sy. The us of the facies ofthe Civil Engineering Department is rtefly acknowledged. aa ‘Arron. |—Rerennces 2 Mak, nde Sing Latrar Sapey Bck r Fa pati eet i Eas a ATE enon Bc on he Ge Senha Sta” Po Sag oc ate mea ate Teed SP Se eee aa Pree ee Se crate see ake eer Sa i Lon a Coe ger Seay el HEAPS ay nt rent, Gas ot mall ae eee 5 EPR, Serco cee ee Pry eck Ses Nord EE ee I nesta w homes epee of Coen ge pee racer cee oe ed are 1 ROUTE “tc nd Dyn of Cone ean ene Se Seca rs inte Se a eer ee ne + Ene areme SS eT cert ERS Feri Cac are tigi i Ra gy Sean as 9. Sdurman, “The Comps ofan Al/Water Micure and The {ryan Bares RE tad Wake Pata” Cease 1s Re oer, pp ae a 10, Sh MA an and Touche , “Setaration Elects om nl Satin Teac Sra Cote Engg Den fa ts No_ Gi, Ang 87, pp sie 1. Semin, AW “The Bore Beware Coens A and 8,” Gateciu, Varian, 1856 pp t= ‘Arron: —Novanon The flowing symbol re usd inthis paper VpsVe nil and fina volume of water in the specimen: Vz = inal and final volume of itn the specie Ve = total volume of vid ‘me of ee and dasoived air {oul voume oy Ina and fl abeolitepresure inside the ae bubbles Inala final absolute resure in pore water sfece tension fre inland nal ei of sir bubbles Henrys constant Inland nal degree of stration; and pore presi colin STABILITY OF STEEL Onl. STORAGE TANKS © dy}umenM. Duncan ASCE and Timothy 8. D'Oro? 1 a eee es See eosin tar sath wos ete eno wee of ine we Sena he fh tek seen ot se ih Sop ead hee Sires (Daf, scant ne erat fhe eon me Steel oil storage tanks are frequently constructed at sites where the foundation soils are weak and compresible Ina numberof well-doc- “umented cases bearing capacity failures in the foundations of anks have eed in severe damage and eupare of tanks, os of conten ‘ionmentl damage, and even loss of human fe Its thus evident that ‘evaluating the stability of fnks founded on weak sol 6 an important fof thee design, wo medes of foundation instability have been observed in practice— tute shear and edge shear. Bate shear involves falue ofthe entre tank Acting ns unit, wherens edge shear invoves lol fare oft pot of the tank poumeter and a contiguous portion ofthe base. Both ofthese odes of failure can be evaluated using avalable bering capacity the fre that ake into account the thickness ofthe weak solllayer beneath the tank in comparison with the tank width, "When bearing espacty theories are applled to pactial problems of tank stability analysis, iis often found thatthe Fal conditions afer Somewhat from the idealized conditions on which the theories ae based. Real ates frequently have a gravel foundation pad beneath the tank layers of sand or other sale overying the weak foundation clay, layers [pamuar sl wihin the weak foundation clay, or cay strength That ‘ares significantly with depth in the foundation. Accounting for such ‘omplcions ins realiete manner i perhaps the most important aspect ‘ot applying bering eapocty theories fo real-world tank stabi sues. ‘To atest the usefulness of bearing capacity theories fr tank sabi, ‘evaluations, a study has been made’ of a0 stall storage tanks, sik of “Fool gp Un of Clr: Bere, Ca Note=-Diacbin gps atl February 96, To etn the csing dat one ‘month, awrite rut! mat be fied with the ASCE Manager of Techie and Reel Pao. The manu reper or bated fr ‘etn pone ptieatin on epee I 183 This paper pet of he Bespin ng ity Ne. 9 Sere 190 CASCE, £85 or Sires 81/501 5, Paper Nos———— Ce ———— Tees Fen Pa Diam. | fons rege | 5 | reclmeeeeele ta or [ierremeeias ere [nee ee oe e Tat omen ce cee ‘s on |e eee se | ee | fo "on |"ae" | ey |e Teiseests pages haste eortics te [Geren —[usss | 0] iso | 20 [Rat ey | ra a Ice wakis unknown | 175 | 220 | 165 | 00 I 60 [cbyey sit, [135 | ano | 150 | 259 |Ringwat ‘ey | ; ro bdetanio fm [ues |'e7|uuz| er (Ran [aftinwy [25n | aca | uo | amr ‘oe ay pars Re oe ee ae tae] sealer oo |sigtany [258 | us | re | om ‘oe oy tn athe fome | a7 | so | a | as 20 |siry | 40-80 | sso | 100 | sae [rind snd ‘ey = re fbtnat fone | va] er | wo | a3 us| lip | 413 || ae | asi Sa beta a | 1 imate [arr | a3 | 5 | os 20 fear |ac-so [sa] 0-| a0 [rat sunt Pm : = mae coat weg | us| os | 6] 20 45 | ian (25 || oto | ac So | “sy | ras ft ss fone | se] ss | as | 20 alee faey || ety ners | cel onc] mea cn ra =< rer aginst fring | te | 6 | 20 | 20 as |atpansy | 2smn | es | 70 | 990 ‘sep 2, ran fle fring | ue | cis | me | 20 at [gear steep ee |e oa ee | 2, roc fkEacs fing | ts | ts | 20 | 20 as |cipumay | 2505 | en | 70 | 99 980), fe day raz Eat foe ue] me | ue | 0 ea" erica Pazaig| ts [pened ras Sten iy sn . bites fom ne facets tos | 15 [etre | 1505 | 6 | 20 | 6m|snd ine ey ra factatvaiis — leone | ue | ass | 4s | 25 | 1s |sayary | rseg | 5 | 20 | 620 [sand rie ‘oy | agmatine | 220'|'mz'|'au'|'s0° (MR mo [Gmtyame [cz | mad a | 2 fovea ca = eo Naceor — frenman & Watson fring | 165 | 290 | 157 | 10 oa |siyayest |os23 | ao] 40 | 1n00 {ranma ¥ = fra 0 | 00 sty day on anor fasted a wonn fring | 15 | soe | 1 | | wear | e223, s26 [a5 | we free i a Sen var bas — fring | 6 | 65 | 3 | 25 adi age foil eta" | ales la ‘i cay einem fulerhowy —_finoown| 92 | 67 02 | 11 eo le” fas | za | iy | ae SOT een fbn |b | a3 83 | 2 (GS ftese | 28] 3 | 2S we Ry | a ae a oul lesyeag (ra | al at [LaeTabs 1 ‘omni ow @ » TeTotelo @ @ wo Twn | ae) [09 14) w [eran & Over fininown | 122 aso | ua | te 10 [sitycaye [6-40 | m0] 90] 207 [Ringwal and 055), ay 1 lcutnon wFrcano cone | 146 | 487 | 146 | a2 sa |sitycay, | 1esa | 7 | sso | 220 ‘ssi sandy cay ram fade bi we | us] 7 | us| 00 ao [sit os | a7] 20 | 1020 ‘a3 oH ——foremand Hight feone | 128 | aza| we | 10 50 [remand cay |12-45 | 21 | 100 | 29 ‘on Tawar fenman & Waton Unknown | 146 | 137 | 46 | 13 00 |stycay foes | aso a7 | a2 |rmm sand ox aver Naver onman & waton Uninown | 91 | a6 | 93 | 13) 0 |siryery oases | aso] a7 | 24 |rneona ‘a5 ace soe (855) ininown | 82 | x66 | 75 | 15 as lonicdy |ieso | ae} os dies ro frenman & Waton losing | 91 | 194 | 82 | 09 00 |Sivcny” |iero | ms | a7 | 35 (ase) Naor Penman & Waton Unknown | 146 | ace | 46 | 23 oo |saycny oe2a | 7] a7 | ss |rinsand ise layer rea faatinovety 955) feone | 104 | ana | 26 | 00 27 |cwy asias| ao| 37 | 57 TK fratinowty (959) feone | toa | 183. | Ze | oo 2 |p asia | aol 37 | 37 TAA fetatwatin (cone | ‘91 | 762) a2 | 13 66 |e waa | 2 | 20 | 30 80) rsa clean 969 no} ao] 22 10 20 |cuy | wo} so | 73 58 IMecetand (9s) [eome | 120 | fue | 122 | 19 20 |cuy wo} 60 | 73 Fee fRatnowsy (986) femme | ins | da | 73 | 09 2 |axy asta | za] So | 73 THD KKatnoway 1988) [Rowing | ‘31 | 389 | 73 | oo 2 |cuy asizs | ms | 37 | 37 Mbt Grain [eoong and we | 76] Ko] $0] So 05 [ey tots | a9 | So | 3a (Gio 1955) Ravenna __ poor ta (979 owing | 147 | ozo | 33 | 20 so sunayan | 2s | mo] so [us which sulfered foundation flues, and 34 of which were stable It was found that bearing eapacty theory provided an effective means of sar bly analysis for these cases, and thet the compliating factors men’ tioned previously can be accommodated in the analyses through simple and systematic procedures. The studies also show that when sand drains tte insalled within the foundation lays, or when the foundation cays contin sand layers that serve to acelerate the vate of drainage, sign feant consolidation and strength gain may cccur during the penal of ‘water loa testing. “Tw Fowoxnon Fauna The tank and foundation data forthe tanks studied are summarized in Table 1 OF these 40 tan, sx sulfered foundation shear failure, and ‘0ormptured and spilled their contents a «result. One ofthe 40 tans (27) ruptured during service due to excesive setement, eventhough there was no shear flue within the foundation, The foundation ad loading conditions forthe sx foundation shear flues are shown it Figs. 6 "Fhe Quebec tank (4) was built ata ste where the foundation consisted Time, mons are c 0. 1 ~ebee TanSiot) oo e i {\ { 3 He Mi dea ale io AS een od pe. 2-ne ta o-stm Hy wo79) | toe a wish ve! 2 Sick: teem orcas é '5 * a ‘shear ; pas as od Tine, monte ther of sensive Leda clay. The tank was not water tested, and it alle about 24‘ ater is fst complete fling with of The tank ruptured om and the content spilled. Using the methods descbed fn the i ection, the factor of safety againat base shear was found #0 be E) = 115, andthe factor of salty against edge shear vas found to Be F.= 102 These values of Fy and Freaks using pak strength ‘elucs appear to provide god ssesament of foundation sabi, snd it thus seems to be unnecessary to apply s reduction factor to account for seoitvy, even for cays a9 highly sense asthe Leda Cy, “Tank 170 (I) was constricted at site containing» layer of very ‘eft sit as shown in Fig. 2 I fale during water lod fesing and vos ‘leveled. Subsequently when filed spain with wate, fled a second time; the measured setements afer the tro fares are shown in Fi The actors of ale calculated for this cue were Fy = O44 and, 73, Alter the second fue the tank was reconstracted ona ple fone Aiton, and was then sabe ‘The Shlhaven Tank (11) was built on a chalk mat over thick yer of sot clay (see Fg 3). was fled over a five-day percd, and faled Prin a fw hous iter iting was completed. The culated base shear Tair of sry was P= 0.8 The edge shea factor of ae coud ot te evaluated accurately for this case cause data was not ovale for the dried rust ontop ofthe ay: The properties of tis Ged crust have {uch smaller influence on the deeperscated base shear sp suac, Gringo the fact that the thickness othe sf clay wa age fompared fo the tank diameter, it would be expecied that base shent would be more ca Tank T- () was bul ona very thin concrete mat and a gravel pad “gre tot to still marine clays, in an efor fo pu the tank in sevice “Gul, i was led with wstern 35 hr, and fed alter to hours “St bing fully loaded as indicated In ig The faite ccured on the “ide ofthe site where bedock was shallower, and an investigation showed Y pa a. Tank 130 thatthe clay was weaker in thi area. Interestingly, Bjerrum and Over Tied noved that tf commonly found that Norwegian cays are weakest, where bedrock i shallowest The factors of safety calculated for hi case {ung the methods desrbed in hs poper were Fy = 1.80 and F, = 1.10, Berm an Overactive sng aly fer tnt procedures, The foundation of the fark was repaired after the fal. tre and the tank was eflled very slowly with water, over «period of 3. This sow fling was sucesfl in consolidating and strengthening the cay, and the tk wes subnequenly used stator. "Tank 1.29 ©) was builtin eatem Venezuela ata site where the foun dation sols were very of to stif days extending tow depth of about him The tan was fied nary fla period of 39 days; andthe ate feement deceased sel afer ng stopped oad ing 5 However, alter the tank wailed completely, the tank fad, setting Tapiy and iting, The actor of safety acuaied fr ths ease were fy ‘Wand F, = 6.96. After about two months, the tank had seed 1.78 im stone pot on the edge, and was taken Out of servic An inves” {pation of the tank boton reves that a shear fllure had taken place ng the southwest edge ofthe tank. To epa the tank the we was flooded snd the tank was fosted to a neuby beaton. The site was then {duned and the upper eft clay layer was removed and replaced with sive of compacted chae. The tank was then floated back into postion, ind’ surcharge berm was bul around Subsequent the tank was fae oud tested and pu into service success. 128 i a, Grangemouth Tank “The Grangemouth Tank (5) was built on 0.6 m pad of compacted shale overt deep layer of very sft clay, as shown in Fig. 6. During the ‘Water loud test & gradual shear falure occurred, and this was noticed iter the tank had been full for 42 days. The measured settlement at one Tnction onthe tank bottorn exceeded 30 my about 7cm of ground heave twat measured adjacent othe tank edge. The factors of safety calculated for this case were Fy 0.81 and F, ~ 0.72 "These case Historie Uusrate» umber of important points: 1. Foundation instabity may develop quickly or slowly. I often re sulsin Inge nonunion setlements and iting ofthe tank, and an i cnt pe oe a and les of conten 3: Ether Bae shea or edge shear may be the eal fare mecha sim, and both shoal be evaluated ‘Shin uyers nea the parface havea greater effect onthe edge shear facior of safety than on the Base shear factor, because the edge sheet ‘mechani shallower. ‘t rappens fo be unnecessary to apply a reduction factor othe peak sng sen ay Hw dy ety. Peak Senet “alu, together with the methods ouined n this paper appear fo pro- Vide reascnble evaluations of sibty even for cy as sestive a the Inds cy. Tanks have been successfully stabilized afte allure by: (1) Recon- struction on ple foundations) rept, releveling, and ver slow Filingand (3) oaing the tank of, replacing soft foundation sols, and con- Eicling a stablizing berm Porosen MerWo0 OF SraBLTY AuALais In many cases where tanks ae constricted on weak cay foundations the clay is overain by a granular overburden layer, o® a compacted sal ‘pd, of both. Atypical condition i shown in Fg. 7. For such cases the Inlluence af the edving granlar layers can be taken into account By spreading out the lad over ager diameter atthe top ofthe cy ayer In the analyses performed duving ths study, the load spre wat 35 Sed to be 2:1 a5 shown in Fig 7, and the equivalent diameter (D,) ‘in thas be expressed Da D+T,+Te 0 in which D, = dlamete of oaded area a op of clay; D = tank diameter; T, = pad thickness; and Ty = overburden thickness, The Bering res ‘re ating on this area atthe tp ofthe cay canbe expressed ss ‘D\* (D+T,\* (2) sr (PEE) orate a ER era a ee oe ceria eae due overburden unit weight a a seamen ees eee eee ee epee Eee oe eerie pire mice hater mires 16 eS oe en ae eh a pecan ees cere tnreoareea ie trarareans cetera ° 'P, 7—Lond Spread Through Grautr Overurden Layer 28 . relasarse mre Fl, ase Sher Fare Mochaniams For any of these cases, the ultimate base shear bearing capacity can De expressed a8 tne = SNe + YaTe ° in which guy = ultimate bearing caput for base shear, 5, = average Undrined shear stength ofclayr and, = dimensionless beating cor pct factor for base shear ora ly layer thicker than one-ssth ofthe tank diameter (lor Dy/T =, Meyerhot (lecture given st the Univ. of Calif Berkeley, on the Bearing Capacty of Shalow Foundations in 1981) has shown that the value of Nis the same as for cacular footing on a deep day layer" « Fora thinner clay layer, Meyerhof suggested thatthe value of N, can be determined from the fllowing simple xpresion De gy D N41 +25 for in. which T = cay layer thickness, "The value of Ny inereases asthe cay ayer becomes thinner, because 208 >6 °the mechanism of fllre Is increasingly restricted due tothe fact thet the clay is sandwiched between the bottom of the tank and the und lying fm layer. Thus, with very tn eay layers, base shear becomes 9 Tes likely mode of faire. For conditions where the clay layer beneath tank contains embedded layers of sand, thei thicknesses are subtracted from the total thickness to'determine the value of for use with Bye. 4 and 5. ‘he factor of safety against tase shes i defined as oe © hich may be expressed as By © Although including the term aT in both the numerator and the de nominator as shown in Eq 7 has fully lgial basis, thas the eect of basing the valu of F toward unity. Inthe analyses performed dur ing this investigation, the term ya Twas subtracted from both te A merator (the bearing capacity) and fom the denominator (the bearing Pressure) reiting in the following expression for Fy. S.N D Det G@) P53) 57 maybe viewed aban expression for Fs based on rst lad at the lp at the cy ne, and Eg san enpreson for Fr Ee et bbe Both ge te ae eultivhen Fs 1, but By Bie vot five tothe shea serge the Cay” crmendel ora asda thay be used eva Fs the pane son for easing io compar ts ve 0 the possi ange of uncer te ay Strength which nea awa the gua wih whee gre cen sane and Ey 8 ost ued ts sent Tagline to canes where the cy ser vas wh Soph teneal the nk weighted averge wave of scar angi wed, “he weightng acon ca be seta by coining he ent oip fue wh each sogment oh ne one win the Say yer the atin summarize in is poper the ape ef th ip ace ‘hin the ay ws apprsinated wt temic hich ce shown {>omepond ts the lowing weighing enti Sun 0175, + 0185,,+ 021, +045, » in which S,,, = weighted average stength along entire failure zone; 5. avera strength within upper onefourh of lallre 20ne; Sor average strength in upper mide one-fourth of faire zone, 5, = av tage strength in Tower midale one fourth of faire zones and Sq. tverage strength in lower one-fourth of falure zone © 1th sip sure being invent subtens embeded layer of sand, the seen can be csmated using te eeaion S.=oy tn tn wih oy rhe Sig or sand “Ging ov im Ea 10 corresponds tothe aprosmation thatthe fare plane tosses the sand layer vertical, and provides conservatie ey Einate ofthe sand strength fr any oer oncntaton, sae sar than the stress on any ster plane “he shear tenho» gran foundation pad o natural oecuring layer of granular ater overping te foundation cay yer nat lade inthe stabi Eqs. 08. The sip uriaces ae srumed tees tnd to end a the top ofthe cay layer ne bse ofthe paral lofe) iv not to extend through the falar layer as ndised by the Sch is decd by Mayet and sown ig. Te weight ti' granular lyer Denes aank ado te load on ihe fonda, fn fe presence has the fc! of sprending the tank loud onc anaes iter ttn the bse of th tank Along tsk the elght oe gem, tr yer prowdes«sabizing scare lod ‘sce in the flowing scion ranarayer has somewhat ferent ellen eae shear sty bee he shar srace Cds por the ee nace shown in Big The cuter end ofthe slip surtace stops atthe base of the rane layer, Fowever, for both bee shea and edge shea alu ethan. Tnases where thee oa ignition of wl seh ith depth, 118 not posse to determine im advance how deep the cca base hear slp surlace will extend beneath the tank. For ese cases several fra may te needed wo determine the minimum vlue of Each a Inveiestosuming a dpth fo whch the lp sure eter cea, the corresponding value of N. using Eq. ‘cr ‘5, evaluating the average hear strength overt depih ag Bg 9, and culating Fe Wane me Teage Shear Fatlre—The mechanism of edge shea failure shown in 3's possible because te tank bom fehl, 20 tat» porton ob width's cam move independent of the adjacent en of etn aa a9) effective normal strese on vertical plane = (1 sin 6") veri effective sues; and 6" = effective stress fon ‘ssumed shear surface for strength ealeulation: Fl, Edge Sher Faure MachaiamIn analyzing edge shear stabilty, the loads were not spretd out with epth tvough the tank pad and overburden. Although lad spreading i secur Some degassing than be sr and legre of oad spreading is dependent on the width B. For purposes fof analysis the net load was calessted sng the expression an 44 Ty ay In which guy = applied load at the top ofthe clay Iyer, and the other terms are sv defined previously. “The ultimate bearing capac forthe edge shear mode can be cal lated using the expression fon ™ SNe 9Ty co) in which qua = ultimate bearing capacity fr the edge shear mode; vorage undrained shear srengty and N= bearing capacity actor far eg shear Bjerrum (3) suggested that dhe value of N fr the edge shear failure smote could be expressed se 2 Neos248 a a in which 8 = width of segment nvaved jn edge shear faire, and D tank ameter The values of Ne for edge scar vary from 3-62, ‘ale thove or Bae shear ae reer tant equal oa, “The vale of 5, Yo be toed in. is weighted average value along the ap surface Unlte the sheaf srengi that er base thet he shear suengih tha resists edge seat iludes Une eng of te pad nd the overburden beneath the tank. Although these fener ayers ‘Snubs searing estan tees the tan eye has fund ‘when suong_soll vere wes sols nuh as gra overburden ove {ofc} the shear surace wil not extend pard though te son So's the ides of the ded ars Instead he Song yer willbe bulged Sp, and the slp aura wil end st the tase of the ranula layer a ‘own in ig 10 The weghng ors shown in ig 10 can be vaed te raculted ihe avenge vlue oS, for these cases. Phe shear strength tthe pad and overburden ayer canbe exited sing E10 “The etal sip surface depth for edge seat (or the eal value of 2) determin by repeal or Sach tal the ip sac is com Sere tobe segment of scar ac with rads B wth ener Ihe bse of he tank wall a shown in Fg Each tal inales a Suming a ae for 8 sian the comespnding value Guang Eg. evaluating the sveage shea tengthtxing the factors shows ing 10, and ealasting the edge sheer factor of fafety using the fl Heng equation: FG, 10 —Averging Shear Stengiefor Edge Shasr ing capacity theory to these cases required adjustments forthe effects of panula layers Overying and interbedded within the days and sits for variations ofthe strengths of the cohesive slls with depth. The [Procedures described inthe previous sacions were ound o be reason fhiy simple to use and appiible oa wide varity of reali conditions Judging from the result dncassed in the next section, they appear 10 provide quite reasonable evaluations of tank sabi. Facrons o Sarery Examination ofthe calculated values of factor of safety for the 4D tanks in Tobie indicate thatthe results are genealy in good agreement with field experience, and appear to be fre of systemate bis. The minim ceptable values of salty factor agaist babe shear and edge shear Ths depend in age parton the degree of cerainy’or uncertainty with which tha undraned shear strength of te foundation can be evaluate In ses Were the strength ofthe foundation clay can be evalusted sith minimal lnceranty, and the consequences of fallure do not involve risk to fe catastrophic financial los, factors of safety ac low as 13 are accept Ahlen cates where the foundation strength evaluations involve greter lncerainty. and where the consequences of failure are severe larger Sate) factors should be wed a CCouranson oF CaLcuanons wk Fp PEnFOMANes Summary —The procedures f preceding paragraphs evolved through a study ofthe slabity of 2st fanks on weak ly and sit foundations twas found that © apply beat calculating Fy and F, described in the ‘The principal factors governing stability andthe calculated factors of safety forthe tanks studied are shown in Table 2 together with an io m2 28ication of whether the tank was stable or unstable. The results shown, inthe able an be summarized as 1. nal cass where fares acu, the minim factor of ety caluted san tori 20h hfe ie ats hw te mina ute acer sity wo ess han 13 ano tale lek pace he song of toe Sandan was increased rng loading by nage and constton sete tetas re coped re aby en ‘rtrd tng and moter cves bytes fund die of wis ‘Srceeteouaton Gamage, Avo of th tes ar and aers ‘iin the cohesive Guat tts proved opel aanageTheagh Shee mean, tanks with ited nism ety ate a ow O's wee oaded wie lature The eit nae hat the methods deserted in he previ: tion provide a reasonable procedure fr evaluating the undid stabity fa ste! tanks on weak clays and sits. I also lear that f stow loading is possible ori rapid dranage canbe achieved, foundation stably can belimproved very signiicanl by consolidation ofthe foundation daring the Ast loading Errect oF FowoxnON PAD ON Tank STABLITY To provide god drainage and fi surface fr tank construction, sof desrabeto const» pad of franle maternal Benesth sank Fowever parame des showed tit such foundation pads avays fede the bane shen lnc ofslty () A ticker pod pred the iShds over a wider re, bet he domciant ecto the Beene ening Pressure reating fom the weight ofthe pad Since the unt weight of and or gravel pad about £5 ues at great asthe unt weight of Gi, even sone of twonnetr thick pad can Rave guile sigan i {face om Fe. Therefore, in caes where fase shor i cea i do ‘ble to mitise the ces of the foundation pad in ces where edgs shear me cre an Uae sheet, eabity can someties be inpoved by a oundaton pad To improve sab the pod shoul extent beyond the eae of fe tan a dance equal © the dep ofthe ca edge seat slip srace Bing. 9), Under tt Conalton the pad proves sche outst the tk een o he ‘ede oe die tots weight Isso provides some added searing re fiance at the perms end of he ip uroce, here improving ‘icy Whether the improvement in stably ie sigaicant or ot depends fn the depth of the eel edge shea ap ure: Te Seoper th r= inte the tar the Infens ofthe pad. Deper slip eice aor (Tired a wider pad, whch is more coy. Canaering the fact that fad always seduces te base she factor of safety, unikely that fod ict han one or two meters would provide overall improvement aay. Sumuany ao Concissions ‘Based onthe studies described in the previous sections, the following 138 ‘conclusions regarding the curentstate-ofthe-rt of stability studies for Seo tanks appear tobe warranted 1, A numberof well-documented fires indicate the importance of catefl evauation ofthe stat of sel ol storage tanks Foundation Irsaty ay develop quickly ov slowly. I ten resus in lng nom ‘infor tetlements and ting o the tank and can led to complete rupture ofthe tank and loss of contents Both theory and experience show that the cl mode of aire say invlve ether Se shear or edge sheur hallo and thn weak lnyer hve a greater llc on edge shear bit heress deep and thick weak layers have a greater elec fae sear sabi, 3. The methods of anal deserted in ths paper provide esonably simple and accurate means of evaluating the ion of safety opal inet shear and edge shear fare 4 it does not appeat to be necessary to apply a redaction factor t2 the peak strength of senate cays for pups of evaluning ste ak sok 3. Scant increase inthe etrngth of cohesive foundation sis an be achieved daring the fist lading o tank ifthe londng is slow, or i drainage is sclerated by sand ding, wick, orntural snd lens ER geal foundation pad one or two meters thick can improve cps shear tatty in some cases, ul such «pod always reduces ie fase shear aby. 7, Tank have ben rhabitatd after aire by rconstracon on pies, repair and subsequent sow loading, and by doting te an es foaton in ors to exec ane lace ain weal foundation ayer ‘exwomznouent Financial support for these studies was provided by a grant fom Nik ken-Sel of Japan to the Universly of Caloris, Bebeley, and Dr ‘Yoshio Ozawa of Nien Sekkel provided advice and information that ‘was of great asitance. Mr. Roy Bel of Dames & Moore provided much ofthe data vegarding tank performance and many helpful discussions throughout ths study. Ms. Mara Golner ped the text and Mrs, Glona Pelstowsk drafted the gues Arrown.—Rerenoces 1 ba ay. dna Jun, Stent Compr in Tank Fare Baton, Barsin, A and laotows M., “DilerenlSetemente tf fel Se Tanks Pratenge Br Cee Say Cee ggstonet of Sacre, Pntach Py, London, Engand 197, pp 9 pied Norge (i rt cro on Sol Machi an Fowrdatn 4, Brown JD. and Fates, WG. “Failures of an Oil Storage Tank on 2 Serle Msn Cy Can Gl oa aN Noes 5, Gabo Emery D. and Fcano, Stephen P, “Tank Foundation in Easeeg ac. gr Goolig, Us and Gibon, RE, "Sete At Studies on aes in En= Gat lant are atone eoemnsi meen toma aeatoees tae Sater Alvi Dept eats Loned Fark Coro Poe ess a ati pre Core SE ages OMe eta ons oe Seren ye pon soiree eterare Seve te e es pecan janec cash nee ar ba Berea ae mete nism ante De faerie Penman, A.D. M, apd Watson, C. H. "Setement Observations onan it “Ten Pig Cuma Coro ot Nasa od Foran Ee ering 3, P10 wa ADE. Whi, GH “th provement Tak Foun Rito a is pate ee cate ee enman, ADM a Wao, . H, “Foundations fr Storage Tanks on edad Land at Teesmouth” Prctelngs IE, Vo 7; May, 167, Bp 19 » ep a Sg 0 87 setae Foundation.” vob ETA a BE stor tet Fant” Ya ‘Shes #°B,*Contling the Stab of Foundation Trough Net Pre St Meaieen” Ira Cone on SUE: Sean 8 1S, ie per SIMPLIFIED APPROACH FOR AXIAL PILE GROUP [RESPONSE ANALYSIS By Toyoa Nogaml” M. ASCE and Heino L. Chen? 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