Chapter 3: Lines, Parabolas, and Systems

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

9. y = f ( x ) = 3x 2 + 5 x + 1
a = 3, b = 5, c = 1
a.

b.

a = 3 > 0, so the vertex corresponds to the

lowest point.
c.

10. y = f ( x ) = 8 x 2 + 4 x 1
a = 8, b = 4, c = 1
a.

b
1
1
=
=
2a
2(3)
6
2

b
4
1
=
=
2a
2 8
4

1 61
Vertex: ,

6 12

3
1
Vertex: ,
2
4

13. y = f ( x ) = x 2 6 x + 5
a = 1, b = 6, c = 5
b
6
=
=3
Vertex:
2a
2 1

a = 8 > 0, so the vertex corresponds to the

lowest point.

f (3) = 32 6(3) + 5 = 4
Vertex = (3, 4)
y-intercept: c = 5

11. y = x 2 + x 6

a = 1, b = 1, c = 6
a. c = 6. Thus the y-intercept is 6.
b.

61
1
1 1
f = 5 3 =
6
6
6
12

3
1
1
1
f = 8 + 4 1 =
4
4
4
2

b.

b b2 4ac
2a

(1) (1)2 4(3)(5)

2(3)
1 61
=
6
1 61
=
6
1 + 61 1 61
x-intercepts:
,
6
6

b
5
5
=
=
2a
2(3)
6

13
5
5
5
f = 3 + 5 + 1 =
12
6
6
6
5 13
Vertex: ,
6 12
b.

x=

x-intercepts: x 2 6 x + 5 = (x 1)(x 5) = 0, so
x = 1, 5.
Range: all y 4

x 2 + x 6 = ( x 2)( x + 3) = 0, so x = 2, 3.
x-intercepts: 2, 3

y
5

c.

b
1
=
2a
2
x

1
25
1 1
f = 6 =
2
4
2 2

25
1
Vertex: ,
2
4

12. y = f ( x) = 5 x 3 x

(3, 4)

14. y = f ( x) = 9 x 2
a = 9, b = 0, c = 0
0
b
Vertex:
=
=0
2a
2(9)

a = 3, b = 1, c = 5
a. c = 5. Thus the y-intercept is 5.

f (0) = 9(0)2 = 0
Vertex = (0, 0)
y-intercept: c = 0
112

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ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

Section 3.3

x-intercepts: 9 x 2 = 0 , so x = 0.
Range: all y 0

x
2

x
2

10

17. s = h(t ) = t 2 + 6t + 9
a = 1, b = 6, c = 9
b
6
Vertex:
=
= 3
2a
2 1

15. y = g ( x) = 2 x 2 6 x
a = 2, b = 6, c = 0
b
6
6
3
Vertex:
=
= =
2a
2(2)
4
2

h(3) = (3) 2 + 6(3) + 9 = 0

Vertex = (3, 0)
s-intercept: c = 9

9
3
3
3 9
f = 2 6 =
+9 =
2
2
2
2
2

t-intercepts: t 2 + 6t + 9 = (t + 3)2 = 0 , so t = 3.
Range: all s 0

3 9
Vertex: ,
2 2
y-intercept: c = 0

10

x-intercepts: 2 x 2 6 x = 2 x ( x + 3) = 0 , so
x = 0, 3.
9
Range: all y
2
y

t
9
2

18. s = h(t ) = 2t 2 + 3t 2
a = 2, b = 3, c = 2
b
3
3
Vertex:
=
=
2a
22
4

3
2

3
3
3
h = 2 + 3 2
4
4
4
9 9
25
= 2 =
8 4
8
25
3
Vertex = ,
8
4
s-intercept: c = 2

16. y = f ( x) = x 2 4
a = 1, b = 0, c = 4
b
0
Vertex:
=
=0
2a
2 1

f (0) = 02 4 = 4
Vertex = (0, 4)
y-intercept: c = 4
x-intercepts: x 2 4 = ( x + 2)( x 2) = 0 , so
x = 2, 2.
Range: all y 4

t-intercepts: 2t 2 + 3t 2 = (2t 1)(t + 2) = 0 , so

t=

1
, 2.
2

Range: all s

25
8

113

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Chapter 3: Lines, Parabolas, and Systems

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

x=
1
2

5
2

(1) (1) 2 4(1)(1) 1 5

=
2(1)
2

1 5
2
5
4

Range: all y

3 , 25
4
8

19. y = f ( x) = 5 + 3 x 3x 2

( 12 , 54 )

a = 3, b = 3, c = 5
b
3
1
=
=
Vertex:
2a
2(3) 2

1 + 5
2

x
5

1 5
2

17
1
1 1
f = 5 + 3 3 =
2
2
2
4


1 17
Vertex = ,
4
2
y-intercept: c = 5
x-intercepts: Because the parabola opens
downward (a < 0) and the vertex is below the
x-axis, there is no x-intercept.
17
Range: y
4
y

21. t = f ( s ) = s 2 8s + 14
a = 1, b = 8, c = 14
b
8
Vertex:
=
=4
2a
2 1

f (4) = 42 8(4) + 14 = 2
Vertex = (4, 2)
t-intercept: c = 14
s-intercepts: Solving s 2 8s + 14 = 0 by the
quadratic formula:

x
5

s=

1 17
,
2
4

(8) (8) 2 4(1)(14)

2(1)

8 8 82 2
=
= 4 2
2
2
Range: all t 2
=

t
2

20. y = H ( x) = 1 x x
a = 1, b = 1, c = 1
b
1
1
Vertex:
=
=
2a
2(1)
2

14

5
1
1 1
f = 1 =
2
2
2
4

4+

2
s

(4, 2)

1 5
Vertex = ,
2 4
y-intercept: c = 1

22. t = f ( s ) = s 2 + 6s + 11
a = 1, b = 6, c = 11
b
6
Vertex:
=
= 3
2a
2 1

x-intercepts: Solving 1 x x = 0 by the

quadratic formula gives

f (3) = (3)2 + 6(3) + 11 = 2

Vertex: (3, 2)
114

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ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

Section 3.3

t-intercept: c = 11
s-intercepts: Because the parabola opens upward
(a > 0) and the vertex is above the s-axis, there is
no s-intercept.
Range: all t 2

27.

f ( x) = x 2 2 x + 4
a = 1, b = 2, c = 4
b
2
v=
=
=1
2a
2(1)
The restricted function is g ( x) = x 2 2 x + 4,
x 1. From the quadratic formula applied to

16
11

x 2 2 x + 4 y = 0, we get
(3, 2)

x=

s
10

23.

2 4 4(1)(4 y )
= 1 1 (4 y )
2(1)

So the inverse of g(x) is g 1 ( x) = 1 + x 3,

x 3.

f ( x) = 49 x 2 10 x + 17
Since a = 49 > 0, the parabola opens upward and
f(x) has a minimum value that occurs when
b
10
5
x=
=
=
. The minimum value is
2a
2 49 49

y
g(x)
g 1(x)

808
5
5
5
f = 49 10 + 17 =
.
49
49
49
49
24.

x
8

f ( x) = 7 x 2 2 x + 6
Since a = 7 < 0, the parabola opens downward
and f(x) has a maximum value that occurs when
b
2
1
x=
=
=
2a
2(7)
7
The maximum value is

28.

The restricted function is g ( x) = x 2 + 4 x 3,

x 2. From the quadratic formula applied to

43
1
1
1
f = 7 2 + 6 = .
7
7
7
7
25.

x 2 + 4 x 3 y = 0, we get
4 16 4(1)(3 y )
2(1)
= 2 (1) 4 + (3 y )

f ( x) = 4 x 50 0.1x 2
Since a = 0.1 < 0, the parabola opens
downward and f(x) has a maximum value that
b
4
=
= 20 . The
occurs when x =
2a
2(0.1)
maximum value is

x=

So the inverse of g(x) is g 1 ( x) = 2 + 1 x ,

x 1.
5

f (20) = 4(20) 50 0.1(20) = 10 .

26.

f ( x) = x 2 + 4 x 3
a = 1, b = 4, c = 3
b
4
v=
=
=2
2a
2(1)

g 1(x)

f ( x) = x( x + 3) 12 = x 2 + 3 x 12
Because a = 1 > 0, the parabola opens upward
and f(x) has a minimum value that occurs when
b
3
3
x=
=
= . The minimum value is
2a
2 1
2

x
5

g(x)

57
3 3
3
f = + 3 12 =
4
2 2
2

115

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Chapter 3: Lines, Parabolas, and Systems

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

29. If we express the revenue r as a function of the

quantity produced q, we obtain
r = pq
r = (100 10q)q

32.

r = 100q 10q 2
This is a quadratic function with a = 10,
b = 100, and c = 0. Since a < 0, the graph of the
function is a parabola that opens downward, and
r is maximum at the vertex (q, r).
100
b
q=
=
=5
2a
2(10)

10
40
10
n(12 n) =
n n2 , where
9
3
9
10
0 n 12. Since a = < 0 , f(n) has a
9
maximum value that occurs at the vertex.
f ( n) =

40

b
3
=
=6
2a
2 10
9

( )

The maximum value of f(n) is

40
10
f (6) =
(6) (6)2 = 80 40 = 40 , which
3
9
corresponds to 40,000 households.

r = 100(5) 10(5)2 = 250

Thus, the maximum revenue that the
manufacturer can receive is $250, which occurs
at a production level of 5 units.

33. In the quadratic function

P( x) = x 2 + 18 x + 144,
a = 1, b = 18, and c = 144. Since a < 0, the
graph of the function is a parabola that opens
downward. The x-coordinate of the vertex
18
b
is
=
= 9 . The y-coordinate of the
2a
2(1)

30. If we express the revenue r as a function of the

quantity produced q, we obtain
r = pq
r = (0.85 0.00045q)q

r = 0.85q 0.00045q 2
This is a quadratic function with a = 0.00045,
b = 0.85, and c = 0. Since a < 0, the graph of the
function is a parabola that opens downward, and
r is a maximum at the vertex (q, r).
0.85
8500
b
q=
=
=
944
2a
2(0.00045)
9

( )

vertex is P(9) = 92 + 18(9) + 144 = 225 .

Thus, the vertex is (9, 225). Since c = 144, the

y-intercept is (0, 144). To find the x-intercepts,
let y = P(x) = 0.
0 = x 2 + 18 x + 144

0 = x 2 18 x 144

r = 0.85(944) 0.00045(944)2 = 401.39

Thus, the maximum revenue that the
manufacturer can receive is $401.39, which
occurs at a production level of 944 units.

0 = (x 24)(x + 6)
Thus, the x-intercepts are (24, 0) and (6, 0).
P(x)
400

31. If we express the revenue r as a function of the

quantity produced q, we obtain
r = pq
r = (2400 6q)q

r = 2400q 6q 2
This is a quadratic function with a = 6,
b = 2400, and c = 0. Since a < 0, the graph of the
function is a parabola that opens downward, and
r is maximum at the vertex (q, r).
2400
b
q=
=
= 200
2a
2(6)

20

30

34. If k = 3, then

y = kx 2
y = 3x 2
This is a quadratic equation with a = 3, b = 0 and
c = 0. Since a > 0, the graph of the function is a
parabola that opens upward. The x-coordinate of
b
0
=
=0.
the vertex is
2a
2(3)
The y-coordinate is

r = 2400(200) 6(200) 2 = 240, 000

Thus, the maximum revenue that the
manufacturer can receive is $240,000, which
occurs at a production level of 200 units.

116

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ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

Section 3.3

y = 3(0)2 = 0
Thus, the vertex is (0, 0).

38. h(t ) = 16t 2 + 16t + 4

Since a = 16 < 0, h(t) has a maximum value
that occurs at the vertex where
b
16
1
1
t=
=
= sec. When t = ,
2a
2(16) 2
2

y
18

1
1
then, h(t ) = 16 + 16 + 4 = 8 feet.
2
2
x
10

35.

39. h(t ) = 16t 2 + 90t + 14

a = 16, b = 90, and c = 14
Since a < 0, the graph of the function is a
parabola that opens downward. The t-coordinate
of the vertex is
b
90
45

=
=
.
2a
2(16) 16

1 2
P + 2 P + 20 , where 0 P 100.
50
1
< 0 , f(P) has a maximum
Because a =
50
value that occurs at the vertex.
b
2

=
= 50 . The maximum value of
2a
2 1
f ( P) =

50

2249
45
45
45
h = 16 + 90 + 14 =
16
16
16
16
45 2249
Vertex: ,

16 16
Since c = 14, the y-intercept is (0, 14). To find
the x-intercepts, we let y = h(t) = 0.

f(P) is
f (50) =

1
(50)2 + 2(50) + 20 = 70 grams.
50

0 = 16t 2 + 90t + 14

36. s = 4.9t 2 + 62.3t + 1.8

Since a = 4.9 < 0, s has a maximum value that
occurs at the vertex where
b
62.3
62.3 89
t=
=
=
=
6.36 sec.
2a
2(4.9) 9.8 14

When t =

t=
=

b b 2 4ac
2a
90 902 4(16)(14)

2(16)
90 8996
=
32
90 2 2249
=
32
45 2249
=
16

89
, then
14
2

89
89
s = 4.9 + 62.3 + 1.8
14
14
= 199.825 meters.
37. h(t ) = 16t 2 + 85t + 22

45 + 2249
Thus, the t-intercepts are
, 0 and

16

Since a = 16 < 0, h(t) has a maximum value

that occurs at the vertex where
b
85
t=
=
2.7 sec. When t = 2.7,
2a
2(16)
then

45 2249
, 0 .

16

h(t ) = 16(2.7)2 + 85(2.7) + 22 = 134.86 feet.

117

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Chapter 3: Lines, Parabolas, and Systems

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

h(t)

by 0.09 and then adding

0.09 x 0.09 y = 18,000,

0.09 x + 0.08 y = 17, 200.

150

0.01 y = 800,

y = 80, 000.
Therefore,
x = 120, 000,

y = 80, 000.
Thus, $120,000 is invested at 9% and $80,000 is
invested at 8%.

t
8

40. A = x(11 x) = 11x x 2 , so A is a quadratic

function of x where a = 1 < 0. A has maximum
value at the vertex where
b
11
11
x=
=
= .
2a
2(1) 2

17. Let A = the number of deer of species A, and let

B = the number of deer of species B. Then, the
number of pounds of food pellets that will be
consumed is 4A + 2B = 4000. The number of
pounds of hay that will be consumed is
5A + 7B = 9500. Then, we have
4 A + 2 B = 4000,

5 A + 7 B = 9500.
If we solve the first equation for B, we obtain
B = 2000 2 A
5 A + 7 B = 9500.

Substituting 2000 2A for B in the second

equation gives
5A + 7(2000 2A) = 9500
A = 500
Thus
B = 2000 2 A,

A = 500.
and
B = 1000,

A = 500.
The food will support 500 of species A and 1000
of species B.

41. Since the total length of fencing is 500, the side

opposite the highway has length 500 2x. The
area A is given by

A = x(500 2 x) = 500 x 2 x 2 ,
which is quadratic with a = 2 < 0. Thus A is
500
= 125. Then the
maximum when x =
2(2)
side opposite the highway is
500 2x = 500 2(125) = 250. Thus the
dimensions are 125 ft by 250 ft.
Highway
x

x
500 2x

42. Let x, y be two numbers whose sum is 78. Thus

x + y = 78 and y = 78 x. Their product is then

p( x) = x(78 x) = 78 x x 2 . Since a = 1 < 0,

p(x) has a maximum value that occurs at the
b
78
=
= 39 and
vertex where x =
2a
2(1)

18. Let A = the number of fish of species A, and let

B = the number of fish of species B. Then, the
number of milligrams of the first supplement that
will be consumed is 15A + 20B = 100,000. The
number of milligrams of the second supplement
that will be consumed is 30A + 40B = 200,000.
15 A + 20 B = 100, 000,

30 A + 40 B = 200, 000.

y = 78 x = 78 39 = 39. Thus, two numbers

whose sum is 78 and whose product is a
maximum are 39 and 39.
Apply It 3.4
16. Let x = the number invested at 9% and let
y = the amount invested at 8%. Then, the
problem states
x + y = 200, 000,

0.09 x + 0.08 y = 17, 200.

We eliminate x by multiplying the first equation

We multiply the second equation by

then add.
15 A + 20 B = 100, 000,

15 A 20 B = 100, 000,
0=0
118

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1
and
2

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

Section 3.4

4 x + 2 y = 9, (1)
2.
5 y 4 x = 5. (2)

Thus, there are infinitely many solutions of the

20, 000 4
r , B = r, where
form A =
3
3
0 r 5000.

Rewriting the system gives

4 x + 2 y = 9,

4 x + 5 y = 5.
Adding the equations gives
7y = 14
y=2
From Eq. (1) we have
4x + 2(2) = 9
4x = 5
5
x=
4
5
Thus x = , y = 2.
4

19. Let A = the amount of type A used, let

B = the amount of type B used, and let
C = the amount of type C used. If the final blend
will sell for $8.50 per pound, then
12A + 9B + 7C = 8.50, and A + B + C = 1.
Furthermore, since the amount of type B is to be
twice the amount of type A, B = 2A. Thus, the
system of equations is
12 A + 9 B + 7C = 8.50,

A + B + C = 1,
B = 2 A.

Simplifying gives
30 A + 7C = 8.50,

3 A + C = 1,
B = 2 A.

A = 6 ,

C = ,
2

B = 3 .

Thus, the final mixture will consist of

A,

2 x 3 y = 1
3.
x + 2 y = 0

(2)

From Eq. (2), x = 2y. Substituting in Eq. (1)

gives
2(2 y) + 3 y = 1
4 y + 3 y = 1
y =1
or y = 1 x = 2(1) = 2.
Thus x = 2, y = 1.

1
lb of
6

2 x y = 1,
4.
x + 2 y = 7.

1
1
lb of B, and
lb of C.
2
3

(1)
(2)

From Eq. (1), y = 2x 1. Substituting in Eq. (2)

gives
x + 2(2x 1) = 7
3x = 9
x = 3 y = 2x 1 = 2(3) 1 = 5.
Thus x = 3, y = 5.

Problems 3.4

x + 4 y = 3,
1.
3 x 2 y = 5.

(1)

(1)
(2)

u + v = 5
5.
u v = 7
From the first equation, v = 5 u. Substituting in
the second equation gives
u (5 u ) = 7
2u 5 = 7
2u = 12
or u = 6 so v = 5 u = 5 6 = 1.
Thus, u = 6, v = 1.

From Eq. (1), x = 3 4y. Substituting in Eq. (2)

gives
3(3 4y) 2y = 5
9 12y 2y = 5
14y = 14,
or y = 1 x = 3 4y = 3 4(1) = 1.
Thus x = 1, y = 1.

119

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Chapter 3: Lines, Parabolas, and Systems

2 p + q = 16,
6.
3 p + 3q = 33.

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

By simplifying, we have
9 x 2 y = 4,

9 x 2 y = 4.
Both equations represent the same line, so we
have infinitely many solutions. Let y = r. Then
2
4
9 x 2r = 4 x = r + . Thus a parametric
9
9
2
4
solution is x = r + , y = r, where r is any real
9
9
number.

(1)
(2)

From Eq. (1), q = 16 2p. Substituting in Eq. (2)

gives
3 p + 3(16 2 p) = 33
3 p = 15
p = 5 q = 16 2p = 16 10 = 6.
Thus, p = 5, q = 6.
x 2 y = 7,
7.
5 x + 3 y = 9.

(1)
(2)

1
2
3 x + 2 y = 2,
11.
3 x + 5 y = 11 .
8
6
2

From Eq. (1), x = 2y 7. Substituting in Eq. (2)

gives
5(2y 7) + 3y = 9
13y = 26
y = 2 x = 2y 7 = 2(2) 7 = 3.
Thus x = 3, y = 2.

Clearing fractions gives the system

4 x + 3 y = 12,

9 x + 20 y = 132.
Multiplying the first equation by 9 and the
second equation by 4 gives
36 x + 27 y = 108,

36 x 80 y = 528.
Adding gives
53y = 636
y = 12
From 4x + 3y = 12, we have
4x + 3(12) = 12
4x = 48 x = 12. Thus x = 12, y = 12.

4 x + 12 y = 12 (1)
8.
2 x + 4 y = 12 (2)
Multiplying Eq. (2) by 2 and adding to Eq. (1)
gives
4 x + 12 y = 12
4 x 8 y = 24

Adding gives 4y = 12, so y = 3.

From Eq. (2) we have
2 x + 4(3) = 12
2 x = 24
x = 12
Thus x = 12, y = 3.

1 z 1 w = 1
4
6
12. 12
1w= 1
+
z
2
4
6
Multiplying both equations by 12 gives
6 z 3w = 2
6 z + 3w = 2

4 x 3 y 2 = 3 x 7 y,
9.
x + 5 y 2 = y + 4.

Simplifying, we have
x + 4 y = 2,

x + 4 y = 6.
Subtracting the second equation from the first
gives 0 = 4, which is never true. Thus there is
no solution.

1
Adding gives 12z = 4 and so z = .
3
1
From the first equation we have 6 3w = 2,
3
1
from which w = 0. Thus z = , w = 0.
3

5 x + 7 y + 2 = 9 y 4 x + 6,

10. 21
4
11 3
2
5
2 x 3 y 4 = 2 x+ 3 y+ 4.

2 p + 3q = 5 (1)
13.
10 p + 15q = 25 (2)
Dividing Eq. (2) by 5 gives
2 p + 3q = 5
2 p + 3q = 5

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ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

Section 3.4

x + y + z = 1,

16. 3 x + y + z = 1,
4 x 2 y + 2 z = 0.

Both equations represent the same line, so we

have infinitely many solutions.
3 5
Let q = t. Then 2p + 3t = 5 p = t + .
2
2
3 5
Thus a parametric solution is p = t + , q = t
2
2
where t is any real number.
5 x 3 y = 2,
14.
10 x + 6 y = 4.

(1)
(2)

(1)
(2)
(3)

x + 4 y + 3z = 10

17. 4 x + 2 y 2 z = 2
3x y + z = 11
From the third equation, y = 3x + z 11.
Substituting in the first two equations gives
x + 4(3x + z 11) + 3z = 10
4 x + 2(3x + z 11) 2 z = 2

or
13 x + 7 z = 54
10 x = 20

From the last equation we have x = 2.

Thus 13(2) + 7z = 54, and 7z = 28, hence z = 4.
Substitute these two values to solve for y:
y = 3(2) + 4 11 = 1
Therefore, x = 2, y = 1, z = 4.

Adding Eq. (1) and (2), and adding 2 times Eq.

(2) to Eq. (3) gives
3 x + 10 z = 4,

5 x + 6 z = 4.
Multiplying the first equation by 5 and the
second equation by 3 gives
15 x + 50 z = 20,

15 x 18 z = 12.
Adding gives 32z = 8, or z =

1
. From
4

3x + 10z = 4, we have
1
3x + 10 = 4
4
3
2
1
x=
2
From 2x + y + 6z = 3, we have
1
1
2 + y + 6 = 3
2
4
3x =

y=

x + 2 y + z = 4 (1)

18. 2 x 4 y 5 z = 26 (2)
2 x + 3 y + z = 10 (3)
Multiplying Eq. (1) by 2 and adding to both Eq.
(2) and Eq. (3) gives
8 y 7 z = 18 (4)
y z = 2 (5)

1
2

Therefore x =

(2)
(3)

Subtracting Eq. (2) from Eq. (1) gives 2x = 2,

or x = 1. Substituting x = 1 in Eqs. (2) and (3)
and simplifying gives
y + z = 2,

2 y + 2 z = 4.
Multiplying the first equation by 2 gives
2 y + 2 z = 4,

2 y + 2 z = 4.
By adding, we have
4z = 8
z = 2
From y + z = 2, we have
y + (2) = 2
y=0
Thus x = 1, y = 0, z = 2.

Multiplying Eq. (1) by 2 gives

10 x 6 y = 4,

10 x + 6 y = 4.
Adding gives 0 = 8, which is never true, so the
system has no solution.
2 x + y + 6 z = 3,

15. x y + 4 z = 1,
3 x + 2 y 2 z = 2.

(1)

Multiplying Eq. (5) by 8 and adding to Eq. (4)

gives z = 2.
From Eq. (5), we have y 2 = 2, or y = 4.
From Eq. (1), we have x + 2(4) + 2 = 4, or
x = 10. Thus, x = 10, y = 4, and z = 2.

1
1
1
, y= , z= .
2
2
4

121

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