2015-09-30

Aalto Passenger Ship Architecture

Creativity in Ship Design

Aalto University
Passenger Ship Architecture
Autumn 2015

Creativity in Ship Design

Kai Levander
SeaKey Naval Architecture

Kai Levander
Kai Levander has been in charge of Naval Architecture at Aker Yards. He was responsible for R&D,
concept development, feasibility studies and new building projects in the Cruise and Ferries
Business Area
Kai Levander graduated in 1967 as a Naval Architect from the Helsinki University of Technology.
He has been with Aker Yards, Kvaerner Masa-Yards and Wrtsila Marine since 1969.
Kai Levander has been the innovator in many ship projects such as:
Finnjet Gas Turbine ferry
Silja Serenade, with the indoor atrium street
Color Fantasy, a Cruise Ship with Car Deck
All-Outside-Cabin concept of MS Royal Princess
Windstar sailing cruise ship
Carnival and Costa Panamax vessels
Many cruise vessels for RCCL, including the 225 000 GT Oasis of the Seas,
Associated Professor in Ship Design at Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Honorary doctorate from the Helsinki University of Technology.
After nearly 40 years in the shipbuilding business Kai Levander retired in September 2008 and is
now an independent consultant

Kai Levander

2015 09 - 30

Kai Levander
SeaKey Naval Architecture

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2015-09-30

Aalto Passenger Ship Architecture

Creativity in Ship Design

Ship Design Art or Science?

Cargo Oil Tank

Ballast Water Tank

Cargo Oil Tank

Cargo Oil Tank

Ballast Water Tank

Naval Architects need a Ship Design Methodology

Kai Levander

2015 09 - 30

SeaKey Naval Architecture

System Based Ship Design

Mission

Function

Form

Performance

Economics

System thinking also supports those human operations,

that are not strictly logical, like intuition and creativity
Kai Levander

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2015-09-30

Aalto Passenger Ship Architecture

Creativity in Ship Design

Creativity..

Kai Levander

2015 09 - 30

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SeaKey Naval Architecture

. reality

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2015-09-30

Aalto Passenger Ship Architecture

Creativity in Ship Design

Design problems

Kai Levander

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SeaKey Naval Architecture

Steps in creative design work

Kai Levander

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Aalto Passenger Ship Architecture

Creativity in Ship Design

Problems and Possibilities

Kai Levander

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SeaKey Naval Architecture

Definition of the task and goals

What is the ideal solution?

What is technically feasible?

What is economically profitable?

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2015-09-30

Aalto Passenger Ship Architecture

Creativity in Ship Design

Definition of the task and goals

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Idea Finding
Brainstorming
Question lists
Focused Creativity Teams

Rule 1:
Quantity creates quality
Rule 2:
Look beyond dominating,
traditional solutions
Rule 3:
No criticism during
idea generation
Rule 4:
Each idea is valuable
and has the right to live
Rule 5:
Write down the ideas
on paper for all to see

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SeaKey Naval Architecture

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2015-09-30

Aalto Passenger Ship Architecture

Creativity in Ship Design

Brainstorming

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Question lists
Use for another purposes ?

To apply ?

- as such ?
- suitably modified ?

To magnify ?

To reduce ?

To replace with another ?

what could be added?

more time ?
more often ?
stronger ?
higher ?
longer ?
thicker ?
more valuable ?
more ing redients ?
double ?
multiple ?
exaggerated ?

what could be taken away ?

smaller ?
compressed ?
lower ?
shorter ?
left totally ?
streamlined ?
split ?
less valuable ?

To reorganise ?

To turn around ?

to change parts with each other ?

another arrangement of parts ?
another time sequence ?
another tempo or schedule ?
reason and effect in modifications ?

To modify to another kind

what other is similar ?

what else comes to mind from this
is similar done before ?
what could I copy or borrow ?
whom could I imitate ?

positive into negative ?

opposite ?
reversed ?
upside down ?
changing of the tasks ?
to turn another cheek ?

meaning ?
colour ?
motion ?
sound ?
odour ?
shape ?

replace with whom ?

what in r eplacement ?
another ingredients ?
another method ?
another driving force ?
another place ?
another tone?
another way of approach, view ?

To combine ?
-

compound, alloy, composition ?

to combine several units ?
to combine several purposes ?
more sale assets ?
to combine several ideas ?

Alex Osborn: Applied Imagination, Scriber, USA -63

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2015-09-30

Aalto Passenger Ship Architecture

Creativity in Ship Design

Focused Creativity Team

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Wild Ideas Must a ship be symmetrical?

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2015-09-30

Aalto Passenger Ship Architecture

Creativity in Ship Design

Wild Ideas

Trimaran Hull Concept

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Wild Ideas

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Creativity in Ship Design

Wild Ideas

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Wild Ideas

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Aalto Passenger Ship Architecture

Creativity in Ship Design

Wild Ideas No Crew Onboard

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The 62 Counter Arguments

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.

Kai Levander

2015 09 - 30

Kai Levander
SeaKey Naval Architecture

We have already tried it.

That does not suit our company.
It costs too much money.
That does not belong to our sphere of
responsibilities.
We have too much to do to find time for
modifications.
That does not belong to my tasks.
That would be too radical a modification.
We dont have time.
That does not give enough benefit.
In that case our other methods will
become out-of-date.
Lets do a market research first.
Our company is too small.
It is troublesome for those who must use
it.
The workers do not accept it.
The trade union will make a fuss about it.
We have never done so.
That is against the principles of our
company.
The costs would increase.
That does not belong to our tasks.
That does not function in practise.
Lets have both feet firmly on the ground.
That is not our problem.
Why to do modifications, all is well now.
I dont like the idea.
You are 2 years ahead your time.
You are right, but ...
We are not ready to that.
We dont have money/space/staff/
machines.
There is no money reserved for that in our
budget.
You cant teach an old dog new tricks.
Good idea, but unpractical.

32. Lets leave the matter for the present.

33. Lets still consider the matter.
34. The management of our company will not
accept it.
35. Lets do a memorandum about the matter.
36. We lay us to ridicule.
37. Do not state that again.
38. That is not worthwhile with time.
39. Where have you taken this idea from?
40. We have got along without it until now.
41. It is impossible to wait for any better ideas
from you.
42. But it has not been tested before.
43. Lets leave the matter pending.
44. Lets appoint a committee to examine the
matter.
45. Has anybody else tested this?
46. I dont understand in which way this is
related to our activities.
47. The clients will not accept it.
48. That is not possible in our company.
49. So, what do you really mean is ...
50. It perhaps suits your department, but not
mine.
51. The committee will not support this.
52. Dont you think, too, that we should study
the matter more closely before we start a
thing like that?
53. How do our competitors do?
54. Lets sleep on the matter.
55. That does not suit.
56. The modifications are so troublesome.
57. That will not be profitable.
58. I know someone who has tried this.
59. That is impossible.
60. We have always done so.
61. The auditors will not accept it.
62. What is the procedure in Sweden?

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Creativity in Ship Design

Transport across the sea

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The Lift Triangle

Full Displacement Type Vessels

X = BUOYANCY
Planing Craft

SES

Y = POWERED LIFT

Z = DYNAMIC LIFT
Hydrofoil

ACV
Kai Levander

Hybrid
Hydrofoil

=X+Y+Z

2015 09 - 30

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2015-09-30

Aalto Passenger Ship Architecture

Creativity in Ship Design

Ships of Full Displacement Type

Single Hull = Mono Hull

Twin Hull = Catamaran

Thriple Hulls =Trimaran

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Small Waterplane Area Twin Hull SWATH

Cruise Ship Radisson Diamond

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2015-09-30

Aalto Passenger Ship Architecture

Creativity in Ship Design

Dynamic Lift - Surface Piercing Hydrofoils

Surface piercing foils

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Dynamic Lift - Fully Submerged Foils

Kawasaki Jetfoil
Loa

27,4 m

9,1 m

2,6 m

Pax

286

Fully submerged foils

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2015 09 - 30

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Aalto Passenger Ship Architecture

Creativity in Ship Design

Hybrid Solutions

Submerged Lifting Body + Foils

AliSWATH
Loa

64,2 m

15,5 m

T at rest

4,7 m

T at speed 4,0 m
Displ.

560 ton

DWT

130 ton

Speed

28 knots

Power

6,8 MW

centre prop 2x2,3 MW

stern pods 2x1,1 MW

Pax
RoRo

430 persons
53 cars

Dynamic lift 20%

Static lift

80%

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Hybrid Solutions

Submerged Lifting Body + Foils or Side Hulls

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2015-09-30

Aalto Passenger Ship Architecture

Creativity in Ship Design

Air Cushion Vehicles - ACV

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Surface Effect Ship - SES

Skjold-klass
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2015-09-30

Aalto Passenger Ship Architecture

Creativity in Ship Design

The challenge for the naval architect

Are we doing the right things?

Innovation is the profitable

Can
we
do them better
than our competitors?
implementation
of strategic
creativity
Can we manage innovation?

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The 10-top rules for innovation

1.

The time must be right time, market need or technology push

2.

Rejected innovations can be accepted later or by an other customer

3.

Successful innovations develop step by step over time

4.

Dont expect ship owners to support innovation

5.

Only one major innovation shall be introduced in each new ship

6.

The innovation must be safe and reliable

7.

To be reliable the innovation should be:

- simple and straightforward
- based on well known and tested technology
- easy to use and maintain

8.

The ship owner must get significant economical benefit

9.

The inventor must accept changes and partly use of his idea

10. Its always worth trying keep pushing!

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2015-09-30

Aalto Passenger Ship Architecture

Creativity in Ship Design

System Based Ship Design

Initial sizing of the ship
Capacity carriers, like container vessels, ferries and cruise ships,
where size is determined by the volume of the cargo
Deadweight carriers, like oil tankers and bulk carriers,
where size is determined by the weight of the cargo

Parametric exploration
Variation of main dimensions, hull form and lay out

Engineering synthesis
Ship performance, speed, endurance and sea keeping

Evaluation of the design

Building cost and operating economics

Mission > Function > Form > Performance > Economics

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Space demand for each function

700 000

450 000
400 000

Bunker,
Technical,
Crew

600 000

Technical & Tanks

350 000

250 000

Crew & Service

200 000
150 000
Passengers

Volume [ m ]

Volume [ m ]

500 000

300 000

Ballast

400 000
300 000

Cargo

200 000

100 000
100 000

50 000

500

1 000

1 500
2 000
2 500
Number of Passengers [ D.O. ]

Cruise Ship

3 000

3 500

50 000

100 000 150 000 200 000 250 000 300 000 350 000 400 000
DWT [ ton ]

Tanker

Cargo Oil Tank

B allas t W ater Tank

Kai Levander

2015 09 - 30

Kai Levander
SeaKey Naval Architecture

Cargo O il T ank

Cargo Oil Tank

Ballast Water Tank

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Creativity in Ship Design

Defining ship size = Gross Volume [m3]

50,0

45,0

40,0

Tanks
Voids

35,85

35,0

Outdoor
Decks

32,95

Machinery
Spaces

30,20

30,0

Interior
Outfitting

27,45
25,0

24,70
21,40

20,0

KM
KG

15,0

15,80

10,00

10,0

6,50

RoRo
Spaces

CWL

5,0
1,60
0,0
-20,0

-15,0

-10,0

Kai Levander

-5,0

0,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

20,0

2015 09 - 30

SeaKey Naval Architecture

Gross Volume [m3]

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Gross Tonnage [ - ]

1 000 000
900 000

Gross Volume [m3]

800 000
700 000

GT = ( 0,2 + 0,02 x log GV) x GV

600 000
500 000
400 000
300 000

GV

3,2 x GT

200 000
100 000
0
0

50 000

100 000

150 000

200 000

250 000

300 000

Gross Tonnage

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Creativity in Ship Design

Defining ship size = Weight [ton]

Archimedes Principle
Ship Weight = Displacement = Lightweight + Deadweight

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Weight groups RoPax Ferry

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SeaKey Naval Architecture

Lightweight LWT

Car Platforms

Hull
Superstructure, deckhouses
Interior outfitting
Machinery

DWT

Ship outfitting

Deadweight

Ship Displacement

Bow and stern ramps

Payload related Inside ramps and lifts

Payload

RoRo units
Passengers

Supplies

Crew
Provision and stores

Bunker

Fuel oil
Lube oil

Water

Fresh water, sewage

Ballast & heeling water

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Creativity in Ship Design

The Role of Designers

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Passenger & Cargo Volumes

TRANSPORT

CRUISE

PASSENGERS

PASSENGERS

TRANSPORT

PASSENGER BUSES

CARGO

CARGO UNITS

PASSENGER CARS

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Creativity in Ship Design

Market Strategy
CRUISE
PASSENGERS

TRANSPORT
PASSENGERS

CARGO

TRANSPORT
BUSES

CARS

CARGO

Cruise Ferry

CARGO UNITS

TRANSPORT
PASSENGERS

RoPax
Ferry
Kai Levander

TRANSPORT
BUSES

CARS

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Ferry Alternatives
1.

Short Cruise
Leisure oriented passengers
Conferences and exhibitions
Onboard experience as important as the
destination
More time onboard
City centre to city centre route

2.

Transport-Orientated Passenger Ferry

Passengers needing transfer between ports
Travelling by private car, buses or train
Short passage time
Frequent departures
Price-conscious travellers

3.

Cargo Transport
Cargo on wheels, lorries, trailers, rail wagons
Unitized cargo on cassettes, also containers
Short passage time
Frequent departures
Driver facilities

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Creativity in Ship Design

System Based Ship Design

Performance
Hull Structure
Machinery
Outfitting
Seakeeping
Safety

Economics
Building cost
Operating cost
Required
freight rate
Profitability

Function
Payload systems
Ship systems
DWT /
Power - Speed

Mission
Transport logistics
Route
Capacity
Speed

Kai Levander

FINAL
DESIGN

2015 09 - 30

Form
Geometric definition
Space balance
Weight balance
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RoPax Function

Payload
Functions

Cargo
Spaces

RoRo decks
Private car decks

Cargo
Handling

Ramps, doors
Lashing equipment

Cargo
Treatment

Ventilation
Heating and cooling

Passenger
Facilities

Passenger cabins
Public spaces, Stairways and halls
Outdoor spaces

Crew
Facilities

Crew cabins
Common spaces
Stairs and corridors

Service
Facilities

Passenger services
Catering and stores
Hotel services

RoPax Ferry

Ship
Functions

Kai Levander

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SeaKey Naval Architecture

Structure

Hull
Superstructure

Machinery

Main and aux engines

Casing and funnel
Steering gear, thrusters

Comfort
Systems

Air conditioning
Water and sewage
Fire safety, Stores etc

Tanks and
Voids

Fuel and Lub Oil

Water and Sewage
Ballast and Void

Outdoor
Decks

Anchoring and Mooring

Life saving equipment

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Creativity in Ship Design

SeaKey - System Based Design /1

MISSION

ROUTE, CAPACITY, SPEED, RESTRICTIONS

FUNCTION AND SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

CARGO

AREAS

CARGO HANDLING

Payload

VOLUMES

CARGO TREATMENT

CREW

Service

AREAS

SERVICE SPACES

VOLUMES

ENGINE ROOM

Machinery

TECHNICAL SPACES

AREAS, VOLUMES

Tanks, Voids

VOLUMES

GROSS
TONNAGE

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SeaKey - System Based Design / 2

GROSS
TONNAGE

WEIGHT
Lightweight
Deadweight

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BUILDING COST
Design
Material
Labour

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Creativity in Ship Design

SeaKey - System Based Design / 3

GROSS
TONNAGE

FORM AND PERFORMANCE

Main Dimensions
Hull Generation

L pp B T CB

Resistance, Power
Hydrostatics
Geometric Definition

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Machinery and propulsion

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Creativity in Ship Design

Cargo Handling

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Passenger Spaces and Onboard Services

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Creativity in Ship Design

From Concept to Contract

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Ship Design & Construction Process

Contract

Class approval

Delivery

Basic
design

Concept
sale

Detail
eng.

Fabrication

Outfitting

After Sales

Procurement

Commissioning

Design & Construction Man Hours

100 %

80 %

60 %

1%
of design ready at contract

40 %

20 %

Kai Levander
SeaKey Naval Architecture

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Creativity in Ship Design

RoPax FerryTECHNOLOGY
- Key Performance
MASA-YARDS

Indicators

Impact Area

Technology Drivers

Goal

Indicator

Construction

Design Concept
Standard Solutions
Modular Construction
Supplier Networking

Construction
Efficiency

Building price
Building cost

Payload Functions

Passenger Capacity
Cabins and Public Spaces
RoRo Cargo Capacity

Ticket Revenue
Onboard Revenue
Freigh Revenue

Money making potential

[ EUR / day ]

Onboard Service

Food & Beverage

Shopping
Entertainment

Pax Satisfaction

Pax / Crew ratio

Hotel crew cost [ $ / Year ]

Machinery
Hull Form & Propulsion
Fuel Type & Consumption

Energy Saving

Bunker cost

Navigation
Machinery Operation
Manuevering & Docking

Automation

D & E crew cost [ $ / Year ]

Reliability

Keep operating schedule

Ship Service

Planned Maintenance
Condition Monitoring
Fire prevention
Grounding prevention
Collision Prevention
Social Values

Kai Levander

Smoke & Emissions

Waste, Sewage, Ballast
Wake & Noise
Recycling
2015 09
- 30 & Scrapping

[ EUR / GT ]
[ EUR / LWT ]

[ $ / Year ]

Casualties
Insurance cost
Repair & replacement cost

Safety

Health Risk
Environment fees & fines
Disposal cost

Environmental
Friendliness

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Ferry Operation Economics

GROSS COST STRUCTURE

Cost of Sales

Port Cos ts
Capital Cos t
Consumables

Hotel Payroll

D&E Payroll

Shore Side
Bunker
Ship Expanses

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Creativity in Ship Design

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Ship terms, denotations and units

Name

Definition

Symbol

Length

L
LOA
LPP
LWL
LOS
B
BWL
Bmax
D
DUD
DBD

Volume

Length
Length over all
Length between perpendiculars
Length waterline
Length submerged
Breadth
Breadth waterline
Breadth maximum, extreme
Depth
Depth to upper deck
Depth to bulkhead deck
Draught
Draught at (design) waterline
Draught at design waterline
Draught at aft pp, mid, forward pp
Gross volume of all enclosed spaces

Tonnage

Gross Tonnage

Displacement

Displacement weight "Archimedes' Law"

Displacement volume
Mass density of water
Deadweight
Lightweight
Steelweight
Payload

Breadth

Depth

Draught

Weight

T
TWL
TdWL
TA,M,F

Unit and formula

LOA
LPP
LWL
LOS
B
BWL
Bmax
D
DUD
DBD
T
TWL
TDWL

GV
GV
GT

= ( 0,2 + 0,02 log GV ) GV

Displ
Vol

DWT
LWT
SWT

m
between perpendiculars
m
m
m
LWL
LPP
m
including bulb, etc.
m
hull breadth
m
m
m
hull depth
m
weather deck
m
watertight bulkheads below
m
m
m
m
m
3,4...3,2 x GT
ton
m
ton/m
ton
ton
ton
ton

1,025
Sea water = 1,025 ton/m

Displacement = LWT + DWT =1,025 x L x B x T x CB

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Creativity in Ship Design

Cruise Ship Development

2009 Oasis of the Seas 220 000 GT and 2700 cabins

2006 Freedom of the Seas 158 000 GT and 1816 cabins

1999 Voyager of the Seas 137 300 GT and 1557 cabins

1996 Grandeur of the Seas 74 000 GT and 975 cabins

1982 Song of America 37 600 GT and 707 cabins

1970 Song of Norway 18 400 GT and 377 cabins

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Kai Levander
SeaKey Naval Architecture
Tuhtopolku 4A9
FI-20810 Turku
Finland
Mobile +358 400 402 609
E-mail kai.levander@gmail.com

Kai Levander

2015 09 - 30

Kai Levander
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