NEMATODES

A. lumbricoides

E. vermicularis

T. trichiura

C. philippinensis

Whipworm

Pudoc worm

Attenuated and slender res.

a Whip

FEMALE: usually has eggs in

utero
MALE: w/ spicule sheath

Flattened on one side; Dshaped

Football-shaped; Barrelshaped; Japanese Lantern

(w/ bipolar mucus plug)

Guitar/Peanut-shaped;
striated
(w/ bipolar mucus plug)

Large intestine (ET)

Large intestine (ET)

Small intestine (CASH)

Perianal swab (scotch tape

swab)
Egg

Stool exam

Embryonated egg

Embryonated egg

ingestion

ingestion

-Pruritus ani
-external autoinfection (EV,
SS)
-mothers complex

-Rectal prolapsed
-bloody or mucoid diarrhea

Romans: Lumbricus Terresearthworm

CN

Giant Intestinal Roundworm;

Large Intestinal Roundworm

Pinworm; Seatworm; Social or

Society worm (Familial or Group

Adult

FEMALE: larger,pointed end

MALE: smaller, curved end

Anterior end with lateral

wings and cephalic alae

tendency)

*Triangular Buccal Cavity/

Trilobate lips

Egg

Lab

a) Unfertilized
b) Fertilized: glycogen
(I),lecithin granules,
mammilation
Small intestine (CASH)
-heart to lung migration
(ASH)
Stool exam

DS

Egg

IS

Embryonated egg

MOT

Ingestion

Pathology

Eosinophilia (res Loefflers

syn)

Habitat

egg

IH

NOTES

a) T. cati- VLM
b) T. canis VLM

UNHOLY THREE or Triad of

Infect [STH] : H-A-T

Ingestion of fishes bearing

the infective larva
-Pudoc disease or Mystery
Disease
-Malabsorption (CP, GL)
-Borborygmi
-LBM alternating constipation
FISHES
-Ipon (Hypselotris
bipartita)
-Birot
-Bagsang bagtu
To diff from T. trichiura egg:
-with striations
-mucus plugs are not as
protruded

Ennelle =)

HOOKWORMS
N. americanus
CN

A. duodenale

A. braziliense

A. caninum

Old worm hookworm

Cat hookworm

Dog hookworm

Adult

New world Hookworm;

American murderer
S-shaped

C-shaped

Buccal Cavity

Semilunar cutting plate

2prs teeth

Male
Copulatory
Bursa

BIPARTITE (2 digits)
-bristle like and barbed

TRIPARTITE (3 digits)
-simple, not barbed

Egg

Same for all sp. (HFT); thin shelled inside is a GERM CELL in
fragmentation; MORULA BALL
a) Rhabditiform larva -1st stage; short and stout;
- open mouth (feeding stage)

Larva

b) Filariform larva- 2nd stage; long and slender

-IS of hookworms
Lab
DS
IS
MOT
Pathology

1. Stool Exam
2. Harada Mori Culture Tech (H & SS larva)
EGG
Filariform larva
Skin penetration
1. Larval Penetration
a) Human hookworm: Ground itch, water sore, Mazza
Mora
b) Animal hookworm(brazilinse,caninum): CLM ( creeping
eruption)

Ennelle =)

2. Adult: IDA (micro,hypo)

NOTES

Heart to lung migration (ASH)

S. stercoralis
CN

Threadworm

Adult

FEMALE:
PARTHENOGENESIS

T. spiralis
Muscle worm
MALE: w/ conical papillae
FEMALE: w/ club-shaped
uterus
-Viviparous/Larviparous

Egg
Habitat

Small Intestine (CASH)

Lab

1) Stool Exam
2) Harada Mori (H,SS larva)
3) Bacrmann Tech

DS

Rhabditiform larva

IS

Filariform larva

MOT

Skin penetration

Pathology

a) Larval Penetration
b) Larval Migration heart to
lung (ASH)
-res. Bronchopneumonia
c) adult:
-HONEY COMBED appear
of the
intest. mucosa
- COCHIN-

Adult: s. intestine
Larva: muscles
1)Muscle biopsy
2) Immuno Tests
-Bentonite Granulation
(TS,EG)
-Intradermal: BACHMANN
3) Xenodx (TS,TC)
-BECKs albino rats/mice
(TS)
Encysted larva
Encysted larva
Ingestion of meat
Great immitator
1)larva in muscle : edema,
muscle pain, diff in
breathing/swallowing
2) adult in s. intes: diarrhea,
abdominal pain

Ennelle =)

CHINA/VIETNAM diarrhea
IH
NOTES

MAN (both IH and DH)

Facultative nematode
-parasitic (s.intestine)
-free living (soil)
Internal Autoinfection
(EV,SS)

1) Req. 2 hosts to compl. its

LC
2) Propagated by black &
brown rats
3)FREEZING-destroys larva

FILARIAL WORMS

W. bancrofti

B. malayi

L. loa

O. volvulus

Lymphatics
Aedes (also transmits
Dengue)
Anopheles
Blood

Lymphatics
Mansonia sp.

Subcutaneous tissue
Chrysops sp
Tabanid or Mango Fly

Subcutaneous tissue
Simulium sp
Black fly

Blood

Blood

Microfilaria

Sheathed
Nuclei absent in tail

Sheathed
Tail w/ 2 separate nuclei

Periodicity

Nocturnal (10pm-2am)

Subperiodic
nocturnal

Sheathed
Nuclei continuous to the tip
of tail
Diurnal
Collection: AM
EYE WORM
-Calabar or Fugitive Swelling

Skin snips/
Skin shavings
Unsheathed
Nuclei absent in tail

Habitat
Vector
Spx

Pathology

Dipetalonema
perstans

*Dirofilaria immitis : DOG HEARTWORM

-Natural Host: DOG
-Coin lesions in MAN
KNOTTS Technique
-isolation of microfilaria
-blood + rgt (FORMALIN)
-stain w/ GIEMSA

Nonperiodic
BLINDING WORM
Convoluted filaria
-River Blindness

Mansonella
ozzardi

Acanthocheilonema
perstans

Microfilari
a
Habitat
Vector

Unsheathed
nuclei to the tip
NON PERIODIC

Unsheathed
Tail is FREE of
nuclei
NON PERIODIC
body cavities
Culicoides sp.

Ennelle =)

CN
Habitat
Adult
DH
IH

D. medinensis

A. cantonensis

Anisakis sp.

Medina/Guinea worm;
Dragon/Serpent worm;
Fiery serpent of the Israelites
Subcutaneous tissues

Rat lung worm

Herrings worm

Man
Copepods
Cyclops

Patho

Barbers Pole appearance

Rats: Rattus rattus; Rattus norvegicus
Mollusks : Achotina fulica (Giant Japanese
Snail)
Pila luzonica (Kuhol)
Brotia asperata (Suso)
Man: Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis
( Eosi in CSF)

Dolhpins and whales

1st: various marine crustaceans
2nd: small fishes
3rd: big fishes (salmons, cods)
-Herrings dse-common among
Japanese (eat raw fish)
-Abdominal pain granuloma

TREMATODES (FLUKES)
ALL FLUKES

EGG
MOT
IS
IH

EGGS

SCHISTOSOMES
Flat, leaf-like
Hermaphrodite
Operculated
Ingestion
metacercaria

Elongated, cylindrical
Separate sexes
Non operculated
Skin penetration
Cercaria
Fork tailed"
Only 1 IH (snail)

2 IH
1st IH: snail
2nd IH:
a) fishes: C. sinensis, O. felineus, H.
heterophyes
b) crabs: P. wetermanni
c) waterplant/vegetation: F. hepatica,
F.gigantica, F. buski
d) snail: E. ilocanum
Adult w/ 2 ventral suckers for attachment
exc. H. heterophyes(w/ 3rd sucker- genital sucker GENOTYLE)
a) MATURE when laid [SHOC]
Schistosoma, Heterophyes, Opistorchis, Clonorchis
b) IMMATURE when laid (unembryonated)
Fasciola, Fasciolopsis, Paragonimus, Echinostoma

Ennelle =)

a) LIVER FLUKES

CN
Egg

F. hepatica

F.gigantica

Sheep Liver Fluke

Sheep liver ROT
Operculated,
Immature when laid res
F. buski & F. gigantic

Giant Liver Fluke

Habitat
NOTE

C. sinensis

Oriental/Chinese Liver
Fluke
Operculated,
Operculated,
Immature when laid res
Mature when laid
F. buski & F. hepatica
[SHOC]
Old Fashioned
Electric Light Bulb
Liver
Commonly infecting
Most important LIVER
cattles in the Phils
FLUKE of Man

O. felineus
Cat Liver fluke

b) INTESTINAL FLUKES
CN
Egg
Habitat
MOT
IS
NOTE

F. buski

E. ilocanum

H. heterophyes

Giant Intestinal Fluke

Hens Egg shape res
F.hepatica & F. gigantic

Garrisons fluke

Von Siebolds Fluke

Operculated,
Embryonated

INTESTINE
Ingestion
Largest fluke parasitizing man

ingestion
metacercaria
1st and 2nd IH:
SNAIL

Smallest fluke of man but

deadliest
Adult: w/ 3rd sucker
(GENOLTYLE)

c) LUNG FLUKE

P. westermanni
CN
Egg
Adult
Habitat
MOT
IS
Spx
Pathology
NOTE

Oriental Lung Fluke

Operculated
Immature when laid
res. a COFFEE BEAN
Lungs
Ingestion
Metacercaria (ALL exc Schistosomes)
1)sputum; 2) stool
Non-human sp: SWIMMERS ITCH
w/ ABOPERCULUM

Ennelle =)

d) BLOOD FLUKES

S. japonicum
CN
Habitat
Egg

Oriental Blood Fluke

Superior mesenteric veins in the s.
intestines
w/ small knob-like or
recurved hook on one side

IS
MOT
IH (snail)

Oncomelania quadrasi

Patho

S. mansoni

S. haematobium
Vesical blood fluke

Mesenteric veins in the colon and rectum

With LATERAL SPINE

With TERMINAL SPINE

CERCARIA
SKIN PENETRATION
Biomphalaria, Australorbis and
Tropicorbis

Physiopsis. Bulinus and Biophalaria

Katayamas disease

NOTES

Bilharziasis
Urinary schistosomiasis (Hematuria)
Spx: 24 hr UNPRESERVED urine sx

Smallest of all the Blood Flukes

CESTODES (Tapeworms)

Scolex ant, attachment

organ
Strobila-chain of
segments or proglottids
Ova
Larval Stages
IH

CN
Scolex
Uterus

PSEUDOPHYLLIDEAN (D. latum)

CYCLOPHYLLIDEAN

Spoon shaped with SLIT LIKE sucking grooves (BOTHRIA)

No hooklets
Anapolytic (not shedding segments)

Quadrate, w/ 4 CUP-LIKE suckers

(w/ or w/o hooklets)
Apolytic (shedding segments)

Oval,operculated,
Immature (unembryonated)
Coracedium>procercoid>plerocercoid
2 IH: Crustaceans (Copepods)
Fresh water Fish

Spherical, non-operculated
Embryonated (HEXACANTH Embryo)
Cysticercoid (Taenia)
Cysticercus (Dipylidium, Hymenolepis)
Hydatid (Echinococcus)
Only 1 (usu. Lower forms of mammal or arthropods)
a) VERTEBRATE: T. saginata, T. solium
b) INVERTEBRATE: D. caninum
c) May or may NOT require IH: H. nana

D. latum

Dipylidium caninum

E. granulosus

Broad or fish tapeworm

Spoon/spatulate/almond-shaped w/ SLIT
LIKE
Sucking organ-BOTHRIA
Rosette Formation

Dog Tapeworm

Hydatid worm

Proglottids: double set of reproductive

Ennelle =)

H. nana

H. diminuta

CN
Egg
Scole
x
Larval
Egg
IS
DH
IH
IS

Dwarf Tapeworm
Rat taeworm
Operculated
With rostellum
Unarmed rostellum
w/ ABOPERCULUM
Armed: 20-30 spines
stages
Coracedium>procercoid>plerocercoid
With 2 polar thickenings With 2 polar
Plerocercoid Larva
Arise 4-8 polar
thickenings
Man
filaments st
w/o filaments
1 IH: Crustaceans (Copepods)
Egg (direct) nd
Cysticercoid larva
2 IH: Fresh water Fish
Cysticercoid larva
(indirect)
Lab
Stool exam (DS : egg)
IH
ONLY human tapeworm
Insects
that
DOES NOT require an IH
FH
Man
Rat
Pathology
-Tapeworm anemia
-Vit B12 def Anemia (Megaloblastic
Anemia)
NOTES
Largest tapeworm of man

CN
IH
Scolex
length
No. of
proglottids
Gravid
proglottids
Eggs
Larva
IS
Pathogenesis

organs and genital pore on each side

Mature and Gravid: MELON/PUMPKIN
SEEDS/Rice grains
Egg packets (8-15 eggs)
Cysticercoid larva
Dogs or Cats
Ctenocephalides canis: dog flea
Ctenocephalides felis: cat flea
Pulex irritans: human flea

Man (Accidental IH)

1)Exploratory cyst puncture
2) Roentgenogram (xray)
3) Immuno (Bentonite flocc test [TS,EG]
CASONI intradermal test)
Hydatid cyst

AH: Man

T. saginata

T. solium

Beef Tapeworm
Cattle
None
No rostellar hooks

Pork Tapeworm
Pig
W/ rostellum armed w/ 2 rows of
large
& small hooklets
7 meters
<1000

25 meters
1000-2000

Hydatid cyst

Shortest tapeworm, only 3 segments

15-20
7-13
(dichotomous or tree
(dendritic or finger-like)
like)
Spherical, striated, inside is an embryo with 6 hooklets
Cysticercus bovis

Cysticercus cellulosae
Cysticercosis- larva nay lodge in
the brain
or spinal cord

Ennelle =)