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Kafka'sLaw:
In the Field of Forces
Between Judaism and Hellenism
Rodolphe Gasche
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circle and, given the analogy of the father-son relation to the paternalistic rules of the office world, the world of courts and registries as well.
They are the only ones who have not been accused. No proceedings
have been started against them, nor are they in any position to
dominate others. By contrasting the groups of the figures that inhabit
the intermediate world who are neither holders of power, nor subjects
of the law, with the other groups, Benjamin points out that the law is
only truly binding for these latter groups. Even though the law
concerns all the figures of Kafka'sworld, its burden on the messengers
is much milder. As Benjamin suggests, it subdues them tenderly, and in
a way that is distinctly less coercive. By contrast, "what may be
in the activities
discerned as tenderly less binding (zart unverbindlicher)
of these messengers, is something that becomes, in an oppressive and
gloomy way, the law that reigns over this whole group of creatures"
(799; translation modified). "Something" presides in a compulsory
fashion as a tyrannical and somber law over the whole group of the
figures that make up the upper and the lower world in Kafka'swritings.
Since this "something" is said to bind the messengers and assistants of
the intermediary world, in a tender and much less than compulsory
fashion, it is to them that we must first turn, to understand what
precisely it is that has become such an oppressive law for all others.
In contrast to the other figures that populate Kafka's families,
offices, and courts, the inhabitants of the intermediate world are
unfinished. Benjamin compares them to the gandharvas of Indian
mythology, "mist-bound creatures, beings in an unfinished state"
(798). "Twilight"characterizes their existence because they do not
belong to any of the distinct realms of Kafka's world. "[N]either
members of, nor strangers to, any of the other groups of figures, but,
rather, messengers busy moving between them. Kafka tells us that
they resemble Barnabas, who is a messenger. They have not yet been
completely released from the womb of nature ... It is for them and
their kind, the unfinished and the hapless, that there is hope" (798).6
Benjamin recalls the scene from The Castle,where the assistants are
shown to have "'settled down on two old skirts (auf zwei alten
Frauenr6cken). .. folding their arms and legs, huddling close together
. . . [like] one big ball (ein grosses Knduel)"' (798-99). Merely a
confused tangle of arms and legs, the assistants have not yet "outgrown the female womb," and are, therefore, "especially close to the
womb of nature." "They lack something in order to be finished,"
Benjamin remarks in the notes (11,3,1212). Because of this lack, these
figures inhabit a twilight zone, and are in a state of murkiness that
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concerns both their external form and their moral existence. Yet what
is the advantage that these figures have over all the other creatures in
Kafka's world? What is it that binds them less, and more tenderly,
than all other beings for which this "something" has become an
oppressive law, if not the very unfinishedness, murkiness and mistboundedness of their nature? For them the lack of distinctness is
"tenderly" less binding, or subdued. Indeed, for them this lack of
clear and certain contours is a sign of unfinishedness. Their ambiguity is the predicate of an intermediary state, a stage in advance or in
transition to possible distinctness. In spite of the fact that they
resemble mythic beings, this unfinishedness explains why there is
hope for them. By contrast, for all the other creatures in Kafka's
world, that is, those who are (seemingly) finished, lack of distinctness
functions as an oppressive and gloomy law to which they must submit.
The law that rules the finished figures-finished because what they
lack holds no promise-foils all effort to achieve distinction, boundaries, and proper outlines. Benjamin describes them as follows:
"None has a firm place in the world, or firm, inalienable outlines.
There is not one that is not either rising or falling, none that is not
trading qualities with its enemy or neighbor, none that has not
completed its period of time and yet is unripe, none that is not deeply
exhausted and yet is only at the beginning of a long existence. To
speak of any order or hierarchy is impossible here" (799). As the
discussion of the realms of the family and the offices in Kafka that
follows his retelling of Pushkin's story demonstrates, Benjamin characterizes here the figures of the upper and the lower world between
which the assistants and messengers operate as intermediaries.7 But
before we turn to a more detailed analysis of these realms, let me
point out that the way in which the finished figures that inhabit
realms in which differences, distinctions, and hierarchies are blurred,
are described, suggests that they are formless. The absence of firm
outlines, however, is, as Benjamin remarks in "Goethe's Elective
Affinities," characteristic of mythic figures.8 If they cannot call any
space or time their own, mythic figures are subject to relentless,
endless displacement and becoming. The law that reigns over the
swapping of places and amorphous becoming is the law which
enforces the exchange of distinctive properties. It is a law that thwarts
differentiation and, as a result, also the possibility of any order and
hierarchy. This is, as Benjamin notes in "Goethe's Elective Affinities,"
the case in myth.9 As we will see, this is also Benjamin's conclusion as
far as Kafka's world is concerned. The law by which it is ruled, and
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which imposes an exchange upon it which hopelessly foils all difference, is the law of myth.
In order to render this mythical law of exchange more tangible, it
is necessary to take up Benjamin's characterization of Kafka'sholders
of power and their relations with their subordinates. These holders of
power (Macht-, or Gewalthaber)live in remote and elevated places
such as attics and castles, that is, locations that, as in the example of
the attic with its trunks "locked up for years" (811), are also "places of
entirely cast-off cloths" (11,3,1202). They themselves, "no matter how
highly placed they may be ... are always fallen or falling men" (795).
Like cast-off textiles in attics, Kafka's holders of power belong to a
time gone by. The law they represent is that of a forgotten past. The
decrepitude of these unkempt and seedy power holders is itself an
indication of their original height and might. Not only suggesting the
extent to which they have fallen, the decay of these vegetating and
somnolent figures prompts the thought that they themselves may
have become oblivious of the law.10The law of which the holders of
power are the incarnation resists becoming conscious. Its representatives are shown in a state of semi-somnolence: they are dozing or
drowsing. Indeed, could it be that the law they represent and act for
is a law that makes even its own agents forget it? In any event, as we
will see, it is a law that one always transgresses without knowing it. A
constitutive withdrawnness prevents the identification and definite
fixation of this law. Hence, the fall of the representatives of the law
not only intimates that they have become oblivious of it, but that their
forgetting is in full conformity with this law." Indeed, they incarnate
this law mainly by falling from their high locations, that is, by going
down or foundering, and drowning in filth-as Versinkende,that is.
They are the agents of this law only insofar as this law escapes them,
and condemns them to change their high place for the lowest
possible one. At the same time, these representatives of the law "may
abruptly and strikingly appear in the fullness of their power" (795).
As Benjamin notes, "[we] meet these holders of power in constant,
slow movement, rising or falling" (795). From their most unkempt
situation, even the lowest and most deeply fallen ones can all of a
sudden regain the fullness of their original might.
With them fallen, the difference between the superiors and their
subordinates no longer obtains (or may even have become reversed
since their fall is to the lowest possible state). Although Benjamin
raises this issue in "Potemkin"only in his discussion of the father/son
relation in Kafka's short stories, he broaches it with respect to the
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law that undermines all true distinction, hierarchy, and order, Kafka's
law can, indeed, be said to be the law of lawlessness. Although
Bachofen qualifies the hetaeric world age as lawless, it is a stage in
which, to use some of Bachofen's terms, "unregulated sexual relations," "prostitution," "swamp procreation," "swamp cult," and "wild
growth," are the law. Such a law is obviously a promiscuous law. It
knows no stable delineations, and yet this does not mean that it is no
law at all. If Benjamin refers to this mythic state as "chaos"in the essay
on Goethe's ElectiveAffinities,it is precisely because this is a state in
which all differences have been leveled, and all hierarchies corrupted. Such a state is not simply lawless; it is dominated by what
Benjamin terms, in the Goethe essay, "a nameless law."15But, as one
can also already sense, there is more to this law than just being the law
of lawlessness. After all, the gloomy and oppressive law of Kafka's
world is a "law."This law that presses on Kafka's superiors is also, to
use a Benjaminean notion whose importance will soon become clear,
a disfigured and dislocated (entstellt) law, perhaps, even, the disfigured and dislocated Mosaic Law.
Before investigating this disfiguration or dislocation, I emphasize
that what has been said so far about Kafka's holders of power only
epitomizes what obtains in the case of the fathers. Indeed, the holders
of power, "are at their most terrible when they rise from the deepest
decay-from the fathers" (795). In the capacity of fathers, that is, in
the natural function of procreators, the holders of power are not only
at their lowest; rising from this particularly debased state, they are
also at their most terrible, striking the greatest fear in their subordinates, their offsprings. Where the natural side of the holders of power
becomes activated, the nether side of the world under whose weight
the authorities move ages of the world, appears in its most dreadful
force, and instills the greatest dread. Here, Benjamin's contention
that the holders of power move ages of the world in even the most
ordinary gestures is fully verified. As he throws off the burden of the
blanket with which, in "The Judgment," the son gently covers his
father, "he also throws off a cosmic burden (Weltlast)"(796). Indeed,
as Benjamin remarks: "He has to set cosmic ages in motion in order
to turn the age-old father-son relation into a living and consequential
thing" (796). Throwing off this blanket and standing tall in bed, the
father, through these most ordinary, everyday acts, performs a superhuman act by which the present age of the world is swept away, and
his natural, or primeval right as procreator is reactivated-the right
to also annihilate again what he has created. By condemning his son
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is not "sinful because it is false. Nowhere does Kafka say that it is made
wrongfully (zu Unrecht)"(796). But neither does Benjamin therefore
contend that the accusation is correct. The old injustice, or rather,
the old wrong which pits father against son and son against father
comes with the impossibility of deciding who has been wronged. Both
accuser and accused share the claim of having been wronged. The
law of prehistory is not simply one of wrongs. It is a law that not only
interconnects all beings in guilt-Benjamin speaks elsewhere of the
mythic "interconnectedness of guilt" (Schuldzusammenhang)-it is one
that, without distinction, makes everyone a victim of wrongs. More
precisely, it is a law that inhibits the possibility of discriminating
between right and wrong. It is constituted by the very impossibility of
a clear decision-an impossibility by which this law perpetuates the
order of the wrong (Unrecht),thus also excluding the very possibility
of justice (Gerechtigkeit).
With Kafka's The Trialin mind, Benjamin contends that the father
enlists the solidarity of officials and court offices in this process of
judging and punishing his son. This shows the son's cause in an even
worse light, for what makes the law so terrible is not that its
representatives are infinitely corruptible-in fact, "their venality is
the only hope held out to the human spirit facing them" (796)-but,
as we have already seen, that one cannot know the law. "The courts, to
be sure, have lawbooks at their disposal, but people are not allowed to
see them. 'It is characteristic of this legal system,' conjectures K. in Der
Prozess[The Trial], 'that one is sentenced not only in innocence but
also in ignorance.' Laws and definite norms remain unwritten in the
prehistoric world. A man can transgress them without suspecting it
and then must strive for atonement. But no matter how hard it may
hit the unsuspecting, the transgression in the sense of the law is not
accidental but fated, a destiny which appears here in all its ambiguity"
(796-97). The passage, almost a verbatim quotation from "Critique of
Violence," is a first indication of the extent to which this latter study
bears on Benjamin's understanding of the work and world of Kafka.
Even though the ambiguity in question characterizes a fate which,
rather than by accident, befalls the unsuspecting subject intentionally-the law is withheld from its victim in order to render it guilty of
transgression-it also characterizes the law of Kafka'sworld itself. At
once a law and not a law, its lack of inscription or rather, the
inaccessibility of the lawbooks, deprives it of definiteness. Because it is
nameless, ambiguity is an essential feature of the mythic law. Indeed,
as Benjamin asserts, the proceedings directed against K. take "us
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back, far beyond the time of the giving of the Law on twelve tablets
to a prehistoric world, written law being one
(Zwilf-Tafel-Gesetzgebung),
of the first victories scored over this world. In Kafka the written law is
contained in lawbooks, but these are secret; by basing itself on them,
the prehistoric world exerts its rule all the more ruthlessly" (797).
According to Benjamin, "[l]aws and definite norms remain unwritten
in the prehistoric world." But from everything we have seen so far, it
should already be clear that the world of Kafka is not the prehistoric
world itself. Rather, Kafka'sworld is our world, in which the powers of
myth have become magnified to such a degree as to make it the most
terrible prehistoric world so far. Even though the proceedings
directed against K. take us back to a time far beyond the lex duodecim
tabularum, that is, the oldest codification of the Roman law, the
prehistoric world in question is one in which there are already
(though secret) lawbooks, that, indeed, contribute to making Kafka's
world more terrible than the prehistoric world itself. Because elements from the time of the giving of the twelve tablets are mixed into
this prehistoric world, it is a world worse than the primeval world
itself. Indeed, where the lawless law of the primeval world feeds on
aspects that constitute the giving of the law, that is, on its codified
form, its law becomes all the more dreadful. By drawing on what is
distinct from it, the archaic law of prehistory annuls the difference
between itself and its other, and thus gains a power more terrible than
the one that it possessed at the outset.
The mythic law's recourse to secret lawbooks in order to raise its
specter to new, and even more ruthless heights, reveals something
essential concerning its nature in Kafka's world. Even in its original,
that is, primeval state, this law is primarily law (Gesetz)in the sense of
the juridical law-Recht (not Gerechtigkeit)
as opposed to Unrecht.In all
its aspects, Kafka'sworld is pervaded by the sphere of the law in the
legal sense. Its main setting is that of legal institutions, above all,
registries and courts. As Benjamin remarks in a note: "It appears in
Kafka there is no other room for great figures, better, for the powers
of history, except in the courts. The legal system appears to have
made them bound (sich alle pflichtiggemachtzu haben)"(11,3,1193). As
a consequence, "the court is indistinguishable from any ordinary
situation" (11,3,1203), and any particular situation in Kafka'sworld is
essentially involved in legal issues. At the center of the individual's
activities in this world are those of interpreting: "The interpretation
of the law, the interpretation of the documents, constitutes the whole
content of The Trial and The Castle"(II,3,1229). Yet, as is well known,
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Benjamin considers the law in the legal sense of Recht, as the very
constitution of the sphere of the mythical. He writes: "In the works of
Kafka, the law has the character of a mythic formation" (11,3,1215).
The law is an institution of primeval and pitiless violence. And
Benjamin suggests: "As far as the daemonic nature of the law which
Kafka constantly faces is concerned, and which may well be the reason
for his cautiousness, one should consult the 'Critique of Violence"'
(II,3,1212). What then is it that this essay establishes? Benjamin holds
here that the law in the sense of Rechtoriginates in "violence crowned
by fate" (242).16 Whether understood as a means for just ends, or in
its non-mediate function of instituting what is to be the law, the
violence in question serves either to preserve an order imposed by
fate, or, in the case of law-making violence, to excel qua powermaking (Machtsetzung)in nothing other than mythical violence. Now
what is important for what is to follow, is that in "Critique of
Violence," Benjamin confronts the law and its laws with justice
(Gerechtigkeit).Legal violence can never decide about the justness of
the ends in whose presumed service mediate violence is exercised.
Whereas fate-imposed violence, according to Benjamin, decides about
the means, only God can decide about the justice of ends.17 Yet, lawmaking violence, whose archetypal form is mythical violence, is an
immediate manifestation of violence intent on establishing power.
But, even though it is a violence of a different kind, one that is not a
means for ends, law-making violence is still essentially mythic in that
its aim is to institute power. Distinct from it is God's pure non-mediate
violence. In "Critique of Violence," Benjamin asserts: "Just as in all
spheres God opposes myth, mythic violence is confronted by the
divine. And the latter constitutes its antithesis in all respects. If mythic
violence is law-making, divine violence is law-destroying; if the former
sets boundaries, the latter boundlessly destroys them; if mythic
violence brings at once guilt and retribution, divine power only
expiates; if the former threatens, the latter strikes; if the former is
bloody, the latter is lethal without spilling blood."18Divine violence is,
as Benjamin emphasizes, a violence outside and beyond the law, one
that breaks the rule of myth, and that, from a historical-philosophical
viewpoint, inaugurates in the present a new era. And he concludes:
"Once again all the eternal forms are available to pure divine
violence, which myth bastardized with law."'9Whether this statement
is meant to say that myth has debased the eternal forms by crossing
them with the law, or that the law as such is an illegitimate child of
divine violence, it follows from this that the law is unmistakably a
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Although worlds apart, the world of myth is the nether side of the
world of revelation. Very little-but this very little is everything-is
required to make one side veer into the other. It takes only a slight
adjustment (Zurechtstellungor Zurechtriickung)to undo the distortion
(Entstellung)by myth. In "FranzKafka,"Benjamin recalls that, according to a Jewish belief, "the Messiah . .. will not wish to change the
world by force but will merely make a slight (Geringes)adjustment in
it" (811). In a note that refers to this tradition, he clearly underlines
"the double function of distortion" in Kafka's presentation, at once a
distortion, and an adjustment of the latter (11,3,1200). This possibility
of a slight ('ein klein wenig') adjustment, by way of a dislocation, or
displacement, of distortion itself-a displacement of axis (Axenverschiebung),in fact, a term which Benjamin seems to have borrowed
order to turn the distorted
from Felix Bertaux (II,3,1200-01)-in
world into a redeemed world, is the remainder of transcendence fit
for a world of total immanence. Perhaps, this latter sense of distortion
as adjustment sheds some light on the following entry from 1931 in
Benjamin's journal, in which he addresses Bertold Brecht's comparison of Schweyk with the figure of K.: "Schweyk ... has learned that
the state of affairs is characterized by such lawlessness that he no
longer faces it in the expectation that it be lawful. By contrast, Kafka
encounters (stisst auf) already everywhere the law; yes, one can say
that he bangs his forehead bloody against it (die Stirn an ihm blutig
stosst) . . . but this is nowhere anymore the law of the world of things
in which he lives, it is no longer a law of a world of things to begin
with. It is the law of a new order in which all things in which it takes
shape stand askew (windschief); a law that distorts/dislocates all
things and all human beings in which it comes into an appearance"
(11,3,1205). The reference here to "the law of a new order" can hardly
refer to the one of the swamp world, nor can the wind which makes
the things of this new order stand askew be the same as the one that
blows from the netherworld. As the above entry in Benjamin'sjournal
suggests, its reflections are the fruit of Benjamin's discussions with
Brecht who regarded Kafka as a prophetic writer. According to
Brecht, Kafka anticipated "enormous displacements in all relations"
but was unable to become part of these "new orders" which are
"determined by dialectical laws which the existence of the masses
imposes on themselves and all individuals" (11,3,1203-04). For his
part, Benjamin remarks: "Kafka,it seems to me, is so dominated [by
the arrival of these new laws] that he is unable to represent any event
in an undistorted way as we understand it. Differently put, everything
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through sheer resoluteness, fixing his gaze on the distance, and thus
bringing a difference to bear on the immediacy and oppressive
proximity that everything has to everything else in the mythic world.
This resoluteness cuts through the bonds of the Sirens' temptation.
But this resoluteness in the treatment of the lure of myth is also, as we
will see, made possible by the Greek hero's reliance on reason, that is,
precisely, on what makes him a Greek. Indeed, by virtue of this
recourse to reason, Ulysses, in Kafka, represents the Greek model of
breaking with myth. According to "Potemkin," the privileged role of
Ulysses derives from the fact that he "after all, stands at the dividing
line between myth and fairy tale. Reason and cunning have inserted
tricks (Finten) into myths; their forces cease to be invincible. Fairy
tales are the traditional stories about victory over these forces" (799).
In the notes, Benjamin is even more elaborate: "In the face of myth,
the naive guilt- and sinless creature, through the figure of the fartraveled and shrewd Ulysses who is never at a loss, reasserts again its
right (Anrecht)to reality. This is a right that is chartered by the fairy
tale, and which is more original than the mythic 'legal order', even
though its literary testimony may be more recent" (11,3,1263). Ulysses,
consequently, is no longer a mythic figure. With his gaze on the
distance, he breaks with the immediacy of myth, and stands on the
threshold of another age of the world. It is reason and cunning-logos
and metis-Greek empowerments if any, that permit Ulysses to
undercut the tyranny of myth. But by inserting tricks in the name of
reason into the overpowering presence of the mythic legal order,
Ulysses is also said to reclaim "the naive guilt- and sinless creature's"
entitlement to reality. This association of Ulysses with "the naive guiltand sinless creature," in short, with the pre-lapsarian state of man, is
highly significant. Reason and cunning make up the reality of "the
guilt- and sinless creature." It is precisely at the acme of myth's power
over the human creature, that is, at the moment that it promises
redemption, that reason and cunning-Greek empowerments, par
excellence-cut
through the mythic legal web, and reassert the
innocent creature's right to reality.
At this point, a brief return to Benjamin's depiction of Kafka's
holders of power in "Potemkin"may be appropriate. Both fathers and
officials are described as terrible, as "enormous parasites. This, of
course, refers not to the economic context, but to the forces of reason
and humanity from which this clan make a living. In the same way,the
fathers in Kafka'sstrange families batten on their sons, lying on top of
them like giant parasites" (796). Both fathers and officials, that is to
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record of the victory over [the forces of myth], and fairy tales for
dialecticians are what Kafka wrote when he went to work on legends.
He inserted little tricks into them; then he used them as proof 'that
inadequate, even childish measures may also serve as a means of
rescue"' (799; translation modified). As retold by Kafka, the story of
Ulysses is a fairy tale, a non-mythic form of breaking with myth at the
moment it promises deliverance from itself, more precisely, it is a
non-mythic form of redemption from myth. Reason and cunning are
the means by which the invincible powers of myth are overcome, and
the illusion of its promise is dispelled. The childish measures that
Ulysses takes to overcome the semblance characteristic of myth-his
feints and tricks-are forms of semblance as well. They are the means
by which the order of myth at the hands of reason is undone by its
own mythic means. This, consequently, is the specifically Greek way of
asserting the right of "the naive guilt- and sin-less creature" against
the mythic legal order.
It is with this reference to inadequate, and even childish measures
that Kafka, as Benjamin recalls, "begins his story 'Das Schweigen der
Sirenen' [The Silence of the Sirens]. For Kafka'sSirens are silent; they
have 'an even more terrible weapon than their song ... their silence'.
This they used on Ulysses" (799). But why is the Sirens' silence so
much more terrifying a weapon than their song? Given the contextBenjamin's discussion of a mythic redemption from myth-the
Sirens' silence is the more terrible weapon because it suggests that
their deadly song is no longer to be feared. But Ulysses does not fall
for the fatal seduction of the sea-songstresses who refrain from their
charm in order to better lead sailors to certain death. "[He], so Kafka
tells us, 'was so full of guile, was such a fox, that not even the goddess
of fate could pierce his armor. Perhaps he had really noticed
(although here human understanding is out of its depth) that the
Sirens were silent, and he opposed the' transmitted 'pretense
(Scheinvorgang)to them and the gods merely as a sort of shield"' (799;
translation modified). Ulysses wards off the deadlier threat of the
Sirens by opposing to their silence the transmitted fictitious or
simulated assumption that they lure sailors by their song as a
protective shield. If Ulysses had truly realized that the Sirens were
silent, he overcomes their terrifying attraction by using one semblance-Circe's advice to block up his ears with wax-to undo
another, more terrible one, the threat to ensnare their victims with
the illusion of a promise of redemption. As is well known, muteness,
the inability to speak, is a feature of myth. If Kafka's Sirens refrain
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from singing, and become silent, these mythical figures reveal their
true mythic nature. But if they are silent in Kafka, it is also, as
Benjamin remarks, because for Kafka, music and singing are "a token
of hope which comes to us from that intermediate world-at once
unfinished and everyday,comforting and silly-in which assistants are
at home" (799).26 Music and singing resound from the intermediate
world of those who do not belong to the hetaeric world-those for
whom alone there is, perhaps, hope in Kafka'sworld. Indeed, "Kafka
is like the lad who set out to learn what fear was." Once "[h]e has got
into Potemkin's palace and finally, in the depths of its cellar,"it is not
the Law he discovers, and which could be upheld against the
bastardized laws of the mythic legal world, but only Josephine, a
singing mouse. In this mouse's whistling, an unfinishedness is heard,
a kind of mixture as well, entirely different from mythic confusion
and indifference: "'Something of our poor, brief childhood is in it,
something of lost happiness which can never be found again, but also
something of active present-day life, of its small gaieties, unaccountable and yet real and unquenchable"' (799). Its overall gaiety, one
that does not let itself be deadened, is so intense that it transcends the
misery of the given, and suggests a gaze into the distance. Josephine's
singing, all by itself, is the index of hope, and the possibility of
redemption. To promise more would be indecent, just like the
promises theology makes. Even though, according to Benjamin,
Kafka insists on the Law, nothing is made out of it; as regards the
doctrine itself, it is, as he remarks, nowhere made explicit as such
(11,3,1204).
For Benjamin, as we have seen, the concept of the law, that is, most
likely, of "the"law, or the Law, cannot serve to decipher Kafka'swork.
The "cloudy spot" in Kafka's writings not only lacks clarity because
nothing determined about "the" law can be discerned in it, but,
particularly, because this law is just one of a swarm of laws collected
and kept from definitely forming. The sheer multitude of these laws
alone which are packed into the spot in question contributes to its
indistinct nature. Apart from God's Law, and the Mosaic Law, this
spot holds in full suspension the law of prehistory, the nameless
mythical law, the Roman Law, the law of reason, the right of "the
naive guilt- and sinless creature" to reality, the so-called new laws, and,
perhaps, as the presence of Barnabas in the intermediate world
suggests, a reference to the Pauline conception of a cancellation of
the Law. Some of these laws are sham laws, some are nameless, or
even lawless. Adding to the confusion is the fact that all these laws
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refer to something other than themselves. They are not only revealed,
publicly codified in writing, withheld from view, absent or present,
binding oppressively some, and to a lesser degree, others. But these
laws also share relations to each other. Indeed, the non-transparency
of the "cloudy spot" is linked in a fundamental manner to the way
these various laws are interconnected. They mirror each other; they
have a nether side; one law can be touched in the lining of another;
they blend, and are parasitic upon one another. God's Law, the law
against making images, is codified by the ten commandments, and
graven in stone. The mythic law, or more generally, the law in a legal
sense, is a distortion or bastardization of the Divine law. A slight
adjustment of the mythic distortion is found sufficient to make the
mythic law veer into the Divine Law.By "studying"the modes in which
the Law as an injunction not to present, and above all, not to present
itself, is intrinsically intertwined with its distorting presentation in
other laws-distortion with adjustment; bastardization with restoration, and so forth-the "law"of the "cloudy spot"may come into view.
However, this "law"of the laws, if not of "the"law, would not therefore
lift all ambiguity from the "cloudy spot." Although a formal law
interlinking, in an economic manner, all the different laws of the
enigma that flocculates in Kafka'swork, the elusive nature of some of
these laws remains necessarily inscribed in the "law"in question. But
there is another reason why the ambiguity of the "cloudy spot" cannot
be completely undone. On the final pages of "FranzKafka,"Benjamin
refers to the legal scholar, Bucephalus, who no longer practices the
law, but only studies it, and argues that "[t] he law which is studied but
no longer practiced is the gate to justice." He writes: "The gate to
justice is study. Yet Kafka doesn't dare attach to this study the
promises which tradition has attached to the study of the Torah. His
assistants are sextons who have lost their house of prayer; his students
are pupils who have lost the Holy Writ [Schrift].Now there is nothing
that restrains them anymore on their 'empty, and happy journey.'
Kafka, however, has found the law of his journey" (815; translation
modified). Benjamin identifies Kafka here with Sancho Panza, who,
as the latter writes, diverts his demon, called Don Quixote, from
harming
a lot of romances
of chivalry and
adventure for the evening and night hours,"' and thus remains a free
man while his demon gets himself involved in the maddest exploits
(815-16).27 Bucephalus, the powerful Alexander's horse, interrupts
the legal system by studying, rather than practicing it. Sancho Panza
keeps himself free of his demon by playing the trick on Don Quixote
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which Kafka's parables accompany and which K.'s postures and the
gestures of his animals clarify? It does not exist; all we can say is that
here and there we have an allusion to it. Kafka might have said that
these are relics transmitting the teachings, although we could just as
well regard them as precursors preparing the teachings" (803). What
is present as an allusion to the doctrine that Kafka's stories illustrate
is of the order of relics and/or anticipations of the doctrine. If Kafka's
stories are the Haggadah to the Halachah, in which the ritual aspects
of the Jewish Law appear as restrictions on an ever-present hetaeric
world, we are clearly within Kafka'soppressive and gloomy legal world
of courts and offices. Speaking of the doctrine, Benjamin writes that
since it is never made explicit by Kafka, "one can only try to elicit
from [it] the surprising behavior of the people which is either born
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from fear or incites fear" (11,3,1204). The doctrine can thus be made
out from the behavior of the holders of power and their subordinates.
On several other occasions, the doctrine is questioned for having
brought bad fortune to its followers (11,3,1229). This seems to present
the doctrine as a relic. But what about the allusions that may serve as
a precursor to the doctrine, to a doctrine different from that of the
past? The very lack of anything explicit about the doctrine is what
qualifies this lack as precursory of the coming doctrine. As Benjamin
remarks in his essay, Kafkafailed "in his grandiose attempt to convert
poetry into teachings, to turn it into a parable and restore to it that
stability and unpretentiousness which, in the face of reason, seemed
to him the only appropriate thing for it. No other writer has obeyed
the commandment 'Thou shalt not make unto thee a graven image'
so faithfully" (808). If this commandment is, indeed, the Law, it is in
being silent about it that Kafka shows himself to be a Jewish thinker
and writer. At the same time, the restraint on presentation, "in the
face of reason," makes Kafka a Greek. I conclude with the following
reflection by Benjamin on Kafka's parables: "They are parables and
they are still more. They don't just lie at the feet of the doctrine, as
the Haggadah lies at Halachah's feet. They rise and unexpectedly
raise up a weighty paw against it" (11,3,1260).
State Universityof New Yorkat Buffalo
NOTES
1 Walter Benjamin, SelectedWritings, Vol. II (1927-1934), ed. M. W. Jennings
[Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999]. All simple page references within
the text refer to this work.
2 All page references in the text preceded by 11,3, refer to the annotations on
"FranzKafka"in Walter Benjamin, Gesammelte
Schriften,Vol. II, 3 [Frankfurt/Main,
1977], pp. 1153-1276. Since I will make abundant references to the notes that
Benjamin made in preparation for the "Franz Kafka" essay, and in view of a
planned revision, all of which have been collected in these annotations, it may be
wise to recall Benjamin's own remark in the essay on Kafka posthumously
published notes and reflections. He writes: "It is easier to draw speculative
conclusions from Kafka's posthumous collection of notes than to explore even
one of the motifs that appear in his stories and novels" (807). In the collected
notes, he adds: "As much as one is first drawn to the collection of notes, one
should take equal precaution when studying them" (11,3,1235).
3 Werner Hamacher has made this connection as well. In an analysis of Benjamin's
contention that "the cloudy spot [in the parable] deprives the parable of its
parabolic character in order to raise it to [the status of] a symbol" (11,3,1258),
Hamacher, basing himself on the relation between the parable "Before the Law"
and the novel, The Trial,has linked the cloudiness of this spot in Kafka'swritings
to the essential unrepresentability of the Law whose main (if not sole) injunction
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