Statistics For Psychologists (Calculating and Interpreting Basic Statistics Using SPSS) - Craig A. Wendorf

STATISTICS FOR PSYCHOLOGISTS
CALCULATING AND INTERPRETING

BASIC STATISTICS USING SPSS
Craig A. Wendorf
Department of Psychology
University of Wisconsin Stevens Point
This Textbook is Online:

http://www4.uwsp.edu/psych/cw/statistics/textbook.htm
Textbook Abstract: The materials in this book are intended to facilitate the connection between
standard introductory statistics concepts and their implementation in SPSS. The sections include: a
summary of basic statistical methods, instructions on obtaining basic statistical output using SPSS,
annotated output showing how to calculate and interpret the output, and summaries of how the
results showed be reported in APA style.
Licensing: This textbook is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/). Although these online reference materials are
primarily designed to accompany my undergraduate statistics course, they are available for use by all
for free. Suggestions for improvements can be directed to the author.
Author Home Page: http://www4.uwsp.edu/psych/cw/

Author Email: cwendorf@uwsp.edu
Original: July, 2009
Updated: September, 2012

PART I:
STATISTICAL METHODS
Section Abstract: This section provides an overview of the basic terminology of statistics.
Emphasis is on the terminology of research designs (e.g., between-subjects vs. within-subjects
designs), and their relationship to statistical methods. Also, a brief primer on statistical
significance, confidence intervals, and effect sizes is included.
Keywords: Research designs, statistical significance, confidence intervals, effect sizes
Section Updated: October 2011
This document is part of an online statistics textbook.

Access to the complete textbook, along with licensing information, is available online:
CHOOSING APPROPRIATE INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

FOR DIFFERENT RESEARCH DESIGNS
A Decision Tree for Basic Statistics
Which type of effect size measure and statistical significance test (and to some extent, which type of confidence interval)
should be calculated depends on the research design.
Some Important Vocabulary Terms

Factor: The variable that identifies the different groups or
conditions in a study. This is referred to as the independent
variable in an experiment.
Outcome Variable: The measured outcome of study. This is

referred to as the dependent variable in an experiment.
Between-Subjects Design: Research design where different

groups of people are being compared. Also referred to as
an independent samples design.
Within-Subjects Design: Research design where one one

group of people is studied, but under multiple conditions.
Also called a dependent samples design.
Standardized Effect Size: Standardizes the raw mean

difference relative to the standard deviation within groups.
Cohens d is one example.
Variance Accounted For Effect Size: Standardizes the

between group variability relative to the total variability.
2
Eta is one example.
Confidence Interval: Provides a range of means or mean

differences that are likely to cover the true population
mean or mean difference.
Significance Test: Utilizes probability to determine the

likelihood of the results given assumptions about the
population. ANOVA and t are examples.

PART II:
USING SPSS
Section Abstract: This section provides step-by-step instructions on how to obtain basic
statistical output using SPSS, both visually with screenshots and via written instructions. Simple
examples for most undergraduate-level between-subjects and within-subjects research designs
are provided.
Keywords: SPSS (Version 21), screenshots, directions for use
Section Updated: December 2012

Table of Contents for This Section

ENTERING ONE SAMPLE AND REPEATED MEASURES DATA .................................................................. 2
ENTERING MULTIPLE SAMPLE DATA...................................................................................................... 4
ENTERING FACTORIAL DESIGN DATA ..................................................................................................... 6
ENTERING MIXED DESIGN DATA ............................................................................................................ 8
FREQUENCIES (DISTRIBUTIONS AND DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS) ......................................................... 10
DESCRIPTIVES (DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS AND STANDARDIZED SCORES)........................................... 12
CORRELATIONS (BIVARIATE) ................................................................................................................ 15
REGRESSION (BIVARIATE) ..................................................................................................................... 17
ONE SAMPLE T TEST .............................................................................................................................. 18
PAIRED SAMPLES T TEST ....................................................................................................................... 20
INDEPENDENT SAMPLES T TEST ............................................................................................................ 22
ONE-WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE ...................................................................................................... 24
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (USING GENERAL LINEAR MODEL) .............................................................. 26
REPEATED MEASURES ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE .................................................................................. 28
FACTORIAL ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE .................................................................................................... 31
MIXED DESIGN FACTORIAL ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE .......................................................................... 33
ENTERING ONE SAMPLE AND REPEATED MEASURES DATA

Steps for Defining All Variables
1.
First, click on the Variable View tab on the bottom left-hand corner of
the screen. Generally speaking, this is where you will define all of the
variables in the data set.
2.
Type in the Name of the variable in the first cell. You may wish to
enter a Label (or longer name) for the variable.
Steps for Entering Data

3.
Click on the Data View tab on the bottom left-hand corner. In this
view, you will be able to enter the data.
4.
Enter the data in the individual cells of the column for the variable.
Note that each cell should contain a single score for an individual
person. There will be as many rows as people.
Page 2 of 36
Steps for Entering Additional Variables

5.
If you wish to add data for additional variables, simply repeat the steps
described above. Return to the Variable View and define the next
variable (which is, in this example, called outcome).
6.
Then go to the Data View and enter the scores for each of the same
participants on this second variable. Notice that each individual (i.e.,
the rows) have values for each variable (i.e., the columns).
Steps for Entering Repeated Measurements

7.
If you wish to add data for repeated measurements of variables, simply

modify the steps above. Return to the Variable View and define the
next measurement instance (not shown here).
8.
For repeated measures data, the columns really represent the different
instances of the within-subjects variable. In the example here, each
variable column is a measurement of the quiz outcome variable.
9.
Notice that each participant has scores on both variables. In this

example, each of the five participants has a score on for the Time 1
measurement (t1score) and one for the Time 2 measurement
(t2score).
Your data are now ready to be analyzed!
Page 3 of 36
ENTERING MULTIPLE SAMPLE DATA

1.
2.
Type in the Name of the variables in the first column. You may wish
to enter a Label (or longer name) for each variable in your data set.
3.
One variable will represent the Factor (Independent Variable) and the
other will represent the Outcome (Dependent) Variable.
Steps for Providing Labels for All Values

4.
For categorical variables, you should also provide labels for the different
categories. Do this by clicking on the values cell for the variable of
interest. A button will appear, and clicking on this button will make
another dialog box appear.
5.
You will use numbers to represent the two categories (or levels) of the
variable. Do this by entering the number representing the value in the
value box and the actual value in the label box. Click Add after
entering the information for each value. If your data set includes more
than two groups, simply specify values and labels for each of the groups.
6.
When you have labeled all of the values, click OK to return to the
Variable View.
Page 4 of 36

7.
8.
Enter the data for all of the participants. Notice that each participant
has scores on both the Factor and Outcome Variables. There will be as
many rows as people.
9.
On the categorical Factor, use the values that you indicated when
defining the variables earlier.
10. If your data set has more than two groups, simply be sure to add a
group indicator (a value on the group variable) and a score for each
additional person.
Page 5 of 36
ENTERING FACTORIAL DESIGN DATA

1.
2.
Type in a Name for each of the variables in the first column. You may
wish to enter a Label (or longer name) for each variable in your data
set.
3.
Two variables will represent the Factors (Independent Variables) and

the other will represent the Outcome (Dependent) Variable.

4.
5.
6.
Variable View.
Page 6 of 36

7.
8.
has scores on both of the Factors and on the Outcome Variable. There
will be as many rows as people.
9.
On the categorical Factors, use the values that you indicated when
defining the variables earlier. Note that the combination of values in
the Factors will define the multiple groups of the factorial design.
10. If your data set has more than two levels for either (or both) of the
Factors, simply be sure to add an indicator and an outcome value for
each additional person.
Page 7 of 36
ENTERING MIXED DESIGN DATA

1.
2.
Type in a Name for each of the variables in the first column. You may
wish to enter a Label (or longer name) for each variable in your data
set.
3.
One variable will represent the Factor (Independent Variable) and the
other two will represent the separate instances of the within-subjects
variable.

4.
5.
6.
Variable View.
Page 8 of 36

7.
8.
has scores on both the Factor and on both instances of the Outcome
Variable. There will be as many rows as people.
9.
On the categorical Factor, use the values that you indicated when
defining the variables earlier. Note that the combination of values in
the Factors will define the multiple groups of the factorial design.
10. If your data set has more than two levels for either (or both) of the
Factors, simply be sure to add an indicator and an outcome value for
each additional person.
Page 9 of 36
FREQUENCIES (DISTRIBUTIONS AND DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS)

Steps for Obtaining Frequency-Related Statistics
1.
First, enter the data (described elsewhere).
2.
After the data are entered, select the Analyze Descriptive Statistics
Frequencies option from the main menu.
Steps for Obtaining a Frequency Distribution

3.
A dialogue box will then appear for you to choose the variables of
interest.
4.
Select the variables you wish to analyze by clicking on them and hitting
the arrow to move them into the variables box.
5.
Be sure that Display frequency tables is checked. Without this

checked, you will not get a frequency distribution.
6.
If all you wish is a frequency table (with no histogram or summary

statistics), click OK. A separate window with the output will appear.
Page 10 of 36
Steps for Obtaining Summary Statistics

7.
To obtain summary statistics, select Statistics. Another dialogue box

will appear.
8.
In this box, you can request that SPSS calculate the mean, variance, and
standard deviation (or median and quartiles).
9.
Once you have selected the desired statistics, click Continue. This will
return you to the original dialogue box.
Steps for Obtaining a Histogram

10. To obtain a histogram, click on the Charts button. Another dialogue
box will appear.
11. In this box, select Histogram and With normal curve.
12. Once you have selected the desired statistics, click Continue. This will
13. After clicking on OK in the original dialogue box, a separate window
with the output will appear.
Your data have now been analyzed!
Page 11 of 36
DESCRIPTIVES (DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS AND STANDARDIZED SCORES)

Steps for Obtaining Descriptive-Related Statistics
1.
2.
After the data are entered, select the Analyze Descriptive Statistics
Descriptives option from the main menu.
Steps for Obtaining a Standardized (z) Scores

3.
interest.
4.
the arrow to move them into the variables box.
5.
Be sure that Save standardized values as variables is checked.

Without this checked, you will not get the standardized scores.
6.
If all you wish are the standardized scores (with descriptive summary
statistics), click OK. A separate window with the output will appear.
Page 12 of 36
Steps for Obtaining Summary Statistics

7.
To obtain summary statistics, select Options. Another dialogue box

will appear.
8.
In this box, you can request that SPSS calculate the mean, variance, and
standard deviation (and other statistics).
9.
Once you have selected the desired statistics, click Continue. This will
Steps for Viewing the Standardized Scores

11. Finally, note that the standardized variables are not included in the
output. Rather, they are saved as new variables in the data view
window. These variables can be used in subsequent analyses.
Page 13 of 36
Steps for Obtaining the Compute Menu

12. In addition to (or instead of) calculating standardized scores, you can
perform other data transformations. First, enter the data (described
elsewhere).
13. After the data are entered, select the Transform
Variable option from the main menu.
Compute
Steps for Calculating Other Transformations

14. A dialogue box will then appear for you to choose the variables of
interest to transform.
15. Under Target Variables, type the name of the new variable that you
are creating. Here transscore is the name of the new variable.
16. In the Numeric Expression box, type the formula that will be used in
the transformation. In this example, the transscore is calculated by
taking the original score and adding one.
17. After clicking on OK in the original dialogue box, the transformed
variables will appear in the data view window. These variables can be
used in subsequent analyses.

Page 14 of 36
CORRELATIONS (BIVARIATE)
Steps for Obtaining Correlational Statistics
1.
First, enter data involving multiple variables. This is described

elsewhere.
2.
After the data are entered, select the Analyze

Bivariate option from the main menu.
Correlate
Steps for Obtaining the Correlations (and Significance Tests)

3.
interest.
4.
the arrow to move them into the Variables box.
5.
By default, SPSS will have the Pearson box checked. This provides the
correlation coefficient we discussed. Similarly, having two-tailed and
flag significant correlations will create and display the significance
tests (discussed later in the class).
6.
If all you wish is a table of correlations (with no descriptive statistics),

click OK. A separate window with the output will appear.
Page 15 of 36
Steps for Obtaining Descriptive Statistics

7.
If you wish to get the descriptive statistics as well, select the Options
button.
8.
Another dialogue box will appear where you can choose various
statistics. Select Means and standard deviations and cross-product
deviations and covariances. When you are done, click Continue. This
will return you to the original dialogue box.
9.
Now click OK. A separate window with the output will appear.
Page 16 of 36
REGRESSION (BIVARIATE)
Steps for Obtaining Regression Statistics
1.
First, enter data involving multiple variables. This is described

elsewhere.
2.
After the data are entered, select the Analyze

Linear option from the main menu.
Regression
Steps for Obtaining the Regression Coefficients

3.
interest.
4.
Select the outcome variable (i.e., criterion) and clicking the arrow to
move it into the Dependent box.
5.
Move the predictor variable to the Independent box. [In regression, it

is possible to have multiple predictors but this is not addressed in this
tutorial.]
6.
Click OK. A separate window with the output will appear.

Page 17 of 36
ONE SAMPLE T TEST

Steps for Obtaining One-Sample Inferential Statistics
1.
2.
After the data are entered, select the Analyze Compare Means
One-Sample T Test option from the main menu.
Steps for Obtaining the Significance Test

3.
interest.
4.
the arrow to move them into the Test Variables box.
5.
Be sure to enter a known or hypothesized mean into the Test Value

field. If you do not enter a value here, SPSS will automatically use zero
as the comparison mean.
6.
If you do not wish to alter the default (95%) confidence level, click
OK. A separate window with the output will appear.
Page 18 of 36
Steps for Altering the Confidence Interval

7.
If you wish to alter the width of the confidence interval, select the
Options button.
8.
Another dialogue box will appear where you can change the confidence
level. When you are done, click Continue. This will return you to the
original dialogue box.
9.
After clicking on OK in the original dialogue box, a separate window

Page 19 of 36
PAIRED SAMPLES T TEST

Steps for Obtaining Paired-Sample Inferential Statistics
1.
2.
Paired-Samples T Test option from the main menu.

3.
interest.
4.
Select the variables you wish to analyze by clicking on both of them

while holding down the CTRL key. Then click on the arrow to move
the pair of variables to the Paired Variables box.
5.
Page 20 of 36

6.
If you wish to alter the width of the confidence interval, select the
Options button.
7.
Another dialogue box will appear where you can change the confidence
8.
After clicking on OK in the original dialogue box, a separate window

Page 21 of 36
INDEPENDENT SAMPLES T TEST

Steps for Obtaining Two-Sample Inferential Statistics
1.
2.
Independent-Samples T Test option from the main menu.

3.
interest.
4.
Select the outcome variables you wish to analyze by clicking on them

and hitting the arrow to move them into the Test Variables box.
5.
Move the variable that defines the different groups to the Grouping
Variable box. Note that question marks will appear here and that you
will need to follow the next set of steps in order to run the analyses.
Page 22 of 36
Steps for Defining the Groups to be Analyzed

6.
In order to tell SPSS which two groups you wish to compare, click on
the Define Groups box.
7.
A new dialog box will appear. Here you will need to indicate the
numeric values you used in setting up the data file to refer to the
groups. In this example, a value of 1 for the variable group referred to
Group 1 and a value of 2 for the variable group referred to Group 2.
8.
When you are done, click Continue. This will return you to the original
dialogue box.
9.

10. If you wish to alter the width of the confidence interval, select the
Options button.
11. Another dialogue box will appear where you can change the confidence
Page 23 of 36
ONE-WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Steps for Obtaining Multiple-Sample Inferential Statistics
1.
First, enter the data. This is done in the same manner as entering two
sample data (described elsewhere) but with additional groups.
2.
One-Way ANOVA option from the main menu.

3.
interest.
4.
Select the outcome variables you wish to analyze by clicking on them

and hitting the arrow to move them into the Dependent List box.
5.
Move the variable that defines the different groups to the Factor box.
SPSS will not ask you to define the groups you wish to compare; it
simply will compare all groups defined by the factor.
6.
If all you wish is an ANOVA source table (with no descriptive statistics

or post hoc tests), click OK. A separate window with the output will
appear.
Page 24 of 36

7.
If you wish to get the means, standard deviations, standard errors, and
95% confidence intervals for each group, select the Options button.
8.
statistics. Select Descriptive. When you are done, click Continue.
This will return you to the original dialogue box.
9.
If all you wish is an ANOVA with the descriptive statistics (and no post
hoc tests), click OK. A separate window with the output will appear.
Steps for Obtaining Post Hoc Tests

10. If you wish to obtain post hoc tests for the purpose of making
comparisons between groups, click the Post Hoc button.
11. Another dialogue box will appear where you can choose which post hoc
tests you wish. Select Tukey to get Tukey HSD post hoc tests. When
you are done, click Continue.
Page 25 of 36
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (USING GENERAL LINEAR MODEL)

Steps for Obtaining Multiple-Sample Inferential Statistics
1.
sample data (described elsewhere) but with additional groups.
2.
After the data are entered, select the Analyze General Linear Model
Univariate option from the main menu.

3.
interest.
4.
Select the outcome variable you wish to analyze by clicking on it and

hitting the arrow to move them into the Dependent Variable box.
5.
Move the variable that defines the different groups to the Fixed
Factor(s) box.
6.
If all you wish is an ANOVA source table (with no descriptive statistics),

Page 26 of 36

7.
If you wish to get the means and standard deviations for each group,
select the Options button.
8.
statistics. Select Descriptive statistics.
9.
If you wish to get eta-squared measures for the factor, click on

Estimates of effect size.
10. When you are done, click Continue. This will return you to the original
dialogue box.
11. If all you wish is an ANOVA with the descriptive statistics (and no post
hoc tests), click OK. A separate window with the output will appear.
Steps for Obtaining Post Hoc Tests

12. If you wish to obtain post hoc tests for the purpose of making
comparisons between groups, click the Post Hoc button.
13. Another dialogue box will appear where you can choose which post hoc
tests you wish. Move the name of the Factor to the Post Hoc Tests for
box on the right-hand side. Also, select Tukey to get Tukey HSD post
hoc tests. When you are done, click Continue. This will return you to
the original dialogue box.
Page 27 of 36
REPEATED MEASURES ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Steps for Obtaining Repeated Measures Inferential Statistics
1.
First, enter the repeated measures data. This is described elsewhere.
2.
After the data are entered, select the Analyze General Linear
Model Repeated Measures option from the main menu.
Steps for Labeling the Within-Subjects Variable/Factor

3.
A dialogue box will then appear for you to create the repeated
measures factor. This box is necessary because SPSS does not yet know
which columns you wish to identify as repeated measurements of the
same underlying factor.
4.
In the Within-Subject Factor Name box, type in the name you wish to
give to the repeated measures factor. In this example, since the
measurements/columns reflect quizzes at two different times, Time is
used as the name.
5.
In the Number of Levels box, indicate the number of levels of the

within-subjects factor. In this example, the quiz was given twice, so
there were 2 levels of the factor.
Page 28 of 36
Steps for Creating the Within-Subjects Factor

6.
It is then important that you finalize the creation of the within-subjects

factor by clicking on the Add button. This officially declares the new
factor in SPSS.
7.
Note that this factor only exists in the computers memory. For
examples, nowhere in the data set will you see a variable called Time.
8.
When you have done this, click on Define. This will take you to the
next step in setting up the analysis.

9.
A dialogue box will then appear for you to define which

columns/variables reflect the levels of the within-subjects factor.
10. Select the outcome variables you wish to analyze by clicking on them
and hitting the arrow to move them into the Within-Subjects Variable
box. In this example, t1score reflects the first level of the factor and
t2score reflects the second level of the factor.
11. If all you wish is are ANOVA source tables (with no descriptive statistics
or comparisons), click OK. A separate window with the output will
appear.
Page 29 of 36

12. If you wish to get the means, standard deviations, standard errors, and
13. Another dialogue box will appear where you can choose various
statistics. For means and standard deviations, select Descriptive. If
you wish standard errors and confidence intervals, select and move the
variable to the Display Means box. When you are done, click
Continue. This will return you to the original dialogue box.
14. If you wish to alter the width of the confidence interval, change the
alpha value in the Significance Level box to your new value. When
you are done, click Continue. This will return you to the original
dialogue box.
Page 30 of 36
FACTORIAL ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Steps for Obtaining Factorial Inferential Statistics
1.
sample data (described elsewhere) but with additional groups and
additional factors.
2.
After the data are entered, select the Analyze General Linear Model
Univariate option from the main menu.

3.
interest.
4.
Select the outcome variable you wish to analyze by clicking on it and

hitting the arrow to move them into the Dependent Variable box.
5.
Move the variable(s) that defines the different groups to the Fixed
Factor(s) box. Note that SPSS will not require you to enter anything for
the interaction if there are multiple factors; it will automatically create
the interactions defined by the factor(s).
6.
If all you wish is an ANOVA source table (with no descriptive statistics),

Page 31 of 36

7.
If you wish to get the means and standard deviations for each group,
select the Options button.
8.
statistics. Select Descriptive statistics.
9.
If you wish to get eta-squared measures for each factor (and the
interaction), click on Estimates of effect size.
10. When you are done, click Continue. This will return you to the original
dialogue box.
Page 32 of 36
MIXED DESIGN FACTORIAL ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Steps for Obtaining Repeated Measures Inferential Statistics
1.
First, enter the repeated measures data. This is described elsewhere.
2.
After the data are entered, select the Analyze General Linear
Model Repeated Measures option from the main menu.
Steps for Labeling the Within-Subjects Variable/Factor

3.
A dialogue box will then appear for you to create the repeated
measures factor. This box is necessary because SPSS does not yet know
which columns you wish to identify as repeated measurements of the
same underlying factor.
4.
In the Within-Subject Factor Name box, type in the name you wish to
give to the repeated measures factor. In this example, since the
measurements/columns reflect quizzes at two different times, Time is
used as the name.
5.
In the Number of Levels box, indicate the number of levels of the

within-subjects factor. In this example, the quiz was given twice, so
there were 2 levels of the factor.
Page 33 of 36
Steps for Creating the Within-Subjects Factor

6.
It is then important that you finalize the creation of the within-subjects

factor by clicking on the Add button. This officially declares the new
factor in SPSS.
7.
Note that this factor only exists in the computers memory. For
examples, nowhere in the data set will you see a variable called Time.
8.
When you have done this, click on Define. This will take you to the
next step in setting up the analysis.

9.
A dialogue box will then appear for you to define which

columns/variables reflect the levels of the within-subjects factor.
10. Select the outcome variables you wish to analyze by clicking on them
and hitting the arrow to move them into the Within-Subjects Variable
box. In this example, t1score reflects the first level of the factor and
t2score reflects the second level of the factor.
11. If all you wish is are ANOVA source tables (with no descriptive statistics
or comparisons), click OK. A separate window with the output will
appear.
Page 34 of 36

12. If you wish to get the means, standard deviations, standard errors, and
13. Another dialogue box will appear where you can choose various
statistics. For means and standard deviations, select Descriptive. If
you wish standard errors and confidence intervals, select and move the
variable to the Display Means box. When you are done, click
Continue. This will return you to the original dialogue box.
14. If you wish to alter the width of the confidence interval, change the
alpha value in the Significance Level box to your new value. When
you are done, click Continue. This will return you to the original
dialogue box.
Page 35 of 36

PART III:
ANNOTATED SPSS OUTPUT
Section Abstract: This section is intended to facilitate the connection between standard
introductory statistics concepts and their implementation in SPSS. It shows the output from
various types of analyses, describes how to interpret the output, and shows the link between
hand calculation formulas and SPSS output. Results derive from the examples in the previous
section of this project.
Keywords: SPSS output, annotation, statistical interpretation
Section Updated: November 2011


FREQUENCIES......................................................................................................................................2
CORRELATIONS....................................................................................................................................3
T-TEST (ONE SAMPLE) ..........................................................................................................................4
T-TEST (PAIRED SAMPLES) .....................................................................................................................5
T-TEST (INDEPENDENT SAMPLES).............................................................................................................6
ONEWAY (ANOVA) ............................................................................................................................7
POST HOC TESTS (ANOVA) ...................................................................................................................8
GENERAL LINEAR MODEL (REPEATED MEASURES ANOVA)............................................................................9
UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (FACTORIAL ANOVA) ......................................................................... 11
Frequencies
Score on Quiz
N
N provides the sample size for the entire

data set. Missing refers to the number of
entries that are blank, whereas Valid is
Statistics
the number of entries that are not blank.
The Mean, Standard Deviation, and Variance are all calculated as

unbiased estimates of the respective population parameter. Here, the mean
is determined as the average of the scores weighted by their frequencies:
M
Valid
Missing
Mean
1.500
Percentiles
25
6.0000
50
7.0000
8.0000
75
SS n(Y M )
1.22474
Variance
The Variance and Std. Deviation are both functions of the Sum of Squares
(not shown by SPSS) of the scores in the frequency distribution:
7.0000
Std. Deviation
(nY ) (1 5) (2 6) (3 7) (2 8) (1 9) 7
1(5 7) 2 2(6 7) 2 3(7 7) 2 2(8 7) 2 1(9 7) 2 12

Then, the Variance (also known as Mean Squares) is calculated as:
MS SS ( N 1) 12 / 8 1.50
Finally, the Std. Deviation is determined by:
SD MS 1.5 1.22474
Score on Quiz
Frequency
Valid
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
5.00
11.1
11.1
11.1
6.00
22.2
22.2
33.3
7.00
33.3
33.3
66.7
8.00
22.2
22.2
9.00
11.1
11.1
88.9
100.0
Total
100.0
100.0
The Valid column lists all of

the actual scores in the entire
data set. Frequency indicates
the number of times that score
exists. For example, the score
7 was listed 3 times.
The Percent column provides

the percentage of cases for each
possible score. For example, of
the 9 scores in the entire data
set, the score of 7 was listed 3
times and 3/9 is 33.3%.
Percentiles provide the scores associated with particular percentile

th
ranks. For example, the 50 percentile is the score in the following
position or location:
Position PR( N 1) .50(9 1) 5

th
th
Thus, the score at the 50 percentile is the 5 score in the frequency

th
distribution a score of 7. Similarly, a score of 6 is at the 25
th
percentile and a score of 8 is at the 75 percentile. Importantly, in
some cases, the score values can be a non-integer.
The Valid Percent column

provides the percentage of cases
for each possible score divided by
the total number of cases. Here,
there were no missing scores, so
the percent columns are equal.
Page 2 of 12
Cumulative Percent is the sum

of all percentages up to and
including the row in question. For
example, 11.1% of scores were a
5 or smaller. Similarly, 33.3%
were a 6 or smaller.
These values of the statistics are identical to the values that would be provided by the Frequencies or
Descriptives commands. See the earlier annotated output for details of how these are computed from
frequency distributions. Note that they are calculated separately for each variable.
Correlations
Descriptive Statistics
Mean
Std. Deviation
These boxes represent the conjunction of both variables and

therefore present the statistics relevant to the relationship
between the two variables. (Thus, the boxes are redundant.)
Score on Quiz
7.0000
1.22474
Score on Exam
80.8889
6.90008
This Sum of Cross Products is not easily determined from the

summary statistics of the SPSS output, but rather from the data
(and the calculations are therefore not shown here).
Correlations
Score on Quiz
Score on Quiz
Pearson Correlation
Score on Exam
1
.695
Sig. (2-tailed)
Sum of Squares and Cross-products
Covariance
N
Score on Exam Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
Sum of Squares and Cross-products
Covariance
N
COV
.038
12.000
47.000
1.500
5.875
.695
The Covariance is a function of the Sum of Cross Products and

the sample size:
The Pearson Correlation coefficient is a function of the

covariance and the standard deviations of both variables:
COV
5.875
.695
SDX SDY 1.224746.90008
Though the statistic is not shown, t provides the standardized

statistic for testing whether the correlation differs from zero:
.038
47.000
380.889
5.875
47.611
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
This box presents information about the first variable that can be derived
from the Std. Deviation above. The Covariance here actually
represents the estimated variance (or Mean Squares) of the variable:
2
2
MS = SD = 1.22474 = 1.500. The Sum of Squares for this variable is
then found (knowing that MS = SS/df) to be equal to 12.000. Finally, note
that, by definition, the variable is perfectly correlated with itself (r = 1.0).
SCP 47.00
5.875
N 1 9 1
tOBSERVED
r
(1 r ) N 2
2
.695
(1 .6952 ) (9 2)
2.557
The t statistic follows a non-normal (studentized or t) distribution

that depends on degrees of freedom. Here, df = N 2 = 9 2 = 7.
SPSS calculated that a t with 7 df that equals 2.557 has a
two-tailed probability of .038.
This box presents information about the second variable that can be
derived from the Std. Deviation above. The Covariance here actually
represents the estimated variance (or Mean Squares) of the variable: MS
2
2
= SD = 6.90008 = 47.611. The Sum of Squares for this variable is then
found (knowing that MS = SS/df) to be equal to 380.889. Finally, note that,
by definition, the variable is perfectly correlated with itself (r = 1.0).
Page 3 of 12
These values of the one-sample statistics are identical to the values that would be
provided by the Frequencies or Descriptives commands. See the earlier annotated
output for details of how these are computed from frequency distributions.
T-Test (One Sample)

One-Sample Statistics
N
Score on Quiz
Mean
9
Std. Deviation
7.0000
1.22474
Std. Error
Mean
The Standard Error of the Mean provides an estimate of how

spread out the distribution of all possible random sample means
would be. Here its calculated as:
.40825
SEM SD
One-Sample Test
Test Value = 6
95% Confidence Interval
of the Difference
t
Score on Quiz
2.449
df
Sig. (2-tailed)
8
.040
Mean
Difference
1.00000
The t, df, and Sig. columns provide the results of the statistical
significance test. First, t provides the standardized statistic for the
mean difference:
tOBSERVED
M u
1
2.449
SEM
.40825
The t statistic follows a non-normal (studentized or t) distribution

that depends on degrees of freedom. Here, df = N 1 = 9 1 = 8.
SPSS calculated that a t with 8 df that equals 2.449 has a two-tailed
probability of .040.
Lower
Upper
.0586
1.9414
1.22474
.40825
The Mean Difference is the difference

between the sample mean (M = 7) and the
user-specified test value (u = 6). For the
example, the sample had a mean one point
higher than the test value. This raw effect size
is important for both the significance test and
the confidence interval.
This section provides a confidence interval around (centered on)

the Mean Difference. Calculation requires the appropriate critical
value. Specifically, the t statistic (with 8 df) that has a probability
of .05 would equal 2.306. As a result:
CI D M D (tCRITICAL )(SEM ) 1 (2.306)(.40825)

Thus, the researcher would have 95% confidence that the interval
ranging from .0586 to 1.9414 covers the true population mean
difference.
Page 4 of 12
T-Test (Paired Samples)
These values of the group statistics are calculated separately for each level or condition.
There are not identical to the values obtained from analyzing the variable as a whole.
Paired Samples Statistics
Mean
Pair 1
Std. Deviation
Score on First Quiz
6.4000
1.14018
.50990
Score on Second Quiz
7.8000
.83666
.37417
N
Score on First Quiz &
Correlation
5
SEM SD
1.14018
.50990
Notice that the standard errors are not equal because both
conditions do not have the same standard deviation.
Paired Samples Correlations
Pair 1
These are the standard errors for each condition separately.

For the first condition:
Std. Error
Mean
.891
Though the statistic is not shown, t provides the standardized statistic for
testing whether the correlation differs from zero:
Sig.
.042
tOBSERVED
This is the correlation between the scores of the two conditions.

This correlation is not easily determined from the summary
statistics of the SPSS output, but rather from the data (and the
calculations are therefore not shown here).
r
(1 r 2 ) N 2
.891
(1 .8912 ) (5 2)
3.399
The t statistic follows a non-normal (studentized or t) distribution that depends

on degrees of freedom. Here, df = N 2 = 5 2 = 3. SPSS calculated that a t
with 3 df that equals 3.399 has a two-tailed probability of .042.
Paired Samples Test
Paired Differences
of the Difference
Pair 1
Score on First Quiz Score on Second Quiz
The Paired Differences

statistics are determined by
taking the differences of each
persons pairs of scores on
the two variables. Thus, the
Std. Deviation of these is
not determinable from the
summary statistics. However,
the Mean here is the
difference between the two
means provided above.
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Mean
Lower
Upper
df
Sig. (2-tailed)
-1.40000
.54772
.24495
-2.08009
-.71991
-5.715
.005
This confidence interval is centered on the Mean of the

paired differences of the two conditions. Calculation
requires the appropriate critical value. Specifically, the t
statistic (with 4 df) that has a probability of .05 would
equal 2.776. As a result:
CI D M D (tCRITICAL )(SEM ) 1.4 (2.776)(.24495)

Thus, the researcher would have 95% confidence that the
interval ranging from -2.08009 to -.71991 covers the true
population mean difference between the two conditions.
Page 5 of 12
The t, df, and Sig. columns provide the results of

the statistical significance test. First, t provides the
standardized statistic for the mean difference:
tOBSERVED
M Differences
SEDifferences
1.40
.24495
5.715
The t statistic follows a non-normal (studentized or t)

distribution that depends on degrees of freedom. Here,
df = N 1 = 5 1 = 4. SPSS calculated that a t with 4 df
that equals -5.715 has a two-tailed probability of .005.
T-Test (Independent Samples)
These values of the group statistics are calculated separately for each group. There are not
identical to the values obtained from analyzing the variable as a whole.
Group Statistics
N
Score on Quiz
Mean
Lab Group
Control
6.0000
.81650
.40825
Experimental
8.0000
.81650
.40825
Levenes Test determines

whether the variability from
the two groups is significantly
different. If this were
significant, one might
consider using the t-test for
unequal variances.
SEM SD
.40825
Notice that the standard errors are equal because both

groups have the same standard deviation and sample size.
Sig.
.000
1.000
df
Sig. (2-tailed)
Mean
Difference
Upper
.013
-2.00000
.57735
-3.41273
-.58727
-3.464
6.000
.013
-2.00000
.57735
-3.41273
-.58727
M1 M 2
SED
The Standard Error of the Difference is a function of

the two groups individual standard errors. When
sample sizes are equal:
The t statistic follows a non-normal

(studentized or t) distribution that depends on
degrees of freedom. Here, df = N 2 = 8 2 =
6. SPSS calculated that a t with 6 df that
equals -3.464 has a two-tailed probability
of .013.
Lower
The Mean Difference is the difference between the

two group means. For the example, the group ones
mean was 2 points lower.
3.464
Std. Error
Difference
-3.464
The t, df, and Sig. columns provide the

results of the statistical significance test. First,
t provides the standardized statistic for the
mean difference:
.57735

of the Difference
Equal variances
not assumed
.81650
t-test for Equality of Means
Levene's Test for

Equality of Variances
Equal variances
assumed
tOBSERVED
Independent Samples Test
F
Score on Quiz
Std. Deviation
These are the standard errors for each mean separately.
Std. Error
Mean
SED SE12 SE22

.408252 .408252 .57735
This value is important for both the significance test
and the confidence interval. [Note that the
computation of the standard error of the difference is
more complex for unequal sample sizes.]
Page 6 of 12
This section provides a confidence

interval around (centered on) the
Mean Difference. Calculation
requires the appropriate critical value.
Specifically, the t statistic (with 6 df)
that has a probability of .05 would
equal 2.447. As a result:
CI D M D (tCRITICAL )( SED )
2 (2.447)(.57735)
Thus, the researcher would have
95% confidence that the interval
ranging from -3.41273 to -.58727
covers the true population mean
difference.
Oneway
These values of the group statistics

are calculated separately for each
group. They are not identical to the
values obtained from analyzing the
variable as a whole.
These are the standard errors for each mean separately. Notice that the standard errors are
equal because all groups have the same standard deviation and sample size.
SEM SD
Descriptives
1.000
.57735
Score on Quiz
95% Confidence Interval for
Mean
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Lower Bound
Upper Bound
Minimum
Maximum
5.00
Control
4.0000
1.00000
.57735
1.5159
6.4841
3.00
Experimental 1
8.0000
1.00000
.57735
5.5159
10.4841
7.00
9.00
Experimental 2
9.0000
1.00000
.57735
6.5159
8.00
10.00
Total
7.0000
2.44949
.81650
5.1172
11.4841
8.8828
3.00
10.00
These values are all calculated for the set of data as a whole (i.e., not
separately for each group). Because the mean and standard deviation is
different from the respective group values, the SE and CI will also be different:
Minimum and
Maximum values
are the lowest and
highest scores in
each group.

each mean separately. Calculation requires the appropriate
critical value. Specifically, the t statistic (with 2 df) that has a
probability of .05 would equal 4.303. For example, in the first
group:
SEM SD
2.44949
.81650
N
9
CI M M (tCRITICAL )(SEM ) 7 (2.306)(.81650)
CI M M (tCRITICAL )(SEM ) 4 (4.303)(.57735)

interval ranging from 1.5159 to 6.4841 covers the true population
mean.
Thus, the researcher would have 95% confidence that the interval ranging from
5.1172 to 8.8828 covers the true population grand (or overall) mean.
ANOVA
Score on Quiz
Between Groups
Sum of
Squares
42.000
Within Groups
Total
6.000
48.000
Within Groups statistics are a

function of the group variabilities.
Because SS for each group equals
2
2.00 (SS = SD x df):
SSWITHIN SS1 SS 2 SS3

222 6
dfWITHIN = df1 + df2 + df3 = 6
Mean Squares are estimates of the variance for each

source. For the Between Groups:
F
df
2
6
8
Mean Square
21.000
Sig.
.002
21.000
MS BETWEEN
1.000
Between Groups statistics are a function of the

group means and sample sizes:
SS BETWEEN n( M GROUP M TOTAL ) 2

3(4 7) 3(8 7) 3(9 7)
42.000
2
dfBETWEEN = # groups 1 = 2
Page 7 of 12
SS BETWEEN 42.000
21.000
df BETWEEN
2
The F statistic is a ratio of the between and within group

variance estimates:
MS BETWEEN 21.000
21.000
MSWITHIN
1.000
SPSS calculated that an F with 2 and 6 df that equals

21.000 has a two-tailed probability of .002.
Post Hoc Tests
Tukeys HSD procedure is appropriate for post-hoc pairwise

comparisons between groups. SPSS lists all possible pairwise
Multiple Comparisons
comparisons,
including those that are redundant.
Dependent Variable: Score on Quiz

Tukey HSD
Mean
Difference
(I-J)
-4.00000(*)
-5.00000(*)
Std. Error
.81650
.81650
Sig.
.006
.002
(I) Lab Group

Control
(J) Lab Group

Experimental 1
Experimental 2
Experimental 1
Control
4.00000(*)
.81650
Experimental 2
-1.00000
5.00000(*)
.81650
.81650
.81650
Experimental 2
Control
Experimental 1
1.00000
* The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.
Mean Difference (I-J) is the difference

between the means for the I and J
groups. Even though half of the listed
comparisons are redundant, the mean
differences will have the opposite signs
because of subtraction order. This will
also change the signs of the associated
confidence intervals.
Lower Bound
-6.5052
-7.5052
Upper Bound
-1.4948
-2.4948
.006
1.4948
.483
.002
-3.5052
2.4948
6.5052
1.5052
.483
-1.5052
7.5052
3.5052
These Standard Errors are for the difference between

the two group means. The values are a function of the
MSWITHIN (from the ANOVA) and the sample sizes:
SED
MSWITHIN MSWITHIN
nGROUP
nGROUP
1.000 1.000
.81650
3
3
Homogeneous Subsets
In this
case,
all groups are of the same size, the
Score
onbecause
Quiz
standard error for each comparison is the same.
The Sig. column provides the probability

of the HSD statistic (which is not listed). The
HSD statistic is a function of the Mean
Difference and the Std. Error. For the first
comparison in the example:
HSD
M 1 M 2 4.000
4.899
SED
.81650
SPSS calculated the probability of a HSD of

4.899 (with 2 dfBETWEEN and 6 dfWITHIN like in
the ANOVA source table) as equaling .006.
This section provides confidence intervals
around (centered on) the Mean
Differences. Calculation requires the
appropriate critical value. Specifically, the
HSD statistic (with 2 dfBETWEEN and 6
dfWITHIN) that has a probability of .05 would
equal 3.068. For the first comparison in the
example:
CI D M D ( HSDCRITICAL )( SED )
4 (3.068)(.81650)
Thus, the researcher would have 95%
confidence that the interval ranging from
-6.5052 to -1.4948 covers the true
population mean difference.
Tukey HSD
N
Subset for alpha = .05
Lab Group
Control
Experimental 1
8.0000
Experimental 2
9.0000
4.0000
Homogeneous Subsets provide groupings for the means. Means within the
same subset are not significantly different from each other (note the Sig. value
at the bottom of the column for the subset). This offers a useful summary of the
comparisons as analyzed above.
Sig.
1.000
.483
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.
a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3.000.
Page 8 of 12
General Linear Model (Repeated Measures ANOVA)

(Note that some aspects of this output have been deleted and rearranged for the sake of presentation!)
Within-Subjects Factors
Measure: MEASURE_1
time
1
Dependent
Variable
t1score
t2score
This provides a description of the

variable levels (i.e., columns in the data
set) that are linked by being separate
instances of the dependent variable.
Score on First Quiz

Mean
6.4000
Std. Deviation
1.14018
7.8000
.83666
N
5
5
These values of the descriptive statistics are calculated

separately for each level or condition of the
within-subjects factor. They are identical to what would
be obtained if the Frequencies or Descriptives
procedure had been used separately for each.
Estimated Marginal Means

Time
Measure: MEASURE_1
Time
1
2
Mean
Std. Error
Lower Bound

each conditions mean separately. Calculation requires the
appropriate critical value. Specifically, the t statistic (with 4 df)
that has a probability of .05 would equal 2.776. For example, for
the first time:
CI M M (tCRITICAL )(SEM ) 6.4 (2.776)(.510)
Upper Bound
6.400
.510
4.984
7.816
7.800
.374
6.761
8.839

interval ranging from 4.984 to 7.816 covers the true population
mean for the measure at Time 1.
Page 9 of 12
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects

Measure: MEASURE_1
Transformed Variable: Average
Source
Type III Sum
of Squares
Intercept
504.100
Error
The Between-Subjects Intercept here refers to the average

score of the participants in the study and the significance test
determines whether that average is different from zero. This is
often not an informative test.
df
7.400
Mean Square
1
504.100
1.850
Sig.
272.486
Between-Subjects Error refers to the average differences

across the participants of the study. This Sum of Squares is not
easily determined from the summary statistics of the SPSS
output, but rather from the data (and the calculations are
therefore not shown here). However:
.000
Tests of Within-Subjects Effects

Measure: MEASURE_1
Source
time
Error(time)
Type III Sum

of Squares
4.900
dfSUBJECTS = # cases 1 = 4
The Mean Square is the usual ratio of the Sum of Squares to

the degrees of freedom.
1
Mean Square
4.900
Greenhouse-Geisser
4.900
1.000
4.900
32.667
.005
Huynh-Feldt
4.900
1.000
4.900
4.900
1.000
4.900
32.667
32.667
.005
Lower-bound
Sphericity Assumed
.600
.150
Greenhouse-Geisser
.600
4.000
.150
Huynh-Feldt
.600
4.000
.150
Lower-bound
.600
4.000
.150
Sphericity Assumed
df
F
32.667
Sig.
.005
.005
The statistics for the effect (or change)

over time are functions of the means of
the levels or conditions and the sample
sizes:
SS EFFECT n( M LEVEL M TOTAL ) 2

5(6.4 7.1) 2 5(7.8 7.1) 2
4.900
dfEFFECT = # levels 1 = 1
These rows provide statistics adjusted for the Sphericity test (not shown). Because that
test showed absolutely no problem, these statistics show the exact same results as
those in which sphericity is properly assumed.
The Within-Subjects Error is important for the F ratio. It is a function of variabilties of the separate
levels or conditions of the independent variable and the between-subjects error given above. Because
2
SS for each level can be determined (SS = SD x df, equals 5.20 and 2.80 for time 1 and 2 respectively):
SS ERROR SS1 SS 2 SS SUBJECTS

5.20 2.80 7.40 .60
dfERROR = df1 + df2 dfSUBJECTS = 4
The Mean Square is the usual ratio of the Sum of Squares to the degrees of freedom.
Page 10 of 12
The Mean Square is the usual ratio of

the Sum of Squares to the degrees of
freedom.
The F statistic is a ratio of the effect
and within-subjects error variance
estimates:
MS EFFECT 4.900
32.667
MS ERROR
.150
SPSS calculated that an F with 1 and 4

df that equals 32.667 has a two-tailed
probability of .005.
Univariate Analysis of Variance (Factorial ANOVA)

These descriptive statistics are calculated separately for each condition as
defined by the factors. They are not identical to the values obtained from
analyzing the variable as a whole.
Dependent Variable: Outcome
FactorA FactorB
1
Total
Mean
Std. Deviation
7.0000
2.00000
5.0000
2.00000
Total
6.0000
2.09762
4.0000
2.00000
8.0000
2.00000
Total
6.0000
2.82843
5.5000
2.42899
6.5000
2.42899
Total
6.0000
2.37410
12
These descriptive statistics are calculated separately for each factor. They
represent the marginal means of one factor collapsing across the levels of the
other factor. They are not identical to the values obtained from analyzing the
variable as a whole.
These descriptive statistics represent the grand (or overall) values obtained from
analyzing the variable as a whole. There are identical to what would be obtained if
the Frequencies or Descriptives procedure had been used.
The Intercept
information is generally
not informative.
Dependent Variable: Outcome

Type III Sum of
Squares
Source
Corrected Model
Intercept
Factor A
Factor B
Factor A * Factor B
Error
Total
Corrected Total
df
Mean Square
30.000
432.000
.000
3.000
27.000
32.000
494.000
62.000
SS FACTORB n( M LEVEL M TOTAL ) 2

6(5.5 6) 2 6(6.5 6) 2
3.000
dfFACTORB = # levels 1 = 1
SS MODEL n( M GROUP M TOTAL ) 2
Sig.
3
10.000
2.500
.133
1
432.000
108.000
.000
1
.000
.000
1.000
1
3.000
.750
.412
1
27.000
6.750
.032
8
4.000
12
11The Factor A * Factor B (interaction) statistics reflect the
a. R Squared = .484 (Adjusted R Squared = .290)
The Factor A and Factor B statistics

are a function of the level (marginal)
means and sample sizes. For Factor B:
The Corrected Model statistics reflect the overall

between-group variability. They are a function of the
group means and sample sizes.
between- group variability not accounted for by the factors:
SS INTERACTIO N SS MODEL SS FACTORA SS FACTORB

30 0 3 27.000
dfINTERACTION = dfA * dfB = 1
Error statistics are a function of the within group variabilities.

2
Because SS for each group can be determined (SS = SD x df):
SS ERROR SS1 SS2 SS3 SS4

8 8 8 8 32
dfERROR = df1 + df2 + df3 + df4 = 8
Page 11 of 12
3(7 6) 2 3(5 6) 2 3(4 6) 2 3(8 6) 2

30.000
dfMODEL = # of groups 1 = 3
Mean Squares are estimates of the

variances associated with each source. For
Factor B:
MS FACTORB
SS FACTORB 3.000
3.000
df FACTORB
1
The F statistic is a ratio of the effect and

within group (error) variance estimates. For
Factor B:
FFACTORB
MS FACTORB 3.000
.750
MS ERROR
4.000
SPSS calculated that an F with 1 and 8 df

that equals .750 has a two-tailed probability
of .412.

PART IV:
STATISTICS IN APA STYLE
Section Abstract: This section describes basic rules for presenting statistical results in APA style.
All rules come from the newest APA style manual. Specific examples of mini Results summaries
(and data tables) are provided, using the analyses in the previous section of this project.
Keywords: APA style, Results sections, statistical interpretation
Section Updated: December 2012


GENERAL RULES FOR APA STYLE RESULTS SECTIONS .....................................................................................2
EXAMPLES OF APA STYLE ......................................................................................................................3
SUMMARY OF PARAMETRIC STATISTICS .....................................................................................................5
GENERAL RULES FOR APA STYLE RESULTS SECTIONS

Overview
The APA manual describes appropriate strategies for presenting statistical information. These guidelines were established
to provide basic minimal standards and to provide some uniformity across studies.
Using a Sufficient Set of Statistics

Information to Include: Significance testing is but a starting point and that additional reporting elements such as effect
sizes, confidence intervals, and extensive description are needed to convey the most complete meaning of the results (p.
33).
1.
2.
3.
4.
Descriptive statistics are essential and such a set usually includes at least the following: the per-cell sample sizes; the
observed cell means (or frequencies of cases in each category for a categorical variable); and the cell standard
deviations (p. 33).
For statistical significance tests, include the obtained magnitude or value of the test statistics, the degrees of
freedom, the probability of obtaining a value as extreme as or more extreme than the one obtained (the exact p
value) (p. 34).
When possible, confidence intervals should be emphasized. The inclusion of confidence intervals (for estimates of
parameters, for functions of parameters such as differences in means, and for effect sizes) can be an extremely
effective way of reporting results (p. 34).
For the reader to appreciate the magnitude or importance of a studys findings, it is almost always necessary to
include some measure of effect size (p. 34). These can be in the original (raw) units or in a standardized metric.
Information in Text versus Data Displays: Statistical and mathematical copy can be presented in text, in tables, and in
figures. . . Select the mode of presentation that optimizes understanding of the data by the reader (p. 116).
Generally speaking, the more data you have, the more likely it is that they should be presented in a table or figure. If
you need to present 4 to 20 numbers, first consider a well-prepared table (p. 116).
If you present descriptive statistics in a table or figure, you do not need to repeat them in text, although you should
(a) mention the table in which the statistics can be found and (b) emphasize particular data in the narrative when
they help in interpretation (p. 117).
As a result, it is necessary that the text include a description of the variable(s) under study and a description of the
statistical procedures used. The text often includes a description of whether the results support the hypotheses.
All quotations pertaining to reporting results are taken from: American Psychological Association. (2010).
th
Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6 Ed.). Washington, DC: APA.
Page 2 of 6
EXAMPLES OF APA STYLE RESULTS IN THE TEXT

Descriptive Statistics: The purpose of the descriptive statistics is to provide the reader with an idea about the basic
elements of the group(s) being studied. Note that this also forms the basis of the in-text presentation of descriptive
statistics for the inferential analyses below.
On the quiz, the nine students had a mean score of 7.000 (SD = 1.225). Scores
of 6.000, 7.000, and 8.000 represented the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles,
respectively.
Correlations: Correlations provide a measure of statistical relationship between two variables. Note that correlations can
be tested for statistical significance (and that this information should be summarized if it is available and of interest).
For the nine students, the scores on the first quiz (M = 7.000, SD = 1.225) and
the first exam (M = 80.889, SD = 6.900) were strongly and significantly
correlated, r(8) = .695, p = .038.
One Sample t Test: In this case, a sample mean has been compared to a user-specified test value (or a population mean).
Thus, the summary and the inferential statistics focus on that difference.
A one sample t test showed that the difference in quiz scores between the current
sample (N = 9, M = 7.000, SD = 1.225) and the hypothesized value (6.000) were
statistically significant, t(8) = 2.449, p = .040, 95% CI [0.059, 1.941], d =
0.816.
Independent Samples t Test: For this analysis, the emphasis is on comparing the means from two groups. Here again the
summary and the inferential statistics focus on the difference.
An independent sample t test showed that the difference in quiz scores between
the control group (N = 4, M = 6.000, SD = 0.817) and the experimental group (N
= 4, M = 8.000, SD = .817) were statistically significant, t(6) = -3.464, p =
.013, 95% CI [-3.413, -0.587], d = -2.449.
One Way ANOVA: The ANOVA provides an omnibus test of the differences across multiple groups. Because the ANOVA
tests the overall differences among the groups, the text discusses the differences only in general.
A one way ANOVA showed that the difference in quiz scores between
group (N = 3, M = 4.000, SD = 1.000), the first experimental group
8.000, SD = 1.000), and the second experimental group (N = 3, M =
1.000) were statistically significant, F(2,6) = 21.000, p = .002,
Page 3 of 6
the control
(N = 3, M =
9.000, SD =
2 = .875.
One Way ANOVA with Post Hoc Tests: Post hoc tests build on the ANOVA results and provide a more focused
comparison among the groups. Notice that the post hoc summary duplicates the presentation of the omnibus ANOVA
statistics.
A one way ANOVA showed that the difference in quiz scores between the control
group (N = 3, M = 4.000, SD = 1.000), the first experimental group (N = 3, M =
8.000, SD = 1.000), and the second experimental group (N = 3, M = 9.000, SD =
1.000) were statistically significant, F(2,6) = 21.000, p = .002, 2 = .875.
Tukeys HSD tests showed that both experimental groups scored statistically
significantly higher than the control group. However, the two experimental groups
did not differ significantly.
Repeated Measures ANOVA: The RMD ANOVA tests for overall differences across the repeated measures. As such, its
summary parallels that of the One Way ANOVA.
A repeated measures ANOVA showed that, for the five people, the difference in
quiz scores between the first time point (M = 6.400, SD = 1.140) and second time
point (M = 7.800, SD = 0.837) were statistically significant, F(1,4) = 32.667,
p = .005, partial 2 = .875.
Factorial ANOVA: The factorial ANOVA provides statistics for all of the main effects and interactions in a factorial design.
Each effect would be summarized in a style analogous to a One Way ANOVA.
A 2 (Factor A) x 2 (Factor B) ANOVA was conducted on the quiz scores. Neither
Factor A, F(1,8) = 0.000, p = 1.000, partial 2 = .000, nor Factor B, F(1,8) =
.750, p = .412, partial 2 = .086, had a statistically significant impact on quiz
scores. However, the interaction was statistically significant, F(1,8) = 6.750,
p = .032, partial 2 = .458. The descriptive statistics for these analyses are
presented in Table 1.
Page 4 of 6
EXAMPLES OF APA STYLE RESULTS IN TABLES
Page 5 of 6
SUMMARY OF PARAMETRIC STATISTICS

Statistic
What Its Purpose Is
How To Report It
What It Indicates
Mean
To provide an estimate of the

population from which the sample was
selected.
M = _____
Standard
Deviation
To provide an estimate of the amount

of variability/dispersion in the
distribution of population scores.
SD = _____
Cohens d
To provide a standardized measure of

an effect (defined as the difference
between two means).
Indicates the center point of the

distribution and serves as the
reference point for nearly all
other statistics.
Indicates the variability of scores
around their respective mean.
Zero indicates no variability.
Measures of Effect Size
Correlation
To provide a measure of the

association between two variables
measured in a sample.
Eta-Squared
To provide a standardized measure of

an effect (defined as the relationship
between two variables).
d = _____.
r(df) = _____
2 = _____.
Indicates the size of the

treatment effect relative to the
within-group variability of scores.
Indicates the strength of the
relationship between two
variables and can range from 1
to +1.
Indicates the proportion of
variance in the dependent
variable accounted for by the
independent variable.
Confidence Intervals
CI for a Mean
To provide an interval estimate of the

population mean. Can be derived from
both the z and t distributions.
____% CI [ ___, ___ ]
CI for a Mean
Difference
To provide an interval estimate of the

population mean difference. Can be
derived from both the z and t
distributions.
____% CI [ ___, ___ ]
Indicates that there is the given

probability that the interval
specified covers the true
population mean.
Indicates that there is the given
probability that the interval
specified covers the true
population mean difference.
Significance Tests
One-Way
ANOVA
To compare a single sample mean to a

population mean when the population
standard deviation is not known
To compare two sample means when
the samples are from a single-factor
between-subjects design.
To compare two sample means when
the samples are from a single-factor
within-subjects design.
To compare two or more sample
means when the means are from a
single-factor between-subjects design.
Repeated
Measures
ANOVA
To compare two or more sample

means when the means are from a
single-factor within-subjects design.
Factorial
ANOVA
To compare four or more groups

defined by a multiple variables in a
factorial research design.
One Sample t
Test
Independent
Samples t Test
Related Samples
t Test
t(df) = ____, p = ____.
A small probability is obtained

when the statistic is sufficiently
large, indicating that the two
means significantly differ from
each other.
F(df1,df2) = ___, p = ___.
A small probability is obtained

when the statistic is sufficiently
large, indicating that the set of
means differ significantly from
each other.
Note. Many of the statistics from each of the categories are frequently and perhaps often appropriately presented in
tables or figures rather than in the text.
Page 6 of 6

PART V:
STATISTICAL TABLES
Section Abstract: This section provides basic statistical tables for Statistics for Psychologists.
Tables included are the Standard Normal, Student's (t) Distribution, F, Tukey's HSD, and power
tables for Cohen's d and Eta-Squared. These tables were used in the Annotated SPSS Output
section of this textbook.
Keywords: Statistical tables, normal distribution, critical values, power tables
Section Updated: October 2011


TABLE 1: THE STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION .............................................................................................. 2
TABLE 2: VALUES OF THE t DISTRIBUTION .......................................................................................................... 4
TABLE 3: POWER TABLE FOR COHENS d ........................................................................................................... 5
TABLE 4: CRITICAL VALUES OF THE F DISTRIBUTION ........................................................................................... 11
TABLE 5: POWER TABLE FOR ETA-SQUARED..................................................................................................... 16
TABLE 6: VALUES OF TUKEYS HSD STATISTIC .................................................................................................. 20
TABLE 1: THE STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

PR = Percentile Rank and p = Two-Tailed Probability
Z
PR
PR
PR
PR
< -3.400
<.001
<.001
-2.560
.005
.010
-1.700
.045
.089
-0.840
.200
.401
-3.400
<.001
.001
-2.540
.006
.011
-1.680
.046
.093
-0.820
.206
.412
-3.380
<.001
.001
-2.520
.006
.012
-1.660
.048
.097
-0.800
.212
.424
-3.360
<.001
.001
-2.500
.006
.012
-1.640
.051
.101
-0.780
.218
.435
-3.340
<.001
.001
-2.480
.007
.013
-1.620
.053
.105
-0.760
.224
.447
-3.320
<.001
.001
-2.460
.007
.014
-1.600
.055
.110
-0.740
.230
.459
-3.300
<.001
.001
-2.440
.007
.015
-1.580
.057
.114
-0.720
.236
.472
-3.280
.001
.001
-2.420
.008
.016
-1.560
.059
.119
-0.700
.242
.484
-3.260
.001
.001
-2.400
.008
.016
-1.540
.062
.124
-0.680
.248
.497
-3.240
.001
.001
-2.380
.009
.017
-1.520
.064
.129
-0.660
.255
.509
-3.220
.001
.001
-2.360
.009
.018
-1.500
.067
.134
-0.640
.261
.522
-3.200
.001
.001
-2.340
.010
.019
-1.480
.069
.139
-0.620
.268
.535
-3.180
.001
.001
-2.320
.010
.020
-1.460
.072
.144
-0.600
.274
.549
-3.160
.001
.002
-2.300
.011
.021
-1.440
.075
.150
-0.580
.281
.562
-3.140
.001
.002
-2.280
.011
.023
-1.420
.078
.156
-0.560
.288
.575
-3.120
.001
.002
-2.260
.012
.024
-1.400
.081
.162
-0.540
.295
.589
-3.100
.001
.002
-2.240
.013
.025
-1.380
.084
.168
-0.520
.302
.603
-3.080
.001
.002
-2.220
.013
.026
-1.360
.087
.174
-0.500
.309
.617
-3.060
.001
.002
-2.200
.014
.028
-1.340
.090
.180
-0.480
.316
.631
-3.040
.001
.002
-2.180
.015
.029
-1.320
.093
.187
-0.460
.323
.646
-3.020
.001
.003
-2.160
.015
.031
-1.300
.097
.194
-0.440
.330
.660
-3.000
.001
.003
-2.140
.016
.032
-1.280
.100
.201
-0.420
.337
.674
-2.980
.001
.003
-2.120
.017
.034
-1.260
.104
.208
-0.400
.345
.689
-2.960
.002
.003
-2.100
.018
.036
-1.240
.107
.215
-0.380
.352
.704
-2.940
.002
.003
-2.080
.019
.038
-1.220
.111
.222
-0.360
.359
.719
-2.920
.002
.004
-2.060
.020
.039
-1.200
.115
.230
-0.340
.367
.734
-2.900
.002
.004
-2.040
.021
.041
-1.180
.119
.238
-0.320
.374
.749
-2.880
.002
.004
-2.020
.022
.043
-1.160
.123
.246
-0.300
.382
.764
-2.860
.002
.004
-2.000
.023
.046
-1.140
.127
.254
-0.280
.390
.779
-2.840
.002
.005
-1.980
.024
.048
-1.120
.131
.263
-0.260
.397
.795
-2.820
.002
.005
-1.960
.025
.050
-1.100
.136
.271
-0.240
.405
.810
-2.800
.003
.005
-1.940
.026
.052
-1.080
.140
.280
-0.220
.413
.826
-2.780
.003
.005
-1.920
.027
.055
-1.060
.145
.289
-0.200
.421
.841
-2.760
.003
.006
-1.900
.029
.057
-1.040
.149
.298
-0.180
.429
.857
-2.740
.003
.006
-1.880
.030
.060
-1.020
.154
.308
-0.160
.436
.873
-2.720
.003
.007
-1.860
.031
.063
-1.000
.159
.317
-0.140
.444
.889
-2.700
.003
.007
-1.840
.033
.066
-0.980
.164
.327
-0.120
.452
.904
-2.680
.004
.007
-1.820
.034
.069
-0.960
.169
.337
-0.100
.460
.920
-2.660
.004
.008
-1.800
.036
.072
-0.940
.174
.347
-0.080
.468
.936
-2.640
.004
.008
-1.780
.038
.075
-0.920
.179
.358
-0.060
.476
.952
-2.620
.004
.009
-1.760
.039
.078
-0.900
.184
.368
-0.040
.484
.968
-2.600
.005
.009
-1.740
.041
.082
-0.880
.189
.379
-0.020
.492
.984
-2.580
.005
.010
-1.720
.043
.085
-0.860
.195
.390
0.000
.500
1.000
Page 2 of 24
TABLE 1 (CONTINUED)
PR = Percentile Rank and p = Two-Tailed Probability
PR
PR
PR
PR
0.000
.500
1.000
0.860
.805
.390
1.720
.957
.085
2.580
.995
.010
0.020
.508
.984
0.880
.811
.379
1.740
.959
.082
2.600
.995
.009
0.040
.516
.968
0.900
.816
.368
1.760
.961
.078
2.620
.996
.009
0.060
.524
.952
0.920
.821
.358
1.780
.962
.075
2.640
.996
.008
0.080
.532
.936
0.940
.826
.347
1.800
.964
.072
2.660
.996
.008
0.100
.540
.920
0.960
.831
.337
1.820
.966
.069
2.680
.996
.007
0.120
.548
.904
0.980
.836
.327
1.840
.967
.066
2.700
.997
.007
0.140
.556
.889
1.000
.841
.317
1.860
.969
.063
2.720
.997
.007
0.160
.564
.873
1.020
.846
.308
1.880
.970
.060
2.740
.997
.006
0.180
.571
.857
1.040
.851
.298
1.900
.971
.057
2.760
.997
.006
0.200
.579
.841
1.060
.855
.289
1.920
.973
.055
2.780
.997
.005
0.220
.587
.826
1.080
.860
.280
1.940
.974
.052
2.800
.997
.005
0.240
.595
.810
1.100
.864
.271
1.960
.975
.050
2.820
.998
.005
0.260
.603
.795
1.120
.869
.263
1.980
.976
.048
2.840
.998
.005
0.280
.610
.779
1.140
.873
.254
2.000
.977
.046
2.860
.998
.004
0.300
.618
.764
1.160
.877
.246
2.020
.978
.043
2.880
.998
.004
0.320
.626
.749
1.180
.881
.238
2.040
.979
.041
2.900
.998
.004
0.340
.633
.734
1.200
.885
.230
2.060
.980
.039
2.920
.998
.004
0.360
.641
.719
1.220
.889
.222
2.080
.981
.038
2.940
.998
.003
0.380
.648
.704
1.240
.893
.215
2.100
.982
.036
2.960
.998
.003
0.400
.655
.689
1.260
.896
.208
2.120
.983
.034
2.980
.999
.003
0.420
.663
.674
1.280
.900
.201
2.140
.984
.032
3.000
.999
.003
0.440
.670
.660
1.300
.903
.194
2.160
.985
.031
3.020
.999
.003
0.460
.677
.646
1.320
.907
.187
2.180
.985
.029
3.040
.999
.002
0.480
.684
.631
1.340
.910
.180
2.200
.986
.028
3.060
.999
.002
0.500
.691
.617
1.360
.913
.174
2.220
.987
.026
3.080
.999
.002
0.520
.698
.603
1.380
.916
.168
2.240
.987
.025
3.100
.999
.002
0.540
.705
.589
1.400
.919
.162
2.260
.988
.024
3.120
.999
.002
0.560
.712
.575
1.420
.922
.156
2.280
.989
.023
3.140
.999
.002
0.580
.719
.562
1.440
.925
.150
2.300
.989
.021
3.160
.999
.002
0.600
.726
.549
1.460
.928
.144
2.320
.990
.020
3.180
.999
.001
0.620
.732
.535
1.480
.931
.139
2.340
.990
.019
3.200
.999
.001
0.640
.739
.522
1.500
.933
.134
2.360
.991
.018
3.220
.999
.001
0.660
.745
.509
1.520
.936
.129
2.380
.991
.017
3.240
.999
.001
0.680
.752
.497
1.540
.938
.124
2.400
.992
.016
3.260
.999
.001
0.700
.758
.484
1.560
.941
.119
2.420
.992
.016
3.280
.999
.001
0.720
.764
.472
1.580
.943
.114
2.440
.993
.015
3.300
>.999
.001
0.740
.770
.459
1.600
.945
.110
2.460
.993
.014
3.320
>.999
.001
0.760
.776
.447
1.620
.947
.105
2.480
.993
.013
3.340
>.999
.001
0.780
.782
.435
1.640
.949
.101
2.500
.994
.012
3.360
>.999
.001
0.800
.788
.424
1.660
.952
.097
2.520
.994
.012
3.380
>.999
.001
0.820
.794
.412
1.680
.954
.093
2.540
.994
.011
3.400
>.999
.001
0.840
.800
.401
1.700
.955
.089
2.560
.995
.010
> 3.400
>.999
<.001
Page 3 of 24
TABLE 2: VALUES OF THE t DISTRIBUTION

Tabled Values are t Statistics for the Given Probability and Degrees of Freedom
Two-Tailed p Values
dfERROR
.90
.80
.70
.60
.50
.40
.30
.20
.10
.05
.04
.03
.02
.01
.001
.142
.289
.445
.617
.816
1.06
1.386
1.886
2.920
4.303
4.849
5.643
6.965
9.925
31.599
.137
.277
.424
.584
.765
.978
1.250
1.638
2.353
3.182
3.482
3.896
4.541
5.841
12.924
.134
.271
.414
.569
.741
.941
1.190
1.533
2.132
2.776
2.999
3.298
3.747
4.604
8.610
.132
.267
.408
.559
.727
.920
1.156
1.476
2.015
2.571
2.757
3.003
3.365
4.032
6.869
.131
.265
.404
.553
.718
.906
1.134
1.440
1.943
2.447
2.612
2.829
3.143
3.707
5.959
.130
.263
.402
.549
.711
.896
1.119
1.415
1.895
2.365
2.517
2.715
2.998
3.499
5.408
.130
.262
.399
.546
.706
.889
1.108
1.397
1.860
2.306
2.449
2.634
2.896
3.355
5.041
.129
.261
.398
.543
.703
.883
1.100
1.383
1.833
2.262
2.398
2.574
2.821
3.250
4.781
10
.129
.260
.397
.542
.700
.879
1.093
1.372
1.812
2.228
2.359
2.527
2.764
3.169
4.587
11
.129
.260
.396
.540
.697
.876
1.088
1.363
1.796
2.201
2.328
2.491
2.718
3.106
4.437
12
.128
.259
.395
.539
.695
.873
1.083
1.356
1.782
2.179
2.303
2.461
2.681
3.055
4.318
13
.128
.259
.394
.538
.694
.870
1.079
1.350
1.771
2.160
2.282
2.436
2.650
3.012
4.221
14
.128
.258
.393
.537
.692
.868
1.076
1.345
1.761
2.145
2.264
2.415
2.624
2.977
4.140
15
.128
.258
.393
.536
.691
.866
1.074
1.341
1.753
2.131
2.249
2.397
2.602
2.947
4.073
16
.128
.258
.392
.535
.690
.865
1.071
1.337
1.746
2.120
2.235
2.382
2.583
2.921
4.015
17
.128
.257
.392
.534
.689
.863
1.069
1.333
1.740
2.110
2.224
2.368
2.567
2.898
3.965
18
.127
.257
.392
.534
.688
.862
1.067
1.330
1.734
2.101
2.214
2.356
2.552
2.878
3.922
19
.127
.257
.391
.533
.688
.861
1.066
1.328
1.729
2.093
2.205
2.346
2.539
2.861
3.883
20
.127
.257
.391
.533
.687
.860
1.064
1.325
1.725
2.086
2.197
2.336
2.528
2.845
3.850
21
.127
.257
.391
.532
.686
.859
1.063
1.323
1.721
2.080
2.189
2.328
2.518
2.831
3.819
22
.127
.256
.390
.532
.686
.858
1.061
1.321
1.717
2.074
2.183
2.320
2.508
2.819
3.792
23
.127
.256
.390
.532
.685
.858
1.060
1.319
1.714
2.069
2.177
2.313
2.500
2.807
3.768
24
.127
.256
.390
.531
.685
.857
1.059
1.318
1.711
2.064
2.172
2.307
2.492
2.797
3.745
25
.127
.256
.390
.531
.684
.856
1.058
1.316
1.708
2.060
2.167
2.301
2.485
2.787
3.725
26
.127
.256
.390
.531
.684
.856
1.058
1.315
1.706
2.056
2.162
2.296
2.479
2.779
3.707
27
.127
.256
.389
.531
.684
.855
1.057
1.314
1.703
2.052
2.158
2.291
2.473
2.771
3.690
28
.127
.256
.389
.530
.683
.855
1.056
1.313
1.701
2.048
2.154
2.286
2.467
2.763
3.674
29
.127
.256
.389
.530
.683
.854
1.055
1.311
1.699
2.045
2.150
2.282
2.462
2.756
3.659
30
.127
.256
.389
.530
.683
.854
1.055
1.310
1.697
2.042
2.147
2.278
2.457
2.750
3.646
35
.127
.255
.388
.529
.682
.852
1.052
1.306
1.690
2.030
2.133
2.262
2.438
2.724
3.591
40
.126
.255
.388
.529
.681
.851
1.050
1.303
1.684
2.021
2.123
2.250
2.423
2.704
3.551
45
.126
.255
.388
.528
.680
.850
1.049
1.301
1.679
2.014
2.115
2.241
2.412
2.690
3.520
50
.126
.255
.388
.528
.679
.849
1.047
1.299
1.676
2.009
2.109
2.234
2.403
2.678
3.496
55
.126
.255
.387
.527
.679
.848
1.046
1.297
1.673
2.004
2.104
2.228
2.396
2.668
3.476
60
.126
.254
.387
.527
.679
.848
1.045
1.296
1.671
2.000
2.099
2.223
2.390
2.660
3.460
70
.126
.254
.387
.527
.678
.847
1.044
1.294
1.667
1.994
2.093
2.215
2.381
2.648
3.435
80
.126
.254
.387
.526
.678
.846
1.043
1.292
1.664
1.990
2.088
2.209
2.374
2.639
3.416
90
.126
.254
.387
.526
.677
.846
1.042
1.291
1.662
1.987
2.084
2.205
2.368
2.632
3.402
100
.126
.254
.386
.526
.677
.845
1.042
1.290
1.660
1.984
2.081
2.201
2.364
2.626
3.390
120
.126
.254
.386
.526
.677
.845
1.041
1.289
1.658
1.980
2.076
2.196
2.358
2.617
3.373
240
.126
.254
.386
.525
.676
.843
1.039
1.285
1.651
1.970
2.065
2.183
2.342
2.596
3.332
.126
.253
.385
.524
.674
.842
1.036
1.282
1.645
1.960
2.054
2.170
2.326
2.576
3.291
Page 4 of 24
TABLE 3: POWER TABLE FOR COHENS d

One-Sample Design, = .05, All Tabled Values are Two-Tailed Probabilities
Cohens d Effect Size
n
.10
.20
.30
.40
.50
.60
.70
.80
.90
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
1.60
.032
.041
.052
.065
.079
.095
.113
.133
.155
.179
.204
.230
.258
.287
.316
.347
.035
.048
.064
.084
.108
.136
.169
.205
.245
.289
.335
.383
.433
.483
.533
.582
.037
.054
.076
.104
.138
.180
.227
.281
.339
.401
.466
.530
.594
.654
.711
.762
.039
.060
.088
.124
.169
.224
.286
.356
.430
.507
.583
.655
.722
.781
.833
.875
.041
.066
.099
.144
.200
.268
.345
.428
.515
.600
.681
.754
.816
.867
.908
.938
.043
.071
.111
.164
.231
.311
.401
.496
.591
.681
.761
.828
.882
.922
.951
.971
.045
.077
.122
.184
.262
.354
.455
.559
.659
.748
.823
.882
.925
.955
.975
.986
10
.047
.082
.134
.204
.293
.396
.506
.616
.717
.803
.871
.920
.954
.975
.987
.994
11
.049
.087
.145
.224
.323
.436
.554
.668
.767
.848
.907
.947
.972
.986
.994
.997
12
.050
.092
.156
.244
.353
.475
.599
.714
.810
.883
.933
.965
.983
.993
.997
.999
13
.052
.098
.168
.264
.382
.512
.640
.754
.845
.911
.953
.977
.990
.996
.999
>.999
14
.053
.103
.179
.283
.410
.547
.678
.790
.875
.932
.967
.985
.994
.998
.999
>.999
15
.055
.108
.190
.303
.438
.580
.713
.821
.899
.949
.977
.991
.997
.999
>.999
>.999
16
.057
.113
.202
.322
.465
.612
.745
.848
.919
.962
.984
.994
.998
.999
>.999
>.999
17
.058
.118
.213
.341
.491
.642
.773
.872
.936
.972
.989
.996
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
18
.059
.123
.224
.360
.516
.670
.799
.892
.949
.979
.992
.998
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
19
.061
.128
.235
.379
.541
.696
.823
.909
.960
.984
.995
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
20
.062
.133
.246
.397
.564
.721
.844
.924
.968
.989
.997
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
21
.064
.139
.258
.415
.587
.744
.862
.936
.975
.992
.998
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
22
.065
.144
.269
.433
.609
.765
.879
.947
.980
.994
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
23
.067
.149
.280
.450
.630
.785
.894
.956
.985
.996
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
24
.068
.154
.291
.467
.650
.804
.907
.963
.988
.997
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
25
.069
.159
.302
.484
.670
.821
.919
.970
.991
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
26
.071
.164
.312
.500
.688
.836
.929
.975
.993
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
27
.072
.169
.323
.517
.706
.851
.938
.979
.994
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
28
.074
.174
.334
.532
.723
.864
.946
.983
.996
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
29
.075
.179
.345
.548
.739
.877
.953
.986
.997
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
30
.076
.184
.355
.563
.754
.888
.959
.988
.997
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
35
.083
.209
.407
.633
.820
.932
.980
.996
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
40
.090
.234
.456
.694
.869
.959
.991
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
45
.096
.259
.503
.747
.907
.976
.996
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
50
.103
.283
.548
.792
.934
.986
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
55
.109
.307
.589
.830
.954
.992
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
60
.115
.331
.628
.862
.968
.995
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
70
.128
.378
.697
.910
.985
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
80
.141
.424
.755
.942
.993
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
90
.154
.467
.804
.964
.997
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
100
.166
.508
.844
.977
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
120
.191
.584
.903
.991
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
240
.338
.870
.996
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
360
.473
.966
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
Page 5 of 24
TABLE 3 (CONTINUED)
One-Sample Design, = .01, All Tabled Values are Two-Tailed Probabilities
n
.10
.20
.30
.40
.50
.60
.70
.80
.90
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
1.60
.007
.008
.011
.013
.016
.020
.024
.028
.033
.039
.045
.052
.059
.066
.074
.083
.007
.010
.014
.018
.024
.031
.040
.050
.062
.076
.091
.108
.128
.149
.172
.196
.008
.012
.017
.024
.034
.046
.061
.080
.102
.128
.158
.192
.229
.269
.313
.358
.008
.013
.021
.031
.045
.064
.088
.117
.153
.194
.242
.294
.350
.410
.471
.532
.009
.015
.024
.038
.058
.084
.118
.160
.211
.269
.334
.403
.476
.548
.619
.685
.009
.017
.028
.046
.072
.106
.151
.207
.273
.348
.428
.511
.593
.671
.741
.802
.010
.018
.033
.055
.087
.131
.188
.258
.339
.427
.519
.610
.694
.769
.832
.883
10
.010
.020
.037
.064
.103
.157
.226
.310
.404
.504
.603
.696
.777
.844
.896
.934
11
.011
.022
.042
.073
.120
.184
.266
.362
.468
.576
.678
.768
.841
.897
.937
.964
12
.011
.024
.046
.083
.137
.212
.306
.415
.530
.642
.743
.826
.890
.934
.964
.981
13
.012
.026
.051
.093
.156
.241
.347
.466
.587
.701
.797
.872
.925
.959
.979
.990
14
.012
.028
.056
.104
.175
.271
.388
.515
.641
.752
.842
.907
.950
.975
.989
.995
15
.013
.030
.061
.115
.194
.301
.428
.562
.689
.797
.878
.933
.967
.985
.994
.998
16
.013
.031
.066
.126
.214
.331
.467
.606
.733
.835
.907
.953
.978
.991
.997
.999
17
.014
.033
.072
.137
.235
.361
.505
.648
.772
.866
.930
.967
.986
.995
.998
.999
18
.014
.035
.077
.149
.255
.391
.542
.686
.806
.893
.947
.977
.991
.997
.999
>.999
19
.015
.037
.083
.161
.276
.421
.577
.721
.836
.915
.961
.984
.994
.998
>.999
>.999
20
.015
.040
.089
.174
.297
.450
.611
.754
.862
.932
.971
.989
.997
.999
>.999
>.999
21
.016
.042
.095
.186
.318
.479
.642
.783
.885
.947
.979
.993
.998
.999
>.999
>.999
22
.016
.044
.101
.199
.340
.507
.672
.809
.904
.958
.985
.995
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
23
.017
.046
.107
.212
.361
.534
.701
.833
.920
.968
.989
.997
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
24
.017
.048
.113
.225
.381
.560
.727
.855
.934
.975
.992
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
25
.017
.050
.120
.238
.402
.586
.752
.873
.946
.981
.994
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
26
.018
.052
.126
.252
.423
.610
.775
.890
.956
.985
.996
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
27
.018
.055
.133
.265
.443
.634
.796
.905
.964
.989
.997
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
28
.019
.057
.139
.278
.463
.657
.815
.918
.970
.991
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
29
.019
.059
.146
.292
.483
.678
.833
.929
.976
.993
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
30
.020
.062
.153
.305
.503
.699
.850
.939
.980
.995
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
35
.022
.074
.188
.373
.594
.788
.913
.973
.993
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
40
.024
.086
.224
.439
.674
.854
.952
.988
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
45
.027
.100
.262
.503
.743
.902
.974
.995
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
50
.029
.113
.299
.562
.799
.936
.986
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
55
.032
.128
.338
.618
.846
.959
.993
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
60
.034
.142
.376
.668
.882
.974
.996
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
70
.039
.173
.450
.755
.934
.990
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
80
.045
.205
.520
.823
.964
.996
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
90
.050
.238
.586
.874
.981
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
100
.056
.271
.646
.913
.990
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
120
.067
.339
.747
.959
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
240
.150
.692
.979
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
360
.246
.885
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
Page 6 of 24
TABLE 3 (CONTINUED)
Dependent-Samples Design, = .05, All Tabled Values are Two-Tailed Probabilities
n
.10
.20
.30
.40
.50
.60
.70
.80
.90
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
1.60
.034
.046
.061
.079
.100
.126
.155
.188
.226
.267
.311
.357
.406
.455
.506
.555
.037
.053
.074
.100
.133
.173
.219
.271
.329
.391
.456
.521
.586
.648
.707
.760
.039
.059
.086
.121
.166
.219
.281
.351
.425
.502
.579
.653
.722
.783
.835
.878
.041
.065
.098
.142
.198
.265
.341
.425
.513
.599
.681
.755
.818
.870
.911
.941
.043
.071
.110
.162
.229
.309
.399
.495
.590
.681
.762
.830
.884
.924
.953
.972
.045
.076
.121
.183
.261
.352
.454
.558
.659
.749
.824
.884
.927
.957
.976
.987
.047
.081
.133
.203
.291
.394
.505
.616
.717
.804
.872
.922
.955
.976
.988
.994
10
.048
.087
.144
.223
.322
.435
.554
.668
.768
.848
.908
.948
.973
.987
.994
.998
11
.050
.092
.156
.243
.352
.474
.598
.714
.810
.884
.934
.966
.984
.993
.997
.999
12
.052
.097
.167
.263
.381
.511
.640
.754
.846
.911
.953
.978
.990
.996
.999
>.999
13
.053
.103
.178
.283
.409
.546
.678
.790
.875
.933
.967
.986
.994
.998
.999
>.999
14
.055
.108
.190
.302
.437
.580
.713
.822
.900
.950
.977
.991
.997
.999
>.999
>.999
15
.056
.113
.201
.321
.464
.612
.744
.849
.920
.962
.984
.994
.998
.999
>.999
>.999
16
.058
.118
.212
.341
.490
.642
.773
.872
.936
.972
.989
.996
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
17
.059
.123
.224
.359
.516
.670
.799
.892
.949
.979
.993
.998
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
18
.061
.128
.235
.378
.540
.696
.823
.909
.960
.985
.995
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
19
.062
.133
.246
.396
.564
.721
.843
.924
.968
.989
.997
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
20
.064
.138
.257
.414
.587
.744
.862
.936
.975
.992
.998
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
21
.065
.143
.268
.432
.609
.765
.879
.947
.980
.994
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
22
.067
.148
.279
.450
.630
.785
.894
.956
.985
.996
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
23
.068
.153
.290
.467
.650
.804
.907
.963
.988
.997
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
24
.069
.159
.301
.484
.669
.821
.919
.970
.991
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
25
.071
.164
.312
.500
.688
.836
.929
.975
.993
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
26
.072
.169
.323
.516
.706
.851
.938
.979
.994
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
27
.074
.174
.334
.532
.722
.864
.946
.983
.996
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
28
.075
.179
.344
.547
.738
.877
.953
.986
.997
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
29
.076
.184
.355
.562
.754
.888
.959
.988
.997
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
30
.078
.189
.365
.577
.768
.898
.965
.991
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
35
.084
.214
.417
.645
.830
.938
.983
.997
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
40
.091
.239
.466
.705
.878
.963
.992
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
45
.097
.263
.512
.756
.913
.978
.996
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
50
.104
.288
.556
.800
.938
.987
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
55
.110
.312
.597
.836
.957
.993
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
60
.117
.336
.635
.867
.970
.996
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
70
.129
.383
.703
.914
.986
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
80
.142
.428
.760
.945
.994
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
90
.155
.471
.808
.965
.997
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
100
.167
.512
.847
.978
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
120
.192
.588
.905
.992
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
240
.339
.871
.996
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
360
.474
.966
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
Page 7 of 24
TABLE 3 (CONTINUED)
Dependent-Samples Design, = .01, All Tabled Values are Two-Tailed Probabilities
n
.10
.20
.30
.40
.50
.60
.70
.80
.90
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
1.60
.007
.010
.013
.018
.023
.030
.039
.049
.061
.075
.091
.110
.130
.153
.179
.206
.008
.012
.017
.025
.035
.048
.065
.085
.110
.140
.175
.214
.258
.306
.357
.410
.008
.014
.021
.032
.048
.068
.095
.129
.170
.218
.273
.334
.399
.467
.536
.603
.009
.015
.025
.040
.062
.091
.129
.177
.235
.301
.375
.453
.533
.612
.686
.753
.010
.017
.030
.049
.077
.116
.166
.229
.303
.386
.474
.564
.650
.729
.798
.855
.010
.019
.034
.058
.093
.142
.205
.283
.372
.468
.566
.660
.745
.817
.875
.919
.011
.021
.039
.067
.110
.169
.245
.337
.439
.545
.648
.741
.819
.881
.925
.956
10
.011
.023
.044
.077
.128
.198
.287
.391
.504
.616
.719
.806
.874
.924
.957
.977
11
.012
.025
.048
.088
.146
.227
.328
.444
.564
.679
.778
.857
.915
.953
.976
.988
12
.012
.027
.053
.098
.166
.257
.370
.495
.620
.734
.827
.896
.943
.971
.987
.994
13
.013
.029
.059
.109
.185
.288
.411
.544
.671
.782
.867
.926
.962
.983
.993
.997
14
.013
.030
.064
.120
.205
.318
.451
.589
.717
.822
.898
.947
.976
.990
.996
.999
15
.014
.032
.069
.132
.226
.349
.490
.632
.759
.856
.923
.963
.984
.994
.998
.999
16
.014
.034
.075
.144
.247
.379
.528
.672
.795
.885
.942
.975
.990
.997
.999
>.999
17
.014
.036
.080
.156
.268
.409
.564
.709
.827
.908
.957
.983
.994
.998
.999
>.999
18
.015
.039
.086
.168
.289
.439
.598
.743
.854
.927
.968
.988
.996
.999
>.999
>.999
19
.015
.041
.092
.181
.310
.468
.631
.773
.878
.943
.977
.992
.998
.999
>.999
>.999
20
.016
.043
.098
.194
.331
.496
.662
.801
.898
.955
.983
.995
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
21
.016
.045
.104
.207
.352
.524
.691
.826
.915
.965
.988
.996
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
22
.017
.047
.111
.220
.373
.551
.718
.848
.930
.973
.991
.998
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
23
.017
.049
.117
.233
.394
.577
.743
.868
.942
.979
.994
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
24
.018
.051
.123
.246
.415
.602
.767
.885
.953
.984
.996
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
25
.018
.054
.130
.260
.436
.626
.789
.901
.961
.988
.997
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
26
.019
.056
.136
.273
.456
.649
.809
.914
.968
.991
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
27
.019
.058
.143
.287
.476
.671
.828
.926
.974
.993
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
28
.020
.061
.150
.300
.495
.692
.845
.936
.979
.995
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
29
.020
.063
.157
.314
.515
.712
.860
.946
.983
.996
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
30
.021
.065
.164
.327
.534
.731
.874
.953
.986
.997
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
35
.023
.078
.199
.395
.622
.812
.928
.979
.996
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
40
.025
.091
.236
.460
.698
.872
.960
.991
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
45
.028
.104
.274
.523
.763
.915
.979
.996
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
50
.030
.118
.312
.581
.816
.945
.989
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
55
.032
.132
.350
.635
.859
.964
.994
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
60
.035
.147
.388
.684
.893
.978
.997
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
70
.040
.178
.462
.767
.940
.991
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
80
.045
.210
.532
.833
.968
.997
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
90
.051
.243
.596
.882
.983
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
100
.057
.277
.655
.918
.991
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
120
.068
.345
.754
.962
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
240
.151
.696
.980
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
360
.247
.887
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
Page 8 of 24
TABLE 3 (CONTINUED)
Two-Sample Design, = .05, All Tabled Values are Two-Tailed Probabilities
n
.10
.20
.30
.40
.50
.60
.70
.80
.90
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
1.60
.031
.039
.048
.058
.070
.083
.099
.116
.136
.157
.181
.206
.233
.262
.293
.325
.033
.043
.055
.070
.087
.108
.131
.158
.189
.222
.259
.299
.341
.385
.430
.476
.034
.047
.062
.081
.104
.131
.163
.200
.241
.286
.335
.386
.440
.495
.549
.603
.036
.050
.068
.092
.120
.154
.195
.240
.292
.347
.406
.467
.529
.591
.650
.705
.037
.053
.075
.102
.136
.177
.226
.280
.341
.406
.473
.541
.608
.672
.731
.785
.038
.056
.081
.112
.152
.200
.256
.320
.389
.461
.535
.608
.677
.740
.797
.845
.039
.059
.087
.123
.168
.223
.287
.358
.434
.513
.592
.667
.735
.796
.848
.890
10
.040
.062
.093
.133
.184
.245
.316
.395
.478
.562
.643
.718
.785
.841
.887
.922
11
.041
.065
.099
.143
.200
.268
.346
.431
.520
.607
.690
.763
.826
.877
.917
.946
12
.042
.068
.104
.153
.215
.290
.374
.466
.559
.649
.731
.802
.861
.906
.939
.963
13
.043
.071
.110
.163
.231
.312
.403
.499
.596
.687
.768
.835
.889
.928
.956
.974
14
.044
.074
.116
.174
.246
.333
.430
.531
.630
.721
.800
.863
.911
.946
.968
.983
15
.045
.076
.122
.184
.262
.355
.457
.562
.663
.753
.828
.887
.930
.959
.977
.988
16
.046
.079
.127
.194
.277
.376
.483
.591
.693
.781
.853
.907
.945
.969
.984
.992
17
.047
.082
.133
.204
.293
.396
.508
.619
.721
.807
.875
.924
.957
.977
.989
.995
18
.048
.084
.139
.214
.308
.417
.532
.645
.746
.830
.894
.938
.966
.983
.992
.997
19
.048
.087
.145
.224
.323
.436
.556
.670
.770
.851
.910
.949
.974
.987
.994
.998
20
.049
.090
.150
.234
.338
.456
.578
.693
.792
.869
.924
.959
.980
.991
.996
.999
21
.050
.092
.156
.244
.352
.475
.600
.716
.812
.885
.935
.967
.984
.993
.997
.999
22
.051
.095
.162
.253
.367
.494
.621
.736
.830
.900
.946
.973
.988
.995
.998
.999
23
.052
.097
.167
.263
.382
.512
.641
.756
.847
.912
.954
.978
.991
.996
.999
>.999
24
.053
.100
.173
.273
.396
.530
.661
.774
.863
.924
.962
.983
.993
.997
.999
>.999
25
.053
.103
.179
.283
.410
.547
.679
.791
.877
.934
.968
.986
.994
.998
.999
>.999
26
.054
.105
.184
.293
.424
.564
.697
.807
.889
.942
.973
.989
.996
.999
>.999
>.999
27
.055
.108
.190
.302
.438
.581
.714
.822
.901
.950
.978
.991
.997
.999
>.999
>.999
28
.056
.110
.196
.312
.451
.597
.730
.836
.911
.957
.981
.993
.998
.999
>.999
>.999
29
.056
.113
.201
.322
.465
.612
.745
.849
.920
.963
.984
.994
.998
.999
>.999
>.999
30
.057
.115
.207
.331
.478
.627
.760
.861
.929
.968
.987
.995
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
35
.061
.128
.235
.378
.541
.697
.823
.910
.960
.985
.995
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
40
.064
.141
.263
.423
.598
.755
.871
.942
.978
.993
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
45
.068
.153
.290
.467
.650
.804
.907
.964
.988
.997
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
50
.071
.166
.318
.508
.697
.844
.934
.977
.994
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
55
.075
.179
.344
.547
.738
.877
.953
.986
.997
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
60
.078
.191
.371
.584
.775
.903
.967
.991
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
70
.085
.216
.422
.652
.836
.941
.984
.997
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
80
.092
.241
.470
.710
.882
.965
.993
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
90
.098
.266
.517
.761
.916
.979
.997
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
100
.105
.290
.560
.804
.940
.988
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
120
.117
.338
.638
.870
.971
.996
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
240
.193
.590
.907
.992
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
360
.268
.764
.980
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
Page 9 of 24
TABLE 3 (CONTINUED)
Two-Sample Design, = .01, All Tabled Values are Two-Tailed Probabilities
n
.10
.20
.30
.40
.50
.60
.70
.80
.90
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
1.60
.006
.008
.010
.013
.015
.019
.023
.028
.033
.039
.046
.054
.063
.073
.084
.097
.007
.009
.012
.016
.021
.027
.034
.043
.054
.066
.080
.097
.116
.137
.161
.187
.007
.010
.014
.020
.027
.036
.047
.061
.077
.097
.121
.148
.178
.213
.251
.291
.008
.011
.016
.023
.033
.045
.061
.080
.104
.132
.166
.204
.247
.294
.345
.399
.008
.012
.018
.027
.039
.055
.075
.101
.133
.170
.214
.264
.318
.377
.439
.503
.008
.013
.021
.031
.046
.065
.091
.123
.163
.210
.264
.325
.390
.458
.528
.597
.009
.014
.023
.035
.053
.076
.108
.147
.195
.252
.316
.386
.459
.535
.609
.679
10
.009
.015
.025
.039
.060
.088
.125
.172
.228
.294
.367
.445
.525
.605
.680
.748
11
.009
.016
.027
.043
.067
.100
.143
.197
.262
.336
.417
.502
.587
.668
.741
.805
12
.009
.017
.029
.048
.075
.112
.162
.223
.296
.378
.467
.556
.643
.723
.793
.851
13
.010
.018
.031
.052
.083
.125
.181
.250
.331
.420
.514
.607
.694
.772
.837
.888
14
.010
.019
.034
.057
.091
.138
.200
.277
.365
.461
.559
.654
.740
.813
.872
.916
15
.010
.020
.036
.061
.099
.152
.220
.304
.399
.500
.602
.697
.780
.848
.901
.938
16
.010
.021
.038
.066
.108
.166
.241
.331
.432
.538
.642
.735
.815
.877
.923
.955
17
.011
.022
.040
.071
.117
.180
.261
.358
.465
.575
.679
.770
.845
.902
.941
.967
18
.011
.023
.043
.076
.126
.194
.282
.385
.497
.609
.713
.801
.871
.922
.955
.976
19
.011
.023
.045
.081
.135
.209
.303
.412
.528
.642
.745
.829
.893
.938
.966
.983
20
.012
.024
.048
.086
.144
.223
.323
.438
.558
.673
.773
.853
.912
.951
.975
.988
21
.012
.025
.050
.091
.153
.238
.344
.464
.587
.702
.799
.875
.928
.962
.981
.992
22
.012
.026
.053
.097
.163
.253
.365
.489
.614
.729
.823
.893
.941
.970
.986
.994
23
.012
.027
.055
.102
.173
.269
.385
.514
.641
.754
.844
.910
.952
.977
.990
.996
24
.012
.028
.058
.108
.183
.284
.406
.538
.666
.777
.863
.924
.961
.982
.992
.997
25
.013
.029
.060
.113
.193
.299
.426
.562
.690
.799
.881
.936
.968
.986
.994
.998
26
.013
.030
.063
.119
.203
.314
.446
.584
.713
.818
.896
.946
.975
.989
.996
.999
27
.013
.031
.066
.125
.213
.329
.466
.606
.734
.837
.909
.955
.980
.992
.997
.999
28
.013
.032
.068
.130
.223
.345
.485
.628
.754
.853
.921
.962
.984
.994
.998
.999
29
.014
.033
.071
.136
.233
.360
.504
.648
.773
.868
.932
.968
.987
.995
.998
>.999
30
.014
.034
.074
.142
.244
.375
.523
.668
.791
.882
.941
.974
.990
.996
.999
>.999
35
.015
.039
.088
.173
.296
.449
.611
.755
.864
.934
.972
.990
.997
.999
>.999
>.999
40
.016
.045
.103
.205
.349
.520
.687
.823
.914
.964
.987
.996
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
45
.017
.050
.119
.238
.402
.586
.752
.874
.947
.981
.994
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
50
.019
.056
.135
.271
.453
.646
.806
.912
.968
.990
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
55
.020
.061
.152
.305
.502
.699
.850
.940
.981
.995
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
60
.021
.067
.170
.339
.549
.747
.886
.959
.989
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
70
.023
.080
.205
.406
.636
.824
.935
.982
.996
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
80
.026
.093
.242
.471
.710
.881
.964
.992
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
90
.028
.106
.280
.533
.772
.921
.981
.997
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
100
.030
.120
.318
.591
.824
.949
.990
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
120
.035
.150
.394
.692
.898
.979
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
240
.069
.347
.758
.963
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
360
.108
.540
.925
.997
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
Page 10 of 24
TABLE 4: CRITICAL VALUES OF THE F DISTRIBUTION

Tabled Values are F Statistics for the Given Probabilities and Degrees of Freedom
dfEFFECT = 1
dfEFFECT = 2
dfEFFECT = 3
dfEFFECT = 4
dfERROR
p = .05
p = .01
dfERROR
p = .05
p = .01
dfERROR
p = .05
p = .01
dfERROR
p = .05
p = .01
18.513
98.503
19.000
99.000
19.164
99.166
19.247
99.249
10.128
34.116
9.552
30.817
9.277
29.457
9.117
28.710
7.709
21.198
6.944
18.000
6.591
16.694
6.388
15.977
6.608
16.258
5.786
13.274
5.409
12.060
5.192
11.392
5.987
13.745
5.143
10.925
4.757
9.780
4.534
9.148
5.591
12.246
4.737
9.547
4.347
8.451
4.120
7.847
5.318
11.259
4.459
8.649
4.066
7.591
3.838
7.006
5.117
10.561
4.256
8.022
3.863
6.992
3.633
6.422
10
4.965
10.044
10
4.103
7.559
10
3.708
6.552
10
3.478
5.994
11
4.844
9.646
11
3.982
7.206
11
3.587
6.217
11
3.357
5.668
12
4.747
9.330
12
3.885
6.927
12
3.490
5.953
12
3.259
5.412
13
4.667
9.074
13
3.806
6.701
13
3.411
5.739
13
3.179
5.205
14
4.600
8.862
14
3.739
6.515
14
3.344
5.564
14
3.112
5.035
15
4.543
8.683
15
3.682
6.359
15
3.287
5.417
15
3.056
4.893
16
4.494
8.531
16
3.634
6.226
16
3.239
5.292
16
3.007
4.773
17
4.451
8.400
17
3.592
6.112
17
3.197
5.185
17
2.965
4.669
18
4.414
8.285
18
3.555
6.013
18
3.160
5.092
18
2.928
4.579
19
4.381
8.185
19
3.522
5.926
19
3.127
5.010
19
2.895
4.500
20
4.351
8.096
20
3.493
5.849
20
3.098
4.938
20
2.866
4.431
21
4.325
8.017
21
3.467
5.780
21
3.072
4.874
21
2.840
4.369
22
4.301
7.945
22
3.443
5.719
22
3.049
4.817
22
2.817
4.313
23
4.279
7.881
23
3.422
5.664
23
3.028
4.765
23
2.796
4.264
24
4.260
7.823
24
3.403
5.614
24
3.009
4.718
24
2.776
4.218
25
4.242
7.770
25
3.385
5.568
25
2.991
4.675
25
2.759
4.177
26
4.225
7.721
26
3.369
5.526
26
2.975
4.637
26
2.743
4.140
27
4.210
7.677
27
3.354
5.488
27
2.960
4.601
27
2.728
4.106
28
4.196
7.636
28
3.340
5.453
28
2.947
4.568
28
2.714
4.074
29
4.183
7.598
29
3.328
5.420
29
2.934
4.538
29
2.701
4.045
30
4.171
7.562
30
3.316
5.390
30
2.922
4.510
30
2.690
4.018
35
4.121
7.419
35
3.267
5.268
35
2.874
4.396
35
2.641
3.908
40
4.085
7.314
40
3.232
5.179
40
2.839
4.313
40
2.606
3.828
45
4.057
7.234
45
3.204
5.110
45
2.812
4.249
45
2.579
3.767
50
4.034
7.171
50
3.183
5.057
50
2.790
4.199
50
2.557
3.720
55
4.016
7.119
55
3.165
5.013
55
2.773
4.159
55
2.540
3.681
60
4.001
7.077
60
3.150
4.977
60
2.758
4.126
60
2.525
3.649
70
3.978
7.011
70
3.128
4.922
70
2.736
4.074
70
2.503
3.600
80
3.960
6.963
80
3.111
4.881
80
2.719
4.036
80
2.486
3.563
90
3.947
6.925
90
3.098
4.849
90
2.706
4.007
90
2.473
3.535
100
3.936
6.895
100
3.087
4.824
100
2.696
3.984
100
2.463
3.513
120
3.920
6.851
120
3.072
4.787
120
2.680
3.949
120
2.447
3.480
240
3.880
6.742
240
3.033
4.695
240
2.642
3.864
240
2.409
3.398
3.842
6.635
2.996
4.605
2.605
3.782
2.372
3.319
Page 11 of 24
TABLE 4 (CONTINUED)
Tabled Values are F Statistics for the Given Criteria and dfEFFECT = 1
Two-Tailed p Values
dfERROR
.90
.80
.70
.60
.50
.40
.30
.20
.10
.05
.04
.03
.02
.01
.001
.020
.083
.198
.381
.667
1.13
1.922
3.556
8.526
18.51
23.51
31.84
48.51
98.50
998.50
.019
.077
.180
.342
.585
.957
1.562
2.682
5.538
10.13
12.12
15.18
20.62
34.12
167.03
.018
.073
.172
.323
.549
.885
1.415
2.351
4.545
7.709
8.991
10.87
14.04
21.20
74.137
.017
.071
.167
.313
.528
.846
1.336
2.178
4.060
6.608
7.598
9.017
11.32
16.26
47.181
.017
.070
.163
.306
.515
.820
1.286
2.073
3.776
5.987
6.824
8.003
9.876
13.75
35.507
.017
.069
.161
.302
.506
.803
1.253
2.002
3.589
5.591
6.334
7.369
8.988
12.25
29.245
.017
.069
.160
.298
.499
.790
1.228
1.951
3.458
5.318
5.998
6.937
8.389
11.26
25.415
.017
.068
.158
.295
.494
.780
1.209
1.913
3.360
5.117
5.753
6.624
7.961
10.56
22.857
10
.017
.068
.157
.293
.490
.773
1.195
1.883
3.285
4.965
5.566
6.388
7.638
10.04
21.040
11
.017
.067
.156
.292
.486
.767
1.183
1.859
3.225
4.844
5.420
6.203
7.388
9.646
19.687
12
.016
.067
.156
.290
.484
.761
1.173
1.839
3.177
4.747
5.303
6.055
7.188
9.330
18.643
13
.016
.067
.155
.289
.481
.757
1.165
1.823
3.136
4.667
5.206
5.933
7.024
9.074
17.815
14
.016
.067
.155
.288
.479
.754
1.158
1.809
3.102
4.600
5.125
5.832
6.888
8.862
17.143
15
.016
.067
.154
.287
.478
.750
1.152
1.797
3.073
4.543
5.056
5.746
6.773
8.683
16.587
16
.016
.066
.154
.286
.476
.748
1.147
1.787
3.048
4.494
4.997
5.672
6.674
8.531
16.120
17
.016
.066
.154
.286
.475
.745
1.143
1.778
3.026
4.451
4.945
5.608
6.589
8.400
15.722
18
.016
.066
.153
.285
.474
.743
1.139
1.770
3.007
4.414
4.900
5.552
6.515
8.285
15.379
19
.016
.066
.153
.284
.473
.741
1.135
1.763
2.990
4.381
4.861
5.502
6.449
8.185
15.081
20
.016
.066
.153
.284
.472
.740
1.132
1.757
2.975
4.351
4.825
5.458
6.391
8.096
14.819
21
.016
.066
.153
.284
.471
.738
1.129
1.751
2.961
4.325
4.794
5.419
6.339
8.017
14.587
22
.016
.066
.152
.283
.470
.737
1.127
1.746
2.949
4.301
4.765
5.383
6.292
7.945
14.380
23
.016
.066
.152
.283
.470
.735
1.124
1.741
2.937
4.279
4.739
5.351
6.249
7.881
14.195
24
.016
.066
.152
.282
.469
.734
1.122
1.737
2.927
4.260
4.716
5.322
6.211
7.823
14.028
25
.016
.066
.152
.282
.468
.733
1.120
1.733
2.918
4.242
4.694
5.295
6.176
7.770
13.877
26
.016
.066
.152
.282
.468
.732
1.118
1.729
2.909
4.225
4.674
5.271
6.144
7.721
13.739
27
.016
.065
.152
.282
.467
.731
1.117
1.726
2.901
4.210
4.656
5.248
6.114
7.677
13.613
28
.016
.065
.152
.281
.467
.730
1.115
1.723
2.894
4.196
4.639
5.228
6.087
7.636
13.498
29
.016
.065
.151
.281
.467
.730
1.114
1.720
2.887
4.183
4.624
5.208
6.062
7.598
13.391
30
.016
.065
.151
.281
.466
.729
1.112
1.717
2.881
4.171
4.609
5.190
6.038
7.562
13.293
35
.016
.065
.151
.280
.465
.726
1.107
1.706
2.855
4.121
4.550
5.117
5.942
7.419
12.896
40
.016
.065
.151
.279
.463
.724
1.103
1.698
2.835
4.085
4.507
5.064
5.872
7.314
12.609
45
.016
.065
.150
.279
.462
.722
1.099
1.692
2.820
4.057
4.473
5.022
5.818
7.234
12.392
50
.016
.065
.150
.279
.462
.721
1.097
1.687
2.809
4.034
4.447
4.990
5.776
7.171
12.222
55
.016
.065
.150
.278
.461
.719
1.095
1.683
2.799
4.016
4.425
4.963
5.741
7.119
12.085
60
.016
.065
.150
.278
.460
.719
1.093
1.679
2.791
4.001
4.407
4.941
5.713
7.077
11.973
70
.016
.065
.150
.278
.460
.717
1.090
1.674
2.779
3.978
4.380
4.907
5.668
7.011
11.799
80
.016
.065
.150
.277
.459
.716
1.088
1.670
2.769
3.960
4.359
4.882
5.635
6.963
11.671
90
.016
.065
.149
.277
.459
.715
1.087
1.667
2.762
3.947
4.343
4.862
5.610
6.925
11.573
100
.016
.065
.149
.277
.458
.714
1.085
1.664
2.756
3.936
4.330
4.847
5.590
6.895
11.495
120
.016
.064
.149
.276
.458
.713
1.084
1.661
2.748
3.920
4.311
4.823
5.559
6.851
11.380
240
.016
.064
.149
.276
.456
.711
1.079
1.651
2.727
3.880
4.264
4.766
5.485
6.742
11.099
.016
.064
.148
.275
.455
.708
1.074
1.642
2.706
3.842
4.218
4.709
5.412
6.635
10.828
Page 12 of 24
TABLE 4 (CONTINUED)
Two-Tailed p Values
dfERROR
.90
.80
.70
.60
.50
.40
.30
.20
.10
.05
.04
.03
.02
.01
.001
.111
.250
.429
.667
1.00
1.50
2.333
4.000
9.000
19.00
24.00
32.33
49.00
99.00
999.00
.109
.241
.403
.609
.881
1.26
1.847
2.886
5.462
9.552
11.32
14.04
18.86
30.82
148.50
.108
.236
.390
.582
.828
1.16
1.651
2.472
4.325
6.944
8.000
9.547
12.14
18.00
61.246
.108
.233
.383
.567
.799
1.11
1.547
2.259
3.780
5.786
6.560
7.665
9.454
13.27
37.122
.107
.232
.379
.557
.780
1.07
1.481
2.130
3.463
5.143
5.772
6.655
8.052
10.92
27.000
.107
.230
.375
.550
.767
1.05
1.437
2.043
3.257
4.737
5.280
6.032
7.203
9.547
21.689
.107
.229
.373
.545
.757
1.03
1.405
1.981
3.113
4.459
4.944
5.611
6.637
8.649
18.494
.107
.229
.371
.541
.749
1.02
1.380
1.935
3.006
4.256
4.702
5.309
6.234
8.022
16.387
10
.106
.228
.370
.538
.743
1.01
1.361
1.899
2.924
4.103
4.518
5.082
5.934
7.559
14.905
11
.106
.228
.368
.535
.739
.997
1.346
1.870
2.860
3.982
4.375
4.905
5.701
7.206
13.812
12
.106
.227
.367
.533
.735
.990
1.333
1.846
2.807
3.885
4.260
4.764
5.516
6.927
12.974
13
.106
.227
.367
.531
.731
.984
1.323
1.826
2.763
3.806
4.165
4.648
5.366
6.701
12.313
14
.106
.227
.366
.530
.729
.979
1.314
1.809
2.726
3.739
4.087
4.552
5.241
6.515
11.779
15
.106
.226
.365
.529
.726
.975
1.306
1.795
2.695
3.682
4.020
4.470
5.135
6.359
11.339
16
.106
.226
.365
.527
.724
.971
1.299
1.783
2.668
3.634
3.963
4.401
5.046
6.226
10.971
17
.106
.226
.364
.526
.722
.968
1.293
1.772
2.645
3.592
3.913
4.340
4.968
6.112
10.658
18
.106
.226
.364
.526
.721
.965
1.288
1.762
2.624
3.555
3.870
4.288
4.900
6.013
10.390
19
.106
.226
.363
.525
.719
.962
1.284
1.754
2.606
3.522
3.831
4.241
4.840
5.926
10.157
20
.106
.226
.363
.524
.718
.960
1.279
1.746
2.589
3.493
3.797
4.200
4.788
5.849
9.953
21
.106
.226
.363
.523
.717
.957
1.276
1.739
2.575
3.467
3.767
4.163
4.740
5.780
9.772
22
.106
.225
.363
.523
.715
.956
1.272
1.733
2.561
3.443
3.739
4.130
4.698
5.719
9.612
23
.106
.225
.362
.522
.714
.954
1.269
1.728
2.549
3.422
3.715
4.100
4.660
5.664
9.469
24
.106
.225
.362
.522
.714
.952
1.266
1.722
2.538
3.403
3.692
4.073
4.625
5.614
9.339
25
.106
.225
.362
.521
.713
.951
1.264
1.718
2.528
3.385
3.671
4.048
4.593
5.568
9.223
26
.106
.225
.362
.521
.712
.949
1.261
1.713
2.519
3.369
3.652
4.025
4.564
5.526
9.116
27
.106
.225
.361
.521
.711
.948
1.259
1.709
2.511
3.354
3.635
4.004
4.538
5.488
9.019
28
.106
.225
.361
.520
.711
.947
1.257
1.706
2.503
3.340
3.619
3.985
4.513
5.453
8.931
29
.106
.225
.361
.520
.710
.946
1.255
1.702
2.495
3.328
3.604
3.967
4.491
5.420
8.849
30
.106
.225
.361
.520
.709
.945
1.254
1.699
2.489
3.316
3.590
3.950
4.470
5.390
8.773
35
.106
.225
.360
.518
.707
.941
1.246
1.686
2.461
3.267
3.534
3.883
4.384
5.268
8.470
40
.106
.224
.360
.517
.705
.938
1.241
1.676
2.440
3.232
3.492
3.833
4.321
5.179
8.251
45
.106
.224
.360
.517
.704
.935
1.237
1.668
2.425
3.204
3.461
3.795
4.273
5.110
8.086
50
.106
.224
.359
.516
.703
.933
1.233
1.662
2.412
3.183
3.435
3.764
4.235
5.057
7.956
55
.106
.224
.359
.516
.702
.932
1.231
1.657
2.402
3.165
3.415
3.740
4.204
5.013
7.853
60
.106
.224
.359
.515
.701
.930
1.228
1.653
2.393
3.150
3.398
3.720
4.179
4.977
7.768
70
.106
.224
.358
.515
.700
.928
1.225
1.647
2.380
3.128
3.372
3.688
4.139
4.922
7.637
80
.105
.224
.358
.514
.699
.927
1.222
1.642
2.370
3.111
3.352
3.665
4.110
4.881
7.540
90
.105
.224
.358
.514
.699
.926
1.220
1.639
2.363
3.098
3.337
3.647
4.087
4.849
7.466
100
.105
.224
.358
.513
.698
.925
1.219
1.636
2.356
3.087
3.325
3.632
4.069
4.824
7.408
120
.105
.224
.358
.513
.697
.923
1.216
1.631
2.347
3.072
3.307
3.611
4.042
4.787
7.321
240
.105
.223
.357
.512
.695
.920
1.210
1.620
2.325
3.033
3.262
3.558
3.976
4.695
7.110
.105
.223
.357
.511
.693
.916
1.204
1.609
2.303
2.996
3.219
3.507
3.912
4.605
6.908
Page 13 of 24
TABLE 4 (CONTINUED)
Two-Tailed p Values
dfERROR
.90
.80
.70
.60
.50
.40
.30
.20
.10
.05
.04
.03
.02
.01
.001
.183
.346
.541
.792
1.13
1.64
2.484
4.156
9.162
19.16
24.16
32.50
49.17
99.17
999.17
.186
.341
.516
.728
1.00
1.37
1.940
2.936
5.391
9.277
10.96
13.53
18.11
29.46
141.11
.187
.338
.504
.699
.941
1.26
1.721
2.485
4.191
6.591
7.557
8.972
11.34
16.69
56.177
.188
.337
.497
.682
.907
1.20
1.605
2.253
3.619
5.409
6.098
7.080
8.670
12.06
33.202
.189
.337
.493
.672
.886
1.16
1.532
2.113
3.289
4.757
5.305
6.073
7.287
9.780
23.703
.190
.336
.490
.664
.871
1.13
1.482
2.019
3.074
4.347
4.811
5.454
6.454
8.451
18.772
.190
.336
.488
.659
.860
1.11
1.446
1.951
2.924
4.066
4.476
5.039
5.901
7.591
15.829
.191
.336
.487
.655
.852
1.10
1.419
1.901
2.813
3.863
4.234
4.741
5.510
6.992
13.902
10
.191
.336
.485
.651
.845
1.08
1.398
1.861
2.728
3.708
4.052
4.517
5.218
6.552
12.553
11
.191
.336
.484
.649
.840
1.07
1.381
1.830
2.660
3.587
3.910
4.344
4.993
6.217
11.561
12
.192
.336
.483
.646
.835
1.07
1.366
1.804
2.606
3.490
3.795
4.205
4.814
5.953
10.804
13
.192
.335
.483
.645
.832
1.06
1.355
1.783
2.560
3.411
3.702
4.092
4.669
5.739
10.209
14
.192
.335
.482
.643
.828
1.05
1.345
1.765
2.522
3.344
3.624
3.998
4.549
5.564
9.729
15
.192
.335
.482
.642
.826
1.05
1.336
1.749
2.490
3.287
3.558
3.918
4.447
5.417
9.335
16
.192
.335
.481
.640
.823
1.04
1.328
1.736
2.462
3.239
3.502
3.850
4.361
5.292
9.006
17
.193
.335
.481
.639
.821
1.04
1.322
1.724
2.437
3.197
3.453
3.791
4.286
5.185
8.727
18
.193
.335
.480
.638
.819
1.04
1.316
1.713
2.416
3.160
3.410
3.740
4.221
5.092
8.487
19
.193
.335
.480
.638
.818
1.03
1.311
1.704
2.397
3.127
3.372
3.694
4.164
5.010
8.280
20
.193
.335
.480
.637
.816
1.03
1.306
1.696
2.380
3.098
3.338
3.654
4.113
4.938
8.098
21
.193
.335
.479
.636
.815
1.03
1.302
1.688
2.365
3.072
3.308
3.618
4.068
4.874
7.938
22
.193
.335
.479
.636
.814
1.03
1.298
1.682
2.351
3.049
3.281
3.586
4.028
4.817
7.796
23
.193
.335
.479
.635
.813
1.02
1.295
1.676
2.339
3.028
3.257
3.557
3.991
4.765
7.669
24
.193
.335
.479
.635
.812
1.02
1.292
1.670
2.327
3.009
3.234
3.530
3.958
4.718
7.554
25
.193
.335
.479
.634
.811
1.02
1.289
1.665
2.317
2.991
3.214
3.506
3.928
4.675
7.451
26
.193
.335
.479
.634
.810
1.02
1.286
1.660
2.307
2.975
3.196
3.484
3.900
4.637
7.357
27
.193
.335
.478
.633
.809
1.02
1.284
1.656
2.299
2.960
3.178
3.464
3.874
4.601
7.272
28
.193
.335
.478
.633
.808
1.02
1.281
1.652
2.291
2.947
3.163
3.445
3.851
4.568
7.193
29
.193
.335
.478
.633
.808
1.02
1.279
1.648
2.283
2.934
3.148
3.428
3.829
4.538
7.121
30
.193
.335
.478
.632
.807
1.01
1.277
1.645
2.276
2.922
3.135
3.412
3.809
4.510
7.054
35
.194
.335
.477
.631
.804
1.01
1.269
1.630
2.247
2.874
3.079
3.346
3.727
4.396
6.787
40
.194
.335
.477
.630
.802
1.01
1.263
1.620
2.226
2.839
3.038
3.298
3.667
4.313
6.595
45
.194
.335
.477
.629
.801
1.00
1.258
1.611
2.210
2.812
3.007
3.261
3.622
4.249
6.450
50
.194
.335
.477
.629
.800
1.00
1.255
1.605
2.197
2.790
2.982
3.231
3.585
4.199
6.336
55
.194
.335
.476
.628
.799
1.00
1.252
1.599
2.186
2.773
2.962
3.208
3.556
4.159
6.246
60
.194
.335
.476
.628
.798
.998
1.249
1.595
2.177
2.758
2.946
3.188
3.532
4.126
6.171
70
.194
.335
.476
.627
.796
.996
1.245
1.588
2.164
2.736
2.920
3.158
3.494
4.074
6.057
80
.194
.335
.476
.626
.795
.994
1.242
1.583
2.154
2.719
2.901
3.135
3.467
4.036
5.972
90
.194
.335
.476
.626
.795
.993
1.240
1.579
2.146
2.706
2.886
3.118
3.445
4.007
5.908
100
.194
.335
.476
.626
.794
.992
1.238
1.576
2.139
2.696
2.874
3.104
3.428
3.984
5.857
120
.194
.335
.475
.625
.793
.990
1.235
1.571
2.130
2.680
2.856
3.083
3.403
3.949
5.781
240
.195
.335
.475
.624
.791
.986
1.228
1.559
2.107
2.642
2.813
3.032
3.340
3.864
5.598
.195
.335
.475
.623
.789
.982
1.222
1.547
2.084
2.605
2.770
2.983
3.279
3.782
5.422
Page 14 of 24
TABLE 4 (CONTINUED)
Two-Tailed p Values
dfERROR
.90
.80
.70
.60
.50
.40
.30
.20
.10
.05
.04
.03
.02
.01
.001
.231
.405
.606
.860
1.21
1.72
2.561
4.236
9.243
19.25
24.25
32.58
49.25
99.25
999.25
.239
.402
.581
.793
1.06
1.43
1.985
2.956
5.343
9.117
10.75
13.25
17.69
28.71
137.10
.243
.403
.570
.763
1.00
1.31
1.753
2.483
4.107
6.388
7.305
8.648
10.90
15.98
53.436
.247
.404
.565
.747
.965
1.24
1.629
2.240
3.520
5.192
5.835
6.751
8.233
11.39
31.085
.249
.404
.562
.736
.942
1.20
1.551
2.092
3.181
4.534
5.038
5.744
6.859
9.148
21.924
.251
.405
.559
.729
.926
1.17
1.499
1.994
2.961
4.120
4.543
5.127
6.035
7.847
17.198
.253
.406
.558
.723
.915
1.15
1.460
1.923
2.806
3.838
4.207
4.713
5.489
7.006
14.392
.254
.406
.556
.719
.906
1.13
1.431
1.870
2.693
3.633
3.965
4.417
5.103
6.422
12.560
10
.255
.407
.556
.716
.899
1.12
1.408
1.829
2.605
3.478
3.783
4.195
4.816
5.994
11.283
11
.256
.407
.555
.713
.893
1.11
1.390
1.796
2.536
3.357
3.641
4.023
4.594
5.668
10.346
12
.257
.407
.554
.711
.888
1.10
1.375
1.768
2.480
3.259
3.527
3.886
4.419
5.412
9.633
13
.257
.408
.554
.709
.885
1.09
1.362
1.746
2.434
3.179
3.434
3.773
4.276
5.205
9.073
14
.258
.408
.553
.708
.881
1.09
1.352
1.727
2.395
3.112
3.356
3.680
4.158
5.035
8.622
15
.258
.408
.553
.706
.878
1.08
1.342
1.710
2.361
3.056
3.290
3.602
4.058
4.893
8.253
16
.259
.408
.553
.705
.876
1.08
1.334
1.696
2.333
3.007
3.234
3.534
3.974
4.773
7.944
17
.259
.409
.552
.704
.874
1.07
1.327
1.684
2.308
2.965
3.185
3.476
3.901
4.669
7.683
18
.260
.409
.552
.703
.872
1.07
1.321
1.673
2.286
2.928
3.142
3.425
3.837
4.579
7.459
19
.260
.409
.552
.702
.870
1.07
1.316
1.663
2.266
2.895
3.105
3.380
3.781
4.500
7.265
20
.260
.409
.552
.702
.868
1.06
1.311
1.654
2.249
2.866
3.071
3.341
3.731
4.431
7.096
21
.260
.409
.552
.701
.867
1.06
1.306
1.646
2.233
2.840
3.041
3.305
3.687
4.369
6.947
22
.261
.409
.551
.700
.866
1.06
1.302
1.639
2.219
2.817
3.014
3.273
3.647
4.313
6.814
23
.261
.409
.551
.700
.864
1.06
1.298
1.633
2.207
2.796
2.990
3.244
3.611
4.264
6.696
24
.261
.409
.551
.699
.863
1.06
1.295
1.627
2.195
2.776
2.968
3.218
3.579
4.218
6.589
25
.261
.410
.551
.699
.862
1.05
1.292
1.622
2.184
2.759
2.948
3.194
3.549
4.177
6.493
26
.261
.410
.551
.698
.861
1.05
1.289
1.617
2.174
2.743
2.929
3.173
3.522
4.140
6.406
27
.262
.410
.551
.698
.861
1.05
1.286
1.612
2.165
2.728
2.912
3.153
3.498
4.106
6.326
28
.262
.410
.551
.698
.860
1.05
1.284
1.608
2.157
2.714
2.896
3.134
3.475
4.074
6.253
29
.262
.410
.551
.697
.859
1.05
1.282
1.604
2.149
2.701
2.882
3.117
3.453
4.045
6.186
30
.262
.410
.551
.697
.858
1.05
1.280
1.600
2.142
2.690
2.868
3.101
3.434
4.018
6.125
35
.262
.410
.550
.696
.856
1.04
1.271
1.585
2.113
2.641
2.813
3.036
3.354
3.908
5.876
40
.263
.410
.550
.695
.854
1.04
1.264
1.574
2.091
2.606
2.773
2.989
3.295
3.828
5.698
45
.263
.411
.550
.694
.852
1.03
1.259
1.565
2.074
2.579
2.742
2.952
3.251
3.767
5.564
50
.263
.411
.550
.693
.851
1.03
1.255
1.558
2.061
2.557
2.717
2.923
3.215
3.720
5.459
55
.264
.411
.550
.693
.850
1.03
1.252
1.552
2.050
2.540
2.697
2.900
3.187
3.681
5.375
60
.264
.411
.550
.693
.849
1.03
1.249
1.548
2.041
2.525
2.680
2.881
3.163
3.649
5.307
70
.264
.411
.549
.692
.847
1.03
1.245
1.540
2.027
2.503
2.655
2.851
3.127
3.600
5.201
80
.264
.411
.549
.691
.846
1.02
1.242
1.535
2.016
2.486
2.636
2.828
3.100
3.563
5.123
90
.265
.411
.549
.691
.846
1.02
1.239
1.531
2.008
2.473
2.621
2.811
3.079
3.535
5.064
100
.265
.411
.549
.691
.845
1.02
1.237
1.527
2.002
2.463
2.609
2.798
3.062
3.513
5.017
120
.265
.412
.549
.690
.844
1.02
1.234
1.522
1.992
2.447
2.592
2.777
3.037
3.480
4.947
240
.265
.412
.549
.689
.842
1.02
1.227
1.510
1.968
2.409
2.549
2.727
2.976
3.398
4.778
.266
.412
.549
.688
.839
1.01
1.220
1.497
1.945
2.372
2.506
2.678
2.917
3.319
4.617
Page 15 of 24
TABLE 5: POWER TABLE FOR ETA-SQUARED

Single-Factor Design, dfEFFECT = 2, = .05, n = Sample Size per Condition
Eta-Squared
n
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.09
0.12
0.16
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.36
0.42
0.49
0.56
0.64
0.72
.053
.056
.062
.069
.079
.091
.108
.127
.154
.186
.232
.288
.368
.467
.608
.770
.055
.060
.071
.083
.102
.123
.154
.190
.241
.299
.381
.473
.594
.722
.860
.957
.057
.065
.081
.098
.127
.158
.205
.258
.333
.415
.523
.637
.765
.876
.960
.994
.059
.069
.091
.114
.152
.195
.258
.328
.424
.525
.647
.763
.875
.950
.990
.999
.062
.074
.101
.131
.179
.233
.312
.398
.510
.622
.747
.852
.937
.982
.998
>.999
.064
.079
.112
.147
.207
.272
.366
.465
.588
.705
.824
.911
.970
.994
>.999
>.999
.066
.084
.122
.165
.235
.311
.418
.528
.659
.773
.880
.948
.986
.998
>.999
>.999
10
.069
.089
.133
.182
.263
.350
.469
.587
.720
.829
.920
.970
.994
.999
>.999
>.999
11
.071
.094
.145
.200
.291
.388
.518
.641
.772
.872
.947
.983
.997
>.999
>.999
>.999
12
.074
.099
.156
.218
.320
.425
.564
.689
.817
.906
.966
.991
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
13
.076
.104
.167
.237
.348
.462
.607
.733
.853
.931
.978
.995
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
14
.079
.110
.179
.255
.376
.497
.647
.772
.884
.950
.986
.997
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
15
.081
.115
.191
.273
.403
.531
.684
.806
.908
.964
.991
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
16
.083
.120
.202
.292
.430
.564
.718
.836
.928
.975
.995
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
17
.086
.126
.214
.310
.457
.595
.750
.861
.944
.982
.997
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
18
.088
.131
.226
.328
.483
.625
.778
.884
.957
.987
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
19
.091
.137
.238
.346
.508
.653
.804
.903
.967
.991
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
20
.093
.142
.250
.364
.533
.680
.827
.919
.975
.994
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
21
.096
.148
.262
.382
.556
.705
.848
.933
.981
.996
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
22
.099
.153
.274
.400
.579
.728
.867
.944
.985
.997
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
23
.101
.159
.286
.418
.602
.750
.883
.954
.989
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
24
.104
.164
.298
.435
.623
.771
.898
.962
.992
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
25
.106
.170
.310
.452
.644
.790
.911
.969
.994
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
26
.109
.176
.322
.469
.664
.808
.923
.975
.995
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
27
.111
.181
.334
.486
.683
.825
.933
.979
.996
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
28
.114
.187
.346
.502
.701
.840
.942
.983
.997
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
29
.117
.193
.357
.518
.718
.854
.950
.986
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
30
.119
.199
.369
.534
.735
.867
.957
.989
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
35
.133
.228
.427
.608
.807
.919
.980
.996
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
40
.146
.257
.482
.674
.862
.951
.991
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
45
.160
.286
.535
.731
.903
.972
.996
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
50
.174
.316
.584
.780
.932
.984
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
55
.188
.345
.630
.821
.954
.991
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
60
.203
.374
.672
.856
.968
.995
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
70
.231
.430
.745
.909
.986
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
80
.260
.485
.805
.943
.994
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
90
.290
.536
.853
.965
.997
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
100
.319
.584
.890
.979
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
120
.376
.670
.940
.993
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
240
.669
.938
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
360
.847
.991
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
Page 16 of 24
TABLE 5 (CONTINUED)
Eta-Squared
n
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.09
0.12
0.16
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.36
0.42
0.49
0.56
0.64
0.72
.053
.056
.063
.070
.082
.095
.114
.136
.168
.207
.261
.328
.424
.540
.695
.854
.055
.061
.073
.085
.107
.131
.167
.208
.269
.338
.433
.540
.674
.803
.921
.984
.058
.066
.083
.102
.134
.171
.225
.288
.375
.472
.594
.715
.840
.932
.985
.999
.060
.071
.094
.120
.164
.213
.287
.369
.480
.594
.724
.836
.930
.980
.998
>.999
.062
.076
.105
.138
.194
.257
.350
.449
.576
.697
.821
.912
.972
.995
>.999
>.999
.065
.081
.117
.158
.226
.302
.412
.525
.661
.780
.888
.955
.989
.999
>.999
>.999
.067
.086
.129
.177
.258
.348
.472
.595
.734
.844
.933
.978
.996
>.999
>.999
>.999
10
.070
.092
.141
.198
.291
.392
.530
.659
.794
.892
.960
.989
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
11
.073
.097
.154
.218
.324
.437
.584
.715
.843
.927
.977
.995
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
12
.075
.103
.167
.239
.357
.479
.634
.764
.882
.951
.987
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
13
.078
.109
.180
.260
.390
.521
.679
.806
.912
.968
.993
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
14
.080
.115
.193
.281
.422
.560
.721
.842
.935
.979
.996
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
15
.083
.121
.207
.303
.454
.598
.759
.872
.953
.986
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
16
.086
.126
.220
.324
.485
.633
.792
.897
.966
.991
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
17
.088
.132
.234
.346
.515
.667
.822
.918
.975
.995
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
18
.091
.139
.248
.367
.544
.698
.848
.935
.983
.997
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
19
.094
.145
.261
.388
.572
.727
.870
.948
.988
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
20
.097
.151
.275
.409
.599
.754
.890
.959
.991
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
21
.099
.157
.289
.430
.625
.778
.907
.968
.994
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
22
.102
.164
.303
.450
.650
.801
.922
.975
.996
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
23
.105
.170
.317
.470
.674
.822
.935
.981
.997
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
24
.108
.176
.331
.490
.696
.841
.945
.985
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
25
.111
.183
.345
.509
.717
.858
.954
.989
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
26
.114
.189
.359
.528
.738
.874
.962
.991
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
27
.117
.196
.373
.547
.757
.888
.969
.993
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
28
.119
.202
.387
.565
.775
.901
.974
.995
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
29
.122
.209
.401
.583
.792
.912
.979
.996
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
30
.125
.216
.414
.600
.807
.922
.982
.997
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
35
.140
.249
.480
.680
.873
.959
.994
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
40
.156
.283
.543
.747
.918
.979
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
45
.171
.318
.601
.803
.948
.990
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
50
.187
.352
.654
.849
.968
.995
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
55
.204
.386
.703
.885
.981
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
60
.220
.419
.746
.913
.988
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
70
.254
.484
.817
.952
.996
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
80
.287
.545
.871
.975
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
90
.321
.602
.911
.987
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
100
.355
.654
.939
.993
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
120
.422
.744
.973
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
240
.743
.971
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
360
.906
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
Page 17 of 24
TABLE 5 (CONTINUED)
Eta-Squared
n
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.09
0.12
0.16
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.36
0.42
0.49
0.56
0.64
0.72
.011
.011
.013
.015
.018
.021
.026
.031
.040
.051
.067
.089
.124
.175
.264
.408
.011
.013
.016
.019
.025
.032
.042
.056
.076
.102
.143
.198
.283
.399
.573
.775
.012
.014
.019
.024
.034
.045
.064
.088
.125
.172
.244
.337
.470
.627
.809
.945
.013
.016
.022
.030
.044
.062
.090
.126
.183
.254
.358
.482
.642
.797
.930
.990
.013
.017
.026
.037
.056
.080
.120
.170
.248
.342
.473
.615
.775
.901
.978
.999
.014
.019
.030
.043
.069
.100
.153
.218
.317
.432
.581
.727
.867
.956
.994
>.999
.015
.021
.034
.051
.083
.123
.189
.270
.388
.518
.675
.813
.926
.981
.999
>.999
10
.016
.022
.039
.059
.098
.146
.227
.322
.457
.598
.755
.876
.960
.993
>.999
>.999
11
.017
.024
.043
.067
.114
.172
.266
.376
.524
.670
.819
.921
.980
.997
>.999
>.999
12
.017
.026
.048
.076
.130
.198
.307
.429
.587
.733
.869
.950
.990
.999
>.999
>.999
13
.018
.028
.053
.086
.148
.226
.347
.481
.645
.787
.906
.970
.995
>.999
>.999
>.999
14
.019
.030
.058
.095
.167
.254
.388
.531
.698
.832
.934
.982
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
15
.020
.032
.064
.106
.186
.283
.429
.578
.745
.869
.955
.989
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
16
.021
.034
.070
.116
.205
.312
.469
.623
.786
.899
.969
.994
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
17
.022
.036
.076
.127
.225
.341
.507
.665
.822
.923
.979
.996
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
18
.023
.039
.082
.138
.246
.371
.545
.703
.853
.941
.986
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
19
.023
.041
.088
.150
.266
.400
.581
.739
.879
.956
.991
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
20
.024
.043
.094
.162
.288
.429
.615
.771
.901
.967
.994
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
21
.025
.046
.101
.174
.309
.458
.648
.800
.920
.976
.996
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
22
.026
.048
.108
.187
.330
.486
.678
.826
.935
.982
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
23
.027
.050
.115
.199
.352
.513
.707
.849
.948
.987
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
24
.028
.053
.122
.212
.373
.540
.734
.870
.959
.990
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
25
.029
.056
.129
.225
.394
.566
.759
.888
.967
.993
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
26
.030
.058
.136
.238
.415
.592
.783
.904
.974
.995
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
27
.031
.061
.144
.252
.436
.616
.804
.918
.979
.996
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
28
.032
.064
.151
.265
.457
.640
.824
.930
.984
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
29
.033
.066
.159
.279
.478
.662
.842
.940
.987
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
30
.034
.069
.167
.292
.498
.684
.859
.950
.990
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
35
.040
.084
.208
.361
.593
.777
.921
.979
.997
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
40
.046
.100
.251
.430
.677
.848
.958
.992
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
45
.052
.117
.296
.496
.749
.899
.978
.997
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
50
.058
.134
.341
.559
.807
.934
.989
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
55
.065
.153
.386
.618
.855
.958
.995
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
60
.072
.172
.430
.671
.892
.974
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
70
.087
.213
.516
.762
.942
.990
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
80
.103
.255
.596
.833
.971
.997
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
90
.119
.299
.667
.885
.986
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
100
.137
.343
.730
.923
.993
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
120
.175
.431
.828
.967
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
240
.431
.823
.994
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
360
.662
.962
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
Page 18 of 24
TABLE 5 (CONTINUED)
Eta-Squared
n
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.09
0.12
0.16
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.36
0.42
0.49
0.56
0.64
0.72
.011
.012
.013
.015
.018
.022
.028
.035
.046
.060
.081
.111
.160
.232
.355
.542
.011
.013
.016
.020
.027
.035
.048
.064
.091
.125
.180
.253
.366
.511
.706
.889
.012
.014
.020
.026
.037
.051
.074
.104
.152
.214
.308
.425
.585
.751
.907
.985
.013
.016
.023
.032
.049
.070
.106
.152
.226
.317
.447
.593
.760
.894
.978
.999
.014
.018
.028
.040
.063
.093
.143
.208
.307
.425
.579
.731
.875
.961
.996
>.999
.014
.019
.032
.048
.078
.118
.185
.268
.392
.530
.693
.833
.940
.987
.999
>.999
.015
.021
.037
.057
.095
.145
.230
.332
.476
.625
.785
.902
.973
.996
>.999
>.999
10
.016
.023
.042
.066
.114
.175
.277
.396
.556
.709
.854
.945
.989
.999
>.999
>.999
11
.017
.025
.047
.076
.134
.207
.326
.460
.630
.778
.904
.970
.996
>.999
>.999
>.999
12
.018
.027
.053
.087
.154
.240
.375
.522
.696
.835
.939
.984
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
13
.019
.030
.059
.098
.177
.274
.425
.580
.753
.879
.962
.992
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
14
.019
.032
.065
.110
.200
.309
.473
.635
.802
.913
.977
.996
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
15
.020
.034
.072
.123
.223
.345
.520
.685
.843
.938
.986
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
16
.021
.036
.078
.136
.248
.380
.565
.730
.877
.957
.992
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
17
.022
.039
.086
.150
.273
.416
.608
.770
.905
.970
.995
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
18
.023
.041
.093
.164
.298
.451
.648
.806
.927
.980
.997
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
19
.024
.044
.101
.178
.324
.485
.686
.837
.944
.986
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
20
.025
.047
.108
.193
.350
.519
.721
.864
.958
.991
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
21
.026
.050
.117
.208
.376
.551
.753
.887
.968
.994
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
22
.027
.052
.125
.224
.401
.583
.782
.907
.977
.996
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
23
.028
.055
.133
.239
.427
.613
.808
.924
.983
.997
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
24
.030
.058
.142
.255
.452
.642
.832
.938
.987
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
25
.031
.061
.151
.272
.477
.670
.854
.949
.991
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
26
.032
.064
.160
.288
.502
.696
.873
.959
.993
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
27
.033
.068
.170
.304
.526
.721
.890
.967
.995
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
28
.034
.071
.179
.321
.550
.744
.905
.974
.997
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
29
.035
.074
.189
.338
.573
.766
.918
.979
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
30
.036
.078
.199
.355
.595
.786
.930
.983
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
35
.043
.095
.250
.438
.697
.868
.969
.995
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
40
.049
.115
.303
.518
.779
.922
.987
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
45
.057
.136
.358
.593
.844
.956
.995
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
50
.064
.158
.412
.661
.892
.976
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
55
.072
.181
.466
.721
.927
.987
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
60
.081
.205
.518
.773
.951
.993
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
70
.099
.255
.614
.855
.979
.998
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
80
.118
.308
.698
.910
.992
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
90
.139
.361
.769
.947
.997
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
100
.161
.414
.826
.969
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
120
.208
.518
.907
.990
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
240
.518
.903
.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
360
.763
.988
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
>.999
Page 19 of 24
TABLE 6: VALUES OF TUKEYS HSD STATISTIC

Tabled Values are HSD Statistics for the Given Probabilities and Degrees of Freedom
dfEFFECT = 1
dfEFFECT = 2
dfEFFECT = 3
dfEFFECT = 4
dfERROR
p = .05
p = .01
dfERROR
p = .05
p = .01
dfERROR
p = .05
p = .01
dfERROR
p = .05
p = .01
4.303
9.925
5.891
13.449
6.928
15.764
7.694
17.478
3.182
5.841
4.179
7.508
4.826
8.605
5.304
9.422
2.776
4.604
3.564
5.742
4.071
6.486
4.446
7.042
2.571
4.032
3.254
4.933
3.690
5.518
4.012
5.955
2.447
3.707
3.068
4.476
3.462
4.973
3.751
5.343
2.365
3.499
2.945
4.186
3.310
4.626
3.578
4.953
2.306
3.355
2.857
3.985
3.202
4.387
3.455
4.684
2.262
3.250
2.792
3.838
3.122
4.212
3.363
4.488
10
2.228
3.169
10
2.741
3.727
10
3.059
4.079
10
3.291
4.339
11
2.201
3.106
11
2.701
3.639
11
3.010
3.974
11
3.234
4.222
12
2.179
3.055
12
2.668
3.568
12
2.969
3.890
12
3.187
4.127
13
2.160
3.012
13
2.640
3.510
13
2.935
3.821
13
3.149
4.049
14
2.145
2.977
14
2.617
3.461
14
2.907
3.763
14
3.116
3.984
15
2.131
2.947
15
2.597
3.420
15
2.882
3.714
15
3.088
3.929
16
2.120
2.921
16
2.580
3.384
16
2.861
3.671
16
3.064
3.881
17
2.110
2.898
17
2.565
3.353
17
2.843
3.634
17
3.042
3.840
18
2.101
2.878
18
2.552
3.326
18
2.826
3.602
18
3.024
3.803
19
2.093
2.861
19
2.540
3.302
19
2.812
3.574
19
3.007
3.771
20
2.086
2.845
20
2.530
3.280
20
2.799
3.548
20
2.992
3.743
21
2.080
2.831
21
2.521
3.261
21
2.787
3.526
21
2.979
3.717
22
2.074
2.819
22
2.512
3.244
22
2.777
3.505
22
2.967
3.694
23
2.069
2.807
23
2.504
3.228
23
2.767
3.487
23
2.956
3.674
24
2.064
2.797
24
2.497
3.214
24
2.759
3.470
24
2.946
3.655
25
2.060
2.787
25
2.491
3.201
25
2.751
3.454
25
2.937
3.637
26
2.056
2.779
26
2.485
3.189
26
2.743
3.440
26
2.928
3.621
27
2.052
2.771
27
2.479
3.178
27
2.737
3.427
27
2.921
3.607
28
2.048
2.763
28
2.474
3.168
28
2.730
3.415
28
2.913
3.593
29
2.045
2.756
29
2.470
3.159
29
2.725
3.404
29
2.907
3.581
30
2.042
2.750
30
2.465
3.150
30
2.719
3.394
30
2.901
3.569
35
2.030
2.724
35
2.447
3.114
35
2.697
3.351
35
2.875
3.522
40
2.021
2.704
40
2.434
3.088
40
2.680
3.320
40
2.856
3.487
45
2.014
2.690
45
2.424
3.068
45
2.668
3.296
45
2.841
3.460
50
2.009
2.678
50
2.415
3.052
50
2.658
3.277
50
2.830
3.438
55
2.004
2.668
55
2.409
3.039
55
2.649
3.262
55
2.820
3.421
60
2.000
2.660
60
2.403
3.028
60
2.643
3.249
60
2.812
3.407
70
1.994
2.648
70
2.395
3.011
70
2.632
3.229
70
2.800
3.384
80
1.990
2.639
80
2.388
2.999
80
2.624
3.214
80
2.791
3.368
90
1.987
2.632
90
2.383
2.989
90
2.618
3.203
90
2.784
3.355
100
1.984
2.626
100
2.379
2.981
100
2.613
3.193
100
2.778
3.345
120
1.980
2.617
120
2.373
2.970
120
2.605
3.180
120
2.770
3.329
240
1.970
2.596
240
2.358
2.941
240
2.587
3.146
240
2.749
3.292
1.960
2.576
2.344
2.914
2.569
3.113
2.728
3.255
Page 20 of 24
TABLE 6 (CONTINUED)
Tabled Values are HSD Statistics for the Given Criteria and dfEFFECT = 1
Two-Tailed p Values
dfERROR
.90
.80
.70
.60
.50
.40
.30
.20
.10
.05
.04
.03
.02
.01
.001
.142
.289
.445
.617
.816
1.06
1.386
1.886
2.920
4.303
4.849
5.643
6.965
9.925
31.599
.137
.277
.424
.584
.765
.978
1.250
1.638
2.353
3.182
3.482
3.896
4.541
5.841
12.924
.134
.271
.414
.569
.741
.941
1.190
1.533
2.132
2.776
2.999
3.298
3.747
4.604
8.610
.132
.267
.408
.559
.727
.920
1.156
1.476
2.015
2.571
2.757
3.003
3.365
4.032
6.869
.131
.265
.404
.553
.718
.906
1.134
1.440
1.943
2.447
2.612
2.829
3.143
3.707
5.959
.130
.263
.402
.549
.711
.896
1.119
1.415
1.895
2.365
2.517
2.715
2.998
3.499
5.408
.130
.262
.399
.546
.706
.889
1.108
1.397
1.860
2.306
2.449
2.634
2.896
3.355
5.041
.129
.261
.398
.543
.703
.883
1.100
1.383
1.833
2.262
2.398
2.574
2.821
3.250
4.781
10
.129
.260
.397
.542
.700
.879
1.093
1.372
1.812
2.228
2.359
2.527
2.764
3.169
4.587
11
.129
.260
.396
.540
.697
.876
1.088
1.363
1.796
2.201
2.328
2.491
2.718
3.106
4.437
12
.128
.259
.395
.539
.695
.873
1.083
1.356
1.782
2.179
2.303
2.461
2.681
3.055
4.318
13
.128
.259
.394
.538
.694
.870
1.079
1.350
1.771
2.160
2.282
2.436
2.650
3.012
4.221
14
.128
.258
.393
.537
.692
.868
1.076
1.345
1.761
2.145
2.264
2.415
2.624
2.977
4.140
15
.128
.258
.393
.536
.691
.866
1.074
1.341
1.753
2.131
2.249
2.397
2.602
2.947
4.073
16
.128
.258
.392
.535
.690
.865
1.071
1.337
1.746
2.120
2.235
2.382
2.583
2.921
4.015
17
.128
.257
.392
.534
.689
.863
1.069
1.333
1.740
2.110
2.224
2.368
2.567
2.898
3.965
18
.127
.257
.392
.534
.688
.862
1.067
1.330
1.734
2.101
2.214
2.356
2.552
2.878
3.922
19
.127
.257
.391
.533
.688
.861
1.066
1.328
1.729
2.093
2.205
2.346
2.539
2.861
3.883
20
.127
.257
.391
.533
.687
.860
1.064
1.325
1.725
2.086
2.197
2.336
2.528
2.845
3.850
21
.127
.257
.391
.532
.686
.859
1.063
1.323
1.721
2.080
2.189
2.328
2.518
2.831
3.819
22
.127
.256
.390
.532
.686
.858
1.061
1.321
1.717
2.074
2.183
2.320
2.508
2.819
3.792
23
.127
.256
.390
.532
.685
.858
1.060
1.319
1.714
2.069
2.177
2.313
2.500
2.807
3.768
24
.127
.256
.390
.531
.685
.857
1.059
1.318
1.711
2.064
2.172
2.307
2.492
2.797
3.745
25
.127
.256
.390
.531
.684
.856
1.058
1.316
1.708
2.060
2.167
2.301
2.485
2.787
3.725
26
.127
.256
.390
.531
.684
.856
1.058
1.315
1.706
2.056
2.162
2.296
2.479
2.779
3.707
27
.127
.256
.389
.531
.684
.855
1.057
1.314
1.703
2.052
2.158
2.291
2.473
2.771
3.690
28
.127
.256
.389
.530
.683
.855
1.056
1.313
1.701
2.048
2.154
2.286
2.467
2.763
3.674
29
.127
.256
.389
.530
.683
.854
1.055
1.311
1.699
2.045
2.150
2.282
2.462
2.756
3.659
30
.127
.256
.389
.530
.683
.854
1.055
1.310
1.697
2.042
2.147
2.278
2.457
2.750
3.646
35
.127
.255
.388
.529
.682
.852
1.052
1.306
1.690
2.030
2.133
2.262
2.438
2.724
3.591
40
.126
.255
.388
.529
.681
.851
1.050
1.303
1.684
2.021
2.123
2.250
2.423
2.704
3.551
45
.126
.255
.388
.528
.680
.850
1.049
1.301
1.679
2.014
2.115
2.241
2.412
2.690
3.520
50
.126
.255
.388
.528
.679
.849
1.047
1.299
1.676
2.009
2.109
2.234
2.403
2.678
3.496
55
.126
.255
.387
.527
.679
.848
1.046
1.297
1.673
2.004
2.104
2.228
2.396
2.668
3.476
60
.126
.254
.387
.527
.679
.848
1.045
1.296
1.671
2.000
2.099
2.223
2.390
2.660
3.460
70
.126
.254
.387
.527
.678
.847
1.044
1.294
1.667
1.994
2.093
2.215
2.381
2.648
3.435
80
.126
.254
.387
.526
.678
.846
1.043
1.292
1.664
1.990
2.088
2.209
2.374
2.639
3.416
90
.126
.254
.387
.526
.677
.846
1.042
1.291
1.662
1.987
2.084
2.205
2.368
2.632
3.402
100
.126
.254
.386
.526
.677
.845
1.042
1.290
1.660
1.984
2.081
2.201
2.364
2.626
3.390
120
.126
.254
.386
.526
.677
.845
1.041
1.289
1.658
1.980
2.076
2.196
2.358
2.617
3.373
240
.126
.254
.386
.525
.676
.843
1.039
1.285
1.651
1.970
2.065
2.183
2.342
2.596
3.332
.126
.253
.385
.524
.674
.842
1.036
1.282
1.645
1.960
2.054
2.170
2.326
2.576
3.291
Page 21 of 24
TABLE 6 (CONTINUED)
Two-Tailed p Values
dfERROR
.90
.80
.70
.60
.50
.40
.30
.20
.10
.05
.04
.03
.02
.01
.001
.449
.674
.883
1.10
1.35
1.65
2.063
2.701
4.054
5.891
6.621
7.685
9.461
13.45
42.765
.445
.661
.855
1.05
1.27
1.52
1.835
2.295
3.159
4.179
4.550
5.066
5.873
7.508
16.487
.443
.655
.842
1.03
1.23
1.45
1.735
2.124
2.811
3.564
3.826
4.180
4.715
5.742
10.595
.442
.651
.835
1.02
1.21
1.42
1.679
2.030
2.628
3.254
3.465
3.746
4.162
4.933
8.253
.441
.649
.830
1.01
1.19
1.40
1.643
1.972
2.516
3.068
3.251
3.492
3.842
4.476
7.042
.441
.647
.826
1.00
1.18
1.38
1.618
1.931
2.440
2.945
3.110
3.325
3.634
4.186
6.315
.440
.646
.823
.995
1.17
1.37
1.600
1.902
2.386
2.857
3.010
3.207
3.489
3.985
5.833
.440
.644
.821
.992
1.17
1.36
1.586
1.879
2.345
2.792
2.935
3.120
3.382
3.838
5.493
10
.440
.644
.820
.989
1.16
1.35
1.575
1.861
2.312
2.741
2.877
3.053
3.300
3.727
5.240
11
.439
.643
.818
.986
1.16
1.35
1.566
1.847
2.287
2.701
2.832
2.999
3.235
3.639
5.045
12
.439
.642
.817
.984
1.16
1.34
1.559
1.835
2.266
2.668
2.794
2.956
3.182
3.568
4.891
13
.439
.642
.816
.983
1.15
1.34
1.553
1.826
2.248
2.640
2.763
2.920
3.139
3.510
4.766
14
.439
.642
.815
.981
1.15
1.33
1.547
1.817
2.233
2.617
2.737
2.890
3.102
3.461
4.662
15
.439
.641
.815
.980
1.15
1.33
1.543
1.810
2.220
2.597
2.715
2.864
3.071
3.420
4.575
16
.439
.641
.814
.979
1.15
1.33
1.539
1.804
2.209
2.580
2.695
2.841
3.044
3.384
4.501
17
.439
.641
.813
.978
1.15
1.33
1.535
1.798
2.199
2.565
2.679
2.822
3.021
3.353
4.437
18
.439
.640
.813
.977
1.14
1.33
1.532
1.793
2.191
2.552
2.664
2.805
3.000
3.326
4.381
19
.438
.640
.813
.977
1.14
1.32
1.529
1.789
2.183
2.540
2.651
2.790
2.982
3.302
4.332
20
.438
.640
.812
.976
1.14
1.32
1.527
1.785
2.176
2.530
2.639
2.776
2.966
3.280
4.289
21
.438
.640
.812
.975
1.14
1.32
1.525
1.782
2.170
2.521
2.628
2.764
2.951
3.261
4.250
22
.438
.640
.811
.975
1.14
1.32
1.523
1.778
2.164
2.512
2.619
2.753
2.938
3.244
4.215
23
.438
.640
.811
.974
1.14
1.32
1.521
1.775
2.159
2.504
2.610
2.743
2.926
3.228
4.184
24
.438
.639
.811
.974
1.14
1.32
1.519
1.773
2.155
2.497
2.602
2.734
2.915
3.214
4.156
25
.438
.639
.811
.973
1.14
1.32
1.518
1.770
2.150
2.491
2.595
2.726
2.905
3.201
4.130
26
.438
.639
.810
.973
1.14
1.31
1.516
1.768
2.146
2.485
2.588
2.718
2.896
3.189
4.106
27
.438
.639
.810
.973
1.14
1.31
1.515
1.766
2.143
2.479
2.582
2.711
2.888
3.178
4.084
28
.438
.639
.810
.972
1.14
1.31
1.514
1.764
2.140
2.474
2.576
2.704
2.880
3.168
4.065
29
.438
.639
.810
.972
1.14
1.31
1.512
1.762
2.136
2.470
2.571
2.698
2.873
3.159
4.046
30
.438
.639
.810
.972
1.14
1.31
1.511
1.761
2.134
2.465
2.566
2.693
2.866
3.150
4.029
35
.438
.639
.809
.971
1.13
1.31
1.507
1.754
2.122
2.447
2.546
2.670
2.838
3.114
3.959
40
.438
.638
.808
.970
1.13
1.31
1.504
1.749
2.113
2.434
2.531
2.653
2.818
3.088
3.909
45
.438
.638
.808
.969
1.13
1.30
1.501
1.745
2.106
2.424
2.519
2.639
2.802
3.068
3.870
50
.438
.638
.808
.968
1.13
1.30
1.499
1.742
2.100
2.415
2.510
2.629
2.790
3.052
3.839
55
.438
.638
.808
.968
1.13
1.30
1.498
1.739
2.096
2.409
2.503
2.620
2.780
3.039
3.814
60
.438
.638
.807
.968
1.13
1.30
1.496
1.737
2.092
2.403
2.497
2.613
2.772
3.028
3.794
70
.438
.637
.807
.967
1.13
1.30
1.494
1.734
2.086
2.395
2.487
2.602
2.759
3.011
3.762
80
.438
.637
.807
.967
1.13
1.30
1.492
1.731
2.082
2.388
2.480
2.594
2.749
2.999
3.738
90
.437
.637
.806
.966
1.13
1.30
1.491
1.729
2.079
2.383
2.474
2.588
2.741
2.989
3.720
100
.437
.637
.806
.966
1.13
1.30
1.490
1.728
2.076
2.379
2.470
2.583
2.735
2.981
3.706
120
.437
.637
.806
.966
1.13
1.30
1.489
1.725
2.072
2.373
2.463
2.575
2.726
2.970
3.684
240
.437
.637
.805
.965
1.12
1.29
1.485
1.719
2.062
2.358
2.447
2.556
2.704
2.941
3.632
.437
.636
.805
.964
1.12
1.29
1.481
1.714
2.052
2.344
2.430
2.538
2.682
2.914
3.581
Page 22 of 24
TABLE 6 (CONTINUED)
Two-Tailed p Values
dfERROR
.90
.80
.70
.60
.50
.40
.30
.20
.10
.05
.04
.03
.02
.01
.001
.672
.926
1.16
1.40
1.68
2.02
2.490
3.223
4.789
6.928
7.780
9.023
11.10
15.76
50.056
.676
.918
1.13
1.34
1.58
1.85
2.201
2.710
3.676
4.826
5.246
5.830
6.746
8.605
18.839
.679
.914
1.12
1.32
1.53
1.77
2.073
2.494
3.243
4.071
4.360
4.752
5.345
6.486
11.906
.681
.913
1.11
1.30
1.50
1.73
2.001
2.375
3.015
3.690
3.919
4.224
4.676
5.518
9.166
.683
.912
1.10
1.29
1.48
1.70
1.955
2.300
2.874
3.462
3.657
3.914
4.290
4.973
7.753
.684
.911
1.10
1.28
1.47
1.68
1.924
2.248
2.780
3.310
3.484
3.711
4.039
4.626
6.907
.685
.911
1.10
1.28
1.46
1.66
1.900
2.210
2.711
3.202
3.361
3.568
3.864
4.387
6.348
.686
.911
1.10
1.27
1.45
1.65
1.882
2.182
2.660
3.122
3.270
3.462
3.735
4.212
5.953
10
.686
.910
1.10
1.27
1.45
1.64
1.868
2.159
2.619
3.059
3.200
3.380
3.636
4.079
5.661
11
.687
.910
1.09
1.27
1.44
1.63
1.856
2.141
2.587
3.010
3.143
3.315
3.558
3.974
5.436
12
.687
.910
1.09
1.27
1.44
1.63
1.847
2.125
2.560
2.969
3.098
3.263
3.494
3.890
5.258
13
.688
.910
1.09
1.26
1.44
1.62
1.839
2.113
2.538
2.935
3.060
3.219
3.442
3.821
5.113
14
.688
.910
1.09
1.26
1.43
1.62
1.832
2.102
2.519
2.907
3.028
3.182
3.398
3.763
4.993
15
.688
.910
1.09
1.26
1.43
1.62
1.826
2.093
2.503
2.882
3.000
3.151
3.360
3.714
4.893
16
.688
.910
1.09
1.26
1.43
1.61
1.821
2.085
2.489
2.861
2.977
3.124
3.328
3.671
4.808
17
.689
.910
1.09
1.26
1.43
1.61
1.816
2.078
2.477
2.843
2.956
3.100
3.299
3.634
4.734
18
.689
.910
1.09
1.26
1.43
1.61
1.812
2.071
2.466
2.826
2.938
3.079
3.275
3.602
4.670
19
.689
.910
1.09
1.26
1.42
1.60
1.809
2.066
2.456
2.812
2.922
3.061
3.253
3.574
4.613
20
.689
.910
1.09
1.26
1.42
1.60
1.805
2.061
2.448
2.799
2.907
3.044
3.233
3.548
4.564
21
.689
.910
1.09
1.26
1.42
1.60
1.803
2.056
2.440
2.787
2.894
3.029
3.216
3.526
4.519
22
.689
.909
1.09
1.25
1.42
1.60
1.800
2.052
2.433
2.777
2.882
3.016
3.200
3.505
4.479
23
.690
.909
1.09
1.25
1.42
1.60
1.797
2.048
2.426
2.767
2.872
3.004
3.185
3.487
4.444
24
.690
.909
1.09
1.25
1.42
1.60
1.795
2.045
2.421
2.759
2.862
2.993
3.172
3.470
4.411
25
.690
.909
1.09
1.25
1.42
1.59
1.793
2.042
2.415
2.751
2.853
2.983
3.160
3.454
4.381
26
.690
.909
1.09
1.25
1.42
1.59
1.791
2.039
2.410
2.743
2.845
2.973
3.149
3.440
4.354
27
.690
.909
1.09
1.25
1.42
1.59
1.790
2.036
2.406
2.737
2.838
2.965
3.139
3.427
4.330
28
.690
.909
1.09
1.25
1.42
1.59
1.788
2.034
2.402
2.730
2.831
2.957
3.130
3.415
4.307
29
.690
.909
1.09
1.25
1.42
1.59
1.787
2.031
2.398
2.725
2.824
2.949
3.121
3.404
4.286
30
.690
.909
1.09
1.25
1.42
1.59
1.785
2.029
2.394
2.719
2.818
2.943
3.113
3.394
4.266
35
.691
.909
1.09
1.25
1.41
1.59
1.780
2.020
2.379
2.697
2.793
2.915
3.080
3.351
4.186
40
.691
.909
1.09
1.25
1.41
1.58
1.775
2.014
2.368
2.680
2.775
2.894
3.056
3.320
4.128
45
.691
.909
1.09
1.25
1.41
1.58
1.772
2.009
2.359
2.668
2.761
2.878
3.037
3.296
4.084
50
.691
.909
1.09
1.25
1.41
1.58
1.769
2.005
2.352
2.658
2.750
2.865
3.022
3.277
4.049
55
.691
.909
1.09
1.25
1.41
1.58
1.767
2.001
2.347
2.649
2.741
2.855
3.010
3.262
4.020
60
.691
.909
1.08
1.25
1.41
1.58
1.765
1.999
2.342
2.643
2.733
2.846
3.000
3.249
3.997
70
.692
.909
1.08
1.25
1.41
1.57
1.763
1.994
2.335
2.632
2.721
2.833
2.984
3.229
3.961
80
.692
.909
1.08
1.25
1.40
1.57
1.760
1.991
2.329
2.624
2.712
2.823
2.972
3.214
3.934
90
.692
.909
1.08
1.25
1.40
1.57
1.759
1.988
2.325
2.618
2.705
2.815
2.963
3.203
3.913
100
.692
.909
1.08
1.24
1.40
1.57
1.757
1.986
2.321
2.613
2.700
2.809
2.956
3.193
3.897
120
.692
.909
1.08
1.24
1.40
1.57
1.755
1.983
2.316
2.605
2.692
2.800
2.945
3.180
3.872
240
.692
.909
1.08
1.24
1.40
1.57
1.751
1.976
2.304
2.587
2.672
2.777
2.918
3.146
3.812
.693
.909
1.08
1.24
1.40
1.56
1.746
1.968
2.291
2.569
2.652
2.754
2.892
3.113
3.754
Page 23 of 24
TABLE 6 (CONTINUED)
Two-Tailed p Values
dfERROR
.90
.80
.70
.60
.50
.40
.30
.20
.10
.05
.04
.03
.02
.01
.001
.834
1.11
1.36
1.62
1.92
2.29
2.800
3.605
5.330
7.694
8.637
10.01
12.31
17.48
55.467
.847
1.10
1.33
1.55
1.80
2.09
2.466
3.013
4.057
5.304
5.762
6.397
7.394
9.422
20.596
.855
1.10
1.31
1.52
1.75
2.00
2.317
2.762
3.560
4.446
4.756
5.176
5.813
7.042
12.888
.861
1.10
1.31
1.51
1.71
1.95
2.234
2.624
3.298
4.012
4.254
4.578
5.059
5.955
9.850
.865
1.10
1.30
1.49
1.69
1.91
2.180
2.537
3.136
3.751
3.956
4.227
4.622
5.343
8.287
.868
1.10
1.30
1.49
1.68
1.89
2.143
2.477
3.027
3.578
3.759
3.996
4.339
4.953
7.351
.871
1.10
1.30
1.48
1.67
1.87
2.115
2.433
2.948
3.455
3.619
3.834
4.141
4.684
6.733
.873
1.11
1.30
1.48
1.66
1.86
2.094
2.399
2.888
3.363
3.515
3.713
3.995
4.488
6.297
10
.874
1.11
1.30
1.47
1.65
1.85
2.077
2.373
2.841
3.291
3.435
3.620
3.883
4.339
5.975
11
.876
1.11
1.29
1.47
1.65
1.84
2.064
2.351
2.804
3.234
3.371
3.546
3.794
4.222
5.726
12
.877
1.11
1.29
1.47
1.64
1.83
2.052
2.333
2.773
3.187
3.318
3.486
3.722
4.127
5.530
13
.878
1.11
1.29
1.47
1.64
1.83
2.043
2.318
2.747
3.149
3.275
3.437
3.663
4.049
5.370
14
.879
1.11
1.29
1.46
1.64
1.82
2.035
2.306
2.725
3.116
3.238
3.395
3.613
3.984
5.239
15
.880
1.11
1.29
1.46
1.63
1.82
2.028
2.295
2.706
3.088
3.207
3.359
3.570
3.929
5.128
16
.880
1.11
1.29
1.46
1.63
1.81
2.022
2.285
2.690
3.064
3.180
3.328
3.534
3.881
5.034
17
.881
1.11
1.29
1.46
1.63
1.81
2.016
2.277
2.676
3.042
3.156
3.301
3.502
3.840
4.953
18
.882
1.11
1.29
1.46
1.63
1.81
2.012
2.270
2.663
3.024
3.135
3.277
3.474
3.803
4.882
19
.882
1.11
1.29
1.46
1.63
1.80
2.007
2.263
2.652
3.007
3.117
3.256
3.449
3.771
4.820
20
.883
1.11
1.29
1.46
1.62
1.80
2.004
2.257
2.642
2.992
3.101
3.237
3.427
3.743
4.766
21
.883
1.11
1.29
1.46
1.62
1.80
2.000
2.252
2.633
2.979
3.086
3.221
3.407
3.717
4.717
22
.883
1.11
1.29
1.46
1.62
1.80
1.997
2.247
2.625
2.967
3.072
3.205
3.389
3.694
4.673
23
.884
1.11
1.29
1.46
1.62
1.80
1.994
2.243
2.617
2.956
3.060
3.192
3.373
3.674
4.634
24
.884
1.11
1.29
1.45
1.62
1.79
1.992
2.238
2.611
2.946
3.049
3.179
3.358
3.655
4.598
25
.884
1.11
1.29
1.45
1.62
1.79
1.989
2.235
2.604
2.937
3.039
3.167
3.344
3.637
4.565
26
.885
1.11
1.29
1.45
1.62
1.79
1.987
2.231
2.599
2.928
3.029
3.157
3.332
3.621
4.536
27
.885
1.11
1.29
1.45
1.62
1.79
1.985
2.228
2.593
2.921
3.021
3.147
3.320
3.607
4.508
28
.885
1.11
1.29
1.45
1.62
1.79
1.983
2.225
2.588
2.913
3.013
3.138
3.310
3.593
4.483
29
.885
1.11
1.29
1.45
1.62
1.79
1.981
2.223
2.584
2.907
3.005
3.130
3.300
3.581
4.460
30
.886
1.11
1.29
1.45
1.61
1.79
1.980
2.220
2.579
2.901
2.999
3.122
3.291
3.569
4.439
35
.886
1.11
1.29
1.45
1.61
1.78
1.973
2.210
2.562
2.875
2.970
3.090
3.253
3.522
4.351
40
.887
1.11
1.29
1.45
1.61
1.78
1.968
2.202
2.549
2.856
2.949
3.066
3.226
3.487
4.287
45
.888
1.11
1.29
1.45
1.61
1.78
1.964
2.196
2.539
2.841
2.933
3.048
3.204
3.460
4.239
50
.888
1.11
1.29
1.45
1.61
1.77
1.961
2.191
2.531
2.830
2.920
3.033
3.187
3.438
4.200
55
.888
1.11
1.29
1.45
1.61
1.77
1.958
2.187
2.524
2.820
2.910
3.022
3.174
3.421
4.169
60
.889
1.11
1.29
1.45
1.61
1.77
1.956
2.184
2.519
2.812
2.901
3.012
3.162
3.407
4.144
70
.889
1.11
1.29
1.45
1.60
1.77
1.953
2.178
2.510
2.800
2.887
2.996
3.144
3.384
4.104
80
.889
1.11
1.29
1.45
1.60
1.77
1.950
2.175
2.504
2.791
2.877
2.985
3.131
3.368
4.074
90
.890
1.11
1.29
1.45
1.60
1.77
1.948
2.172
2.499
2.784
2.869
2.976
3.121
3.355
4.052
100
.890
1.11
1.29
1.45
1.60
1.76
1.946
2.169
2.495
2.778
2.863
2.969
3.113
3.345
4.034
120
.890
1.11
1.29
1.44
1.60
1.76
1.944
2.166
2.489
2.770
2.854
2.959
3.100
3.329
4.007
240
.891
1.11
1.29
1.44
1.60
1.76
1.938
2.157
2.474
2.749
2.831
2.933
3.070
3.292
3.942
.892
1.11
1.29
1.44
1.60
1.76
1.932
2.148
2.460
2.728
2.808
2.907
3.040
3.255
3.878
Page 24 of 24

PART VI:
BLANK SPSS OUTPUT
Section Abstract: This section is used as worksheets for in-class problems. Students fill in their
answers on these sheets, thus making clear the links between non-computer (hand)
calculations and the SPSS output.
Keywords: SPSS output, worksheets
Section Updated: November 2011


FREQUENCIES......................................................................................................................................2
CORRELATIONS....................................................................................................................................3
REGRESSION .......................................................................................................................................4
T-TEST (ONE SAMPLE) ..........................................................................................................................5
T-TEST (PAIRED SAMPLES) .....................................................................................................................6
T-TEST (INDEPENDENT SAMPLES).............................................................................................................7
ONEWAY (ANOVA) ............................................................................................................................8
MULTIPLE COMPARISONS (ANOVA) ........................................................................................................9
GENERAL LINEAR MODEL (REPEATED MEASURES ANOVA).......................................................................... 10
UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (FACTORIAL ANOVA) ......................................................................... 11
Frequencies
Variable: ________________________
Valid
Percent Valid Percent

_______
_______
Cumulative
Percent
_______
_____
Frequency
_______
_____
_______
_______
_______
_______
_____
_______
_______
_______
_______
_____
_______
_______
_______
_______
_____
_______
_______
_______
_______
_____
_______
_______
_______
_______
_____
_______
_______
_______
_______
_____
_______
_______
_______
_______
_____
_______
_______
_______
_______
_____
_______
_______
_______
_______
Total
_______
_______
_______
Statistics
Variable:__________________________
N
Valid
__________
Mean
__________
Std. Deviation
__________
Variance
__________
Percentiles
25
__________
50
__________
75
__________
Correlations
Mean
Std. Deviation
Variable: _____________ ________
_________ _______
Variable: _____________ ________
_________ _______
Correlations
Variable:
_________
Variable:
Pearson Correlation
_________ Sig. (2-tailed)
_______
Variable:
_________
_______
XXXXX
Sum of Squares and

Cross-products
_______
_______
Covariance
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
Variable:
Pearson Correlation
_________ Sig. (2-tailed)
XXXXX
Sum of Squares and

Cross-products
_______
_______
Covariance
_______
_______
_______
_______
Regression
Variables Entered/Removed
Model
1
Variables Entered
Variables Removed Method
Variable:__________________
XXXXXXXX Enter
a All requested variables entered.

b Dependent Variable: ____________________
Model Summary
Model
1
R
_______
Adjusted R
Square
R Square
_________
XXXXXX
Std. Error of the

Estimate
XXXXXXX
a. Predictors: (Constant), ______________________
Coefficients
Model
1
(Constant)
Unstandardized Standardized
Coefficients
Coefficients
Std.
B
Error
Beta
t
Sig.
______ XXXX
XXXXXX XXXX XXX
___________ ______
XXXX
a Dependent Variable: _____________________
XXXXXX XXXX XXX
T-Test (One Sample)

One-Sample Statistics
DV
Std.
Deviation
Mean
_____
______
Std. Error
Mean
________
_______
One-Sample Test
Test Value = _______
t
df
Sig.
(2-tailed)
Mean
Difference

of the Difference
Lower
DV
_____
____
_____
______
______
Upper
______
T-Test (Paired Samples)

Paired Samples Statistics
Std.
Std. Error
Mean
N
Deviation
Mean
Pair Variable 1:
1
_________
______
____
_______ _______
Variable 2:
_________
______
____
_______ ________
Paired Samples Correlations

N
Correlation
Pair Variable 1 &
____
_______
1
Variable 2
Mean
Pair Variable 1 &
1
Variable 2
Std.
Dev.
Sig.
_____
Paired Samples Test

Paired Differences
Std. 95% Confidence Interval
of the Difference
Error
Mean
Lower
Upper
_____ _____ ______
df
________ ________ ______ ____
Sig.
(2-tailed)
______
T-Test (Independent Samples)

Group Statistics
DV
Group
1.00
2.00
N
_____
_____
Mean
______
______
Std.
Std. Error
Deviation
Mean
________
_______
________
_______
Independent Samples Test

t-test for Equality of Means
df
95% Confidence
Sig.
Mean
Std. Error
Interval of the
(2-tailed) Difference Difference
Difference
Lower
DV Equal
variances
assumed
Equal
variances not
assumed
Upper
_____
____
_____
______
_______ ______ ______
XXXX
XXX
XXXX
XXXXX
XXXXXX XXXXX XXXXX
Oneway (ANOVA)
Descriptives
Mean
Std. Deviation Std. Error
95% Confidence Interval for

Mean
Lower Bound Upper Bound
Group 1
____
_______
________
_______
________
________
Group 2
____
_______
________
_______
________
________
Group 3
____
_______
________
_______
________
________
Total
____
_______
________
_______
________
________
ANOVA
Sum of
Squares
df
Mean Square
Between Groups
________
________
__________
Within Groups
________
________
__________
Total
________
________
F
________
Sig.
________
Multiple Comparisons
Dependent Variable: _____________________
Comparison Procedure : __________________
(J) IV
2.00
Mean
Difference
(I-J)
________
Std. Error
________
Sig.
Lower Bound Upper Bound
_______
_________
_________
3.00
________
________
_______
_________
_________
1.00
________
________
_______
_________
_________
3.00
________
________
_______
_________
_________
1.00
________
________
_______
_________
_________
________ ________
_______
*. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.
_________
_________
(I) IV
1.00
2.00
3.00
2.00
General Linear Model (Repeated Measures ANOVA)

Source
Intercept
Error
Type III Sum

of Squares
df
Mean Square
XXXXXX
XXXX
________
______
Sig.
XXXXXX XXXXX XXXXX

________
Tests of Within-Subjects Effects

Type III Sum
of Squares
Source
Treatment Sphericity Assumed
Error
df
________ _____
Mean Square
Sig.
________ _______ _______
Greenhouse-Geisser
XXXXXX XXXX
XXXXXX
XXXXX
XXXXX
Huynh-Feldt
XXXXXX XXXX
XXXXXX
XXXXX
XXXXX
Lower-bound
XXXXXX XXXX
XXXXXX
XXXXX
XXXXX
Sphericity Assumed
________ _____
________
Greenhouse-Geisser
XXXXXX XXXX
XXXXXX
Huynh-Feldt
XXXXXX XXXX
XXXXXX
Lower-bound
XXXXXX XXXX
XXXXXX
Univariate Analysis of Variance (Factorial ANOVA)

Dependent Variable: ____________________
Source
Type III Sum

of Squares
df
Mean
Square
Sig.
Partial
Eta
Squared
Corrected Model
XXXXXXX
XXXXX
XXXXXXX
XXXXXXX
XXXX
XXXX
Intercept
XXXXXXX
XXXXX
XXXXXXX
XXXXXXX
XXXX
XXXX
Factor A
________
______
________
________
______ ______
Factor B
________
______
________
________
______ ______
Factor A * Factor B
________
______
________
________
______ ______
Error
________
______
________
Total
XXXXXXX
XXXXX
Corrected Total
________
______

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STATISTICS FOR PSYCHOLOGISTS

CALCULATING AND INTERPRETING

This Textbook is Online:

Author Home Page: http://www4.uwsp.edu/psych/cw/

STATISTICS FOR PSYCHOLOGISTS

This document is part of an online statistics textbook.

CHOOSING APPROPRIATE INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

Some Important Vocabulary Terms

Outcome Variable: The measured outcome of study. This is

Between-Subjects Design: Research design where different

Within-Subjects Design: Research design where one one

Standardized Effect Size: Standardizes the raw mean

Variance Accounted For Effect Size: Standardizes the

Confidence Interval: Provides a range of means or mean

Significance Test: Utilizes probability to determine the

STATISTICS FOR PSYCHOLOGISTS

This document is part of an online statistics textbook.

Table of Contents for This Section

ENTERING ONE SAMPLE AND REPEATED MEASURES DATA

Steps for Entering Data

Steps for Entering Additional Variables

Steps for Entering Repeated Measurements

If you wish to add data for repeated measurements of variables, simply

Notice that each participant has scores on both variables. In this

Your data are now ready to be analyzed!

ENTERING MULTIPLE SAMPLE DATA

Steps for Providing Labels for All Values

Steps for Entering Data

Your data are now ready to be analyzed!

ENTERING FACTORIAL DESIGN DATA

Two variables will represent the Factors (Independent Variables) and

Steps for Providing Labels for All Values

Steps for Entering Data

Your data are now ready to be analyzed!

ENTERING MIXED DESIGN DATA

Steps for Providing Labels for All Values

Steps for Entering Data

Your data are now ready to be analyzed!

FREQUENCIES (DISTRIBUTIONS AND DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS)

First, enter the data (described elsewhere).

Steps for Obtaining a Frequency Distribution

Be sure that Display frequency tables is checked. Without this

If all you wish is a frequency table (with no histogram or summary

Steps for Obtaining Summary Statistics

To obtain summary statistics, select Statistics. Another dialogue box

Steps for Obtaining a Histogram

Your data have now been analyzed!

DESCRIPTIVES (DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS AND STANDARDIZED SCORES)

First, enter the data (described elsewhere).

Steps for Obtaining a Standardized (z) Scores

Be sure that Save standardized values as variables is checked.

Steps for Obtaining Summary Statistics

To obtain summary statistics, select Options. Another dialogue box

Steps for Viewing the Standardized Scores

Steps for Obtaining the Compute Menu

Steps for Calculating Other Transformations

Your data have now been analyzed!

First, enter data involving multiple variables. This is described

After the data are entered, select the Analyze

Steps for Obtaining the Correlations (and Significance Tests)

If all you wish is a table of correlations (with no descriptive statistics),

Steps for Obtaining Descriptive Statistics

Your data have now been analyzed!