CALCULUS 1 - FINAL

Functions

2
2
a b =( ab )( a+ b )
Integration
Summations
Useful Trig Identities
3
3 n
2
2
Antiderivative
is the inverse function
of the
a b =( a b ) ( a ab+ b )
sin 2 x+cos 2 x =1
tan 2 x+ 1=sec 2 x
Definition:
x
=x
+
x
+
+
x
derivative

2i
21
22
2
n
a 4b 4=
i=1( a b )( a +b )
cot 2 x+1=csc 2 x
F' ( x ) =f ( x ) f ( x )=F ( x)
n
n 1
n2
n3 2
n2
n1
nn
n
Double/Half
Angles
)
Theorem of Calculus
a b =( a b ) ( a a b+an( n+1)
b a b + b Fundamental
c =cn
i= 2 a
sin derivative
2 x=2sin x of
cosanx anti-derivative
1. The
i=1x if x 0
i=1
x
2
n
|x|=
cos 2 x=cos xsin 2 x
Common
if f ( x ) is continuous on [ a , b ] f ( t ) dt is continuous
xDefinite
if x< 0 Integrals[ n+b for odd n ]
2 tan x

a
f ( x)
f ( x)dx
f (x)
f (x)dx
tan 2 x=
2
x
x
1tan
x
[a
,b
]
on
c
cand
x Minimum
a
Maximum
Valuesa (Extreme
x
Increasing
and Decreasing Functions
values)
d
a>0, a 1
ln a
and Checks
) dt=f (xthe
) value of f ( x) is
f ( twhether
Absolute
Maximum:
Highest
point onx domain
n
n +1
x
dx a
x
x
e
e
increasing
or
decreasing
Absolute Minimum: Lowest point on domain
If x Increasing:
is a function, use fthe
If a is' (a )
n+1
Abs. max/min
only exists on a [closed domain]
(Extreme
( x 1chain
) < f ( xrule.
f x >0
2)
function, use properties to turn it into a workable' function.
Value
Theorem)
1
ln x
ln x
x ln xx
f ( x1 )> f ( x2 )
Decreasing:
f ( x )< 0
Formulas:
Finding
Max/Min (First Derivative Test) Derived
x
v(x)
'
f ( x 1 )=f' ( x 2)
Constant:
d
f ( x )=0
(1) Locate critical
values ( f ' ( c )=0, DNE and
Trigonometric
f ( t ) dt=v f (v )
dx a
coscx D f ) sin x
sin x
cos x
b
(2)2 xDraw atan
sign
x diagram.
tan xMark all critical values.
sec
d
f ( t ) dt =u' f (u)
ln |sec x|
Concavity
dx u(x)
''
''
cos x
f ( x ) >0 Concave up
f ( x ) <0 Concave
ln
Down
sec x
sec x+ tan xcsc x cot x csc x
f ' ' ( x )=0 Inflection point
ln
sec x tan x sec x
csc x
csc xcot x
ln
2
cot x
sin x
cot x
csc x
ln
1
arcsin x
1
arcsec x
2
2
arccsc x
1x arccos x
x x 1
Second
Derivative Test (Alternate way to find
1
arctan x
1
1
x
min/max)
arctan ( )
2
2
2
a
a
1+
x
x +a
x=c is an extreme
If point
point

Drawing Graphs
(1) Plot minimum, maximum points
(2) Plot inflection points
(3) Connect the points
based on concavity
(4) Label all points.
Dont draw over the axis unless the y/x-intercepts are known.
Applied Minimum and Maximum Problems (Optimization)
(1) Draw a figure. Label all variables. (2) Find a formula to relate the variables.
(3) Eliminate all variables except the one needed.
(4) Derive with respect to that variable, and make f ' ( )=0
Rolles Theorem (There is a max/min in between two points with the same y-value)
If f is (1) continuous on [a ,b ]
(2) differentiable on (a , b)
(3) f ( a )=f (b)
Then x=c exists on a< c< b such that f ' ( c )=0
(can be many c values)
Mean Value Theorem (The slope of a tangent is equal to the slope of the secant)
If f is
(1) continuous on [a ,b ]
(2) differentiable on (a , b)
Then

x=c

exists on

a< c< b

such that

f ' ( c )=

f ( b )f (a)
ba

Note: be sure to check all conditions before using the theorems

Integrals of Trigonometric Products

sinn x cos m x dx
cos 2 x+ sin 2 x =1 :

se c n x tan m x dx
tan 2 x+ 1=sec 2 x :
tan power is odd

sin or cos is odd: Keep one odd, convert the rest.

u=even , du=odd
sin power is odd
Keep one sin 1 x , convert the rest into cos
Use u-substitution [u=cos x , du=sin x dx]

cos power is odd

cos1 x

Keep one

, convert the rest into

sec x tan x

Keep one

, convert the rest into

sec

.
Use u-substitution

+
C.
sin

[u=sec x , du=sec x tan x dx ]

sec power is even

se c 2 x

Keep one

tan

Use u-substitution [u=sin x ,du=cos x dx ]

Both Powers are odd: Use either one above.

, convert the rest into

.
2

[u=tan x , du=sec x dx ]

Use u-substitution

1
1
sin 2 x= (1cos 2 x ) , cos 2 x= ( 1+ cos 2 x ) :
2
2

cs c x co t xdx
1+co t 2 x=cs c 2 x :

sin and cos powers are even

csc power is even

cos 2 x=12 sin2 x=2 cos2 x1

1
2
Use sin x= (1cos 2 x )
2
1
2
cos x= (1+ cos 2 x )
2

cs c2 x

Keep one

cot

, convert the rest into

Use u-substitution

[u=cot x ,du=csc x dx ]

Definite
Integrals
cot power
is odd (Area)

Integral of different angle trig products

FormalKeep
Definition
Sums
one csc(Riemanns
the First
rest into
x cot x , convert
Principles)
csc .
b

If f ( x ) is continuous on [ a , b ] , f ( x ) dx=lim f ( x i ) x
n i=1

x=

ba
n

(leave n as variable). Choose a, b to be

integration limits
Working Definition
b

x i=a+ x i (leave i as variable)

b

Area enclosed=
f ( x ) dx= F ( x ) ]a=F
( b )chain
F (a)rule of
Integration
by
Substitution
The
integration

Integration Properties

f g dx= fdx dx
a

f dx=0
c

f ( g ( x ) ) g ' (x)dx= f ( u ) du
a

g(a)

u (inside function) Find du=dx

b
c

Integration by Parts The product rule of integration

b

u dv=uv v du

and

u dv=uv ] a v du
a

by finding u and dv and computing

u= dv=dx
=
du=dx
u and dv should be set such that the result is easier to calculate than the original equation.

(and

of borders)
Substitute back into . Be sure there is no x
dx . Only u
Evaluate and substitute u back so the answer
contains x

fdx= fdx+ fdx ,a< c <b

a

u=g (x) ,

Choose

fdx= fdx

a
b

If

cfdx=c fdx

g(b)

A question may involve integrating by parts multiple times.

or

Area between Curves

b

x:axis: y=f ( x ) borders of x=: A= [ upper function ] [ lower function ] dx

a

y-axis: x=f ( y ) borders of y=, A= [ ] dy

c

Trigonometric Substitution
If you see
substitute
and the identity

a x
2

with

If you see
and solve.

1sin =cos

a2 + x 2
2

If you see

<<
2
2

x=a tan

a x2 +bx +c

the square to obtain

2
2

x=a sin

under the condition

a2b 2 x

, complete

( dx+ e ) + f
2

, then let

bx=a sin ; etc.

1tanFractions
=sec
Partial
Solving integrals

p ( x)

q(x ) dx
p ( x ) <q ( x) ].

(1) Make sure the degree of numerator < degree of denominator [

p(x)
Remainder
= Answer +
q(x )
q ( x)

If not then do long division

(2) Factor out the denominator (Make sure its really REALLY factored out)
(3) Separate out into Partial Fractions.
If the
denominator

Partial Fraction Term is

If the
denominator is

Not Repeating

(ax +b)(cx +d )

( ax +b )k

Partial Fraction Term is

Repeating

A
B
+
ax+ b cx +d
A1
A2
Ak
+
+
2
ax+ b ( ax +b ) .
( ax +b )k

Ax +B
+
a x 2 +bx +c
A 1 x + B1

(a x + bx+ c)

( a x 2+ bx+ c )

+
(a x 2+ bx+ c)
A 2 x + B2
+A k x + Bk
+
2
k
( a x2 +bx +c )
( a x2 +bx +c )

Improper Integrals
For integrals with discontinuous or infinite intervals.

a is any

number
t

f ( x ) dx

f ( x ) dx

()
b

f (x) dx lim
a

f ( x ) dx lim
t

f ( x ) dx
t

f ( x ) dx f ( x ) dx+ f ( x )dx

()

Volume of Revolutions
Method
Disks

Revolved about x-axis

Revolved about y-axis

V = r [ f ( x ) ] dx
2

V = r [ f ( y ) ] dy
2

Washer
s

(( outer radius )2( inner radius )2 )dx

a

(( outer radius )2( inner radius )2 )dy

c

Cylinde
rs

2 yf ( y ) dy
c

2 xf ( x ) dx
a

Length of a curve

Length of curve from [a,b]

is
b

L= 1+ [ f ' ( x ) ] dx
a

Sequences

The sequence
ex.

Infinite Series

{a n }n=1 a1 ,a 2 , a3 , an ,

Sum to infinity of a series:

{ 4 n+1 } 5,9,13,

Convergent Sequence: A sequence in which

S = an a 1+ a2+ +a n+

lim an

n=1

Partial Sum: Sum of the first nth term:

exists
(is a number)
Geometric Series

S n= ai=(a1 +a 2+ + an )

a r n1 =a+ar + a r 2+ a r 3 + , a 0

i=1

n=1

Convergent Series: Series in which

a rn
r= n1
r is the ratio of the series (constant)
ar
a
If
then the sum of the series = S =
Convergence
Tests for Infinite Series
1r

lim S n

A Convergent Series has a finite sum. A Divergent Series has an undefined/Infinite sum.
Suppose an have positive terms,
Test
Series
Convergence or Divergence
Notes
nth term test
Inconclusive if
an
lim
a

0
(a)
Diverges n n
(Divergence)
lim an=0
n

Geometric Series

p-series
Limit Comparison
(b)

Ratio

ar

n1

1
p
n

Two series
an ,

b n
an

Converges
Diverges

|r|<1
|r| 1

Converges
Diverges

p>1
p 1

If

lim

an
>0
bn

sum is

an

then

and

Converges

an

bn

Converges

an+1
<1
n an
a
lim n+1 > 1,=
n an

Inconclusive if

Inconclusive if

lim

lim ( an ) n <1

Diverges

lim ( an ) n >1,=

lim

1
n

then lim a n=0 . The converse is not always true.

n

Taylor and Maclaurin Series

An infinite series that estimates the value of a function

n
If all derivatives of function f exists (if f ( x) exists for all n),

a represents the center of the series. (function at a, about a, centered at a)

Taylor Series:
f ( a )+

'
''
'' '
f (a )
f (a)
f ( a)
( xa ) +
( xa )2+
( xa )3 +
1!
2!
3!

Maclaurin Series:
A Taylor series centered at 0 ( a=0 )

f ( 0 )+

'
''
'' '
f (0)
f ( 0) 2 f ( 0 ) 3
x+
x+
x +
1!
2!
3!

Showing Work
Write the derivatives of f before plugging it in the series.

[ f ( x )= f ( a )= f ' ( x )= f ' ( a )= f '' ( x ) = f ' ' ( a )= ]

an+1
=1
an

lim ( an ) n =1

(a) note if a series is convergent,

a
1r

will both converge or diverge

Diverges
Root

If convergent, series

Common Derivatives

f (x)
c

f ' ( x)
0

xn
x
log a x

n x n1
1/(2 x)
1
x ln a

sin x
cos x
tan x

cos x
sin x
sec 2 x

f (x)
ax
ex
ln x
( x> 0)

f ' ( x)
a x ln a
ex
1/ x

Trigonometric

sec x
csc x
cot x

sec x tan x
csc x cot x
csc 2 x

Inverse Trigonometric

arcsin x

1
1x 2
arccos x
1
1x 2
arctan x
1
1+ x 2
(All Positive)

sin h x
cos h x
tan h x

Folk Narongrit December 3 2016

Definite Integration by
the Limit Definition

arcsec x

x x 21
arccsc x
1
x x 21
arccot x 1
1+ x 2

Hyperbolic Trigonometric
Negative)

cosh x
+sinh x
sec 2 x

(All

csc h x csch x coth x

sec h x sech x tanh x
cot h x csch2 x

f (x) concaves up on
Solve the
(,2 ) (0, )
integral
f (x) concaves down on

x 2x +3 dx
0

ba 10 1
x=
=
=
n
n
n

(2,0)
1
3
5
f (2 )=4, f ( 0 )=0
2
)( 4 x+ 16
( 2 x 2 +10 ) ( 4 x +16)dx + ( 4 x+16 ()(2
x
+10)dx
+
( 2 x)2+ 10
0,0 ) and (2,4
are

Top FunctionBottom Functiondx

Solve for

xi

and

1
x i =a+ x i=0+ i
n

] [

inflection
points
3

] [

2
2 3
2
x 32 x2 6 x +
x +2 x 2 +6 x + x 32 x2 6 x
3
3
3the graph
Draw
2
1
14 64 64 142
+ + =

3 3 3
3

i 2 i
f ( x )=x x +3 f ( x )=
+3
n
n

Find f (xi )
2

1
1

()

5
3

Solve:
n

f ( x ) x=nlim

Area= lim

i=1

lim

i=1

i=1

[( ) ( ) ] [ ]

[ () ]
i2
i 3
2 +
3
n
n
n

2
i Sketch
i a Graph
1
from

+3
nthe given
n
ninformation
4
x
f ( x )= + x 3
4

Find the intervals on which

f is increasing or
decreasing
n
n
n
1
1
1
2
Find the local maximum
lim 3 i 2 i+ 3
n 1
and minimum values of f
n n
n 1
1
Find the intervals of
Use Properties:
concavity and inflection
)
1 n ( n+1 )( 2 n+1 )
1 n ( n+1
1
points
lim

+ ( 3 n)
3
2
6
2
n information to
n
n
n
Use the
sketch the graph of f
Simplify
Separate out constants
(n):

lim

[(
[(

)(

)( )

2 n +3 n+1
n+1

+3
2
2n
6n

)(

Solve the limit:

[( ) ( ) ]
2

2n 3n 1
n 1
+ 2+ 2
+
2
n
n n
n n

+3
2n
6 n2
n
n2

)]

x4
f ( x )= +x 3 , D f R
4
'
(
)
f x =x 3 +3 x 2=x 2 ( x +3)

Actual graph

First Derivative Test

f ' ( x )=0 0=x 2 ( x +3 ) x=0,3 D f

Mean Value Theorem

Verify that the function
f ( x )=x 3 +2 x 2x satisfies
the conditions of the Mean
3 1
f ( x ) is increasing on the
1
Value Theorem on the
2+ + 2
1+
n n
interval [1,2] , then
interval (3,0 ) (0, )
n
lim

+3
Determine all numbers c
6
2
f ( x ) is decreasing on
n
that satisfies the
1
the interval (,3)
1 1
17
17
2
conclusions of the Mean
+3= x x +3 dx=
Value Theorem.
3 2
6
6
0
f (3 )=6.75 is a local
Check for continuity
Area Between Curves
minimum
f (x) is a polynomial and
Determine the area of the region bounded
byis no local
There
is
continuous on all real
2
y=2 x +10, y=4 x +16, x=2, x=5 maximum. f ( 0 )=0 is not
numbers.
Draw a graph, shade the
an extreme value.
Thus f ( x) is continuous
area, and find intersection
on [-1,2]
points
Concavity Test
Check for
''
2
f ( x )=3 x +6 x=3 x ( x+ 2)
Differentiability
''
f ( x )=0 0=3 x ( x+2 ) x=0,2 Df f (x) is a polynomial and
its derivative exists in all
real numbers.

lim

[( ) ( ) ]

Thus f(x) is differentiable

on (-1,2)
Therefore f(x) satisfies
the MVT conditions

f ' ( x )=3 x2 + 4 x1
f ( b )f (a)
f ' ( c )=
ba
f ( 2 )f (1)
3 c 2+ 4 c 1=
2(1)
142
3 c 2+ 4 c 1=
3
4 76
c=

6
Integration by Parts

sin ( ln x ) dx

[
[

u=sin ( ln x ) , dv=dx
1
du= cos ln x , v=x
x

sin ( ln x ) dx=x sin (ln x) cos( ln x )dx

u=cos ( ln x ) , dv=dx
1
du=
sin ln x , v=x
x
x
ln

sin
sin ( ln x ) dx=x sin (ln x)x cos ln x
x
ln

dx

sin
2
x
ln

dx

sin

(As an alternative, you can start

with u=ln x, and then do
integration by parts later)

Integral of
Trigonometric Products

2 x 4 x+5 :
5
2 x 2+2 x
2

tan3 x dx
tan power is odd. Keep one
sec x tan x and change
the other tan x
(Note if there is no sec x,
you can do

1
)
sec x

[(

[u=tan x , du=sec x dx ]
u5 ( 1+u2 ) du
u 6 u8
u5 +u7 du= + + c
6 8
6
8
tan x tan x

+
+c
6
8

( ) )( 72 )]
2
2

Complete the square

Trigonometric
Substitution

tan 5 x ( 1+ tan 2 x ) sec 2 x dx

2 x 2+ 2 x +

16
dx
2
2
x
49
x

1
tan 3 xdx=sec x tan x
ta n2 x dx Consider
49 x 2 :
sec x
[ a2x 2 :use x=asin ] , a= 4=2
1
sec x tan x
( sec 2 x1 ) dx
3 x=2 sin Substitution
sec x
2
2
[u=sec x , du=sec x tan x dx ]
x= sin , dx= cos d
2
3
3
u 1

du
2
u
2
2
49 x = 49 3 sin
1
u2
u du= ln |u|+ c
u
2

2
sec x
1sin2

ln|sec x|+c

2
4
5
4
tan x se c x dx
44 sin2 =
sec power is odd. Keep

one sec2x and change the

as- , 4 cos2 =2 cos
2
2
other sec x
5
2
2
so 49 x 2=2 cos
tan x sec x sec x dx
sec x tan x

Consider

2 ( x +1 )2

2 x 24 x +5

So

72 ( x+ 1 )

7
=72 ( x+1 )2
2
=

[ a2x 2 :use x=asin ] , a= 7

2 ( x +1 )= 7 sin
Substitution

7
sin 1 ,
2
7
d= cos d
2
x=

( (

7 2

) )

7
sin +1 + 1
2

2
1sin

cos2
Therefore,

16
16
2
dx=
(
cosd)
7

2
3
2
x 49 x 2
7

sin ( 2cos )
3
77 sin 2 =
12
sin2 d=12cot +c
2 x 24 x +5
Use right triangle to
7 cos , with
answer in terms of x

2
3x

x= sin , sin =
2
2
3
2

Therefore

Now,

cot =

adj 49 x 2
=
opp
3x

Substitute back into

answer:

49 x 2
12 cot +c=12

3x
16
4 49 x 2
dx=
+c
2
x
x 49 x 2
1
dx

2
2 x 4 x +5

2 x 4 x +5
2

dx=

1
(
7 cos

1
d
2

1
+ C
2
7
x= sin 1,
2

2
(

7 ( x +1)
1
1

dx= arcsin (

2
2 x 4 x+5

sin =

2
( x +1 ) =arcsin
7
2

Convergence Test

Determine whether the

following series is
convergent or divergent. If
it is convergent find its
sum.

n=1

7 n+1 1
+
4n n

7 n+1
1
, b n=
n
4
n
Consider an ,
Let

an =

Use the divergence n-th

term test:

7 7
7
7
Note: As an alternative,
n+1
n
4
7
4
lim n =lim n =lim
= 0 7 n+1
1
n 4
n 4
n
4 n can be
n
n=1
4

()

calculated using the

geometric series, with

Thus the series

an is divergent using
the divergence test.

As

n=1

7 n+1
n
4

( )

a=7,r =

is

divergent,

n=1

7 n+1 1
+
n
4
n

is also divergent.

( )

1n
n=1

( )

7
, and
4

can be

calculated using the pseries.