank cartridge
Mar~nelager
Prisoner-of-war camp for sailors
Mundungshremse
Muzzle brake
See Mdlchb
Minensucherhoot
Mine sweeper
Motor boat
Motorboat
Wrdung
Muzzle
Mundloch
Fuze hole; adapter opening
lMundlochbUchme
Gaine type, fuze-booster concainer
Mundlochfutter
Gamne (lit Fuze hole casing)
Mundlochschraubir
Adapter plug (Ammo)
Meauerscha'id:
Designation of airplanes built by Messerschmidt Co
mit Eisenkern
With iron core (bullet)
mit Eatkupferungsband
With a decoppering atrip
Ntaschinengevehr-Eisenbeton UtitcrMtchine gun in reinforced concrete pillbox
stand
MED (in rocket designaetion, mit elugebauten DrennzUnder
Markings on a 300 mm HE rocket. spin stabilized
such as 30 cm WV&
42 spr (30 cm Wurfk~rper 42 Sot MEB)
and provided with a time fuze (TM 9-1985-2, p 251)
MEB)
Marineform
Naval design
MI
Motnorfahrzeug
Motor vehicle
M-Flak
Flugzeugahwehirmaachinenkanione
Automatic AA gun, much as 3.7 cm Nt-Flak
mFmW
mittleter Flammenwerfer
Medium-weight flame thrower
MPS
Marinef unitstelle
Naval radio station
MG; MGew
Matchlneagewchr
Machine gun
mg
Milllpiamm
MlHgramm
MGOB
(schwerea) Maschinengewehr
(Heavy) machine Bu-1 (Maxim) 1908 construction
Konatruittion von 1909 (Max Im)
MGOO/15
(elichtes) Maschlnengaesu
Kn
(Light) machine gun, 1909 construction with changes of
utruk-tlon von 1906 mit Xnderungen
1915
von 1915

Gecr 328~
Sec under Wnrplanta (descriptive section)
Mortar (on motor tractor)
(adf Kraftlus)
With reduced bursting charge
out geringerer Sprengladung
Minengeschoss (Minerogeschoas Patrone HE, high capacity projectile (IIEIC fixed found without
ohflC Zenlegen)se-dtuco)
2 con Maschinengewehr in den Ffloselo 20 mm Machine gun in the wings of an airplane
MGFP (2cm)
cines Fluozeug
20 mm Machine gun FFM
2 cmn Maachineagewehr FFM
MtG FFM (2 cm)
High capacity lHE shell; mine shell (37 mm HEIIC fixet"
Minetogranate (3.7 cm MinenogranateIG-r; Mgt (such as 3.7 con
touawd patter.I 18)
paaron 18)
Slgrpstr 18)
Trench mortar
Mincagranatwerfer
*MGtT
Medium mortar(8l mm)
Mittlerer Granatwerfer
MC01; -nGrW
With green signal
unit grilr Vorsignal
igV
With ballistic cap; with windshield
mit Haube
tml-b; mHbe
HE heavy howitzer shell with ballistic cap (windshield)
likserLauhengranarte
Ml~bair
Mine
Mi; Mminin
A/P lnnd mine filled with 13 oz piorrac acid
A200
Mine
* Mi A200
See under Warplants (descriptive t~ection)
MiAG
Army camp
Milit'grlager
Milas
Minesweeper
Minensucher
Min-Su
Trench mortar
Minenowerfer
MiW
pMin%%;
See MP; Mipo
Mipo
oz picric acid
A/P land mine containing 5%4
Mine S 150
Mi S 150
Medium size charge
mittlere Ladung
not Ldg; mittlL.dg
See MinWf
* ?iW
See MWPr
MiWfPr
Mine igniter
Minenz"ide
ie
l
rts
Pressure type igniter for use in captue
Mineuziider 530 (eatliach), Mk3
MiZ 530(e), Mk 3
Mark 3 (TM 9-1985-2, p 305)
Mark; pattern
M~tmarlk
Automatric cantion
VMacchineakartone
Mk'
Machine carbine; submachine gun
'Maschinenkarabiner
mit; MKb
cap; capped
itKpeWith
mK
core
With
Kern
mKmit
With a shutter safety device (Percussion fuze 3075 with a
mi.. Klappensicher'ang
nK; MK(in fuzc designsr
shte afety device)
t4ion such as AZ 5075 MK) (Aufschlagzbnder 5075 mit
Designation of a cascade target indicating flare (TM 9-18-2
sicheru
ar 50s
~ Kiape
~
Ml'~50
50 Kaskad
Mar
pp 71-3)
Naval coast artillery
arilei
M~~arineKmus
MKA
See MX; MKb
MKb
Designation of a two-candle sea flare (TM 9-1985-2, p 77)
hIlS
Ammnunition trucim
Munitionskraftwage:
Mkw
with pneumatic recuperator
Luftvorholer
mit
L
*
Gamne-type fuze-booster container
Mundlochblichse
MLB; MIb; M
With muzzle brake
trit Miindongsbremse
mMb
SMM.
astoilon)
(descriptive
Warplanra
under
See
MNH
With overhead ignition
mit Obersibidung
.0
Model; pattern
'Modell
mod
Large caliber, short barrel howitzer, mortar
Mi~;
rsM~rser
motorized
motorisiert
mar
metric tons per month
MOTOMonat-Tonne
4
ahn itol; automatic pistol (Called later StuG-44)
Maciepaoe
MOTO.
armor-piercing cap
With
mit Panzerkopf
M
rP
military pt-ice
Militgripolizel
I;Mp
I
Medium A/T sunstrsinlctide(ogag)
mittleire Panzerabwehrkanone
mpak
Ground illuminating, singlestsinlcride(ogag)
Melde'acrl
M~~arr
Pha
Wt
P~anzerkopf
mit
mP
~~mPz;
t
generator
smoke
With
itRouchentwickler
mp, (black stencilling)
smonke generator, type 8
it sucenticker r BWith
mRS
With recoil
it Rohirdelklatlf
Inr
M~I~A
MlGertrMsicr
tol set Sprldft
MGeadI- (such as MGeach
Part ozeti)

plro
hMral. (such as in 17 cm
hMgaL)
MSMaBrs
Ms
hISGcr

see M8rs'il
MO'ater L (17 con Mimrser L.)
Manschaftsabel
*Messing

MinensuchgerlitMiedtco

o
Marking o

170 mm howitzer

Enlisted personnel's sword


BManedtco

Msth

Scale; standard;ru
Pattern; mPOtdel

btssa
Mster

Mair

MtlK

NMantelkunopecktd

Munition
utg
Mun;Munri~Munitionstrager
M~wFMunitionsfabuik
Meueutond Rauchparo
* M-unR-at
M-u -Parr Mldewid aucpatrnenGround
Div; MV
mit Verzggerung
Inveist F
mit vcrstarkrt Fljchbolzen
my F
mnit vorderem Piihrungsring
mVorl
mit Vorlage
Mvdl (21 cm)
21 cm Mbrser vereinfachte Unterlafette
rnVuK
mit Verzigerung und Iclappensicherung
Minenwerfer
MWA
See Marine Waffeniamt in the vocabulary
*MVMZ; m'WML.
Mittlerer Wuxfn;d~imu ZUnder
MW'Pr MiWfPr
Minenwerfee-Pr-otze
mwV
mit weissem Vorsignal
MoJn

*MW

Ammunition
Ammunitioni carrier
Ammunition factory
Ammunition wagon, cison
signal and smoke cartridges
V/rh delay action (Fz1
With reinforced centrifugal safety bolt
With forward rotating band
With flash reducer
Simplified lower carriage for 210 mmn howitzer
Faze equipped with delayed action and folding safety device
Trench mortar
Fuze for mnediumn size mortar, such as Soi mm
Mortar ammunition wagon; limber; caisson
With white signal

N
N

oee Nb
See Wh
norwegisch

(ii)

(n)
N;
*

~t~Nordin

nA; NA
Nuclif
iNachf
NAG
Nb; N; NeL
Nb; N(white stencilling)
Nbil 7,38

netr Art
Nmtcbfnlper
Nachforschung
Nationale Automobil Gesellachaft
Nebel
Nebelgeachoss
Nehelbretrszu"Ider 38

*NbC

*(15

NbGri. NbGr
NbGr( Pr)
Nbligr
NbK N~zNebelkerse
NbKz L42
NbKzS
NbKzWfldg
NbMun,
NbS; NS
NbSt
NbSt
NbW
cm NbW4I)
* (28/32 cm NbV4I)
* 21 cmn NbW 42)
(30 cam NbW 42)
1(15 cm NbW 10 liag 42)
(15 cme NbW 30 ling 43)
* Nb~stNebexrtur

Nebelkerze, lang 42
Schnellnebelkerze
Nebelkersen Wurfladung
Nebelmunition
Nebelsignal
Nebelstoff
Nebelwurfgranate aus'Stahl
Nebelwerfer
(15 cm Nebelwerfer 41)
(28/32 cmi Nebelwerfer 41)
(21 cme Nebelwerfer 42)
(21 cm Nebelwerfer 42)
(1c
eewre-Zbjn
2
(1; cm Nebelwerfer Dreisaig ling 43)
Nebelcylindriache (Bombe)
neuere Conatrulttion
Nebelcyl indri ache 250.

NC; NbC(ftombe)
*n
NC 250s
NC 50 WVC
NC D/SEE
NdP; NP
Neb
peb
Neb-Ma
nF
nF; NF
Ng; Ngl

See NC
Nebelgranale
Nebelgranate (Press-stof!)
NeehngaaeSmoke

Nebelcylindriache 50 VC
Nebelcylindri ache D/SrE
Nudelpulver'
gee Nb; N
neben
Nebenimunltionaanstalt
nrea Fertigung
eter Form
Nittoglyxerin

Norwegian (mark on equipment)


North
of new type or pattern (See also aA and nF)
Successor
Investigation; search
National Automobile Corporation
Smoke; fog; gas
Smoke shell
Friction igniter, pall type, typo~ 38, used in smroke
grenade (TM1 9-19815-2, p 233)
Smoke shell
Smoke shell with plastic faze body (TM 9-1985-3, p 607)
hand grenade
Smoke candle; thermal smoke generator
Long thermal smoke generator 42
Rapid thermal smoke genierator
Propelling charge for thermal smoke generator
Smoke ammnunition
Smoke signal
Smoke producing material
.Seel mortar shell
Rocket launcher (lit Chemical smoke projector)
(150 mm Rocket launcher 41) (Six cubes)
(280/3 2 C min Rocket launcher 41)
(210 mm R. cket launcher 42)
(210 mm Rocket launcher 42)
10m Ten tube rocket launcher)
(150 mm Thirty rube rocket launcher 43)
Smoke disperser
Smoke cylindrical (bomb)
Of new type construction (See nK)
Cylindrical smoke bomb filled with mixture of sulfur trioxide
60 and chlorosalfonic acid 407. (TM 9-1985-2, p 59)
Floating cylindrical smoke marker bomb (TM 94W~d-2, p 59)
Floating cylindrical smoke marker (TM 9-1985-2m p 59)
Chopped cord propellant; nodular propellant
besides; next to
Branch ammunition depot
New model
of new shape
Nitroglycerin

Ntrl; NBI1'

Nittoillyzorinpulver

N:,!
1l1

N iso I yzcrrin t 1rtchnpulv cc


*t'~plpNitroglyzerin

Iboublt-buac~ NG AC prol Ollant -abilized with cenitelite,


acardite or diphenylunnine
NC-tiC flake propellunt

':GRI,

F'litrrcnpulvcr
NirogIyze-rin 11lnrcepulver

NiuNirogunnidin
NitronIC (forrneiy oC)

See Nz
ncuerte Konstriuktion (neue.-e Construt.-

of ne%-type construction

NK~
Biruino NK (')l

tin
ll0uno N Kanone (rieban)

Mnda:ato
lrkinagi on a 280 mmn Drunni railroad gun (T1L! 9-1985-3,
p 529)

N Kz
Nwfun
NpNirp~caPTN
NP
N13
Np5, Np 10, etc
NPatr
NpGcwll

Np!)
Nt
NS0
NS13; N rST

NCDNC propeil~n! in the folm of flat dinecs


NGNC tubular propellant
Nito,3unnidinc (NGu)

See Nbl(
Scc NbMun
(pen~aerythritol tetmanitfate)
Sc-c NdP
NullpUnhtt
Nitropento 5-, Nitfopenta 10, etc
Nahpatrorie
Nittopentagewebrpulver

Nkforoentnpulver
Nummer

See NbS
N itroze IIulo ae-Sc war zp ulver7

NtzI
NVA'
Nz; Nitroz
NZNvvmalzelt
Na; Nw'p

Zero point; zero


PE iN + 5, F-'ETN + 10, etc percenri wax
Low velority bull round for close range
Smoll aims double base propellant of PETH and NC
stabilized with diphenylamine and including ethyl
centralite and VCsulfate
Propellent containiuij PETN
Number
initer powder consisting of black povider bound hy
colloided NC (See aleo under Ignition in descriptive pact)
Useful load ; pay load

Nutzlast
See wider Vwiplaucs, etc in descriptive part
Nitro:,.elluanae
Nitrocellulose (NC)
Standard time
Nittrcellulonepc
ie
Single base NC ptopelleat stabilized with diphenylaminite
and with Na oxalete and K sulfate added to reduce flash
Gewehbsgulitrcbepulver
NC (lake propellant for rifle ammunition
Nz~wllPNitrroellulose
14z(;cWl>
Nitrozellultice Gewchrpelver
Stmall arms NC propellant stabilized with diphenylamine,
and including ethyl ceatralite aikd K sulfate
NzMant4P
Nitrnrzelluloac Mangver Nudelptolver
Porous quick buraina NC, chopped cord propellant used
in drill ammunition aod in igniters (See alao wider IS.,ition in descriptive part)
NaN!)
~Nitrorelluloat Nudaple
NC chopped cord propellant
'See Nz NxP
NaP
NC tubular propellant
NzRP
:Nitrozellulora Rglhvcupulver
NC strip propellant (for pinrola)
Nittroellulome Stacehenpulver
NzStbP
NC propellant, finely granulated
Nitrozellmslosae Staubpulvet
NzStr-

0; Ob; Obat
6
o; 0
0Oaten

Obeffat
ohne
ote

~i~)0atcrielct'incl

ohne Fuilltmr
0(black stencilling)'
ohne Aluminiusm
oAI (white atencilfinS)
ohne Aufaehlapzi~nduri8
oAz
see0; Ob
* ob
Orttbattetie
08
Oberbefeblehaber
Obbfbb
thne Bleidrabt
oB!)
Oberleutnmant
Cpberlt; Ohlt
Oclrochecnien
0bric'
Oberetileunant
Obezatit
Oberfeldwet-ol
Obfdsw
0bedeouexwertrer
WINw
AlKrerOberkcriegaegicht

Colonel
without
fimed; permanent; static
Emat
Austrian (morking on equipment)
Without fillin3 (marking on some inert shells)
Without aluminium (in, HE *hell filling)
Fuze without percussion element
Local battery
Commander in chief
Without lead wire servinS am decoppering .agcnt
First lieutenant
Upper Silesia
Lieutenant colonel
Master iieracunt (except Arty)
Ordnance scorgeant; artifier
General Court-mertial

t~l'lc;Cc
011' :r
t~l~Qu~
~b~tl~rr(l*Crquartier 1 5 .jne r
0hcc
0,e(jObst
91)us; Omno
miu

Aiu
Am

Oberwachr,,,eister
of)

Oc!
*)erl Flak
Off;
Off; 0hzOfie
Offz
~~Offizier
(W)
OFK
o6 a;ujl,
oKi
OKII

Motor bus

~ro

l h
lu nmeat r
tbec~himesterMaster
olin flaikon
c! koDesignation

(Arty)
Ch ie f p asergeant
y ni na r er~
undated

Ocelikon Flu~zeugbwehrkanone
OffZOcr!ikon
des W affenwes~ns(Waffen_
of fizi er)
of~r
Oberfek;oin andat

Qerlikon Co.gu
Co.gu
Odac
fie
Ordnace ofie

,'J

of ammlfunition of weAPOns

Fusblh~,..,

ohnc HL11-.ilc
Obet.zommando des lieeres
O~~~i.'
le.....Luftwaffe
0KM
OL :bikadOekwad
derKiesmrc
OXWOberkernmando
de
resaieHigh
0KW
(liefrn~
0 ~ W-hrmacht
oLohne
Ladestre-fen
OM (black stencilling)
ohne M~indlochbih~Selwtotgm
OKI
ohne Mi~nungshremse
oRohne
RauchSmkls
oR (black rtencilling)
ohne Rauchentwickler
*OS
IV
ofiirsae
oz
onne Vrun
r
oz.
zeanOcean

P; Part
P; P6

uate,,a

uremse

audbth

High Field Command


StRsion:4ry or fixed AA gun
Without a cartidge case
High Command of the Army
ghf
Hg Commaand of hc Air Fotces
Command of the Navy
Hi-gh C~ommand of the Armed Forces
Without cartridge clip
Whl ithout

Cuaine
brake

Shoelleshua

otic

nc

legeeao

Officer's rcword
Without delay (Fz)

P
See Patr, p
See PG; P

I'Pistole
See Pist
(P Po;Plepolaisch
Polish (marking on equipment)
P; Pol; Polte
See under Warplants (descriptive section)
P; v uvP
l e
Powder; propellanz
P
~~PunktPit
PA
Panzerabviehr
Aontitn
ees
Note
Sueradedin ompound words by FPzJag (Panzerjgger),
which ane.ns tank destroyer
PAe; PA
Petrolatber
Petroleum ether
Pak; PAK
Panzerabwehrknuone
.
,Antitank
gun
Not;
uprseedincomupound words by PzJagK
(PanzerjuSgerk a one), which means tan
destroyer gun
Pak,-Flak
P anzerabwehz. und Flugabwehrkanone
Aulritank-antiaircrtift artillery
Putr; P
Patrone
Cartridge; round
Note: 'When the word "Part" is included
in a designation, such as 7.5 cm SprgrPatt, of fixetd ammunaition
it indicates a complete round of fixed
ammunition (Compare with "Kart")
Part MS
Patrone 318
AlP fixed round of ammo used in A/T rifle
Putt B; Pair Br
39
Patrone, Bffand
HE-Inc round of fixed ammo
Paolias
Patronenhasten
Patrast
Cartridge case (of fixed ammo)
atroenkatenCartridge
Puttr l4S; Part is
box; amumunition container
Patronen leichtes Spitzgeschoss
Light, pointed ball ammunition
(filled with aluminum)
ratrleS
IS L'siirPatose
Pst
leehts Sitz eac osa mit
Light, pointed ball ammunition with tracer,
L'spur
used for
Leuchtepur
practice
PatitPinI
Patronen, Phosphor, mit Stahlkern
Ball ammunition, Phosphorus, with steel
Pitts; Pstrstr
core
P'atronenatreifen
Cartridge
P AtrSo
clip
Patrone S*
Signified that cartridge was made of brans
coneisting of
Part SinE
Patronen Spitzgeschotr,, mit Eisenkern
Pointed
ball
amamunition with iron core. SAP bullet
Pstr SmFf!2
Patronen $pitzgeschosu mit Eieae~kern
Pointed ball ammunition (SAP) for 7.92
a .sniper's rifle
fur
Scharfachu~tzengeeignet
Pntr SIX! (1g)
Patronen Spitzgeschoss mit Eisenkern
Long, pointed ball ammunition with iron
core; SAP round

(ier 112

Pate Still
Pair SmKI'spur

*f
*pis;

lPntronen Spirzg~eschess, mit Stahilkern


PateSn~~ll Paroao Sitzgachas it tn~kcr~

Pointed ball ammunition with steel core-;AP nh{t


Pointed ball ammunition with hadJened steel co~e;

>Ishot

Parronen Spitzgenchsts fair Stahilketo


Pointed bull ammunition with steel core and tracer, AP-T
und Leuchtspur
round
'Pair as
Patronen schweres spiezgcachost;
Heavy, pointed ball ammunition (streamlined)
Pa-'r as it
Patronen, schweres Spitzgeschoss, iii
Ieavy, pointed ball ammunition (hard lead core), in clip
LaJcstreifen
'PartrS
Petrone, Stahl
Steel cartridge case
Puff St
Patrone, Stahl
Steel cmttridge case
Patert
Patronientrommel
Cartridge drum
PC lDombe
Psnzerdurchacblagcylitidri ache Bombe
Awmor-piercing cylindrical bomb (Loading factor 15-20% HE)
lExamples: PC 100O kg, known sks "Esaui" and PC 10f0 kgs, known as "Fritz" (TM 9-1985-2, pp 24-25)A
:Pc-US Bombcn (suchiiso
Pmanzerdurchschilagcylindrischen
Itocket-assisted cylindrical! armor-piercing bombe,S00 kg
500 kit and 1000 kg)
Raketenstart liomben
and 1000 kg (TM 9-1985-2, pp 2&.i)1
PD Bombe (PD 500* 1)
Panzerdiclrenwand Bombe
Armor-piercingS thick-wallca bon,!) (Loading factor 10% HE)
PrSof(Pmnizerdlcketiwnnd Bombe 500 kg)
(500 kgsAP thick-wade-ti bomnb)
(jrbnkreofA
"Giree.. cf.).'s-a chokinig Sgem (CWS)
P1n
Pu?
:Pfd Z8
'(mit) PierdzuS
Horne-drawn
P1
Plennig
PlenniS (1/100 of mark)
!PG (black 4tenicilling)
Perlitguass'tahl
Shell of vesst steel in the pearlite condition
PGrI
See Pzgr
*Ph (black inten~t: Iling); P
Phosphor
Phosphorus incendiary filling
PH
Panzerhaubitze
Armored howitzer teeli-propelled mount)
(IPI or IePil)
(leichte Panzerhaubitze)
(Light armored howitzer)
* opl)(schwere
Panzelhaubitze)
(Medium heavy armored howitzer),
Ptim 3; PzlldMi3
Panzerhandmine,3kir
3 kgsMagnetic mine AlT hollow charge
Pict., P
Pi stole
Pistol
P.int Nahjeart
Pistolen Nabpatrone
Pistol cartridge, close range, low velocity pistAl round
Piet Nshpatr 08 S
,
itoe Naytrn 08:~t
9 mm Low velocity pistol rownd,pattern 1908, with steel bullet
:Pist Patt 08; PPatr 08
Piatolenpatrone 08
9 mai boll ammunition for pistol
PilstPate 08 mE
Plstotenpatrone 08 mit Eisenkern
9 mmn
pistol rovind with iron core bullet; SAP pistol ammnunition
Piatpatr 06 MSE
Piatolenpatrone 08 mit Sintercisen
9 mm pistol round with aintered iron bullet
ita tr 08, St
Pistoileupatrone 08, Stahl
9 mm pistol round. steel case
P~LPivotinlfette
Pivot mounting; rotating mount (Arty)
P]; Pp 8B
Sic PzjI8 and Jgdi Pz
PJK; PJ'agK
SeecP zj&BK
Pit; PMast
Pulverkasren
Ammunition btx
PKpfw
Set- PzI~pfWS
Pkw
Sac Pz~w
PL [such as in
mrigo
efpoeldrce
aece
PLW 42 (51)]
[PL Werfer 42 (Selbutfahrleilette)1
akn nasl-rple
oktluee
'Pip
P~ettCheti"Ivet
M'ltiperforated disc propellant
Pli,
Plattenoulver
Ptope'lant in the form of circular dinsc without a ccntral
(used in mnorrars); rolled propellant; sheet propellant
-trhole
PIP
Plar
Platzpatrone
Blcank cartridge
PlPsrrGer
'Platzpatronengerat
See Vocabulary
PMI; PulvMag
Pulv ermagazin
Powder magazine; ammunition magazine
P tax;,Ph mE.
Posphorgeschono mit Stahikern
AP-Inc bullet with phosphorus and a steel core
* P-Wa~n; PI-Mun
P-latqf stronenmun~fition
Blank ammunition
PL;,o; O
Pulver ohen L-89wtgsmittel
Solventless propellant (propellant produced without the
use nf a solvent)
Pom
Pommern
Pomerania
PP
Polizeipiacole
Police pistol (such as Walther)
PPatr 08
See PIs:Patr 08
VPK
polizeipi stole ,Kriminal
Criminal detectives pistol (such as Walther)
Pr
Prisaling
Pressed article; molding
q
:Pr
Preqn-titahl
Preased steel
Pr, Prs
Prs-tolf
Thermonsetting plastic; (lit Pressed material)
Pr,
Pzotze,
Limber (Arty), caisson
(Pr 1 12 cmnGrV 42)
(Protze NUr12 cm Granat'vcrfer 42)
(Limber ins 120 mm mortar pattern 42)
Prf; FrGIl
PrUfunsg
Test examination; checki
!PrGesch
Phoaphorgescliors
Pitoaphorius projectile
See Prop~r
Pa~e-. PEG

1 iM
P aMon
llroplcr; Propsr; 1114.;r
P roz
P'ro
Prhf
PSPferdc-starke
PSO4;~P SGr
P:;tz (such as in 21 cmi
PS~c
P SW ..
PT
PUIV,
VUlv-ah'r
1'.V
Pvsz (such a-%in
K Z ZcrPv SO

I,WM

~~feuf~schc

1.eie
P~ho sphlormunat ionl

i'-ssian mile (7.54 2 km)


i ho sphord S ammuani ion

1)fopaga nda gritn gtc


Pro?.ont
Press! ingsuil~itillung
SePIfr; Prhf
lsWropagamidaw!rfer

P'roaganda ishell; leaflet rocket


Pr.n
~
Cusing or jacket made of presved muaterial

See P zSGr
Pulverstdrzc (21 cmnT'ulverstlitze DO)
DO)munition)
Pulvertempera'.ur
See 11, PuIV
1Pilverfabrik
l~ulv-!r
l'ulvcr, Stahl
(Konfximnder,zerlcger.Puiver, Stahl)
;Cc Plzwg

Pyrotechniker
Panzer
Panzerabteiluaig (Fliammenwerfer)
Panizerabwehrobteilung
Panzerb'dchse; Panzerabwehrbuichse
Parizerbefebi swagen; gepanzerter
Befehlawagen
Pz~o~gPanzerbeobachtungswagen
PzF
Panzerfaust
PzF 60
Panzerfaust 60
PZF(kI)
Panserfaust (kcleio)
PZFUWB
Parizerfunkwagen
Pzsr, PzGr
Penz,6rgranate
*
Pzgr
39
Paaaergranate 39

Pzsr 40
*Pzsr 41

Pazrrnt
0All
Panizergratiate 41

Pzgr Patr
(2.8 cm Pzgt Putt 41)

Panzergranxte P~tione
(2-8 cm Panriergranate Patrone 4!)

Pzgr Parr L'spur (119)

Purnzergranate Patrone Leuchtspur

trw)Patizergrar'ate
(Weicheisen)
Pz]6g; P2zJg; Pj; tPJal'
Panzerj~ger
.PzjmgK; PJIC; PzJK
Parrzerjiierkannne
PKsuhas in
Pairizerkopf
KGfr 15 PzK;,
(Kanone-Granate 15 mil Panzerlropf)
r'z!pfW; Px;; PzKpfWa
Panzetkampi'wagen
*(See 'also Paczer in the descriptive part)
PzKw;Pkw
i
Pitozerkraftwasen
PzMi 43
Patizermine 4)
Parizer-Selbstfahtlafette
PzSI; fPzSf
Pinverstablgisoate
PzS~r; IPSGa; PsGr
Pan~zeraprec~grast
*zp~rcr, Pzaprgr
zp~;PSW, PSpWV; PSPW Panizerop~hwaiten
PT
1)
Panzerturm
Panszerwagen
*Pawg-;' PW8
Panzernaffe
Piuff
Panzervwfkorper
PzVK;, Pz~kpr
42 fi'r Louhtpistole
PaYK 4:i LPazrufopr
*

Ammunition temperature
P'owder factory
Designation of slow-burning powider used in time-delay Fz
Powder (black), steel
(Nose fuze self-destfoying hlacli powder unit, steel body*,

See PzWuMi

Plyt
13Z
PzAbt(F)
114AbwAbt
PaD
PzB efW~t; RptBef~g

lProp.llent support (Propellent s;upt-,rt DO0in 210 mal amn-

~e1'sPW

flt-32

Launcher for propaganda projectile


hlorzsepower

P~ui;P11

VIrzM

Panzervurfanine

Designation of a pressure type igniter used in some imnprovised mines (TM 9-1985-2, p 298)
Artificer (Military).See Feuerwerker
Tank; armor, armored vehicle
Atmore-d flaime-throwaer detachment
Antitank battalion
Antitank title
C.'smmander's armored vehi Ie
Armored vehicle used lot artillery spotting
A/T shapa!d charge missile
Hand operated grenade launcher A'T, 60 (weight 93 Ib)
Small hand operated grenade launcher, A 'T (weight 5111VI
Armored radio car
Solid AP projectile
AP
ClE(ro-piercing capped, ballistic cap, high
explosive) shell, type 39
shell with a tungstea carbide core, type 40
AP shell with a tungsten carbide core ior tapered bore
Sun, type 41
Antitank projectile in fixed ammunition
%28 mm AP shell for 28/20 mm Tapered Bore Gun cailed
SPBU 41)
AP-T fixed round containing a charge of irritant
Antitank shell, soft iron
Tank destroyer (lit Tank hunter) (See also JgdPz)
A/T Siut (lit Tank hunter's gun)
Armor-pietcini, cap
(Cannon shell 15 with AP cap)
See Vocabulary
Armored motor car
Magnetic A/T mine. 43
Armored selfp.popelled fgun mount
Steel armor-piercing shell (with small HE content)
Antit'ank-high explosivc shell
Armored reconnaiessance car; armored scout wehi,.le
Turret of a tank
Armored combat vehicle
Armored troops; tank troops
Hollow charge A/T projectile fired from sirnal pistol
Hlollow charge A/T projectile pattern 42 fired from 23 mm
signal pistol
grenade or mine
Illo
hreAT

zHolwcaicA
1Yui V

Q:.

i'

(IC11

Qnvti; Qum
Q uiQuerschnitt

Qut tschnitsbcl astung


Quandratzentimeter
Qu~irtierinc~ister

I
.p.

*.s*

Ph 11
i

R
* R, I'~....Raketc
It
R; Ho
* 11 RuR~hre
11; R11
it
* r; rd
IiRun'
(r); rusf
HS8; RII, t~c (black sten' cilling)
*

116hr'enpulv-r
RdUckstosslader
rund
opfigesc'loss
russisch
Rauchentwickler Nr 9, Nr lete

Smok.- t nerator
Barrdl ((. p'ipe; t.1be
Rad;.o tube; i.'..zle
Tubular propei mnt
Recoil-operated ,in
round
Round.- headed project. I!
Russian ' matking on eq, 'paiellt)
Shell containing smoke ge*.eratar No 8, No 11, etc

Rheintochter 3
Radio
Radfahrobteilung
Raketen Ag
(21 cm Raketen As M.42)
Ra'upe
Rauipenfahrzeug
Rtaupe:::hlepper

Daughter of the Rhein 3 (radio. -ontrolled AA rocket)


Radio (See also RF)
Bicycle detachment
Desi~gnation of a single-barreled laun..~- tor 21 cma
RLg Rocket (TM 9-1985-2, p 259)
Caterr~illar track
Full-track vehicle
Caterpillar tractor
arwddrcl
not

rnattr
RbIF
R-Boot
R S (such at
R'100 BS
RbZdh
licklf
Rd

reitende Batturie
Rundblickferarohr
Rgumboot, Minenrgumer

Mounted battery
Panoramic telescope
Mline sweeper
Marking on an air-to-air incendiary rocket equipped vth
"(.)hron Gerfit" (TM 9-1985-2, p 255)

Rd(
'RDs; RDG (such as
8.6 cm RD 8 1000)
'Rdir
Rdr
1.Dz
Rev

See Radf

R-3

'Rad
iRadfAbt; RdfAbt
RIAg (ir. rocket launcher
de signation 21 cm RAp.M4 2)
:Raup; Rp
AaupFzg: RpFzg
* RaupS".ti; RpSchl

Rd

Rauchentwickler
Rohr

(Rakete 100 BS)


See RZdh
Rlicklauf
gee Radf
Reinsdorf

Recoil (of weapons)


Reinsaotf Plant (See under Warplants in desi-riptive section)

Raketendrahtgeirat
Rocket wirc barrage (86 mm rocket contg a parachute suspended
(8.6 c~mRakentendrohtger~'t 1000)
zpool of wire with no explosive attached (TMJ 9-1985-2, p 240)
Rechtedrall
Clockwise rifling (Weapons)
Reichadruckerei
Government Printing Oifice
Rsnddiisazu"Ader
Rimivent fuze (Ammo) (See cIRDZ)
Revolver
Revolver
RevK
Revolvcrkanone
Revolver gim
REw
Rouchentwicklet
Smoke generator
RI; R-frei
Rohulrei '.Empty
gun barrel
RIF
-Rundfunk
R adio; broLdcastiniRf (such as
Ru~ckarossfell; Rgltckluflos
Recoilless. (75 mm Recoilless cannon, pattern 43)
7.5 cm ROC 43)
(7.5 cm Ruckt! aeria
e43
RFK;RflCR"ksomrikna
Recoilless Sim (See also DiiV)
RrR
See under Varplanta (descriptive section)
RIW
.
R~ciratosafreier Verier
Recoilless launcher
RgRing
Ring
RgK
SeeIIK
KSr
Rlogpulver
Flat ring (washer) type ptropellant (used In some howitzers
and mortars)
RtGr
..
Raketetogranate
Rocket-assisted pro jecrile
RGr
Ratichgranarc
Smoke *hell
RgStZ (such $0
Ringstlitze
Ring on tripod support
DOV ItStZ 15)
Rh
*Rhein
Rhein (river)

(.er 115

O'S ttt)r
On

Sheitnetl ~r~ns
S'e
ecitv
(Aufsichlagziinder 150 Rhiniimetall S)
lteichs lntienMinjsterium

O designation

~Y.l~0ll~S~
,..

*HmRitemeister
it I
it i,.'
K
OKRohrtkarre
lt~l4-atehW-A.pet

Rauchk~rper
Ringicanone
f6i Beobar:htungszwecke
Rauchk8rper f(6 Schiedsricbter

R* 1KI'
*Radlafette
I_. Il'dI#
filt.(; IRL8
121.,.112~.t(21

Rtihrenlaffette
Ralteten Leuchtger~t
cm Raketer Leuchtger~it)

~Ralteten

ItI(.
'tK

Leuehtgera~t Scheingeschoss
richgduftfahrtmin;,steritun

It~Kricchumark

ItM
kltigeglmirte

..

'

Rumanian (marking on equipment)


Cross bar mine
AlT mine 43 described in TM 9-1985-2, pt 272)
Rimless cartridge case of SA ball ammo
Namne of metallurgical plant in Saar
(210 mm R13chling Aaticoncrete Projectile,'
Recouil brake (Arty)
HE shell giving red smoke burst

kireglmine 43)
tillen,,iunition
I Ochling
cm R~chlingsgpaaate, Beton)
'tohrbremse
it

II*~h
i. n
H.,:t.I

Propellant in the form of long tubts (Usual form of


German cannon propellant)
Tub'ular NG propellant of calorific value 950 kcal/Ltg
useci in Naval guns since about 1912
NG propellant of cal value 820 kcal/Irg whiich
replaced RP 12 in Naval guns
Tubula DEGDN pzf'pellant of calorific v-'lue 820
kcal/kg which replaced RP 32
Same as ahv,.qe but it contained ci-nitronaphthalene
Tubular DEGDN-NC propellant which superseded Rl3 38
in Naval guns. Its calorific value varied between 690
and 730 kcal/kg
Same as above but containing a-aitmonnphthalene

onpulver

lI.,.

11 pole 12
32Tubular

n Ilvl
Itolir. :pu

4-r 4,1
4. Nitronaphthalin

tli~rrv,4ulv.

I~Lint.,h,,,,.ver -Il Natrou tiohthz.lin


mt.lsisi ' salts
contiivtIiI.

V .4
Notr None of thr. I:1

403 pfopbl.el.Ii.

( onsi

UI&.hreti::ulver

HI'(.
i

It

.1rlplv

Smoke signal cartridge


Tubular propellant used in Naval guns type 1912

ktiuon 12

RoIlre-lpul ver C(

2'we
1 1;* i 11

(de-s.riptl
11Iv..r)

s-1hrit

e section)
Standard tubular propellAnt (sec- .alm, I;I'

I J'soit.4
(14It t(It.rit
-H'gi11,ltrI

Marking on the PD fuze 150 mnantmfd by the Rheinmetall


Co (TM 9-1985-3. p 564)
Deportment of the Interior
Captain (cavalry)
S-noke fillet (Ammo); smoke-puff charge (cimdated fire)
Built-up gun barrel; jacketed gun
rubular gun carriag.Smoke puff charge for observation purposes (auch as in
maneuvers)
See in Vocabulary
Wheeled gun carriage
Tubular gun carriage
Rocket flare device
1210 mm Rocket -ontaining a parachute sitspended flare
(TM 9L-1985-2, pp 258-9)1
Rocket illuminant simulating device
Air Force Ministry
See in Vocabulary

I ,n.rluOeU
Lkt':

1k,

'1

'

.h'ow

~~~ti..

~d

p 2.1 '01

114fe41,
I

AlT rocket launcher


98mm A/T rocker launch"r tyle *A4,ral11 IP.- .or%-hreck)
charge rocket fired frug'. A/T1 rifle
I&
188 - m HIE IloC rockrt, fill allilized (l KM0,19'h

,'4bIto

r -. IligI
,01Sitell
cli k Al
PA

ving irril,'i fiiloing, luch Atstrar g4% fir

I rttia,qI%

UP

lIt
RS~I'S

zl

a.I,%~

t li~a
tle'

(8.6 cut l's-' gr 1. 4.'. 4111i1


l~~~;"

IK6 rill Itk'~PIi'ilr...1119~


I

(8.6 cm 0'I

'i.)

telp U si)

rtllaatailt

I Ill

Oik,-tril'.01e

Hea.]: (.h1dar I
,.k~ si I
ill,'..
w, st'
'I) I3u

ff .

It-.

-taon Sch~oI

pr..ic'lI..a

-Ii: ket' 4.1 *and S.5 cIr ilicp luing

N ival Ill, ro.' lir

'

%~

I.pil

olti.1si.

.1'g'

.tablilize'd, Weipiniatnn

G;.r IA6

nu" nlint
urn)k

Ruiiicklau

(russ); (0)
Af
RW
(9. cmUW
3)(8.8
il-Wasen
RV~t
!RZ
Rz
RZdh
P.ZP

russisch
Raketen Vielfacbwerfer
Raketanwerfer
cmRairetenwerler 43)
Rungenwagen
Rohrovngen
1laketenziinder
k~ohrzerspringer
Reibenztlndhiitchen
Rohe ise nzllip ulver

S
S; 5
S

Siuvre
scharf
Schrapnell

aschwehr
s (marked on a fuze)
S;SL

schwer
Seeleala~nge
Sekunde
:..S/30 (in fuze designution) Sekunden 3')
.S/90/45
Sekunden 90/45

*S

:..S/45-125

Sehunden 45-125

S*
s; S
Cs)
S; S-Gesch
S; SG; SGew
5S-42
S; St (such as Patrh S)
S
SA; sA
SA

(SA. 4000)

achwere Abwcrfbombe .4000

Slib
SIB
SB

Sibel
Splitterbombe
Spreagbombe

SB 400 (Kugel X)
*

Sprengbombe (Kugel M3

SBe (B)
!SBC (B); SBrC (B)

*Schalld

See Pacr 5'


sicher
spanisch
Spitzgeschoss
.Seitengewehr
Seicengewthr 42
Stahl (Patronenhailse- Stahl)
Rud
schwere Antillerie
schwere Abwurfbombe

Splitter Beton (Bombe)


Sprengb-andcylindrische (Bombe)

Armament; Equipnuf ijt


Recoil (of a gun)
Rumssina (marking on equipment)
Rultialn (mrckeng auncequpet
Mutplocket launcher
(88 mm wheeled rocke. Jauncher,*called Piippchen)
Heavy freighr car (15 tons)
Barrel carriage
Rocket igniter (See also ERZ'
Barrel burster (Arty)
Friction type cap
Raw iron igniter powder (used in prepaof sIintered iron itemcr)

Acid
Live (Ammo)
S"iapnel
heavy
'le,.y fuze (for use in guns with high shell acceleration)
Gun barrel length; tube length
Second (sec)
Time fuze with maximum running time of 30 sec
Time fuze with maximum running time of 45 sec modified
to 90 stc
T'me fuL-e with no setting possible below 45 sec, and
with max running time of 125 s'
sa~fe
Spanish (marking on equipment)
Po.'nted bullet with a flat base
Bayonet (lit Side arm)
Bayonet,pattern 42
Steel (such as steel cartridge)
SL!
Heavy artillery, cal~ed in the U S A "medium artillery"
High capacity bomb (Grossladungsbombe) (Loading factor
up to 8070)
Ilesignation of a 4000 kg high capacity bomb (TM 94-985-2,
pp 4 3-4)
Saber- sword
Fragmeitrion (AlP) bomb
I Pinwalled high explosive bomb; demolition bomb (Loading~
factor up to 75%)
Spherical, hydrostatically operated, aircraft-laid, skip
bomb, known in the U S A as Kurt Apparatus (TM 91985-2, p 14)
Concrete fragmentation bomb
HE-incendiary cylindrical bomb, contg either phosphorus
or thefmit (TM 9-1985-2, p 51)
Concrete fragmentation bomb (Loading factor about 30% HE)

:Sbe (9); SpIBe (B)


Splitterbeton (Bomb.)
Note: This bomb is one of the versions of SD
SC (B)
Sprengcylindrische (Bombe)
Thin walled HE-GP bomb; loading factor about 50%)
(SC 1800 B)
.(Sprengcylindrische 1800 kg Dombe)
fHlE cylinidrical bomb, known as "Satan" (TM 9-19815-2, p 12)]
;Note: Thia type of bomb was also called "?Minenbombe"
:(SC 2500 B)
*(Sprengcylindrische
2500 kp, Bowbe)
[HiE cylindrical bomb, known as "Mex" MTt 9-1985-2, p 13)]
*SCD (B)
Spren~cylindrisch -diclwandige Dombe
lIE cylindrical, thick-walied bomb (Sen-i-armor-piPre;
bomb)
(SCD 7006 B)
(Sprengeylindrisch -dickwandige 1700 kg (1700 kp SAP bomb)
Bombe)
'Sch
Schanze
Fieldwork; entrencheanent
Sch
Scheinwerfer
Searchlight; highlight
*Schaild'a'mpfer
Silencer; muffler
Schb
Scheibe
TArget
'7chbw_
Schiessbaumnwolle
Guncotton

SChGrahK

Sc h tizen~rabenk aaon,.
~claesabSchissbeh~gTrench
ichissb
chissbeherRifle

Schiessb 111C'r, 6.6 can


Schiessw
I-.Schles

Schlgzdsclir; sehlZ'SchScidW
Scbhti
SchPlK

6.6 cm Schiessbecher Hohilladung


Granate66m
SchiesswesenBlisc;gunr
Scble'sien
Schlagziindschrnube
Schleppwagen
See SchuM

run
grenade discharger (launcher)
mlol,
hre~rnd anhdfo
olwchre#eadlanhdfo

Bfileistias

Thlesade

cisbce
risbhr

un

ecsanpie

Tow car (motor vehicle)

Schiessplatz I6tierbog
Ak~erbog Firing Range
Schiessplatz Kummersdorf
Kummersdorf Firing Rang-
Schr
Schrapnell
Shrapnel
Schr Mi
See S-Mi
[
.
mSharal
.SchrPatr [such asi:6.5 cm
S
Schrapnellpatronc 65cecrp~l
rp efxdrud(5-n
hanl
ie
on 6 iiYgssvSrpe
uol vS rp e iei e
SchrPatr 223 ei)1
Patrone 223 (iugoslnwisch'I
Pound 223)
Sch~ii i; S;Shine
Schtitzenmjnc
AiP land mine (See also Schr~fi)
S-Mi'
Schapv
Schwarzpulver
Black powder
SD (B)
Spreng, dickwandige Bombe
H Ethick-walled bomb (Loading factor 20-30%)
Note: Thir bomb was also called "SR.loterbombe" (fragmentation bomb). It was
SAP (semi-armor-pi ercing)
SD!L..n
sp)jnmen
-.
Ig-n tlhide-walled bomrb, SAP-HoC-A/T bomb
5Rfl (k'i-R
Spreng, dic'kwandige (klein) Bomnbe
Small HEithick-wallcd fragmentation bomb
SdatSonderkartusche
Seilpropellert cag
SJK.z
Sonderkraftfahrzeug
See in Vocabulary and undes! Panzer
SdKfz
Sprengdienst Kraftfairzeug
Demolition service motor vehicle
(Goliath Sdkfz 302)
(Goliath Sprengdienst Ktaftfahrzeug 3.v2) (Demolition service vehicle, carrying prepared
charges
of 50/50-RDX/TrNT) (remote controlled)
SdrGesch
Sondergeschoss
Special projectile
Seefflgz
Seeflugzeug
Seaplane; hydroplane
Sehr
Seh.oh
Periscope (submarine, tank); teiescnp~e
Sek; S
euneSecond
SEL
See SELf
SelbstfLaf
.
..
See Sf; Sf1
SELf; SEL
Selbs~ie-Einstecklauf
Subcaliber barrel for automatic weapon
Sf; Sf1; Selbstfl-rif
Sribstfairlafette
Self-p:opelled (SP) gun (lit Self propelled gun mount)
SF
Schutzieder
See in vocabulary
sFH
schwett Fcid,.ubjtzc
Medium field howitzet
SFK
Schnell feuerk-anone
Rapid-fire cannon
5G
See S; SG;S-Gew
$G 39
Schinidding Ger~it 39
Schmaidding device 39 (set descriptive part)
S-Ger
Sondergerkt
Special purpose device
S-Geacb
See S; S-Gesch
5-Gew
See S; Sg; c!-Gew
SSFegI
Glider
sGrW
-h'-a-es (.r~natwerfer
Haymra
sHT
reHaubitze-in-Turm
Heavy howitzer for fortifications (lit Heavy howitzer in
tower)
Si
Siebel
Designation of airplanes built by Siehel Co
SIG; SIG; sJG
schweres lnfanteriegeschdUtz
Heaty infantry gun
SiRP
Signalpistole
Signal pistol
SigR
Signalrakete
Signal rocket-, flare
Sisw
Sigbaiwerfer
Signal flare projector
SiK (E)
Siefried Kanone (Eisenbahn)
Siegfried railroad cannon
sJG
See aIG
sJgiZ
schwerer Jligergranatziider
Heavy fuze for light infantry shell
SK
Schiffakanone
Ship cannon
SK C/ 12
Schiffskanone - Conosrukton 12
Ship cannon type 1912
SK L/45
.Schiffakanone
- tuffl~nge 45
Ship cannon with barrel (tube) 45 calibers long
*
SK; SLIC
Scbnellfeuerrkanone; Schnelladekstnone
Rapid-fire gun; rapid-loading gun
. k
Sockel
.Pedestal;
swivel
5-Ker
SoaderkartuscI'
Special propelling chaise (S-L Ammo)
SkL; SockLaf
Sorkellafette
Pedek~tal mount
*
SL
Sac- und Landflugze~ug
Amphibious plane
aLdSV
schwerer Ladungswcrfer
Heaivy spigot mortar
b-LK
SeS;SLK

6P.- IA
SM
s~g

eerileNautical
clrere MashinngeebrHeavy
S-Mi;S-Mie Scrapnelmin Sprng. nd SchrapnellMh~e(nicknamed
Note: Abbreviation S-Mi, was also used to designate a Schiitzenmine,
SinE
SPitzgeschoss mit Eisenkern
S-MiZ-35
Sch~tizenmjnen Zi~nder 35
ScisonjnenZ~i..de 44bounding
SMiZ-14
44crzaie
Urd
SiKSpitzgepchoss

"rn'.X
6'sNor
SmK(H)
SnmKLisp ur
S-un

mit
Spitzgeschoss knit
Gli-nisipurbult
Spitzgeschoss mit
Spitzgeschoss mit
Leuchtspur
scha.f
unto

Stahkikrn
Stahlkeru und

mile; knot (1855 meters; 6080 feet)


machine gun
ShrapnelI mine; A/P mine filled with shrapn.
~ls
"silerut soldier")
usually abbreviated as SchUi~ (q v
Pointed bullet with iron core
Pressure type igniter used in A/P land mine 3' or in
mine (TM 9-1965-2, p 299)
Push-pull Lype igniter used in A/P land mine 44 or in
some improvised mines (TM 91-7985-2, p 294)
Pointed bullet with steel core (AP bullet)
Pointed bullet with steel core and dim tracer (AP..T

Stahikern (gehanrte)
Stahlkern und

S-unSpitzmunuition
smw
so

schweret Minenwerier
Slidosten
See SkL

*SockLaf
*

Sondl~art

*Sp;

Spr
sPak
SP- (B3),SpI (B)
1Be
(B); SpIBe (0)
sPBu-41
SpBr
*SpBl
SP-Gesch
Spr
p~;Sp~t
SpgrZmK
S~
SpKps;, SprK; Sprl~ps
SSPIflO
SOlGr
Sp~r
Spr
S such as in
28 cm 4f Spr)
SprB; SprBo
SWPrBr; Sp!Bd
rSpB'; SprB
(Spr8a~ 02214)
C Sprgldg; SprLdg
*Sprgr; Stigr Gr
Sprgr-41
Spgr 1, (such as in
15 cm Sprgtl)
Sprgr mK
Sprgr Parr
SprgrPatrl KP
SprK
SprKab
SprKpr;, SprK
(SprK 68)
SprKps
SprLdS
SprPatr 28
SptE,':hwP
SprSt
Spr~zlaf

*SIM!"

CT'~,.*Pulver

SPzWg
sPzB; SPBu

Pointed bullet with hardened steel core (auper AP bullet


Pointed bullet with steel core and tracer (super AP-T
liullet)
Live ammunition
Pointed ball amr-'-- 'ton
Heavy mortar
Southeast

Sonderkartusche

Special propellent charise

Spreng

EXPIuosiec

schwere Panzerabwehirkiannne
Splitter (bambe)
Splitterbeton (bombe)
schwere Panzerbiichse 41
See SprBr
See SprBi"
fSpitzgeschoss
purateA
Sprenggranatenzu~nder nut Klaopp~msicherung
Sitgecos, hophrPointed
Sprengkapsel
Splitterbombe
Splittergranate
See SP-Ge seb
Spreng
(28 cmi Wurfkbrper Spreng)
Sprengbombe
Sprengbrand
Sprenngbiichse
(Sprengbiichse 02/24)
Sprengladung
Sprengranate; Granare
Sprenggranate 41
Sprengranateladung
(15 cm Sprengraniateladung)
Srtrenggtanate mit Klsppensicherung
Sprenggranate Patrone
Sprenggrans~te Patrone far Kampfpistole
See SpKps and SprKpr
Sprengkabel
Sprengkbrper
(Sprengk3tper 68)
See SPKPS
See Sprgldg
Spreagpatrone 28
Sprengachwarzpulver
Sprengstoff
Spreizlafette
fur scharfe Munition
Schiizenpanzerwagen
schwere Psnzeibiichse

Heavy A/ T Bun
Fragmentation bomb; antipersonnel (AlP) bomb
Concrete fragmentation bomb
Heavy tapered-bore gun

Pointed bullet
shell with tracer
HE shell fuze with folding safety device
bullet with phosphorus
Detonating cap
Faragmentation bomb, splinter bomb
Fragmentation shell
Hg
xlsv
(280 min HE R~ocket)
(High explosive bomb)
HE-Inc filling
Demolition slab
(Demolition slab, 1 kg TNT)
HE charge; demolition charge
H4igh explosive shell
HE shell for tapered bore sun
HE filling for shell
(150 -mm HE shell)
HE shell with folding safety device
HE round of fixed ammunition
HE grenade for rifled bore signal pistol, calibcr 27 mm
Blasting ignition cable
Blasting charge; demolition charge
Prepared demolition charge, 203 g picric acid

Demolition cartridge, 100 g TNT


Blasting black powder
Explosive
Split-trail carriage
Powder for live ammunition
See in Vocabulary
Heavy A.'T rifle

tZ.8/2.O cm SPzBU 41)


sPXKpl~g
sPVzSpW8
SR
Srk
aS

(2.81 2.0 cm schwere Panzeabiichse 41)


schwercr Panze.-kampfwagen
schwerer PanzerspiihwF-gen
Sehrchr
Schraubkapre
schweres Spitzgeschoss

S S

Zeitschrift filr des gesamte Schiessund Sprengstoffweaen


as
schwerste; Uberschwere
ssA
s~chwersre Artillerie
fSMschweres
Spitzgcochoss mit Kern
st
Stahl
St
Stellstift; Steil schl'i, ssel
Stabo-B(auch as in
StacbelboaK
omb 50Stao)
SC~SOt~b) (pregcyinrishe
Stahl*
Sth
StbP
StbP
StB (B)
imi
S:R (blaek stencilling)
Stg; Stggr
Sthg; StHg*, StiGr
Srir
StK
Sto-Mi
St-Mi
Stp
Strp
Stuh
StuG; StuGesch'
SteG -44
Stull
StuiC
Siuka
St u StSr
StZ
.Stzb
Sz~rSt~tschaab
*Sulfittri
%VA
S.VScheinwerfer
SW
OW
Swb [ouch as in
S'aB K5(E)]

-*

sWG
9WuR
SZ; SZerl

r.

Stahlwerks
Stab
St~bchenpulver
Stauhpulver
Stabbrandbombe
Strasdmine
Stahiguss %(granate)
Stabigeschoss ; Stahl gusasgranate
Steilhandgranate; Stielgranate
'See Stbs
Stshlkern
Sth~sel
Stockmine
SoerahtneTrip-wire
Sternenpulver
Streifcnpulver
Sturmartillerie
Sturmigeschu~tz
Stiarinewehr -44
Sturmhaubitze
IAssault
Sturtakanone
Sturmkampffl,-gzeug
Sti~ssel and St~sselschraube
Stechz~ider
Sturzbomber

Tank

t; TO
T; Tarp; Tp
T (marked as a fuze)

Tonne
Torpedo
Trolitul

t)tochecho.-slowakinach

T; Tu,
TAL'

Her-y tank
Heavy armored scouting (reconnainRtance) car
Periscope; tele.'cope
Screw cap
Heavy pointed bulle~t with metal jacket; streamlined
(boat tail) bullet
)ournal of Panpellanta and Explosives, now cullcd
Explosivatoffe
heaviest; auperbeavy
Heaviest Artillery (corresponds to American Henry Attillerv)
Heavy pointed bullet with !core
Steel
F uze setter, Fuze adjuster wrench
Nose spike (fuze extensiop rad) [HE cylindrical bomb haying
a onc piece body with a tbceaded Iu forged to the nose of the
6
bomb and a spike (TM 9-1985-2, p ))
Steel works9
Staff
Chopped tube propellant
Finely granulated black powder
Stick type incendiary bomb
Beach mine; shore mine
Cast ateel shell
Light eane othell of cast steel (TM 9-10i5-3. p 349)
Stick hand grenade; rodde". or potato masher hand grenade

Steel core
Tappc!; hamuer (Fz)
-ocee
picket type mine
A/
mine
Stat propellant (flat A pointed stars)
Strip propellant
Assault aritillery
Assault sun (self-propelled)
Stormtrooper's rifle (previously called MP-44)
Astault howitzer (self-propelled)
cannon (self-propelled)
Dive fighter-bomber
Tappet and tappet screw (Fr)
inserted igniter
Dive bomber
Support screw
TNT purified by Nai sulfite
Sulfittiinittotoluol
See under Warplants, etc in descriptive part
Searchlight
Southwest
S~iwest
Heavy smoke shell mortar
60chwerer Wer!er
Turntable platform
Schwenkbahnbettung
[Turntable platform for railroad cannon 5
[Schwenkbahnbettung fu~r Kanone 5
(Eiseabshn)J
ichweres Vurtgerat(Vjerferger~t)
Heavy smoke mortar equipment
Heavy framework-type rocket launcher
achwere Wurfrabmen
Self destruction charge (Proj)
Selbstzerleger

T; Tk
TTemperatur

(261.20 mm Tapered bore A/T rifle 41)

Tank

Tem.perature
Metric tun (1000 kgt 2201 Ib)
Torpedo
"warZ T made of plastic
Fuze body, such as
material "Trolitul"
Czechoslovakian (marking on equipment)
Turret; towez
turin
See -jnder Warplants, etc in detcriptive part

(wr

T oIaScheninunition

* lNX

Small arals amn"unitioL, in Pouches


TnqTorpdbon

e Alkaft

*Tredobnotsu

1-FallePartial
TG F l cT
TCTurinigescW~tz

* Til
Th~ K C )
T lieo
TIXTheodorkanone
Thuir
Tk
TK
Tkst
T-Nli; TM
T41i'
*T?.liz
*T Mun'

a~ne
Kpio

Metric Tons per day


Torpedo boat's heavy gun
Propellent charge; incren,enz charge
Ta n k tra p
Turret piece (gun)
otte

o f l.

r~~~~urmhaubitze1ure
o
r n
a o ,,

Es g b . &

Thtirir,'ngTedoeano
See T; Tk
TurinkanoneTrrtcno

T~tz(suc
21 cm TStZ DO-Vu)
Tu; T
TuMS; TMG
TVA

T heodor Bruno railroad canuon


Tedrcno
Thuringia

Ie
ellr~
e
TNi
VllerineDisk-type
Tellermineu76~ider
T-Mun
TMZ35,42and43Tel lerminenzriider, 35, 42 imad 43
To
*
ToSee
T; To
*ToMi
Topfmine
Toip
See T; Torp
TorpMotB
Torpedornotorboot
Tp
TransportTrnpt
Tp
telcil
(edHu)
r blck
TopenuniionAmmunition
*Tr; Trbldg
Treibladung
TrMi (such as: kgTrMi 42) Treibmine (Kuseltreibmine 42)
TS
TS

i.)(

Treibspiegel
Tteibspiegelgeschcas
asMeaning

TurrettCanno
Filling station; gas station'
A/T miae (TM %-1985-4,p 270)
Igniter for disc-type A/T mine
Tank ammunition
Types of pressure igniters for use in various T-Minen
andl Pilz-Minen (TM 9-1985-2, pp 301-5)
Ptsae
Ptsae

admn
admn

Torepedo motor boat


suitable for use in tropical climate
Propellent charge
Floating (unanchored) automatic contact m-ne
(spherical floating mine 42)
See in Vocabulary
See in Vocabulary
unknown to us

'Turin
Turret; tower
Tuirmmaschinengewehr
Turret or tower machi..e gun
See under Warplants (Descriptive section)

U
u
(u)
U
U (black stencilling)
U;U-Boot

und
ungarisch
Unterlafette
Unterrichtageschoss
Unterseeboot

Ob

Practice

Ub (hitestecilltil'i
bunggescossPractice
IlbNgaerhua

Ublungsgeschotsa, Rot
Ubungusgeschons,Schwatz
Obuagesprenskorper
bbuagageaachosuVeise
Unteroffizier

projectile; shell containing black powder


'rctce
shell giving on burst a bright flash
(due to the presence of AlD
Practice &hell giviv%' on burst a cloud of smoke
(due to the presence of sulfur trioxide)
Practice shell; drill shell
Practice mine
Practice shell giving red smoke burst
Practice shell giving black smoke on burst
Dummy blasting charge
Practice shell giving whiter smoke on burst
Noncommissioned officer, corporal

U.bertragungs Kdaper

Induced detonation charge

'K
1tifltraurl~4-r-U
.0benrmpngvsladuag
umgearbeitet; urngeaindert
(92 urmgelldeft)

Ultrashort wave (Rad)


Dropagation charge; primer charge
rework-Ad;coaverted; modified
(1892 pertemn converted)
equipped; outfitted
U-boat cannott (such as 149 mm)
Clockwork mechanism (Fz)

UbB (w'hite stencilling)'

ibung'sgeschoss B

Ubg; UbGr
ti~iUbungamine
bK (white stencilling)
bbS
tlpr
Obv
Uff a

tbungagranate

Kr
iJLds
umg
'(92 urnit)
Jinalulmoir
r tvlUtVUV

and
Hungarian (marking on equipment)
Bottom gun carriage
Instruction (practice or drill) projectile
U-boat; subma~rine

Iftwerk

(,cr 1-i

11z; TIWZ

Clockwork fuze

Uhrverkzdnder; 11hrz~oder
V

V
V.
v; verb
V (such as
5, cm, I.,zgrP atr 42 -V)
vvereinfacht
V; Vets
V.i
V-21
V-3 or HDP
V (in fuze 'designation)
(l/V)
(2/N)
.(0.05 Sek V)

Vc6"kderung
v erbessert
verboten
Verbundgeschooa
(5 cm Parmergstnatc Patroai. VerbundSeachoas)
Vergeltung
Vergeltungswafl~ Eons
Vergeltungawaffe Zwei
Vergeitwag~awaffe Drei
Verz~ggrun&
(Efate Verz'O'eruns)
(Zweite Vetr.3gerung)
(G.05 9ekwulJeaVerziigeromg)

VA, V2 A, etc

'/D4
N irf OKH

See under

-Types

ariplimta (descriptive section)

'krfUSuais lea Obetkommandos des


Heeres
See V; Verg
Verhilltnis
verlastete Artillerie
Verriegelung
Versager
Versuchoanstalt
Veraucebanstalt fUr Handfeuerwaflen
Veruuchsboot
Verschwindlafette
verst~rkt

Vets
verb
yertK
Vefrr8
Vets
Vera Anat
VetsAoa'c lidiw
VeraBt
VcrichwL.St
verat; Verst
VerzZsmgzuae
Vaz
vereinfacht
VG
Eins
VGIVolkassturmgewehr
Vierling
Vierlg
vkr: Vk (black stencilling) verkiirzt
VerkUrztekaminethlilse
Vkkh
verk~irztze Leuchtapur
vkL'spur
Verbesserteladung
VLdg
vi'rtor Meyer Stoff
VM-rtof I
Velocitas-Null
vaull; Vo; V-Null
Vorholer
Vorh
Vorkartuache
Vorkart
Vorl
Vorl
vorm

Vorlauf
Vorlage
vormals

Vp; VpGesch

Verpackungsgeoctioss
verkarztes Rghrenpulver
Vorstecker
Vereinigte Staten von Amerika
Verzugsztindung
Vetzuguzeit

*Vorn-;,vorne
VRP
Vrst
VStA,
VeeZ; VI,
VrzZt; VZt
Vz

VZ
VZ
VZ 80

Ir

Change; alteration; modification


improved
forbidden; prohibited
Compound (jacketed) projectile
(50 mm AP-T fixed round ammo, pattern 42 with
jacketed projectile)
simplified
Retaliation; reprisal; revenge
Retaliation weapon 1 (Y-1) (See Descriptive part)
Retaliation weapon 2 (V-2) (See descriptive part)
Retaliation weapon 3 (V-3)
Delay
[First delay (shorem d.-lay)1
(Second delay (long delay)l
(1/ 20th second delay)
of staintes-- steel ,generally conts Ni,Cr,Mo
and used in German acid and explosives Plants

Verz8gerungsz~idef
Voizuseaznder
Verzggcrungaz~nder 80

Army Regulations

Relation
Pack artillery
Locking mechanism (weapons); barricade
Misifire; dud
Experimental station; research laboratory
Experimental station for small arms
Expcrimental boat
Retractable gun mount
reinforced
Delay-action fuze
smlfe
See in Vocabulary and under Weapons
See in Vocabulary
shortened
Shortened central tube (shrapnel)
Shortened tracer trail
Adjusted charge iClt Improved chargc)
A camouflaged name for MustarJ gas
Initial velocity; muzzle velocity (Pro))
Counterrecoil mechanism
Front increment charge in separate-loaded ammunition
(See also Teilkart)
Countenrecoil
Flash-reducing wad
formerly
Front; avterior (charge, etc)
Dummy round for vehicle loading practice
Tubular propellant cut iy.u short lengths
Safety pin (bomb, mine, grenade); lug (fuze)
United States of America
Safety fuzing
Safety time (in fazing)
Modal designation (Czech iuzes)
Delay-action fuze
Safety fuze

ecie

"All-ways action " fuedscidinT9-8-2


p 189; used in V-I bomb)

nT

-952

W;ache
W; WaWnfien
WOffizier
V
V (such as
2c

Sogr~cr
'spr W

W;
.;
eh
inWehrmacht
W (white stencilling)
w
W; Wolf; Wff
W
W (in'shell de~xignation)
-Wa
WaA
Wabo
W~aF
Wag
WaPr~if
7/A S AC
*

WA~sAa

des Vlaflenwesens
Wagen
Warme~bertragunsea
(2cna Spreaggranate Patrone Leuchtapur
Wtmeibettagng)generated
Weiche isenke rn
weiss

Werfer
Westr
Wolfram
See W, Wa.A
Heereon-Waffeanamt
Wasserbombe
Forschungsabteilirng des Heereswaffenamnts
Wagen
See under Warplants (descriptive section)
ate~,..natsh
Aktie ngvsellschaft

Guerd; watch; sentinel


Arnic; weapons; ordnance
Ordnance officer
Wagon; vehicle
rase
(20 min HE-T fixed round self-destroying by heat
by tracer)
Armed Forces
Soft iron core projectile
white
Shell mortar; luhr(okt
inl
West
A
uelbrselwt
ugtncriecr
ugtncriecr
unlbrselwt
Army Ordnance Office
Depth charge or bomb (lit Water bomb)
Research Section of Army Ordnance Office (See also
under Warplants,etc)
Wagon; v chicle
Westphalian-Aahalt

Stock Company

WC (such' as in
Marking on a 50 kg cylindrical smoke bomb (TN 9 .8-2,
NC 50 wC)
(50 kg Nebelcylindriache Bombe WC)
pp 58-)
WVEM
WAf fen e tgiftun gsmittel
Liquid preparation for decontamination of weapons
Werf
See W; Wet(
Wfgr
Werfergranate
Mortar shell; rocket
Wfk; WK;, WrfK
V urfkodrper
Special projectile for signal pistol such as V 'ry pistol
Example: VK 361 LP (Vurfkirper 361 fur Leuchtpistole) HE grenade (egg shape with C-tem) used for 26 mm signal pistol
Note: Abbreviation' V& was used also to designate some rockets, such as 32 cm Wfk M17150, 28 cm WfkSpr and 30 cm WkSpr 42
(TM 941985-2, pp 251-254)
Wgr W~
Wufgranate
Motrbell; rocket
iWgr Grinr
..
Wurfgranate,6.riinrinA
Chemical rocket, such as 150 mm pattern 41, with green
ring
Wgr Nb
Wurfgranate Nro.el
Mortar smoke shell; smoke rocket, such as 150 mm
WgtPatr LP
Wurfgranate P .rroi C fUr Leuchtpistole
HE mortar round for signal pistol
Examples 2.6 cm VgrPatr 326LP (26 mm HE round with percussion fuze, for signal pistol) and 2.6 cm WgrPatr LPMZZ
-(26
mm HE round with time fuze, for signal pistol)
WgrSpr
Wurfgranate Sprenggranate
HE mortar shell or HE rocket
Exempe:
15en V 41 Spr (10mm HE to-i-et, spin stabilized and 21 cm Wgr 1!2Spr (210 mm HE spin stabilized rocket)
(M,9-1985-2, pp 245 and 249)
WarZ; WZ
ufrnanznd
Mortar shell fuze
Note; According to. TM 9-198-3 (195), p 545 the WgrZ is a fuze for infantry Sun or howitzer
Morata she'l 'uze with body made of polyttyrece plastic
Wurfgranaaenzdinlet, Trolitul
WgrZT
mattriai
WH
Wehrmacht-Heer
Artned Forces Array (onark~ng on vehicles)
WIFO
See under Varplants (descriptive section)
Wimp
Wimpel
.Pennant;
streamer
wisp
Vinketspiegel
Protectoscope (Tic); periscope
WK
See Wfk; VK; VrfK
YKh (white' Even cilling)
weite Kammerh"Ise
Wide central flash tube (burster)
wKbNb
'weite Kammechbilse, Nebel
Mortar smoke shell with solid filling and wide central
flash tube
WL
Weihrmacht-Luftwaffe
Armed Force, Air Corps marking on vehicles
WI.
See Wurfldg
See V; Vehrm
Wal
VM
Vehrmacht- Marine
Armed Forces, Navy (marking on vehicles)
Mortar shell fuze
Wurfminenzunder
WMZ
Designation of airplanes brilt by Wiener Neustidter
Wiener-Neustadt
'IDn
Flugzeugwerk-c, Austria
Ordnance officer
,OWaffenoffizier
VPWachposten
Sentry post
t~irelpulver
Flaked propellant (in small rectangular tablets); dice
shaped propellant

Ger 343
WP,88ifclpillvcr,Construktion

JWTI's'e

88

r Wrt
See V, Wedf
WS rn (in rocket
Weismaun
8.6 cm RSpr 4001Warn)
(8.6 cm Raketcn Spreng 4 0 0,Weismann)
asttneniion
Wu (u~~has
i ___________Meanung
21 cm BdStz DO-Wu)
iUWv-fdtb; WL touch as 'in
Wurfladuag
10.5 uasStgr 345 m Wurilds 110.5 cm Stablgranate 345 mit Wurf-

(01loudwg

(f)l

TVA
WV
WZ; W~rZ
*W.Z36; Wg~rZ-36
Wzg; ".zg
WZgPatr

-See under Werplants (descriptive section)


Vaffenwerkstatt
Vurfgranatziulnder
W.Urfsranntziinder 36
Iterkzeus'
See Werkzeugpatrone in the Vocabulary

ze~chnung
Zeit
Zersto~rer
Zerlegung

Z. Zt
Z; Zerst

Z; Zig

Flaked propellant, type 1988 (First G-.t'nan military


snmokeless propellant)
Namie of designer
(86 mmn HE rocket 400, Weismonn)
Vest pocket pistol
iniknown to us
Reduced propelling charge

ommSelhll35wtrdcdprplnghae
(Prench)1
Weapon repair shop
Mortar shell fuze
Mortar athell fuze (TM 9-1985-3. p 404)
Tool; implement

ziel

'Z
:ZZoll

*Z; Zg
Z
Z; 74,- 7.dr
Z;
uaSee
Za; ZSA; ZA'
ZaC; ZSAC
* ZaG; ZgAS
*

u
Zugkraftwagen
7~nder
Zus.
Zeugamt
Zeugamt,Cassel
ZeugantSpandau
zum~ Beispiel
Zwischenhodengeschoss

Drawing; blueprint, design


Time
Destioy.-r (Navy)
Self-destruction
Targer, objective
Inch; custom duty
Trftin; poll; groove (rifling)
Prime mover truck, tractor
Fuze; igniter

See in Vocabulary
Ordnance Department, Cassel
Ordnance Departmient, Spandau
8
for examiple
ZIB (black sten cilling)
Diaphragm shell; large caliber shell provided with a solid
partition
ZC (B)
Cemenrcylindrische (Bombe)
Cement-cylindrical (bomb)
Exav.,ples: ZC 10, ZC 50 and ZC 250 (Concrete practice bombs described :' TM 9-1985-2, pp 62-65)
Zd
See Z;-Zd; Zdf
Zdg
ZnugFiring;
detonation; priming
Zdh; Zdht
Zubndhullchen
See in Vocabulary
Booster charge (lit ignition charge); auxiliary booster
Z'41ndladung
Zdlg; ZdL; ZL
Zdlg A;

* Zdlg B
* Zdlg C/98
Zdlg C/98 Np
ZdlS 36 Np
ZdldgB; ZLdgB
ZdMitt
Zdr
Zdschn
ZdachnANZ
ZdschnANZ-39

.Zdschr; ZSr
Z6dschrFu
'dt
ZdV

ZDZ-29; Z uDZ-29
*Zehnlg (such as '
(15 cm NbW Zehnlg 42),
**
Zellqt
ZentrW
r'ZerI
Zer~gZerleger,

See wider Booster in the descripcive part

Ztndladuigsbuchoe
Zuadmittel
*See Z; Zd; Zdr
Zandschnur
Ziandschnuranzlinder
Z~ndschnuranzu*nder-39

Z6inaschraube
Zu;Indschrauben Futter
ZU11nderstrewnig
Ziindverbindwig
Zug- tind Druck ZUnder-2 9
Zihaling
(A5 cm Nebetwerfer Zehniling 42)
Znllstoff
Zentrierwulat
Zerleger
Fliehgewichts

Booster bushing
P.-iming or igniting substance
Safety fuse (lit Igniting string)
Igniter for safety fume
Friction, pull type igniter pattern 39 used for the ignition
of safety furp in demo'ition work vend for setting off mom iampeovined
mines and booby trap A(TM 9-1985-2, p 285)
Threaded percus-viot primer
Threaded bushing fa: percussion primer
Dispersion caused I y fuze differences
Relay (F.L)

Pull and pressure type igniter, pattern 29, for use in AlT
and A/P la.nd mine,%(TM 9-1985-2, p 202)
Ten-tuber
moe oktlu'hr
(150 mmTen-bree
Cellulose
Bourttlet (Pro))
Self-destruction element MFe)
Centrifugally operated self-destruction element in fuze

tGer 144

Zerll'; ZrIPS
Ze I S IZe rer
?.etl .Ze

zF

dispersed; scattered; blown up


apparatus (CWS); sprayer. diffuser

iuFuss

AF-4
ZF
:'.,
(uckas
Y
Z8

4ZA

Zielfemnrohr 4-fach
Zwischenfrequenz
f~br)(uldet fNir Haubegravate)
See Z; Zg
Set ZA; Za

ilsZeughaus
zaeIF
Z?.ielgew
ZielmUn
Zit
Zk
ziW,
Z;ZdL
ZLZwiachenladung
ZLUg

Zielferarobrt
Zielgewehr
Zielmunition
Zitadelle
n6kerze
Zugkrsftwagen
Zinltleglerung
Zu~ndlunte

ZM
*ZMZ
Zn (marking Po equipment)
Zldg
ZSnZ
ZSprL~dg
ZSr
ZSrF ff-l leilT
ZSrM

Zr

Demolition; destruction
Demoulition; destruction
Telescopic sight (arms)
Cipher; numeral
aftlot; on foot
Rifle sighting telescope, 4 -power
Intermediate frequency (Rad)
Marking on s point detonating fuze located under ballistic cap

Arsenal; armory
ielescopic sight
Subcoliber riflo! (lit Target wille)
Subcaliber ammunition (I1t Taegr.t ammunition)
Citadel
Spark plug
Prime mover truck, tractor
Vaoc alloy
Skhw march; igniting cord; fuze igniter
Intermediate blasting charge (combat engineers)

See Zdldg; ZLdg

~~~~See
ZerIPSPre

* 711'S

Zugm'aschine
Zu~nder mit Verz~gerting
Zink
See ZusLdS
See ZdschaANZ
See Zus~prLdg
See' Zdschr
Zundschraubenfutter fOr die Hulsae der
leichten Hsubigtze-in-Turm
Zindetsrellmnarchine

certato
P~emvr
rco
Dou.-a~ction fuze
Made of zinc

Zeit

Ztschr
*ZrZ;
ZZdr;, ZZ
ztzdsh
7uDZ; ZDz
Zus; Zu; Z
'ZusKart
ZltsLdg
ZusSprLdg
Zuq7, 40

Zcitschrift
Zeirz1~der
.See ZDZ
Zurarz
Zlusatzksrtuache
Zusatzlsdung
ZusamzprengladungS
Zusatzzilader 40

ZUW

Zirndetuhrwetik
Zug- and Zerachneidezum.e-3

ZV
'ZVer
Zw; Zwil

Z~ndervorrichtung:
Zeugverwaltung
ZwilliI
See under Warplants (descriptive section)

ZuZza!35.

ZWjB
Z'wL

IZwillinjialafette

ZwMG; ZwtM

Ser~ie
Z;raying
Ze~tZersti.ung
Ze~trZertrlummerung
Zielferarohr
Ziffer

7.F
:7.'

*ZZ
*ZZ

Black Powder burning self-destruction element in fuze


Sam t an above
Sell-destroying fuze

Zers:tbe

Zrt
7 ers

Zerleaer, Pulvcert
e er
u vt s t
l su g z(te

ZwSk 42; ZwillSlc 42


:Zwittrz
ZYl
.
ZY P
Zyl~erachl
(sach as 7Z 150)

willingsaraschineagewehr
Zwillingsisocket 42
Zwiireifahrzeug
ylinder
Zytindeqpulv er
7ylinderveisc'ldusa
See ZtZ; ZZdr
.Zerlegungsziider
1505

Bushing for threaded petteussion primer for cartridge of


light tower howitzer
Autowatic fuze setter (AA Arty,)
Time; period
Periodical publication
Time fuze (TiFz)
ler~dshu
ime saiety fuze
Addition; extension
Se':ondary propellent charge (in separatL loaded ammow)
Supplementary charge inicrement
Supplementary charge of HE
Mechanical antiwithdrawal type f uze, pattern 40
(TM 9-1985-2, pp 177-8)
Clock mechanism fuze
Pull and tension ware release igniter usned with S-Mine, some
prepared charges and booby traps (TM 9-1985-2, p 290)
Austrian name for fuze
Ordnance department administration
See in Vocabulary
See Zwillingagearell in Vocabulary
See in Vocabulary
Twin gun swivel (pedestal) pattern 42
Half-track vehicle
Cylinder
Propellant In cylindrical prains
Cylinder locking; boit action
Self-destroying fuze, pattern 1505

UISTRIBMYION LIST
PA.. Technical Report N'.- 2510
Commanding Officer
Picatinny Arsenal
Dover., New Jersey
ATTN: Technical Information Section

Copyv E'umber
1

-50

Chief of Ordnance
Dept of the Art7i
Washington 25, D. C.
ATTN. ORDGI-PNB
ORDU-SE
ORMGU-IN
ORDIK
ORDIT
aMYIB
Armed Services Technical information Agency
Arlington Hanl S'~aticn
Arlington 12# VIrginia,
Gumlanding General
A.berdeen Proving GrowA
Maryland72

52
5
54
5556
57 -58
59 -60

72

Coimmanding Usneia1
R~edstone Arsenal
Hunt evifles MAUabaa

Coimnandn Off iow


;Detrcit Arsenal
Centerline, Michgan

82

Cominanding Officer
Diam~ond Ordnance Fuse Laboratory
'Connecticut Ave & Van Nees Street
Washington 25, D. C.
,ATTN; OR=DT 06-33

84 -85

Comman.ling General
Frankford Arsenel
!Bridge & Tacony-Streets
.Philadelphia 37,. Pennsylvania
Commanding officer
Holston Ordnance Works8A
Kiripppca'tTenneesseeo38

86-

83

87

Distribution List (contid)


Conmanding Officer

Jefferson Proving Ground


Madison, Indiana

90

91

Commanding Officer
Office of Ordnance Research
Box CM, Duke Station
Durham, North Carolina

92--

93

Commanding Officer
ArnM Chemical Center
Edgewood, Maryland

94 - 98

Commanding Ganeral
Ordnance Ammunition Command

Joliet, Illinois

99 - 101

Commanding General
Ordnance Weapons Command
Rock Island, Illinois

102

Commanding Officer
Rock Island Arsenal
Rock Island, Illinois

105

Commanding Officer
Springfield Armory
Springfield 1, Massachusetts

107 - 108

Commanding Officer
Watertown Arsenal
Watertown 72, Massachusetts

109 -

.10

'U. S. Military Academy


West Point
New York

111-

113

Department of the Navy


Office of Naval Research
Washington 25, D. C.

1.4

Commander
Naval Ordnance Laboratory
White Oak
Silver Spring, Maryland

i1A.

137

104

106

U6

Distribution List (cont1d)

Conmmnder
Naval Ordnance Teit Station

Inyokern
China Lake., California

3.20

122

Commanding Officer

U, S. Naval Powder Factory


Indian Head, Maryland

123

-125

Coimmander

U.S. Naval Academy


Annapolis, Maryland

126 - 128

Engineer Research & Development Laboratories

fort Belvoir
Virginia

129

133

iSolid Propellant Information Agency


iJohns Hopkins.University

Silver Spring, Maryland

134 - 138

Library of Congress

-VWashington, D. C.

139

140

Commanding General
Continental Army Command Headquarters
'Fort Monroe
Virginia

141 - 143

Chief of the Bureau of Ordnance


'Dept of the Navy

Washington 25, D. C.
-.ATTN: ReU3a.

144

Conmander
Nwa'l Research Laboratory

Washington, D. Co

145

U. S. Bureau of Mines
Braceton
Pennserlvania

146 -147

Asat Secretary of Defense (R&E)

Direct-or/Ordnance

Vashington 25, D. C.

14

777,7

on Miat
SDistricuti
(
'ib)

Ccoyt

(cont'd)
Office of Technical Services
Department of Commerce

Washington 25, 11, C.

149

Ordnr-nce Tecli cal hInteUigence


Agency

Arlington Hall Station


Arlington 12,
Virginia

*150 - 165

*To bt issued to U. S.
Military Attaches in NATO
Countries aq per recommendation
by the Office
the Chief of Ordnance REP: 3rd Ind, dated 7 of
May 195L1
O0/7-639, 00

to PA.
NATO COUN,TRIES
Canada
Luxemburg
Iceland
Norway
Great Britain
Netherlands
Denmark
Belgium

Portugal
France
Ita3ly
Greece
Turkey
West Germany

Get 3A/,,

~~ZZS;

?,Z
Zugziidcg
Exampl Y.;-5 (pull type igniter used with ,:c'pp" "
v. Iooby traps and atockmines)(TI.
.zZ
stir Zeit
Z,."

Z~aderzvi i,
Zyid,"

Z/ylP
:

-00ft V

Rce

i i

.l6.S}
*ii*S

:...,!indrical

...

.ve

.j

(pull or pressure type igniter used

e...,
Xtensic,

0.1ijs time

C...

p:-,'Je.

Purchrwe-~ -Yr
See at the erd c

..

previous section "Vocabulary of German Ordnance, Ammunition and Related Terms,.

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