LLOYD'S

INTRODUCTION
TO

JURISPRUDENCE
SEVENTH EDITION

by
M.D.A. FREEMAN, LL.M.
Professor of English Law
University College London

LONDON ,
SWEET &lffAXWEL*L LTD
2001

CONTENTS
Preface to the Seventh Edition
From the Preface to the First Edition
Acknowledgments
Table of Cases
Table of Statutes

1.

NATURE OF JURISPRUDENCE
What is Jurisprudence?
The Relevance of Jurisprudence
Acquiring Social Knowledge
Normative Character of Law
"Ought" and "Is"
Form (or Structure) and Content
Philosophy of Law?
The Need for a Comprehensive Jurisprudence
Jurisprudence Today

page v
vii
xiii
xxxiii
xxxix

l
1
2
5
11
11
13
13
14
15

EXTRACTS
J. Austin
W.L. Twining
J. Shklar
D. Hume
K. Popper
T.S. Kuhn
T. Campbell

2.

The Uses of the Study of Jurisprudence

Some Jobs for Jurisprudence
Legalism
A Treatise of Human Nature
The Poverty of Historicism
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
Seven Theories of Human Society

M E A N I N G OF L A W

The Nature of Definitions

"Naming a Thing"
"Essentialism"
Analysis of Words or Fact
Are Definitions Unnecessary?
Ideological Factors
Criterion of Validity
Law and Regularity
Law and Morals
Morals as Part of Law
Law and Value Judgements

19
21
24
28
28
30
36

39

39
39
40
42
42
43
44
46
47
49
50

xxiv

Contents

EXTRACTS
L.L. Fuller
G. Williams

The Case of the Speluncean Explorers

International Law and the Controversy
Concerning the Word "Law"
H.L.A. Hart
Definition and Theory in Jurisprudence
R. Wollheim
The Nature of Law
J. Raz
The Problem about the Nature of Law
P. Soper
Choosing a Legal Theory on Moral Grounds
J. Finnis
Evaluation and the Description of Law
J. Raz
Ethics in the Public Domain

3. NATURAL LAW
What is Natural Law?
The Attractions of Natural Law
Greek Origins
Jus Gentium
Medieval Period
Renaissance, Reformation and Counter-Reformation
Grotius and International Law
Natural Law and the Social Contract
Kant and Human Freedom
The Enlightenment
Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
Fuller and the Morality of Law
Hart on Natural Law
Finnis and the Restatement of Natural Law
Conclusion

51
64
65
67
69
80
87
88

89
90
96
103
104
105
107
110
111
118
120
123
124
129
132
139

EXTRACTS
Aristotle
Nicomachean Ethics
Cicero
De Re Publica
Justinian
Institutes
Aquinas
Summa Theologica
T. Hobbes
Leviathan
Locke
Two Treatises of Government
J.J.Rousseau
The Social Contract
J. Maritain
Man and the State
M. MacDonald
Natural Rights
L.L. Fuller
The Morality of Law
J.M. Finnis
Natural Law and Natural Rights
J, Finnis, J. Boyle, G. Grisez The First Moral Principle
Margaret Mead
Some Anthropological Considerations
Concerning Natural Law

4.

B E N T H A M , A U S T I N AND CLASSICAL POSITIVISM

Sovereignty and its Origins

Bentham and the Utilitarians

140
140
141
142
146
148
150
154
156
157
171
192
196

199

199
200

Contents

xxv

Bentham's "Of Laws in General"

Austin
Conclusion

203
207
220

EXTRACTS
J. Bentham
J. Bentham
J. Bentham
J. Austin

A Fragment on Government
An Introduction to the Principles of Morals
and Legislation
Of Laws in General
The Province of Jurisprudence Determined

PURE THEORY OF L A W

Normativism
The Pure Science of Law
Norms and the Basic Norm
Hierarchy of Norms and Law-making Process
Sanctions
Critique
The Basic Norm
International Law
The Rule of Recognition: A Comparison
International Law and Sanctions
Law and Fact
Non-legal Norms
Conclusion

221
221
224
242

255

256
257
258
260
261
263
264
270
271
273
274
275
276

EXTRACTS
H. Kelsen
The Pure Theory of Law
H. Kelsen
General Theory of Law and State
H. Kelsen Professor Stone and the Pure Theory of Law
H. Kelsen
The Pure Theory of Law
H. Kelsen
The Function of a Constitution
J. Raz
The Purity of the Pure Theory
Stanley L. Paulson
Continental Normativism and its
British Counterpart: How Different are they?

6.

M O D E R N T R E N D S IN A N A L Y T I C A L AND N O R M A T I V E
JURISPRUDENCE

Hart's Concept of Law

An Outline of Hart's Jurisprudence
The "Internal Aspect" of Law
The Rule of Recognition
Is Law A System of Rules?
Raz and Reasons for Action
Rights
The Nature of Rights
Hohfeld's Analysis of Rights

276
282
289
291
302
308
318

331

335
336
339
342
346
350
353
353
355

xxvi

Contents
The Obligation to Obey the Law

The Legal Enforcement of Morality

358
362

EXTRACTS
H.L.A. Hart

Positivism and the Separation of Law and

Morals
L.L. Fuller Positivism and Fidelity to Law - a Reply to
Professor Hart
R. Alexy
A Defence of Radbruch 's Formula
H.L.A. Hart
Definition and Theory in Jurisprudence
N. MacCormick
Contemporary Legal Philosophy: the
Rediscovery of Practical Reason
J. Raz
Practical Reason and Norms
J. Raz
Authority, Law and Morality
J. Coleman
Inclusive Legal Positivism
F . Schauer
Positivism as Pariah
S. Perry
Hart's Methodological Positivism
M. Kramer
How Moral Principles Can Enter the Law
Sir Neil MacCormick
A Very British Revolution
W.N. Hohfeld
Fundamental Legal Conceptions as
Applied in Judicial Reasoning
N. MacCormick
The Ethics of Legalism

THEORIES OF JUSTICE

Introduction
Rawls and Distributive Justice
Nozick: Justice as Entitlement
Justice as Rights
Feminism as Justice
Economic Theories of Law and Justice
Corrective Justice

367
370
374
391
396
409
412
430
441
451
481
497
510
515
523

523
523
534
540
548
557
564

EXTRACTS
John Rawls
John Rawls
John Rawls
R. Nozick
Ronald Dworkin
R. Dworkin
I.M. Young
I.M. Young
S.M. Okin
M. Walzer
R. Posner

A Theory of Justice
Political Liberalism
The Law of Peoples
Anarchy, State and Utopia
A Trump over Utility
What is Equality? Part 2: Equality
of Resources
Defining Injustice as Domination and
Oppression
The Faces of Oppression
Justice as Fairness: For Whom?
Three Distributive Principles
The Ethical and Political Basis of
Wealth Maximization

566
577
585
590
593
603
614
618
629
639
647

Contents
8.

S O C I O L O G I C A L J U R I S P R U D E N C E A N D T H E SOCIOLOGY
OF LAW

Introduction
Comte and Sociology
Laissez Faire and Herbert Spencer
Jhering (1818-1892)
Max Weber (1864-1920)
Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)
Eugen Ehrlich (1862-1922)
Roscoe Pound (1870-1964)
Sociological Jurisprudence since Pound
Lasswell and McDougal
Talcott Parsons
Selznick
Towards a Sociology of Law
Unger and the Development of Modern Law
Habermas and the Centrality of Law
Critical Empiricism
Autopoiesis and Law

xxvii

659
659
660
661
662
662
666
670
672
678
679
681
682
683
691
693
697
700

EXTRACTS
R. von Jhering
Law as Means to an End
M. Weber
Economy and Society
E. Durkheim
The Division of Labour in Society
E. Ehrlich
Principles of the Sociology of Law
R. Pound
Philosophy of Law
R. Pound
Outlines of Jurisprudence
R. Pound
Contemporary Juristic Theory
P. Selznick
The Sociology of Law
R.M. Unger
Law in Modern Society
A. Hunt Dichotomy and Contradiction in the Sociology
of Law
R. Cotterrell The Significance of a Concept of Law Not
Restricted to State Law
R. Cotterell
Why Must Legal Ideas be Interpreted
Sociologically?
D. Nelken
Blinding Insights? The Limits of a Reflexive
Sociology of Law
D.M. Trubek Back to the Future: The Short Happy Life
of the Law and Society Movement
S. Silbey & A. Sarat
Critical Traditions in Law and
Society Research
N. Luhmann
Operational Closure and Structural
Coupling: The Differentiation of the Legal System
B. Tamanaha
A Social Theory of State Law
J. Habermas
Between Facts and Norms: An Author's
Reflections

703
705
714
717
721
723
724
727
732
737
744
747
759
766
774
779
787
794

xxviii
9.

Contents
AMERICAN REALISM

799

The "Revolt against Formalism"

Mr Justice Holmes
The American Legal System
The "Realist" Movement in Law
Factskeptics and Ruleskeptics
Llewellyn on Institutopns and "LawJobs"
The Common Law Tradition
Scientific and Normative Laws
Realism: An Assessment
Post Realism
Jurimetrics
Judicial Behaviouralism
Pragmatism in Law
Legal Process

799
800
802
802
803
805
806
810
811
813
813
815
817
819

EXTRACTS
W. Twining
J. Frank
K. Llewellyn
K.Llewellyn
K. Llewellyn
W. Twining
10.

The Bad Man Revisited

Law and the Modern Mind
Some Realism About Realism
My Philosophy of Law
The Common Law Tradition
The Significance of Realism

821
827
830
834
840
848

T H E SCANDINAVIAN REALISTS
Axel Hagerstrom (1868-1939)
Law as Fact
Ross's Theory of Law
The "Verifiability" Principle
Origin of Law
"Reductionism" and Legal Concepts
Features of Law
Law and Morals
Legal Ideology - the Method of Justice v. Social Welfare
Scandinavian and American Realism

855
856
858
860
863
866
866
867
868
869
872

EXTRACTS
Axel Hagerstrom
K. Olivecrona
K. Olivecrona
A.V. Lundstedt
A- Ross
A R
ss
A. Ross

Inquiries into the Nature of Law

and Morals
Law as Fact
Legal Language and Reality
Legal Thinking Revised
On Law and Justice
Directives and Norms
Tutu

872
877
885
888
890
893
899

Contents
11.

HISTORICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL JURISPRUDENCE

The Romantic Reaction

Herder and Hegel
The German Historical School
F.K. von Savigny (1779-1861)
The Volkgeist - Some Problems
Legislation and Juristenrecht
Sir Henry Maine (1822-1888)
Law and Anthropology
Dispute Processes
Legal Pluralism

xxix
903

903
903
904
905
906
907
908
910
916
919

EXTRACTS
F.K. von Savigny
System of Modern Roman Law
Sir Henry Maine
Ancient Law
E.A. Hoebel
The Law of Primitive Man
M. Gluckman
Judicial Process among the Barotse
L.L. Fuller
Human Interaction and the Law
Paul Bohannan
The Differing Realms of the Law
S. Diamond The Rule of Law versus the Order of Custom
12.

MARXIST THEORIES OF LAW AND STATE

Dialectics, Hegel and Marx
Marx and Hegel's Political Philosophy
The Materialist Conception of History
Base and Superstructure
The Question of Class
Marx and Ideology
The State and Law
Marx and Justice, Morality and Human Rights
The "Withering Away" of the State
Other Marxisms
Karl Renner
Antonio Gramsci
The Frankfurt School
Pashukanis
Marxist Theories of Law and State - a Critique

921
925
928
933
936
946
949
953
954
955
956
958
964
965
969
972
977
979
979
981
982
982
986

EXTRACTS
F.Hegel
Philosophy of Right
K.Marx
Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right
K. Marx Preface to Contribution to Critique of Political
Economy
K. Marx and F. Engels
The German Ideology
F. Engels
The Housing Question
G.A. Cohen
Karl Marx's Theory of History
S. Lukes
Can the Base be Distinguished from the
Superstructure?

990
991
992
993
994
995
999

xxx

Contents
K. Marx and F. Engels
The German Ideology
K. Marx
Preface to The Critique of Political Economy
K. Marx
Capital
K. Marx and F. Engels
The German Ideology
E.P.Thompson
Whigs and Hunters
K. Marx
The Civil War in France
K. Marx
Critique of the Gotha Programme
F. Engels
Anti-Duhring
V.Lenin
State and Revolution
K. Renner
The Institutions of Private Law and their
Social Functions
E. Pashukanis
Law and Marxism

13. CRITICAL LEGAL STUDIES

Critical Legal Studies and Liberalism's Contradictions
Rules and Reasoning
Critical Legal Studies and Legal Practice
Legal Theory and Social Theory
Conclusion

1004
1005
1005
1013
1013
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1031

1040
1041
1046
1048
1051
1055

EXTRACTS
R.W. Gordon
Law and Ideology
R.W. Gordon
New Developments in Legal Theory
D. Kennedy The Structure of Blackstone's Commentaries
P. Gabel
Reification in Legal Reasoning
M. Kelman Interpretive Construction in the Substantive
Criminal Law
C. Dalton
An Essay in the Deconstruction of Contract
Doctrine
D. Kennedy The Ideological Content of Legal Education
R.M. Unger
The Spell of Rationalizing Legal Analysis
14.

FEMINIST JURISPRUDENCE
Origins
The Inquiries of Feminist Jurisprudence
Equality and Difference
Women and Ideology
The Public and the Private
Cultural Pluralism and Women's Rights
Feminist Legal Methods

1056
1063
1067
1073
1081
1093
1104
1108
1122
1122
1124
1127
1129
1130
1132
1134

EXTRACTS
A.C. Scales

The Emergence of Feminist Jurisprudence:

An essay
Patricia A. Cain
Feminism and the Limits of Equality
R. West
Jurisprudence and Gender

1137
1149
1157

Contents
Difference and Dominance: On Sex
Discrimination
C.A.Littleton
Reconstructing Sexual Equality
K.T. Bartlett
Feminist Legal Methods
L.M. Finley
Breaking Women's Silence in Law: The
Dilemma of the Gendered Nature of Legal Reasoning
N. Lacey The Feminist Challenge to Conventional Legal
Scholarship
J. Conaghan
Truth, Justice and the Pursuit(s) of
Feminism
Susan Moller Okin Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women?

xxxi

C.A. MacKinnon

15.

POSTMODERNIST JURISPRUDENCE

Postmodernism and Modernism

The Death of the Subject
The "Subject" and the Legal System
A Political Agenda
Postmodern Law: Postmodern State
Semiotics and Legal Theory

1175
1184
1197
1215
1225
1238
1245

1253

1253
1253
1254
1257
1259
1261

EXTRACTS
J.F. Lyotard

Answering the Question: What is

Postmodernism!
J. Wicke
Postmodern Identity and the Legal Subject
P. Schlag
Normativity and the Politics of Form
J.M. Balkin
Understanding Legal Understanding: The
Legal Subject and the Problem of Legal Coherence
B. de Sousa Santos The Postmodern Transition: Law and
Politics
C. Douzinas and R. Warrington "A Well-Founded Fear
of Justice": Law and Ethics in Postmodernity
D. Patterson
Postmodern Jurisprudence: The Truth of
Propositions of Law

16.

1264
1271
1283
1292
1308
1316
1325

CRITICAL RACE THEORY

1335

Introduction
The Other Movements

1335
1337

EXTRACTS
R. D. Barnes

Race Consciousness: The Thematic

Content of Racial Distinctiveness in Critical
Race Scholarship
R. Delgado and J. Stefancic
Critical Race Theory: An
Annotated Bibliography
A.Harris
The Jurisprudence of Reconstruction
Milner S. Ball
The Legal Academy and Minority
Scholars

1339
1342
1343
1350

xxxii

Contents
Kimberle Crenshaw

Race, Reform and Retrenchment:

Transformation and Legitimation in
Anti-Discrimination Law
Kevin R. Johnson
Celebrating LatCrit Theory:
What Do We Do When the Music Stops?
Berta Esperanza Hernandez-Truyol
LatCrit as
Liberation Theory

17.

THEORIES OF ADJUDICATION
The Nature of Legal Sources
The Institution of Adjudication
Stare Decisis
Why Precedent?
Judges and Discretion
Dworkin and "hard cases"
Dworkin and Discretion
Dworkin and Interpretation
Law as Integrity
One Right Answer?
Integrity and Legitimacy
Right Answers and Wrong Answers
Judge-Made Law
Judicial Reasoning
Statutory Construction
Statutory Construction and Democracy

1351
1367
1370

1375
1375
1377
1380
1387
1389
1391
1393
1394
1396
1398
1399
1402
1403
1406
1410
1419

EXTRACTS
J. Austin
H.L.A. Hart
R. Dworkin
R. Dworkin
R. Dworkin
B. Cardozo
G. Williams
J. Wisdom
D.N. MacCormick

Lectures on Jurisprudence
Problems of the Philosophy of Law
Taking Rights Seriously
Law as Interpretation
Law's Empire
Nature of the Judicial Process
Language and the Law
Gods
Formal Justice and the Form of
Legal Arguments
E.H. Levi
An Introduction to Legal Reasoning
R. Sartorius
Social Policy and Judicial Legislation
T. Endicott Dworkin:
The Right Answer Thesis
L. Alexander and K. Kress:
The Arguments Against
Legal Principles

Index of Authors
Index of Subjects

1422
1423
1429
1439
1447
1467
1470
1473
1475
1478
1481
1483
1491
1505
1513