Drives in Machine Tools

Introduction
Machine tools are precise and complex machine which are used to produce various type
of components by metal cuttings, that is, by removing metal in the form of chips. The
work piece is held in a machine tool with the help of various types of work-holding
devices such as chucks, collets, face plates, mandrel, etc, or held between centers ( centre
lathe, grinders etc) or clamped on a machine table ( planers, shapers, slotters, milling
machine, surface grinding machine etc.) . The metal cutting tool is held in various types
of tool holders, for example, a tool post of a centre lathe, an arbors of a milling machine,
spindle of a drilling machine and so on.
Motion in Machine Tolls. For removing the metal from a work piece, a relative motion is
necessary between tool and job. The various motion characteristics of machine tools are :
Working motion and auxiliary motions.
Working motion affect the process of clip removal. These are transmitted either to the
cutting tool, or to the work or to both simultaneously. Working motion include:
1.Primary cutting motion
2.Feed motion
Primary cutting motion provide for cutting the chip from the job at the cutting speed
which determine the rate at which the chips are formed. Primary cutting motion most
commonly used are: rotation and straight line reciprocation. The primary cutting motion
of a certain machine tools may be quite complex but bit can be described as a
combination of rotary and reciprocating motions. Rotary motion may either be
transmitted to the job, or to the tool( milling cutters, drills etc.) or to both simultaneously
(cylindrical grinding ). Straight line reciprocating primary motion is employed in plan
ers, sharpers, slotters, broaching machine, power hackshaw machine etc. This motion can
either be transmitted to the tools or to the work( planers ). The feed motions are the
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movement either of the tool or of the work in reference to each other. This motion enables
the cutting operation to be extended to the whole surface of the workpiece to be
machined. This motion can be rectilinear or curvilinear. It may be in a longitudinal
direction or in a cross direction. In the example of turning a cylindrical job on a lathe, the
cutting motion is obtained by the rotation of job between centres and feed motion is
obtained by the movement of tool parallel tp the axis of job and normal to cutting motion.
Auxilliary Motion prepare the machine, workpiece and tool for carrying out the cutting
process and check wether the movement have been properly made. This motion include:
loading clamping the job, removing the finished wark, clamping and swiveling units on
which the work or tolls are mounted, rapid approagh and withdrawal of units carrying the
cutting tool, measuring workpiece and other operation. Since all these motion are non
cutting motion, these should be performed as fast as passible to reduce the total time to
produce one component and thereby increase the rate of production of machine.
Drives in machine tools
Thr primary cutting motion of machine tools are power driven. Similarly, feed motion are
also power driven except on small machine, where these may be performed manually.
The operating cycle of machine tools, including both working and auxiliary motion, is
obtained by means of a drive and definite units and mechanism. The drive of machine
tool consist of:
1. A source of energy, and
2. Devices for transmitting power from the source of energy to the operating
elements for producing the cutting motion and feed motion.
Machine tools are driven almost universally by electric motors. Each machine may be
driven individually by its own motor or driven by belt form a line shaft furnishing power
to other machine tools as well, this being called Group Drive
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Group Vs Individual Machine Tool Drive. The choice between two depend on
1. Comparative first cost
2. total annual operating expenses
3. Such minor advantages and disadvantages from the production point as can be
foreseen from experience in similar installation
(a) Group Drive. Group drive motor are often mounted overhead and machine tools
are driven in groups through line shafts and belts. This limits the size of motor to about
75 KW or preferably not over 37.5 kw as they are unwidely to replace in case failure.
Group drive is usually more economical in fixed charges, power consumption and
maintenance
(b) Individual Drive. Such a drive should be used in following situation
(1)

in areas requiring over head crane services

(2)

on machine which would require countershaft if grouped and are likely to be

moved frequently as activity in department varies

(3)

on machine that require considerable power say about 17.5 kw or more

(4)

on a few machine scattered over a large area

(5)

machine requiring wide speed variation also are best driven by individual drive

in complex machine, Various movement are better synchronized electrically than

mechanically.
Individual drivers are slightly more expensive but are more flexible, permit better
plant layout and changes to facilitates the flow of work through the plant, help
maintenance and allow cleanliness and better lighting. Working hazard is thus reduced.
Each drive should be selected on its own merit, but the individual motor drive has
largely superseded the group drive. The motion and power is transmitted from the drive
motor to the various units by devices called transmission element. In electrical drive
the direct motor drives the machine drive shaft through direct coupling. In machine
drive the transmission include: belts, chains.
The transmission elements between the input and output shafts can perform the following
function:
1. convert rotary motion into translatory motion
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2. convert rotary motion into rotary motion

Mechanical drive.
In a mechanical drive, the transmission element will depend upon the type of conversion
needed between drive shaft and driven shaft
1. Conversion of rotary motion into rotary motion.

The following transmission

elements are used to convert rotary motion to drive shaft to rotary motion driven shaft
(a) Belt drivers. In such driver, a pulley is mounted on drive shaft and another on
driven shaft and the motion is transmitted from the drive pulley to driven pulley
with the help of belts. Transmission ratio of the drive,

B. Chain drivers. Roller chain and silent chain are employed in machine tool
drives. The direction of rotation of the driving sprocket and driven sprocket is
same

C. Toothed gearings . toothed gearing serves for transmitting motion between parallel,
intersecting and crossed shafts. Straight tooth and helical tooth spur gears are used to
parallel shafts.

2.conversion of rotary motion into rectilinear reciprocating motion.

The following kinematics links are used to convert rotary motion into rectilinear motion
(a) Rack and pinion. If the opinion is rotated on the driving shaft the rack will travel in
a straight line. For one revolution of pinion, the travel of rack will equal the no. teeth on
the pinion, that is, travel of the rack, S will be given as
S = pZn mm per min
P = pitch of rack teeth, mm
Z = no. of teeth on pinion
N = speed of pinion
P = m , where m is module of gear
S = m Zn mm per min

(b) Worm and Rack.

Upon rotation of the worm, the travel of will be given as
S = pnk
K = no. of threads
C. Screw and Nut.
Rotation of a screw, fixed in axial direction, will cause a nut, held against rotation, to
travel in a straight line along the screw.
The travel of the nut or the screw can be
S = pn mm per min
N = speed of screw
D. Slider and Crank. The no. of strokes per min of silder crank mechanism equals the
speed in rev min of the driving crank, while the silder travel is calculated from the
following relation:
S = 2r mm
r = radius of crank, mm
E Crank and Slotted rocker arm. The travel of silder is determined from the formulaa
S = 2L A.r
R = crand radius, mm
L = rocker arm length, mm
A = distance fro,m the rocker arm pivot to the crank centre, mm

Characteristics of Mechnacial stepped Drive

The cutting sped is equal in value to the spindle speed. As is clear from diameters are
plotted along x axix and cutting speed along y-axix.refer to fig.22.5A,a vertical line at
d=318mm is drawn ,and horizontal lines for different values of v (equal in value to n) are
fond.For example,let us tae the speeds are :

the corresponding cutting speeds will be :45,63,90,125,180,250,355,500,and 710 m/min

respectively.from points corresponding to this cutting speeds on y-axix ,horizontal lines
are drawn.Their points of meetings the d=318mm lines are plotted .By joining all these
points to the origin,the ray diagram will be completed.

It is clear that due to limited scale of diagram,it is not possible to draw the ray lines for
500 and 710 rev/min.In such cases it is convenient to take d=31.8mm and vertical lines
corresponding to this diameter drawn.it is clear that the cutting speed corresponding to
500 and 710 rev/min will be 50 and 71 m.min respectively. So therays can be drawn as
explainrd above. If needed=159mm can also be used. In this case ,it will be equal in value
to n/2.The most common use of ray diagram is to find the optimum speed of rotation of
given values of v and d.for example,if v=120m/min and d= 160mm,the coreesponding
point on the diagram,fig will be a A.This point will be lies in b/w rays for n6=250
rev/min to increase the life of the tool.
Now productivity of a machine tools can be written in terms of the metal removal rate in
mmcube/min that is,

1.Series of Spindle Sp[eeds for Machine Tools. Before we discuss the various the
various series,let us study about the loss of productive capacity. Let the max value of the
optimum cutting speed be v. From the speed chart fig let d f-1 be the diameter that can be
machined at spindle speed Nf-1 dj the diameter d laying b/w df and Df-1 .it is clear from
fig that for machining diameter ,there is no spindle ray,the speed rays Nj-1 and Nj being
the two definite steps for agiven machine tools .So,d being greater than Dj, the spindle
speed to be selected will be Nf-1 which is lower than the calculated one from the
diameter d. So there is a speed loss of ^v, which is given as

Now productivity of a machine tools can be written in terms of the metal removal rate in
mmcube/min that is,
Productive capacity,

Q=feed*depth of cut*v*1000 mmcube/min

=feed*depth of cut*piedn,mmcube/min

If feed depth of cut and d are given then Q~n.

So if a lower spindle chart, then there will be loss in the productivity capacity .
For zero loss of productivity capacity,^v =0,therefore fi=1.

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Series ofspindle speeds. As discussed above the spindle speeds vary over a discreet no.
of stages in a stepped deive.This steps usually from a series. This series can be A.p,g.P or
Logarithm Progression
(1) Speed Spectrum in Airthmetic Progression. As is clear , in these series, there will
be a constant common difference b/w any two consecutive spindle speeds.The
common diferrence will be given as :

Spindle speeds will be : 50,110,170,230,290, and 350 rev/min.

It is clear that the value of fi is larger speeds and goes on decreasing at higher speeds, snd
so it is not constant. Such an arrangement is quite unsuitable,because thr lower speeds
are too widely spaced while the higher speeds are close together.The productivity
capacity loss is thus also not constant for each stage.it is more at lower speeds and less at
higher speeds. Let us draw the speed spectrum by taking a simple example of small lathe.
It is intended to accommodate workpiece upto 100mm ina diameter and range of five
spindle speeds is to be provided.utting speed is 24m/min.

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Now with the help of above data a speed a speed spectrum can easily be drawn, Firstly a
horizontal line corresponding to cutting velocity of 24m/min is drawn.then vertical lines
from diameter Dmin,d2,d3,d4 and dmax are drawn to meet the speed line. The meeting
points are join to the origin to get the speed rays.Then by drawing the test line, that shows
the speed loss as asaw diagram for A.P series can be drawn
2 Speeds Steps in G.P
We know that properties of a G.P sereies. The common ratio b/w consecutive is equal and
constant, that is the series can be written as

If Rn and fi are given, z can becalculated from the above formula.it is then rounded to a
whole number and then corresponding value of Rn can be found out..

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Rank and Slotted rocker Arm

An example of this drive is the movement of ram in a shaper.
6.

cams plate and cylinder cams are widely used to obtain working and auxiliary

motions in automatics and semiautomatics.

Cam mechanism consist of a cam and a follower. To obtain ,motion in the required and of
the required magnitude, intermediate linkage such as levers, are often arranged b/w the
cam follower and the final member,
In fig, , are shown the plate can actuated movements. Upon rotation of the cam ,the the
follower or the final member travels up and down (fig), swings about a pivot (fig
b),travels vertically (fig c),or horizontally fig (d). Plates cam may be suitabely employed
for motions square with the cam axix . Plates cams are of one piece design and are used
of comparatively short travel or stroke.

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Cylinder cams, fig., are drums having helical slots or cam members. When the cylinder
rotates ,the followers or the final members travels horizontally or vertically.These cams
are usually employed to obtain motion parallels with the cam drum axix.Such cams are of
short travel.For longers travels cam plates or members are attached by screws to the
drum.The magnitude,direction and speed of the travel of the operative element or
follower ,may be varied by the imparting a particular form to the cams.Cams discussed
above are single edged cams.The actuate the follower in one direction only and depend
on some external force produced by a spring or weight to return the follower to its
starting point.Two edged cams are positive motion cams and provide for positive
follower travel in both direction.Such cams have a curvelinear groove which
accommodates the follower roller.
3.mechanism for periodic Rotation.Periodic rotation mechanisms and Geneva
mechanism.

Selecting the maximum And Minimum cuttings speed and Feeds.

The cutting speeds depend chiefly on the material to be machined,the material of the
cutting tools,the depth of cut and the rate of feed .Maximum minimum sizes that are to
be accommodated, are selecting by analyzing the manufacturing process.The usual range
of cutting speeds and feeds for various combination of work material and tool material
can be found in standards tables .The higher the cutting speed larger is the rate of
production.
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The applications of cutting speeds ,higher than the recommended values,will decrease the
life of cutting tools which will be subject to premature wear of failure. The rate of feed is
selected to suit the machining allowance ,provided for the given operation,and the
required accuracy and the surface finish.naturally, the the maximum feed rate will be for
the roughing cut for the hardest tool softest work material combination and minimum
feed rate correspond to the finishing cut .Other condition being,equal,the rate pr\oducion
will increase in direct proportion to an increase in the rate of feed. Therefore to reduce
the total machining time so as to increase the rate of production,it is desirable to increase
both cutting speed and rate of feed within feasible limits.
Spindle speeds for Rotatory Motion.
After determining the extremes values of the cutting speed Vmax and the Vmin and the
extreme value of the diameters of jobs Dmax and Dmin which can be accommodated on
a machine tools,the extreme value of spindle speeds Nmax and Nmin can be determined
by the formula:

The ratio of Nmax and Nmin is called the range ratio of the spindle speed variation,that
is, the range ratio is :

The value of r will depend upon the work-material combination and the tool life. For a
fixed tool life , the various combination of work tool can given a velocity range of 4 to
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100 , but on the average it varies from 12 to 15. The diameter range ratio will depend
upon the characerstics of a machine tool.It is normally ranges from 4 to 6.
Upper and Lower speeds limits of a Lathe.
As is well known,the maximum diameter of ajob that can be accommodated on a centre
lathe is the swing of layhe. Experience has shown that it is logical to relate the diameters
range ratio to the height of the centers,h,above the lathe bed.Therefore,

Nicolson and smith have also suggested a formula for Nmin .According to them ,Vmin
should be selected such that a finishing cut at a cutting speed of 15 f.p.m. can be taken on
a work piece diameter of slightly less than the swing of the lathe,with a H.S.S tool. They
suggested Dmax =2(h-rooth),h in inches

.
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Stepped and Stepless drives.

With a constant speed motor , there is need of some method of varying the speed over
this range. The infinitely variables speed rotation is possible with suitable mechanical
hydraulic and electrical drives. However, the torque characteristics of available stepless
drives do not meet the requirements of spindle dives which demand and increased
driving torque to the spindle at lower output speeds in order to maintain a constant rate of
metal removal. The stepless drive which posses the required torque characteristics ,are
limited by the speed range over which these character stics can be mad. In order to
provide for a wide range of operating speeds together with adequate torque at lower
spindle speeds. It is necessary that spindle range be convered in a number of discreet
steps.This is achieved by a constant speed motor used in conjunction with cone pulleys
or a gearbox which provide for a series of spindle speeds in a mechanical stepped
drive.The number of speed steps provided in a machine tool is likely to represent a
compromise between what is desirable for efficient operation and the cost of drive (it will
increase with the number of steps) which can be justified in given conditions.
Characterstistics of mechanical stepped drive.
If the work piece diameter d and the optimum cutting speed v are given or known,then
the corresponding spindle speed can be determined with the help of equcuttings speed
charts of the rectilinear type are often used to quickly determined the spindle speeds for a
give cutting speed, ,Each slanting line or ray repersen a definite step,in rpm, of the
spindle speed of the given machine tool A logarithmic chart of the type.fig., is often used
instead of the rectilinear chart to determine spindle speeds.
Constructions of ray diagram.It is clear from equ
V= dn/1000 m/min
Then v & d with n being constant.
This relation is represented graphically by a straight line passing through the
origin,because v=0 when d=0. to draw the straight line, we need another point.the number

17

of straight lines or rays emerging from the origin for a given cuttings speed range will be
equal to the number of steps in this range. This is achieved as follows:
V = n/1000.d= n/318.d
d=318mm, v = n

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Stepless mechanical drives

Steeples or infinitely variable main and feed drives have found considerable
application in modern machine tools. Their main advantages are: the possibility of
setting up the optimum cutting conditions (speed and feed ) with higher accuracy than
with a stepped drive and the possibility of changing speed of the main drives or feeds
without stopping the machine.the steeples, drives can be: mechanical, electrical
,hydraulic or combined drive. they have their own advantages and disadvantages . the
selection will depend upon : purpose of the machine ( general or special ); for roughing
,finishing or micro finishing : range ratio, the power required and the cost.
Mechanical steeples drives are of: friction type or positive type . the
operation of friction type drives involves friction losses .other drawbacks of mechanical
drives are-rigid kinematic characteristics and the variation in the maximum transmitted
power when the speed of changed.
Friction type stepless mechanical drives. :These drives are based on the principle : the driven link contact the driving link either
directly or through some intermediate element ( roller ,disc, ring or belt ). the driven and
driving elements are held tightly toghter and the friction force developed will cause one
element to rotate when the other is rotated . if the diameter of contact on both the
elements (driving and driven ) or on at least one of them is varied, then the transmission
ratio of the drive will very accordingly . there are many designs of friction type devices
.some of these will be discussed below :
1. Roller and disc drive :-this drive ,fig. is a very elementary friction drive . A single
control lever permit smooth variation in speed ratios over a wide range from zero when
the roller is over the recessed portion of the disc to a maximum when the roller contacts
the disc at its outer end. the transmission ratio being given as ;
i= r/R (R being variable)
direction of rotation can be completely reversed by bringing the friction roller into
contact with the disc either side of the recessed center portion . the roller must be
mounted on a splinted shaft to move it across the face of the disc , while being positively
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driven by the shaft .drawbacks of this drive are : uneven wear of disc and the rapid wear
of the roller . maintaining proper pressure b/w the contact surface is another cause for
trouble .
2. Friction cone with flat belt drive:- The principle of this drive is the same as that of
the stopped cone pulley and belt system ,except that there are no fixed steps but rather it
proviedes the possibility of very slight changes in speed ratio over a wide range of
adjustment of speed is obtaind by means of a belt frome slipping , the cone angle is
usually 10dia. . the drive is not suitable for large powers due to the flexibility of the belt.

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3. Spreading conical pulleys drive:-fig. shows the distance b\w the pairs of driving and
driven cone pulleys can be changed by axially moving one member in each pair. With this
the diameter of contact of the belt with driving or driven pairs of cone pulleys can be
hardened metal ring as the frictional member can be used.

4. Conical discs and friction roller drive:- fig. shows friction roller arranged b\w
spherically-shaped cones or discs on the driving and driven shafts may be inclined in
different position.this will change radii of contact b\w the roller and the driving and
driven discs and thereby the transmission ratio. in the position shown in the figure, (n)
driven (n) driver (r being r ).
when the axes of the top and bottom rollers coincide vertically , the speeds of
driving and driven pulleys will be same. the speed of the driven shaft is transmitted to the
spindle through a V-belt drive. by changing the position of the rollers along the spherical
surface of cones , spindle speeds can be infinity varied from the minimum to the
maximum values. the range can be 4 to 8. by combining this infinity variable speeds can
be obtained

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Positive drive. the positive infinity variable drive is a variant of "spreading conical
pulleys friction drive " in which a chain is used in places of a belt and the conical faces of
the alloy-steel wheels are grooved . the self tooth forming chain engages with these
grooves. a control hand wheel moves the control lever about central pivolts to change the
ratio of the effective wheel diameter. the chain links are slidable transverse slots that form
the power transmitting teeth. a shoe mechanis, with spriong tension, applies pressure to
the slack side of the chain to keep it in adjustment. all moving parts run in oil with
autometic splash lubrication.
Hydrolic drives
Hydrolic drives are videly used to obtain infinitly variable rates of rectilinear
motion in machine tools.mostly, it refer to feed motions but in some machine tools main
drive speeds are varied in the way, the advantage of hydrolic drive are :
1. rapid and infinitly variable adjustment obtainable during operation , for the length,
speed and direction of travel of a machine tool unit.
2. faster , revers and acceleration rates are possible because of less inertia and
cushioning effect of the fluid.
3. the drive is smooth and reverses without shock.
4. automatic protection against overloads.
5.ability to stall against an obstruction without damage to the tool or to the machine.
6. convenience of remote control and its automation.
7. self lubrication of the system.
Drawback :
1. Insufficiently flat characteristic curve mresulting from leakage.
2. effect of the temperature on the oil viscosity.
3. at slow speed (12 to 15), the operation of the drive becomes unstable.
A hydraulic drive for straight line motion consist of:
(a) A pump, which delivers oil under pressure
(b) An operating cylinder with a piston and piston rod
(c) control devices.

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Either the piston rod or the cylinder is attached to the operative unit of the machine tool
and the other is stationary. The speed of travel of the operative unit will depend on the
volume of oil delivered by the pump in a unit of time. The speed can be adjusted in two
ways:
(i) by using a variable delivery pump which can deliver different amounts of oil per
unit of time.
(ii) by using a constant delivery pump and adjusting the speed with the help of a
throttle valve.
The variable delivery pumps are more expensive and complex than constant
delivery pumps. This system is more efficient than a throttle type system. however, in
many cases, the difference is not large and the saving in operating costs alone does not
justify the more expensive equipment.
There are two ways of controlling the speed in the throttle type system:
(a) Metering in control fig. :- the throttle valve is mounted in the pipeline through
which oil is delivered to the cylinder.

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(b) Metering-out control fig. :-here,the throttle valve governs the discharge oil from
the opposite end of the cylinder.The amount of oil passing through the adjustable
throttle valve per unit time,will determine the piston speed.if the amount of the oil
delivered to the working end of the cylinder is too large.surplus oil is draid to the
tank through a relief valve.

Pumps., the pumps used in hydraulic drive can be :

1.constant delivery pumps (non-adjustable)
2.variable delivery pumps (adjustable)
According to their principle of operation and design, pumps are classified as,
(i)

gear type pump (ii)vane type pump (iii) piston type pump

(a)

Gear pump:- it is the simplest and the most commonly used type of pump. it is a

constant displacement pump , and is designed for operating pressure up to 25 atm. it

consists of two spur gears, of equal diameter. The discharge pressure can be increased by
increasing the speed of the pump and the number of teeth of the gears.

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(b) Vane pump:- in this pump rotor revolves in a housing . the rotor caries vanes
located in slots of the rotor. these pump ,also have constant displacement and
designed for working pressues upto 65 atm .

(c) rotary piston pump:- these pump may be designed with either radically or axially
arranged pistons. they may operate at pressure up to 100 atm. in the radial arrangement
fig. (c), the cylinder rotate centrically in the core of a circular housing.theoil inlet and
outlet ports are located near the centre of the rotating cylinder block. when the rotating
piston moved outward, oil will be sucked in the rotating cylinder and it will be discharged
out when the piston moves inwards. these pumps have delivery ranges of 0.2 to 4l\min.
for small size models and 18 to 600I\min. for large size models.
Hydraulic drives with a power rating of > 0.45 kw are economically
sound. a hydraulic drive is advisible for development high torques and pulling force. its
cost is less as compared to electric drive of same rating . the application of hydraulic
drive in copy system and flow forming lathes is also of great importance.
Hydraulic drive for rotary motion. variable displacement pumps are inversible and
can, therefore, be employed either as either as pumps or rotary motion. fig. shows the
layout of a hydraulic drive for rotary motions. the variable capacity fluid pump with one
direction of flow is run by an electric motor. the rotary motion of the hydraulic motor is
utillised to have a rotary motion of the rotary hydraulic motor. check valve is operated
when the rate of flow of oil circulating in the system is changed as a result of a change in
the pump or hydraulic motor continues for a certain time to run by interia at the same
speed but with a changed rate of flow. when this valve opens, the required amount of oil
25

is admitted into the system, so as to compensate for the insufficiency of the circulating
volume of oil . shut off valve can be used to stop the shaft of the hydraulic motor rapiply
without stopping the pump. back pressure valve and cushioning or damping valve protect
the system against shock loads in the periods of bracing and reversal. the motors for
rotary hydraulic drives are particularly complex, expesive and of low effciency after wear
and are not common.

26

Pneumatic drives
compressed air is already available in most plants and can be put to work with
rather inexpensive equipment. air flow is fast. but the use of compressed air has several
disadvantages that limit to light service. Pressure available are usually not high. a
compressed air system by itself is hard to control because of the compressibility of air.
feeds and speeds are inclined to vary too much as the load changes and the equipment
may not stop and levers within desired limits. an air driven but hydraulically controlled
circuit, fig., mitigates some of the shortcomings of air, compressed air is admitted into the
oil tank at a pressure of 0.4 to 0.5 n\mm. thus, the speed of the piston depends on the size
of the sat in the throttle valve through which oil flows.

27

Electrical drives
The trend in the development of machine tools drives has been towards more
complete motorization. the electric drives of machines tools comprise one or several
drive motors and devices for their control. up to date electric motors can reversed or
braked. the motorization of machine tools and an ever wider use of electric controls will
continue to be one of the principal factors in their improvement, in increasing the rate of
production and reliability of machine tools and in reducing operator fatigue.
three phase squirrel cage motors for a power supply of 220\380 for 500v , 50 c/s
are most frequently employed in machine tools. such motors have aflat characteristics.
the speed flats only slightly with an increase of load. three phase electric motor have
speeds in rpm near to the followings series : 3000 , 1500, 1000, 750,600 and 500.
shunt wound direct current motors also have a flat characteristics. the speeds of
these motors are usually infinitely variable in a speed range ratio of 3 or 5. the main
advantage of these motors is that their speeds are infinitly variable.
electric motors permit momentry overloads upto 1.5 to 2 times the rated vaues.this
feature is used in starting a motor since a considerable overload is experienced at this
time.

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