Interno
Condies de Entrada
Estimativa:
Onda de quantidade de movimento:
= 2 t
com t =
vx fd
vx fd
x fd
D
D2
1 u D
=2
=4
=
2
u
4
u
D 16 v
x
vx
= 2
u
u
x fd
D
1
ReD
16
Condies de Entrada
x fd
1
= ReD
D 16
Compare com a equao aceita:
x fd
D
0,05ReD
Estimativa:
x fd
D
1
ReD Pr
16
x fd
D
0,05ReD Pr
m = A u ( r, x ) dA
i
um =
A u ( r, x ) dA
um =
2
ro2
0 u ( r, x ) r dr
ro
Tm =
A uc pT dAc
c
A uc pT dAc m c pTm
m cp
Tm =
2
2
m o
u r
ro
u ( x,r )T ( x,r ) r dr
0
qs = h (Ts Tm )
Raio Hidrulico
um Dh
Re D
Com:
4 Ac
Dh
P
4m
Re D =
P
Para um tubo de seo circular:
i
4m
Re D =
D
Reynolds crtico
Re D,c 2300
Condies turbulentas
Re D 10,000
Comprimento de entrada fluidodinmica
Laminar:
(x
fd ,h
/ D 0,05Re D
Laminar:
(x
fd ,t
/ D 0,05 Re D Pr
dp / dx ) D
(
f
um2 / 2
64
Escoamento laminar em tubo de seo circular: f =
Re D
Escoamento turbulento em tubo liso:
Perda de carga
f = ( 0.790 1n Re D 1.64 )
um2
p = p1 p2 = f
x
2D
i
Potncia consumida P = p =
pm
Diagrama de Moody
f
e/D
Ts ( x ) T ( r, x )
Condies trmicas plenamente desenvolidas
x Ts ( x ) Tm ( x )
Ts T
r Ts Tm
=
r=ro
T / r r=r
Ts Tm
f ( x)
=0
fd ,t
! p (Tm + dTm ) Tm = mc
! p dTm
dqconv = mc
i
dTm qsP
P
=
=
h (Ts Tm )
i
i
dx
m cp m cp
Fluxo de calor uniforme:
dTm qsP
=
f ( x)
i
dx
m cp
Tm ( x ) = Tm,i +
qsP
i
m cp
d ( T )
d Tm
P
=
=
h T
i
dx
dx
m cp
Integrando:
Ts Tm ( x )
Px
= exp
hx
i
Ts Tm,i
m
c
1 x
hx = 0 hx dx
x
CASO ESPECIAL
T Tm,o
T Tm,i
U As
1
= exp
= exp
i
i
m
c
m
c
R
p
p tot
Correlaes
NuD = hD = 4,36
k
NuD = hD = 3,66
k
n
NuD = 0,023Re 4/5
Pr
D
NuD
f / 8) ( Re 1000 ) Pr
(
=
1+ 12,7 ( f / 8) ( Pr 1)
D
1/2
2/3
Regio de Entrada
Escoamento laminar
Tubo circular
Re D Pr/ ( L / D )
1/3
( / )
0.14
Re D Pr
Nu D = 1.86
L / D
Re D Pr/ ( L / D )
Nu D = 3.66
1/3
( / )
0.14
1/3
> 2:
0.14
< 2:
0.0668 ( D / L ) Re D Pr
1+ 0.04 ( D / L ) Re D Pr
2/3
TABLE 4.1 Conduction shape factors and dimensionless conduction heat rates for
selected systems.
(a) Shape factors [q ! Sk(T1 " T2)]
System
Schematic
Restrictions
Shape Factor
z $ D/2
2!D
1 " D/4z
L%D
2!L
cosh (2z/D)
L%D
z $ 3D/2
2!L
ln (4z/D)
L%D
2!L
ln (4L/D)
T2
Case 1
Isothermal sphere buried in a semiinfinite medium
z
T1
D
T2
Case 2
Horizontal isothermal cylinder of length L
buried in a semi-infinite medium
z
L
T1
Case 3
Vertical cylinder in a semi-infinite
medium
"1
T2
L
T1
D
Case 4
Conduction between two cylinders of
length L in infinite medium
T1
D1
D2
T2
L % D1, D2
L%w
2!L
cosh
"1
"
Coeficiente global
1
1
1
=
+ Rt ,cond +
UA ( hA )i
sks
1 1 Ai
= +
U i h sks
1 Ai
Ui = +
h sks
Perfil de temperatura
dTm
P
=
U (Ts Tm )
i
dx
m cp
d
P
=
Udx
i
m cp
d
P
=
U
i
dx
m cp
L P
out
ln
=
U dx
0 i
in
m cp
out
P L
PU
ln
=
U dx =
L
i
i
0
in
m cp
m cp
Tm,out Ts
U As,i
= exp
i
Tm,in Ts
m
c
1000
Appendix A
TABLE A.5
Saturated Liquids
T
(K)
!
(kg/m3)
cp
(kJ/kg ! K)
" ! 102
(N ! s/m2)
# ! 106
(m2/s)
k ! 103
(W/m ! K)
$ ! 107
(m2/s)
Pr
% ! 103
(K!1)
899.1
895.3
890.0
884.1
877.9
871.8
865.8
859.9
1.796
1.827
1.868
1.909
1.951
1.993
2.035
2.076
385
217
99.9
48.6
25.3
14.1
8.36
5.31
4280
2430
1120
550
288
161
96.6
61.7
147
144
145
145
145
143
141
139
0.910
0.880
0.872
0.859
0.847
0.823
0.800
0.779
47,000
27,500
12,900
6400
3400
1965
1205
793
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
350
360
370
380
390
853.9
847.8
841.8
836.0
830.6
2.118
2.161
2.206
2.250
2.294
3.56
2.52
1.86
1.41
1.10
41.7
29.7
22.0
16.9
13.3
138
138
137
136
135
0.763
0.753
0.738
0.723
0.709
546
395
300
233
187
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
400
410
420
430
825.1
818.9
812.1
806.5
2.337
2.381
2.427
2.471
0.874
0.698
0.564
0.470
10.6
8.52
6.94
5.83
134
133
133
132
0.695
0.682
0.675
0.662
152
125
103
88
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
6.51
4.20
57.6
37.3
242
244
0.933
0.933
617
400
0.65
0.65
1130.8
1125.8
2.294
2.323