Chapter 4: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

However, x = 6 is the only value that satisfies the

original equation.
x=6

Problems 4.4
1. log(5 x + 1) = log(4 x + 2)
5x + 1 = 4x + 2
x =1

7. e2 x e5 x = e14

e7 x = e14
7x = 14
x=2

2. log x log 5 = log 7

log x = log 5 + log 7
log x = log 35
x = 35

8. (e3 x 2 )3 = e3

e3(3 x 2) = e3
3(3x 2) = 3
3x 2 = 1
3x = 3
x =1

3. log 7 log(x 1) = log 4

7
log
= log 4
x 1
7
=4
x 1
7 = 4x 4
4x = 11
11
x=
= 2.75
4
4. log 2 x + log 2 23 = log 2

log 2 (8 x) = log 2
8x =

9. (81) 4 x = 9

(34 )4 x = 32
316 x = 32
16 x = 2
2 1
x=
= = 0.125
16 8

2
x

2
x

10. (27)2 x +1 = 31

(3 )

2
x

= 31

36 x +3 = 31
6x + 3 = 1
6x = 4
2
x = 0.667
3

8x2 = 2
1
x2 =
4
1
x = = 0.5 since x > 0
2
5. ln( x) = ln x 2 6

2 x+1

11. e5 x = 7
5 x = ln 7
ln 7
x=
0.389
5

x = x2 6
x2 + x 6 = 0
(x + 3)(x 2) = 0
x = 3 or x = 2
However, x = 3 is the only value that satisfies
the original equation.
x = 3

12. e4 x =

3
4

4 x = ln

6. ln( x + 3) + ln 4 = 2 ln x

x=

ln(4 x + 12) = ln x 2

3
4

( ) 0.072

ln 34
4

4 x + 12 = x 2
0 = x 2 4 x 12
0 = ( x 6)( x + 2)
x = 6 or 2
156

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ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

Section 4.4

13. 2e5 x + 2 = 17
17
e5 x + 2 =
2
17
5 x + 2 = ln
2
17
5 x = ln 2
2
1 17
x = ln 2 0.028
5 2

18. 2(10) x + (10) x +1 = 4

2(10) x + 10(10) x = 4
12(10) x = 4
1
3
1
x = log 0.477
3

(10) x =

19. 2 x = 5

14. 5e2 x 1 2 = 23

ln 2 x = ln 5
x ln 2 = ln 5
ln 5
x=
2.322
ln 2

5e2 x 1 = 25

e2 x 1 = 5
2 x 1 = ln 5
1 + ln 5
x=
1.305
2

ln(7 2 x +3 ) = ln 9
(2 x + 3) ln 7 = ln 9
ln 9
2x + 3 =
ln 7
ln 9
2x =
3
ln 7
1 ln 9

3 0.935
x=
2 ln 7

15. 10 x = 6
4
= log 6
x
4
x=
5.140
log 6

16.

2(10)0.3 x
=5
7
35
100.3 x =
2
0.3x = log
x=

17.

5
102 x

ln 57 x +5 = ln 2
(7 x + 5) ln 5 = ln 2
ln 2
7x + 5 =
ln 5
ln 2
7x =
5
ln 5
1 ln 2

5 0.653
x=
7 ln 5

35
2

10
35
log
4.143
3
2

5
7

22. 4 2 = 20
x

ln 4 2 = ln 20
x
ln 4 = ln 20
2
x ln 20
=
2 ln 4
2 ln 20
x=
4.322
ln 4

5
2 x = log
7
x=

57 x +5 = 2

21.

=7

102 x =

72 x +3 = 9

20.

( ) 0.073

log 57
2

157

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Chapter 4: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

23. 2

23x

ln 2

23x

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

27. log(x 3) = 3

4
5

103 = x 3
x = 103 + 3 = 1003

4
5

= ln

28. log 2 ( x + 1) = 4

2x
4
ln 2 = ln
3
5

24 = x + 1

( )

x = 24 1 = 15

4
2 x ln 5

=
3
ln 2

x=

3ln

29. log 4 (9 x 4) = 2

( 54 ) 0.483

42 = 9 x 4

2 ln 2

9 x = 42 + 4

24. 5 3x 6 = 10

x=

3x 6 = 2

30. log 4 (2 x + 4) 3 = log 4 3

3x = 8

log 4 (2 x + 4) log 4 3 = 3

ln 3x = ln 8
x ln 3 = ln 8
ln 8
x=
1.893
ln 3

2x + 4
=3
3
2x + 4
43 =
3

log 4

25. (4)53 x 7 = 2

53 x =

x=
9
4

(3 x ) ln 5 = ln
3 x =
x = 3

26.

5
x

2 x + 4 = 3 43

9
4

ln 53 x = ln

ln

( 94 )

3 43 4 188
=
= 94
2
2

31. ln( x 2) + ln(2 x + 1) = 5

ln[( x 2)(2 x + 1)] = 5

9
4

2 x 2 3 x 2 = e5
2 x 2 3x (2 + e5 ) = 0

ln 5
ln

42 + 4 20
=
2.222
9
9

x=

( 94 ) 2.496

ln 5

(3) (3)2 4(2)(2 + e5 )

2(2)
3 9 8(2 + e5 )
4

3 + 9 8(2 + e5 )
9.455 is the
4
only value that satisfies the original equation.
x 9.455

= 11

However, x =

2
5
= 2x
11
5
ln = ln 2 x
11
5
ln = x ln 2
11
ln 5
x = 11 1.138
ln 2

158

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ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

Section 4.4

32. log( x 3) + log( x 5) = 1

log[( x 3)( x 5)] = 1

x 2 8 x + 15 = 10
x2 8x + 5 = 0

x=

8 (8)2 4(1)(5)
= 4 11
2(1)

However, x = 4 + 11 7.317 is the only value that satisfies the original equation.
x 7.317
33.

log 2 (5 x + 1) = 4 log 2 (3x 2)

log 2 (5 x + 1) + log 2 (3x 2) = 4
log[(5 x + 1)(3 x 2)] = 4
(5 x + 1)(3x 2) = 24
15 x 2 7 x 2 = 16
15 x 2 7 x 18 = 0
x 1.353 or x 0.887
However, x 1.353 is the only value that satisfies the original equation.
x 1.353

34. log( x + 2) 2 = 2
2 log(x + 2) = 2
log(x + 2) = 1

101 = x + 2
x=8
2
35. log 2 = 3 + log 2 x
x
2
log 2 log 2 x = 3
x
2

log 2 x = 3
x
2
log 2
=3
x2
2
23 =
x2
1
x2 =
4
1
x=
2
However, x =
x=

1
is the only value that satisfies the original equation.
2

1
= 0.5
2

159

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Chapter 4: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

36.

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

log( x + 5) = log(3 x + 2) + 1
log( x + 5) log(3x + 2) = 1
x+5
log
=1
3x + 2
x+5
= 101
3x + 2
x + 5 = 30 x + 20
29 x = 15
15
x=
0.517
29

37. log S = log 12.4 + 0.26 log A

log S = log12.4 + log A0.26

log S = log 12.4 A0.26

S = 12.4 A0.26
38. log T = 1.7 + 0.2068 log P 0.1334(log P )2
log T = log 50 + 0.2068 log P 0.1334(log P)(log P)
log T = log 50 + 0.2068 log P + [0.1334 log P] log P

log T = log 50 + log P 0.2068 + log P[ 0.1334 log P ]

log T = log (50) P 0.2068

)( P

0.1334 log P

T = 50 P 0.2068(0.1334 log P )
(log b x) 2 = (logb x)(logb x ) = logb ( x logb x )
39. a.
b.

When t = 0, Q = 100e0.035(0) = 100e0 = 100 1 = 100 .

If Q = 20, then 20 = 100e0.035t . Solving for t gives
20
= e0.035t
100
1
= e0.035t
5
1
ln = 0.035t
5
ln 5 = 0.035t
ln 5
t=
46
0.035

40. 100 = 225e 225

N
225 9
e 225 =
=
100 4
N
9
= ln
225
4
9
N = 225 ln 182
4
160

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ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

Section 4.4

41. If P = 2,000,000, then

1
45. q = 1000
2

2, 000, 000 = 1,500,000(1.03) . Solving for

t gives
2, 000, 000
= (1.02)t
1,500, 000
4
= (1.03)t
3
4
ln = ln(1.03)t
3
4
ln = t ln1.03
3
ln 43
t=
9.7 years
ln1.03
42. If F(0) = 0, then 0 =

1
log q = log1000 + log
2
1
log q = 3 + 0.8t log
2

C ( p + q )

C ( p + q )

log(q) 3 = 0.8t ( log 2)

Thus
log(q ) 3 3 log q
0.8t =
=
log 2
log 2

3 log q
t log(0.8) = log
.
log 2

q peC ( p + q )
. Thus
q 1 + eC ( p + q )

t=

= q

log

3log q
log 2

log(0.8)

y = Ab a

q
=
p

C ( p + q) = ln

0.8t

log q = 3 + 0.8t ( log 2)

q peC ( p + q ) = 0

pe

0.8t

log y = log A + log b a

log y = log A + a x log b

q
p

log 2 p = log(80 q)

log y log A = a x log b

log y log A
ax =
log b

log y log A
log a x = log

log b

log y log A
x log a = log

log b

p log 2 = log(80 q )

log

C=

1
q
ln .
p+q p

43. q = 80 2 p

2 p = 80 q

p=

x=

log(80 q )
log 2

When q = 60, then p =

log y log A
log b

log a
The previous solution was the special case y = q,
1
A = 1000, b = , a = 0.8, and x = t.
2

log 20
4.32 .
log 2

46. q = 100 1 e0.1t

44. The investment doubles when A = 2P.

t

Thus 2 P = P (1.105) , or 2 = (1.105) .

Solving for t gives
ln 2 = ln(1.105)t
ln 2 = t ln1.105
ln 2
t=
7
ln1.105

)
(

a.

If t = 1, then q = 100 1 e0.1 10.

b.

If t = 10, then q = 100 1 e1 63.

161

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Chapter 4: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

We solve the equation

c.

80 = 100 1 e

0.1t

50. (3)2 y 4 x = 5

(3)2 y = 4 x + 5
4x + 5
2y =
3
4x + 5
y
ln 2 = ln

3
4x + 5
y ln 2 = ln

3
ln 4 x3+5
y=
ln 2
The graph of the original equation is the graph of
ln 4 x3+5
y=
.
ln 2

4
= 1 e 0.1t
5
1
e0.1t =
5
1
0.1t = ln = ln 5
5
ln 5
t=
16
0.1

47. log 2 x = 5 log 2 ( x + 4) is equivalent to

0 = 5 log 2 ( x + 4) log 2 x , or

ln( x + 4) ln x

. Thus the solutions of the

ln 2
ln 2
original equation are the zeros of the function
ln( x + 4) ln x
y = 5

.
ln 2
ln 2
0 = 5

8
2

10

Chapter 4 Review Problems

1. log3 243 = 5

2. 54 = 625

From the graph of this function, the only zero is

x = 4. Thus 4 is the only solution of the original
equation.

3. 814 = 3

48. 20

4. log 100,000 = 5
5. ln 1096.63 7
6. 91 = 9

7. Because 53 = 125 , log5 125 = 3

8. Because 42 = 16 , log 4 16 = 2

1.20
10

49.

1
1
9. Because 34 = , log3
= 4
81
81
10

10

1
1
1
10. Because =
, log1/5
= 4.
5
625
625

10

1
11. Because
3

3.33

= 32 = 9 , log1/3 9 = 2

162

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ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

12. Because 4 2 = 2 , log 4 2 =

Chapter 4 Review

22. 5ln x + 2 ln y + ln z = ln x5 + ln y 2 + ln z

1
2

= ln( x5 y 2 z )

13. 5 x = 625
x=4

23. 2 ln x + ln y 3ln z = ln x 2 + ln y ln z 3

= ln x 2 y ln z 3 = ln

1
14. log x
= 4
81
1
x 4 =
81
1
1
=
4
81
x

25.

= ln

1
16. e = = e1
e
x = 1

= ln

17. ln(2 x + 3) = 0

e = 2x + 3
1 = 2x + 3
2 x = 2
x = 1

43

= log6

1
39,366

x1/3 x6
( x 1)2 ( x 2)3
x19/3
( x 1)2 ( x 2)3

= log x 4 + log y 2 3log zw

= log x 4 + log y 2 log( zw)3
= log x 4 y 2 log z 3 w3

ln( x + 4)

= log

= x+4,

27. ln

19. log 8000 = log(2 10) = 3log(2 10)

x4 y2
z 3 w3

x3 y 2
z

= log1024 log 5 3
28. ln

= ln x ln( yz )2 = ln x 2 2ln( yz )

( yz )2
1
= ln x 2(ln y + ln z )
2

= log 210 log 31/5

1
= 10 log 2 log 3
5
b
= 10a
5
21. 3log 7 2 log 5 = log 73 log 52 = log

= ln x3 y 2 ln z 5
= ln x3 + ln y 2 ln z 5
= 3ln x + 2 ln y + 5ln z

= 3(log 2 + log10) = 3(a + 1)

26. 4 log x + 2 log y 3(log z + log w)

1
ln x + 3ln( x 2 ) 2 ln( x 1) 3ln( x 2)
3
= ln x1/3 + ln x6 ln( x 1)2 ln( x 2)3

1024

= log6 2 log 6 4 39 = log 6

15. log 2 x = 10
x = 210
1
x=
1024

20. log

z3

24. log 6 2 log6 4 9 log 6 3

= log6 2 log6 4 + log 6 39

x 4 = 81
x=3

18. Because e
x+4=7
x=3

x2 y

29. ln 3 xyz = ln( xyz ) 3 =

73
5

1
ln( xyz )
3

1
= (ln x + ln y + ln z )
3

163

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Chapter 4: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

x4 y3
x4 y3
30. ln
= 5ln

z2
z2

= 5(ln x 4 + ln y 3 ln z 2 )
= 5(4 ln x + 3ln y 2 ln z )
= 20 ln x + 15ln y 10 ln z

()

y 1/ 2

1
31. ln
x
=

40. log

2
41. In exponential form, y = e x + 2 .

42.

1
2

z
y
= ln
z
x

1
+ log1000 = log103 + log103
1000
= 3 + 3
=0

y
= ln ln x
z

y = 3x
y = log 3 x
x

1 y
1
ln ln x = (ln y ln z ) ln x
2 z
2

x 2 x 3
x5

32. ln = ln
= ln x5 ln y 2 z 3
2 3
y z
y z

43.

= ln x5 ln y 2 + ln z 3 = 5ln x 2 ln y 3ln z
33. log3 ( x + 5) =

y
9

log e ( x + 5) ln( x + 5)
=
log e 3
ln 3
x

log10 (7 x3 + 5)
34. log 2 (7 x3 + 5) =
log10 2

44.

log(7 x3 + 5)
=
log 2
35. log 7 37 =

36. log 4 5 =

log 2 37 5.20945

1.8556
log 2 7 2.80735

ln 5
1.1610
ln 4

= 2y +

1
x
2

37. ln 16 3 = ln 42 + ln 3 = 2ln 4 +

38. log

45. log(6 x 2) = log(8 x 10)

6 x 2 = 8 x 10
2 x = 8
x=4

1
ln 3
2

46. log 3x + log 3 = 2

log 9 x = 2

x3 3 x + 1

9 x = 102
9 x = 100
100
x=
9

5 2

x +2
5

= log x3 3 x + 1 log x 2 + 2
5

= log x3 + log 3 x + 1 log x 2 + 2

1
1
= 3log x + log( x + 1) log( x 2 + 2)
3
5
39. 10log x + log10 x + log10 = x + x + 1 = 2 x + 1
164

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ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

Chapter 4 Review
52. log 2 x + log 4 x = 3
log 2 x
log 2 x +
=3
log 2 4

47. 34 x = 9 x +1

( )

34 x = 32

x +1

34 x = 32( x +1)
4x = 2(x + 1)
4x = 2x + 2
2x = 2
x=1
48. 43 x =

log 2 x +

3
log 2 x = 3
2
log 2 x = 2

1
16

x = 22
x=4

43 x = 42
3 x = 2
x=5

53. e3 x = 14
3x = ln 14
ln14
x=
0.880
3

49. log x + log(10x) = 3

log x + log 10 + log x = 3
2 log(x) + 1 = 3
2 log(x) = 2
log x = 1

3x

54. 10 2 = 5
3x
= log 5
2
2
x = log 5 0.466
3

x = 101 = 10
x5
50. ln
= ln 6
x 1
x5
=6
x 1
x 5 = 6x 6
5 x = 1
1
x=
5

55. 5(e x + 2 6) = 10

e x+2 6 = 2

e x+2 = 8
x + 2 = ln 8
x = 2 + ln 8 0.079

56. 7e3 x 1 2 = 1

51. ln(log x 3) = 2
log x 3 = e 2

e2

e2 e 2

xe

= 3e

x1 = 3e
1
x= 2
3e

e 2

7e3 x 1 = 3
3
e3 x 1 =
7

=3
= 3e

(x )

log 2 x
=3
2

3x 1 = ln
3x = ln
x=

3
7

3
+1
7

ln 73 + 1
3

0.051

165

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Chapter 4: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

65. N = 10e0.41t

57. 4 x +3 = 7

ln 4 x +3 = ln 7
(x + 3)ln 4 = ln 7
ln 7
x+3 =
ln 4
ln 7
x=
3 1.596
ln 4
58.

35 / x = 2
5
ln 3 = ln 2
x
5ln 3
x=
7.925
ln 2

59. Quarterly rate =

6
a.

a.

When t = 0, then N = 10e0 = 10 1 = 10 mg

b.

When t = 1, then N = 10e0.41 6.6 mg

c.

When t = 5, then N = 10e 2.05 1.3 mg

d.

ln 2
1.7 hours
0.41

e.

0.06
= 0.015
4

1
yr = 26 quarters
2
2600(1.015)26 $3829.04

If N = 0.1, then 0.1 = 10e 0.41t . Solving for t

gives
1
= e0.41t
100
1
0.41t = ln
= ln100
100
ln100
t=
11.2 hours
0.41
3

b.

66. Because

3829.04 2600 = $1229.04

0.12
= 0.01
12
5 yr 4 mo = 60 + 4 = 64 months

60. Monthly rate =

for

2000(1 + 0.01)64 $3780.92

62. a.

1
of the initial amount to be present.
8

67. R = 10e

1
61. 12 1 % = 14%
6
N = 600(1.05)t

1 1
=
, it will take 3 10 = 30 days
8 2

t
40

a.

If t = 20, R = 10e

b.

5 = 10e

t
40

20
40

= 10e

1
t
= e 40 . Thus
2

t
1
= ln = ln 2
40
2
t = 40 ln 2 28.
68. Let d = depth in centimeters.

b.

When t = 1, N = 600(1.05)1 = 630.

c.

When t = 5, N = 600(1.05)5 766.

(0.9) 20 = 0.0017
d

63. a.

b.

P = 6000[1 + (0.005)] or

ln(0.9) 20 = ln 0.0017

P = 6000(0.995)t

d
ln 0.9 = ln 0.0017
20
20ln 0.0017
d=
1210 cm
ln 0.9

When t = 10, then

P = 6000(0.995)10 5707.

12

64. If t = 2, R = 200,000e0.4 134, 064

If t = 3, R = 200,000e0.6 109, 762

166

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6.

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

Chapter 4 Review

69. Tt Te = (Tt Te )o e at
T T
e at = t e
(Tt Te )o

at = ln

10

72.

10

10

Tt Te

(Tt Te )o

10
10

T T
1
a = ln t e
t (Tt Te )o
1 (Tt Te )o
a = ln
t
Tt Te

10

10

70. For double-declining balance depreciation, the

n

equation is V = C 1 .
N
2

500 = 1500 1
36
n
500 34
=
1500 36
1 17
=
3 18

10

(1.96, 3.17), (2.93, 1.60)

n
10

73.

10

10

10

1
17
ln = ln
3
18
1
17
ln = n ln
3
18
ln 13
n=
19.22
ln 17
18

2.53
20

74.

The value drops below $500 at about 19 months.

1

71.

5
0

0.37
1
with domain
x
all of (0, 1) has range all of (1, ) and has an
inverse g defined by the same formula. That is:
1
g ( x) = as well. This establishes a one-to-one
x
correspondence between the two kinds of bases.

75. f: (0, 1) (1, ) where f ( x) =

2

(, 0.37]

167

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Chapter 4: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

76. (6)5 y + x = 2

b.

2 x
5y =
6
2 x
ln 5 y = ln
6
2x
y ln 5 = ln
6
y=

ln

T e kI 1 = P Pe dkI

Pe dkI = P T e kI 1
e

dkI

P T ekI 1

P
P T e kI 1

dkI = ln

2 x
6

ln 5

10

kI

1 P T e 1
d = ln
kI
P

1
3

d=

1
P
ln
kI P T ekI 1

77.

2. From the text, the half-life H is given by

ln 2
ln 2
H=
or, equivalently, k =
. If H = I,
H
k
ln 2
. Thus
then k =
I
d lnI 2 I

P 1 e

P 1 e dkI

= ln 2
T=
kI

I
e 1
e I 1

5
2

y=

P 1 eln 2 P 1 2d

=
=
ln 2
2 1
e 1

1
= P 1 2 d = 1
P .
2d

3x 3 x
=
= 3x 2 .
9 32

If f ( x) = 3x , then we have y = 3x 2 = f ( x 2) .

3x
is the graph of y = 3x
9
shifted 2 units to the right.

Thus the graph of y =

1. T =
a.

P 1 e

a.

ekI 1

( 1) = P (1 e )
T ( e 1)
T (e
= P or P =

T e

kI

kI

1 e

dkI

1 e

dkI

P 1 e
e

kI

dkI

ln 2 ln 2
=
H
8

3 ln 2 4

100 1 e 8

100 1 eln 2

dkI

kI

T=

3. P = 100, I = 4, d = 3, H = 8, k =

Explore and ExtendChapter 4

dkI

e
32

eln 2 2 1

ln 2
4
8

3
100 1 2 2
=

156
1
2
2 1

168

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

Explore and ExtendChapter 4

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

b.

R = P 1 e dkI . From part (a),

P 1 e dkI = 100 1 2 2 . Thus

R = 100 1 2 2 65.

4. 5

10

As d changes, some of the coefficients need to

change from P to Y1 or vice versa.

169

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.