INTRODUCTION

TO
URBAN
COMMUNITY PLANNING

DESIGN

&

URBAN DESIGN concerns the arrangement,

appearance and functionality of towns and cities,
and in particular the shaping and uses of urban
public space. It has traditionally been regarded as
a disciplinary subset of urban planning, landscape
architecture, or architecture andin more recent
times has been linked to emergent disciplines such
as landscape urbanism.However,
with
its
increasing prominence in the activities of
these disciplines, it is betterconceptualized as
a design practice that operates at the intersection
of all three, and requires agood understanding of a
range of others besides, such as real estate
development, urbaneconomics, political economy
and social theory.
Urban design theory deals primarily with the
design and management of public space(i.e. the
'public environment', 'public realm' or 'public
domain'),
and
the
way
public
places
areexperienced and used. Public space includes the
totality of spaces used freely on a day-to-daybasis
by the general public, such as
streets, plazas,
parks and public infrastructure. Someaspects of
privately owned spaces, such as building
facades or domestic gardens, alsocontribute
to public space and are therefore also considered
by urban design theory. Importantwriters on, and
advocates for, urban design theory include

Christopher Alexander, Michael E.Arth, Edmund

Bacon, Ian Bentley, Peter Calthorpe, Alex Krieger,
Gordon Cullen, Andres Duany,Jane Jacobs,
Jan
Gehl, Kevin Lynch, Roger Montgomery, Aldo
Rossi,
Colin Rowe,
RobertVenturi, William H.
Whyte, Bill Hillier, and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk.
While the two fields are closely related, 'urban
design' differs from 'urban planning' in itsfocus on
physical improvement of the public environment,
whereas the latter tends, in practice,to focus on
the management of private development through
established planning methods andprograms, and
other statutory development controls.
COMMUNITY PLANNING is a forward planning
process, which identifies human and material
resources and puts in place potential response
system. It involves active participation from the
people residing in that locality in making
decision
about
the
implementation
of
processes, programmed and projects, which affect
them.
In other words, a community plan is a list
of activities a neighborhood, community or
a group of people agree to follow
to
prevent
loss of life, livelihoods and
property in case of warning or a disaster.
The Plan identifies in advance action to be
taken by individuals, in the community so
that each one knows what to do when a

warning is received or when a disaster

strikes.
The
major
thrust
is
to
address possible scenario of an event and
focus on the impact the humanitarian
operations.
1. CONTEXTUALIZATION OF URBAN DESIGN &
COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE
Until the 1970s, urban designers had taken
little account of the needs of
people with
disabilities. At that time, disabled people began to
form movements demanding recognition of their
potential contribution if social obstacles were
removed. Disabled people challenged the'medical
model' of disability which saw physical and mental
problems as an individual 'tragedy'and people with
disabilities as 'brave' for enduring them. They
proposed instead a 'social model' which said that
barriers to disabled people result from the design
of the built environment and attitudes of ablebodied people. 'Access Groups' were established
composed of people with disabilities who audited
their
local
areas,
checked
planning
applications
and
made representations
for
improvements.
The
new
profession
of
'access
officer'
was
established around that
time to produce guidelines based on the

recommendations of access groups and to oversee

adaptations to existing buildings as well as
to
check
on
the
accessibility
of
new
proposals. Many local authorities now employ
access officers who are regulated by the Access
Association. A new chapter of the Building
Regulations
(Part
M)
was
introduced
in
1992.Although it was beneficial to have legislation
on this issue the requirements were fairly minimal
but continue to be improved with ongoing
amendments. The Disability Discrimination Act
1995 continues to raise awareness and enforce
action on disability issues in the urban
environment.
Urban planning and the reality of city
development:
Most cities of Southeast Asia face two problems
concerning urban design:
a) Modern urban development is not much
influenced
by
urban
planning
actions:
Althoughmost cities in this area do haveplanning
instruments and modern regulations (mainly
derived from Western standards: Zahnd, 2000) for
directing
the
development
of
its
cities,
nevertheless inpractice the processes and results
of urban development quite often move in different
directions as actually planned. This is true
especially in Indonesia, where this problem has

resulted into a 'laissez-faire' politic ofurban

management, where urban planning authorities
more often just react than act, trying to keep with
the flow of actual development within their cities.
b) Urban planning is focused too narrowly on
certain areas and aspects in the city: Out of the
problem mentioned above and the immense
challenges for city development, the planning
agencies concentrate mostly on certain areas and
aspects of urban development. Again using the
case of Indonesia, these means, the planning
agencies (governmental and private) are more
focused on big and prestige projects, leaving many
areas of the city and many planning aspects
unattached. The focus of urban design is mainly
there, where investment and money flow occurs.
How to address these problems?
Mainly three approaches are being used for dealing
with problems mentioned above:
a) Enforcing more rigid urban management:
Urban authorities can establish and apply its
agencies towards a tight and focused urban
management system, where all plans, goals and
strategies for implementation of city development
are applied in integrative ways by all actors.
b) Enforcing more urban policies, regulations and
controls: Urban authorities can introduce more
urban
policies,
producing
new
regulations
according to them and enforcing them through
better control systems and tighter inspections.

Ongoing controls and heavy penalties for not

following the regulations are essential for the
success of these policies.
c) Enforcing the redirection of the economic flow
within city development:
Urban authorities can redirect through different
strategies some of the private investment into
areas, which are commonly neglected by urban
development, as most investments go to areas
with the least urban population, but binds most of
urban economic investments.
Taking a pragmatic approach with a different
perception
Nevertheless for various reasons, the approaches
mentioned above are not very realistic for being
successful for the development of these cities,
therefore they have to be questioned as valuable in
that task. Basically in contexts like Indonesia, the
actual development of the city areas are done by
developers/investors who have often a very limited
few for the overall city planning as they just are
focusing on their projects. Additionally they face
limitations and insufficiency within the existing
static and complex bureaucratic system of urban
planning . Looking at modern urban development,
two pragmatic questions arise:
What brings most (for the city)?
What needs least (fromthe city)?

Without having to do a lot of research, one can see

that what brings most is what affects the majority
(people and land) in the cities. And improving good
development of cities needs least effort, if it is
successful involving the majority of actors by
themselves towards that direction. Both of these
aims are not an easy task. But to some extend
many city governments like in Indonesia have
already recognized this fact in relationship towards
the kampungs, where an average of 60-70% of its
city habitants live. City planning experts in
Indonesia realize more and more, that the general
improvement of the city has strong relations to the
condition and development of that vast areas.
Therefore
the
reestablished
KIP
(Kampung
Improvement
Program)
has
given
already
considerable contributions, as there is a certain
level of direct involvement of its inhabitants. But so
far this focus looks only to existing vernacular
urban settings. But still more lessons can be
learned from this approach, if the setting of
kampungs is not considered as backward
orientated. Because urban kampungs contain
important insights for the morphology and
processes of designing and developing new and
modern urban quarters.

COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE

In the fifteenth century in Renaissance

Italy, the main cities like Venice and Florence
hadgroups of influential individuals who met
together regularly to think about and plan
about the issues they were facing. These were
called Operas. The terms universal design or
inclusive designs are now being used how
might we enable sustainable accessible multi
cultural communities and work together
strategically and in detail to enable equality,
ecological
orientation
and
economic
sustainability or durability?
We are able to:
1.Undertake research, enable community
participation, project manager, hold meetings,
worldcafes and conferences and develop and
implement an agreed cooperative mutual
vision with you.
2. Evolve personal solutions, and assist with
the creation of strong social networks and life
plans or maps.These would be multidimensional maps: Where someone has come
from, where they are now, where do they wish
to go Their geographical environment how
accessible
is
it,
issues,
strengths,
weaknesses Their social environment their
relationships with institutions, communities,
businessesand individuals. The attitudes they

meet. Instead of negotiating a probably

incomplete
and
institutionalized
set
of
services for which someone may or may not
be eligible we want to plan and map in detail
a multi dimensional change architecture that is
right for the person, their family and their
community.
SOCIO-CULTURAL BASIS OF DESIGN OF
COMMUNITIES
ORIENTATION AND IDENTIFYING IN
COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE
Each of the methods described above is a
combination of tools, held together by a
guiding principle. Dozens of exercises exist to
cultivate collaborative development planning
and action. These are the tools with which
social scientists and other development
practitioners
encourage
and
enable
stakeholder participation. Some tools are
designed to inspire creative solutions; others
are used

1. Access to resources
for investigative or analytic purposes. One
tool might be useful for sharing or collecting
information, whereas another is an activity for
transferring that information into plans or

actions. These brief descriptions

to provide the reader with a
terminology that practitioners of
development use to describe the
trade.

are intended
glossary of
participatory
tools of their

A series of participatory exercises that

allows development practitioners to collect
information and raises awareness among
beneficiaries about the ways in which access to
resources varies according to gender and other
important social variables. This user-friendly
tool draws on the everyday experience of
participants and is useful to men, women,
trainers, project staff, and field-workers.

2. Analysis of tasks

A gender analysis tool that raises

community awareness about the distribution of
domestic, market, and community activities
according to gender and familiarizes planners
with the degree of role flexibility that is
associated
with
different
tasks.
Such
information and awareness is necessary to
prepare
and
execute
development
interventions that will benefit bothmen and
women.

3. Focus group meetings

Relatively low-cost, semi structured, small

group (four to twelve participants plus a
facilitator) consultations used to explore
peoples' attitudes, feelings, or preferences, and
to build consensus. Focus group work is a
compromise between participant observation,
which is less controlled, lengthier, and more indepth, and preset interviews, which are not
likely to attend to participants' own concerns.

4. Force field analysis

A tool similar to one called "Story With a

Gap," which engages people to define and
classify goals and to make sustainable plans by
working on thorough "before and after"
scenarios. Participants review the causes of
problematic situations, consider the factors
that influence the situation, think about
solutions, and create alternative plans to
achieve solutions. The tools are based on
diagrams or pictures, which minimize language
and literacy differences and encourage creative
thinking.

5. Health-seeking behavior

A culturally sensitive tool for generation of

data about health care and health related
activities. It produces qualitative data about
the reasons behind certain practices as well as

quantifiable information about beliefs and

practices. This visual tool uses pictures to
minimize language and literacy differences.

6. Logical Framework or Log FRAME

A matrix that illustrates a summary of

project design, emphasizing the results that are
expected when a project is successfully
completed. These results or outputs are
presented in terms of objectively verifiable
indicators. The Logical Framework approach to
project planning,developed under that name by
the U.S. Agency for International Development,
has been adapted for use in participatory
methods such as ZOPP (in which the tool is
called a project planning matrix) and Team UP.

7. Mapping

A generic term for gathering in pictorial

form baseline data on a variety of indicators.
This is an excellent starting point for
participatory work because it gets people
involved in creating a visual output that can be
used
immediately
to
bridge
verbal
communication gaps and to generate lively
discussion. Maps are useful as verification of
secondary source information, as training and
awareness raising tools, for comparison, and
for monitoring of change. Common types of

maps include health maps, institutional maps

(Venn diagrams), and resource maps.
8. Needs assessment
A tool that draws out information about
people's varied needs, raises participants'
awareness of related issues, and provides a
framework for prioritizing needs. This sort of
tool is an integral part of gender analysis to
develop an understanding of the particular
needs of both men and women and to do
comparative analysis.

9. Participant observation
A
fieldwork
technique
used
by
anthropologists and sociologists to collect
qualitative and quantitative data that leads to
an
in-depth
understanding
of
peoples'
practices,
motivations,
and
attitudes.
Participant observation entails investigating
the project background, studying the general
characteristics of a beneficiary population, and
living for an extended period among
beneficiaries,
during
which
interviews,
observations, and analyses are recorded and
discussed.
10. Pocket charts
Investigative tools that use pictures as
stimuli to encourage people to assess and

analyze a given situation. Through a "voting'

process, participants use the chart to draw
attention to the complex elements of a
development issue in an uncomplicated way. A
major advantage of this tool is that it can be
put together with whatever local materials are
available.

11. Preference ranking

Also called direct matrix ranking, an
exercise in which people identify what they do
and do not value about a class of objects (for
example, tree species or cooking fuel types).
Ranking allows participants to understand the
reasons for local preferences and to see how
values
differ
among
local
groups.
Understanding preferences is critical for
choosing
appropriate
and
effective
interventions.
12. Role playing
Enables people to creatively remove
themselves from their usual roles and
perspectives to allow them to understand
choices and decisions made by other people
with other responsibilities. Ranging from a
simple story with only a few characters to an
elaborate street theater production, this tool
can be used to acclimate a research team to a
project setting, train trainers, and encourage

community discussions about

development intervention.

particular

13. Seasonal diagrams or seasonal

calendars
Show the major changes that affect a
household, community, or region within a year,
such as those associated with climate, crops,
labor availability and demand, livestock, prices,
and so on. Such diagrams highlight the times
of constraints and opportunity, which can be
critical
information
for
planning
and
implementation.

14. Secondary data review

Also called desk review, an inexpensive,

initial
inquiry
that
provides
necessary
contextual
background.
Sources
include
academic theses and dissertations, annual
reports, archival materials, census data, life
histories, maps, project documents, and so on.

15. Semi structured interviews

Also called conversational interviews,
interviews that are partially structured by a
flexible interview guide with a limited number
of preset questions. This kind of guide ensures
that the interview remains focused on the
development issue at hand while allowing
enough conversation so that participants can

introduce and discuss topics that are relevant

to them. These tools are a deliberate departure
from survey-type interviews with lengthy,
predetermined questionnaires.

16. Socio-cultural profiles

Detailed descriptions of the social and
cultural dimensions that in combination with
technical,
economic,
and
environmental
dimensions serve as a basis for design and
preparation of policy and project work. Profiles
include data about the type of communities,
demographic characteristics, economy and
livelihood, land tenure and natural resource
control, social organization, factors affecting
access to power and resources, conflict
resolution mechanisms, and values and
perceptions. Together with a participation plan,
the socio-cultural profile helps ensure that
proposed projects and policies are culturally
and socially appropriate and potentially
sustainable.

17. Surveys

A sequence of focused, predetermined

questions in a fixed order, often with
predetermined, limited options for responses.
Surveys can add value when they are used to
identify development problems or objectives,
narrow the focus or clarify the objectives of a

project
or
policy,
plan
strategies
for
implementation, and monitor or evaluate
participation. Among the survey instruments
used in Bank work are firm surveys, sentinel
community surveillance, contingent valuation,
and priority surveys.

18. Tree diagrams

Multipurpose, visual tools for narrowing

and prioritizing problems, objectives, or
decisions. Information is organized into a treelike diagram that includes information on the
main issue, relevant factors, and influences
and outcomes of these factors. Tree diagrams
are used to guide design and evaluation
systems, to uncover and analyze the
underlying causes of a particular problem, or to
rank and measure objectives in relation to one
another.

19. Village meetings

Meetings with many uses in participatory
development, including information sharing
and group consultation, consensus building,
prioritization and sequencing of interventions,
and collaborative monitoring and evaluation.
When multiple tools such as resource mapping,
ranking, and focus groups have been used,
village meetings are important venues for

launching activities, evaluating progress, and

gaining feedback on analysis.
20. Wealth ranking
Also known as wellbeing ranking or
vulnerability analysis, a technique for the rapid
collection and analysis of specific data on
social stratification at the community level.This
visual tool minimizes literacy and language
differences of participants as they consider
factors such as ownership of or use rights to
productive assets, lifecycle stage of members
of the productive unit, relationship of the
productive unit to locally powerful people,
availability of labor, and indebtedness.

21. Workshops
Structured group meetings at which a
variety of key stakeholder groups, whose
activities or influence affect a development
issue or project, share knowledge and work
toward a common vision. With the help of a
workshop facilitator, participants undertake a
series of activities designed to help them
progress toward the development objective
(consensus building, information sharing,
prioritization of objectives, team building, and
so on). In project as well as policy work, from
preplanning to evaluation stages, stakeholder

workshops are used to initiate, establish, and

sustain collaboration.