Question 2Relational Database

Relational database is a collection of data items for a group of organizations official

table data access or reorganization in many different ways, without re-organization of
the database table. Therefore, the relational database was developed by Edgar Codd,
in 1970. So that, the main types of relational database for high-performance
applications, because of their efficiency, ease of use, the ability to perform a variety of
useful tasks not originally conceived. A relational database also has the important
advantage of being easy to extend. After the creation of the original database, a new
data category can be added without requiring that all existing applications be modified.
In additional, a relational database is a collection of tables containing data arranged in
the predefined categories. Each table which is sometimes called a relation contains one
or more data categories in columns. Each row contains a unique instance of data for the
categories defined by the columns. For example, a database of typical business order
entry includes a table that describes the customer's name, address, telephone number
and others. In additional there were also some advantages in using relational database.
Therefore, the one of the advantages of using relational database is manipulate data.
With a database, you can easily combine different data. No need cut and paste error to
force the data into a different format. Therefore, it can also get rid of all Excel
spreadsheets intermediate manipulate data tends to produce. Relational database can
also to support a dynamic view of important concepts. In a relational database, the view
is not the physical part of the architecture, it is dynamic. Thus, by changing the data is
modified by the view of the data presented in the table. The view can be a subset of the
data; multiple relationships, dynamics and join simplify the complication hidden in the
data, and reduce the need for data storage. In additional, Relational databases have
excellent security. A relational database supports access permissions, which allow the
database administrator to carry out, are based on permissions to access data in
database tables. Relational databases support the concept of users and user rights,
thus addressing the security needs of databases. Relationships with correlative
privileges, such as creating a privilege, the privilege approve select, insert, and delete
privileges, which allow different users to the corresponding operations on the database.
So that, because their advantages and their applications in data storage and retrieval,
have revolutionized the relational database management system database.
The table of Relational databaseObject Oriented Database

Object oriented databases are also called Object Database Management Systems
(ODBMS).Therefore, object oriented database is also a system that a system DBMS
facilities in an object-oriented programming environment. The objects used in objectoriented languages such as Smalltalk, C + +, Java, and others.
The object is basically composed of the following:
Attribute - the attribute data object defined characteristics. This may be a simple data,
such as integers, strings and real numbers, or it may be a complex object.
Method - the method defined object, and officially called the behavior of the procedure
or function.
Therefore objects contain executable code and data at a time. There are other
characteristics of objects, such as whether the methods or data can be accessed from
outside the object. In additional, Data is stored as objects, and can only use the
methods specified by its class to explain. In object-oriented programming class is also
used to define the object will contain data and methods. Besides that, the class is used
to create (Instance) the object. Classes may be used in the object database to
reproduce portions of the object that cannot be actually stored in the database. Methods
cannot be stored in the database and can be recreated using a class. Therefore, there
were also some advantages in the object oriented database. So that, object-oriented
database to make the commitment to reduce maintenance, code reusability, and realworld modeling, and to improve the reliability and flexibility. Firstly, we talk about the one
of the advantages in object oriented dataset is reduce maintains. Reduce maintenance
is the main goals of object-oriented development are to ensure that the system will
enjoy a longer life, while maintenance costs are much smaller. Package due process in
most systems, the behavior can be reused and integrated into the new behavior.
Secondly, we talk about the advantages of object oriented database to our social is realworld modeling. The model of the real world is an object-oriented system is often more
total than the traditional method to simulate the real world. The objects are organized
into a class of objects and objects with behavior. The model is based on the object
instead of data and processing. Lastly, we would like to talk about the advantages of
improved reliability and flexibility in object-oriented database. Reliability and flexibility is
the promise of object-oriented system to be much more reliable than traditional
systems, mainly due to new behaviors can be "built" from existing objects. Because

objects can be dynamically called and accessible, new objects can be created at any
time. New objects can inherit data attributes of one or more other objects. Behaviors
can be heritable from super classes and behaviors can be added without affecting the
functions of existing systems.
The table of Object Oriented DatabaseObject Relational Database
The object is also known as a relational database system object relational database
(RDBMS). The system is only on the front-end of an object-oriented relational database
(RDBMS). When these types of database application program interface, it usually is the
interface, if the data is stored as objects. However, the system can convert the
information of the object, the rows and columns in the data table, and the process data
in the relational database of the same form. Therefore, Object-relational management
system database to provide a common ground between relational databases and
object-oriented database. RDBMS, use the query language for data manipulation
request. Conceptual data modeling technology of these systems, for example, provides
a bridge between the entity-relationship diagram and object-relational mapping using
classes and inheritance. ORDBMSs also support the extension of the data types of the
data model and custom methods. This allows developers to raise the level of
abstraction of the problem domain. In additional, there were some advantages that
having in the object relational database. The main advantage of this type of databaseresident software will be set the fact that the data conversion between the object in the
format and size of the object database RDBMS. Therefore, it is not necessary for a
programmer to write code to convert between the two formats, and easily accessed
from the database is an object-oriented computer language.
The table of Object Relational DatabaseConclusion
In the diagram, we have known about the characteristic of Relational Database, Object
Oriented Database, and Object Relational Database. Therefore, in the diagram we have
also knew that there were many advantages in these three types of database. Besides
that, these types of database were also playing an important role in our social. For
example, a shop using the relational database to describes the id of things, order of
things and the price of the things. In additional, there were many advantages in these
three types of database so we must use it good in a good way or in a good time.

Object- oriented database

To combat the limitations of relational database and meet the challenge of the increasing
rise of the Internet and the Web, object-oriented database developed in the 1980s. The
most important characteristic for object-oriented database is the joining of object-oriented
programming with database technology, which provides an integrated application
development system.
The object-oriented database has many advantages and benefits. First, object-oriented is a
more natural way of thinking. Second, the defined operations of these types of systems are
not dependent on the particular database application running at a given moment. Third,
users are allowed to define their own methods of access to data and how it will be
represented. It can store more types of data, and access this data, and much faster than
relational database. Another benefit of object-oriented database is that relationships are
represented explicitly, it support large number of relationships between the objects.
However, object-oriented database also has disadvantages or limitations. One
disadvantage of relational database is that it lacks a common data model. There is also no
current standard, since it is still considered to be in the development stages. Also there are
unavailability of object-oriented CASE tools and confusion with too many different objectoriented development methods.
Object-oriented database use a query language called object query language (OQL) to
manipulate and retrieve data. object query language supports object referencing within
tables. Objects can be nested within objects. Python is an example of Object-oriented
database.
Python Available from: http://python.org/ [Accessed 23 January, 2009]

Object- relational database

Object-relational database management systems grew out of research that occurred in the
early 1990s. It can handle new types of data such as audio, video, and image files that
relational database were not equipped to handle. In addition, its development was the result
of increased usage of object-oriented and a large mismatch between these and the DBMS
software. Object-relational database are systems that "attempt to extend relational database

systems with the functionality necessary to support a broader class of applications and, in
many ways, provide a bridge between the relational and object-oriented paradigms."
One advantage of ORDBMS is that it allows organizations to continue using their existing
systems, without having to make major changes. This can be referred to as reuse. It gives
rise to increased productivity both for developer and end-user A second advantage is that it
allows users and programmers to start using object-oriented systems in parallel. Also, it
able to handle and query large and complex applications.
Though Object- relational database have some advantages by the way of using object
oriented features, it is also not fully solving the problems. Object-oriented database have
some disadvantages like Complexity and SQL is now extremely complex thus query is hard
to optimization.
Many SQL object- relational database are extensible with user-defined types and customwritten functions, such as Oracle.

The two kinds are quite similar: Classes map to tables. Columns map to fields. Instances
map to rows. Object references map to foreign keys. In fact, ORMs try to map the two
models as closely as possible. They are quite successful with that.
The difference is mostly in the way the database is used. The difference is in "style" and in
the patterns that are used.
Object databases are basically used like you would use an ORM on top of a relational
database. You can directly store objects (or object graphs) into the database without the
need to write an INSERTstatement. The interface is often not SQL.
It is hard to differentiate the two because they are so similar. Please leave a comment if you
are interested in certain (concrete) aspects.

In an object oriented model we will directly store the object into a DB, by using this method
we can store the images, videos,audio into a DB. But in Object Relational DB we will store
the data in the form of a relation and also in directly.

Object Oriented Database were proposed as an alternative to Relational Database and are aimed at
application where complex object play a major role. The approach is heavily influenced by objectoriented programming languages and can be understood as an attempt to add DBMS functionality
to a programming language environment.
Object Relation Databases can be thought as an attempt to extend relational database system with
the functionality necessary to support a broader class of application and provide bridge between
relational and object oriented paradigms.

"In an object oriented database, information is represented in the form of objects as used in ObjectOriented Programming. When database capabilities are combined with object programming language
capabilities, the result is an object database management system (ODBMS). An ODBMS makes database
objects appear as programming language objects in one or more object programming languages. An
ODBMS extends the programming language with transparently persistent data, concurrency control, data
recovery, associative queries, and other capabilities.
Some object-oriented databases are designed to work well with object-oriented programming languages
such as Python, Java, C#, Visual Basic .NET, C++ and Smalltalk. Others have their own programming
languages. ODBMSs use exactly the same model as object-oriented programming languages.
Object databases are generally recommended when there is a business need for high performance
processing on complex data." -wiki
"An object-relational database (ORD) or object-relational database management system (ORDBMS) is a
relational database management system that allows developers to integrate the database with their own
custom data types and methods. The term object-relational database is sometimes used to describe
external software products running over traditional DBMSs to provide similar features; these systems are
more correctly referred to as object-relational mapping systems.
Whereas RDBMS or SQL-DBMS products focused on the efficient management of data drawn from a
limited set of data types (defined by the relevant language standards), an object-relational DBMS allows
software developers to integrate their own types and the methods that apply to them into the DBMS. The
goal of ORDBMS technology is to allow developers to raise the level of abstraction at which they view the
problem domain."

Difference between RDBMS , ORDBMS and OODBMS

RDBMS ,ORDBMS AND OODBMS

Compare RDBMS with ORDBMS.

S.No
RDBMS
1
Relational Database ManagementSystems
2

Based on Relational Data Model

3
4

Dominant model

RDBMS support a small, fixed collection

of data types ( eg. Integers, dates,
strings ) which has proven adequate for
traditional application domains such as
administrative data processing

Supports Structured Query Language

( SQL )

RDBMS products :
IBMs DB2
Informix
Oracle
Sybase
Microsofts Access
Fox Base
Paradox
Tandem
Teradata

Supports Standard data types and

additional data types

ORDBMS
Object Relational
DatabaseSystems
Based on Object Data Model
(ODM)
Gaining popularity
ORDBMS is an attempt to extend
relational database systems to
provide a bridge between the
relational and object-oriented
paradigms.
ORDBMS is based on ObjectOriented Database systems and
Relational Database systems and
are aimed at application domains
where complex objects play a
central role.
Supports Object Query Language
( OQL )
SQL : 1999 standard extends SQL
to incorporate support for the
object-relational model of data
Object-oriented model products:
Objectstore
Versant
Object-relational model products:
Used in DBMS products from
IBM
Informix
Objectstore
Oracle
Versant
Others
Supports standard data types and
new richer data types.
The new richer data types
supported are
User-defined data types

that supports image, voice and

video footage and these must be
stored in the database
Inheritance data types to
inherit the commonality between
different types (eg. To inherit
some features of image objects
while defining compressed image
objects and low-resolution image
objects
Object Identity data types
like references or pointers to
objects (eg video) for giving
objects a unique object identity,
which can be used to refer or
point to them from elsewhere in
the data.
9

9.

Case Scenario :

Case Scenario :

Compare the similarities and differences between OODBMS and ORDBMS. In particular
compare OQL and SQL : 1999 and discuss the underlying data model.

OODBMS : Object-Oriented Database Management Systems

ORDBMS : Object-Relational Database Management Systems

Similarities
Both supports user-defined ADTs, structured types, object identity and reference types and
inheritance.
Both supports an extended form of SQL. OODBMS support ODL/OQL. ORDBMS support an
extended form of SQL.
ORDBMS consciously try to add OODBMS features to an RDBMS and OODBMS in turn have
developed query language based on relational query languages.
Both provide DBMS functionality such as concurrency control and recovery.

Differences
S.N
o
1

OODBMS
OODBMSs aim to achieve seamless
integration with a programming
language such as C++, Java.
An OODBMS is aimed at applications
where an object-centric viewpoint is
appropriate.

The query facilities of OQL are not

supported efficiently in most OODBMSs.

ORDBMS
Such integration is not an important
goal for an ORDBMS.
An ORDBMS is optimized for
applications in which large data
collections are the focus, even
though objects may have a rich
structure and be fairly large,
The query facilities are the
centerpiece of an ORDBMS.