B.C.

M SENIOR
SCHOOL

SECONDARY

PROJECT
REPORT ON
TRANSFORME
RS

Submitted To: Mrs SANDEEP

SINGH
Submitted By: Niharika Joshi
CLASS: XII MEDICAL
ROLL NO:

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Niharika Joshi
student of Class XII Science B.C.M
SENIOR SECONDARY. SCHOOL, has
completed the project titled
Transformers towards partial fulfillment
of credit for the Physics practical
evaluation of CBSE 2017, and submitted
satisfactory report, as compiled in the
following pages, under my
supervision.MR SANDEEP SINGH
Department of B.C.M SENIOR
SECONDARY SCHOOL

Acknowledgements
"There are times when silence speaks so
much more loudly than words of praise to
only as good as belittle a person, whose
words do not express, but only put over true
feelings, which are of gratitude at this point
of time."I would like to express my sincere
gratitude to my physics mentor for his vital
support, guidance and encouragement,
without which this project would not have
come forth. I would also like to express my
gratitude to the staff of the Department of
Physics at B.C.M SENIOR SECONDARY.

SCHOOL for their support during the

making of this project.

PARUL SYAL

TRANSFORMER

HISTORY

In 1831, MICHEAL FARADAY and JOSEPH

HENRY independently gave the principle of
transformer in the form of electromagnetic
induction showing: where is the magnitude of
the EMF in volts and B is the magnetic flux
through the circuit in webers The first type of
transformer to see wide use was the induction
coil, invented by Rev. Nicholas Callan of
Maynooth College, Ireland in 1836. . Between
the 1830s and the 1870s, efforts to build better
induction coils, mostly by trial and error, slowly
revealed the basic principles of transformers.

WHY A TRANSFORMER?
1) The long distance transmission of electrical
energy is always done at higher voltages. But
we receive only 220 V at home from a high
voltage wire of around 100 kV. HOW IS THAT
POSSIBLE ? WHO CONVERTS IT ?
2) P = I2R
3) The Loss of power transmission lines is I2R
To reduce the power loss AC is transmitted over
a long distances at extremely high voltages.
This reduces I in same ratio, therefore I2R
becomes comparatively negligible. Which
reduce loss of energy during transmission.

4). High voltage currents were needed to be

generated and transmitted to deliver necessary
power over a great distance.

5). A device that used to change high voltage

current into low voltage current and vice-versa.
Transformer

6). It is based on principle of MUTUAL

INDUCTION. According to which an e.m.f. is
induced in a coil when current in the
neighbouring coil changes.

INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting
a low alternating voltage to a high alternating
voltage or a high alternating voltage into a low
alternating voltage. It is a static electrical device
that transfers energy by inductive coupling
between its winding circuits.
Transformers RANGEinsize from a thumbnailsized coupling transformer hidden inside a stage
microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of
tons used in power plant substations or to
interconnect portions of the power grid. All
operate on the same basic principles, although
the range of designs is wide.
While new technologies have eliminated the
needfor transformers in some electronic
circuits,transformers are still found in many
electronic devices. Transformers are essential
for high-voltage electric power transmission,
which makeslong-distance transmission
economically practical.A transformer is most
widely used device in bothlow and high current
circuit. In a transformer, the electrical energy

transfer from one circuit to another circuit takes

place without the use of moving parts. A
transformer which increases the voltages is
called a step-up transformer. A

Transformer in reality steps down the current & a step down transformer steps up the
current

STEP UP TRANSFORMER

ES > EP
NS>NP

STEP DOWN
TRANSFORMER

ES < EP
< NP

NS

ENERGY LOSSES
In practice, the output energy of a transformer is
always less than the input energy, because
energy losses occurdue to a number of reasons
as explained below.

1.LOSS OF MAGNETIC FLUX: The coupling

between thecoils is seldom perfect. So,
whole of the magnetic fluxproduced by the
primary coil is not linked up with
thesecondary coil

2.IRON LOSS: In actual iron cores in spite of

lamination,Eddy currents are produced. The
magnitude of eddycurrent may, however be

small. And a part of energy islost as the heat

produced in the iron core.
LAMINATING THE CORE GREATLY REDUCES
EDDY CURRENT LOSSES

Laminated
Core

transformer

3. COPPER LOSS: In practice, the coils of the

transformer possess resistance. So a part of the
energy is lost due tothe heat produced in the
resistance of the coil
4. HYSTERESIS LOSS: The alternating current
in the coiltapes the iron core through complete
cycle ofmagnetization. So Energy is lost due to
hysteresis.
5. MAGNETO RESTRICTION: The alternating
current in the. Transformer may be set its parts
in to vibrations andsound may be produced. It is
called humming. Thus, a part of energy may be
lost due to humming

USES OF TRANSFORMER
1)
A
transformer is used in almost all a.c.
operations in voltage regulator for T.V.,
refrigerator, computer, air conditioner etc.

2)
induction furnaces

In the

Transformer used in induction furnaces.

3)
A step
down transformer is used for welding
purposes.

4) A step down transformer is used for

obtaining large current.

5)
A step
up transformer is used for the production of
X-Rays and NEON advertisement

6)
Transfo
rmers are used in voltage regulators and
stabilized power supplies.

7) Transformers are used in the transmissions

ofa.c. over long distances.

8)Small transformers are used in Radio

sets,telephones, loud speakers and electric
bellsetc.

smalltorroidal core tranformer

Ideal transformer equations (eq.)

By Faraday's law of induction

. . . (1)[a]

. . . (2)
Combining ratio of (1) & (2)

Turns ratio

. . . (3) where

for step-down transformers, a > 1

for step-up transformers, a < 1
By law of Conservation of Energy, apparent,real and reactive power are each
conserved in the input and output
. . . (4)
Combining (3) & (4) with this endnote[b] yields the ideal transformer identity

. (5)