DefineAccuracy

Accuracyisthedegreeofuncertaintyinherentinameasurementmadebyspecific
instrument
Repeatability:
Itishowwellaninstrumentgivessameoutputtothesameinputwhentheinputis
appliedinthesamewayovershortperiodoftime
Linearity:

Itisthepercentofthespanofthedeviationofthemeasurementversusactualvalue

ResponseSpeed:
Lengthoftimerequiredforthemeasuredvaluetorisewithincertainpercentageofits
finalvalueasaresultofstepchangeintheactualvalue
SpanError:

Outputoftheinstrumentforameasurementthatisatthehighendofthespan

ZeroError:

Outputoftheinstrumentforameasurementthatisatthelowendofthespan

TurndownRatio:

Ratioofmaximumtominimummeasurablevalue

Pressure:
GaugePressure:
Theamountofpressuremeasuredaboveatmosphericpressure
PositiveORNegativePressure:(CompoundPressure)

Pressuremeasuredaboveorbelowatmosphericpressure

AbsolutePressure:

Pressuremeasuredaboveabsolutezero

Whatisidealgaslaw:

PV/Tisalwaysconstant

WhatisDiaphragm:
Amaterialthatcontactstheprocessfluidnadcanwithstandtemperatureandcorrosive
effectsofprocess,itisavailableinSS,ceramicandalloys
Level:

Float:
Itisverypreciseandcanbeusedintangauging
Ultrasonic
Itworksbysendingpulsefromtopoftan,afterhittingthelevelinsidethetanitreflectsback
andmeasured.Timeittakesreflectsheightofmaterialinsidetank.
Advantage:

Nocontactwithprocess

Disadvantage: notsuitableforfoamapplication

Radar:
Itworksbysendingpulsefromtopoftan,afterhittingthelevelinsidethetanitreflectsback
andmeasured.Timeittakesreflectsheightofmaterialinsidetank.

Advantage:

Disadvantage: Foam,Highagitationofliquid

Capacitance:

broadapplicabilityofprocessindependentofpressure,temp.

ROD

Electricallyisolatedmetalportableisinstalledverticallyinsidetan.Probenadtankwallsform
capacitorwhosevaluedependsontheamountofmaterialinthetank.

Advantage:

usefulinhighcorrosive

Disadvantage: sensitivetocoatingonthepipe

DifferentialPressureTransmitter
Installingoneendofpressuresensortosomepointbelowzerolevel,whileotheroneatthe
vaporspace,subtractingtwowillgiveheightoffluid.Bettertousehydraulicfilledtube.
LevelSwitches
RotatingPaddleWheel:
triggermicroswitch

Itsiforsolids,shenpaddlecoveredwithsolids,paddlestallsand

TuningFork:
vibratesbypiezoelectriccrystal.Resonantfrequencymakesshiftby10
20%whentouchwithliquids.
Flow:
ReynoldsNumber:
ReynoldsnumbercanusetopredictlaminarORTurbulentflow.
Re=123.9pVD/u
Re=Reynoldsnumber
P=Density
V=Avg.Velocity
D=PipeDiameter
U=Viscosity

LaminarFlow
Layerbylayerflow,Reynoldsnumber<2000suggestlaminarflow,usuallyviscousliquids
havelaminarflow

TurbulentFlow
Reynoldsnumber>4000suggestturbulentflow.But>20,000isbetterforgood
measurementatanypointofflow

Categoriesofflowmeasurement
InferentialMethods
DifferentialPressureflowmeasurement,whereDifferentialpressureisproportionalto
squareofflowrate.

Disadvantage: Highpressureloss,lowturnown,wearandbuilduponorfice

Advantage:
Goodforhightemp.pressure.

VelocityMethods
MagneticFlowmeter

Fielddevelopedvoltageisproportionaltotheflowvelocity

Widerange1/8inchTo10feet.Liquids,slurries,suspendedsolids.

VortexSheddingFlowmeter:
Itmeasurefrequencyofvorticesfromobstructioncalledbluffbody.Asflowpassesit
producesvorticeswhoseratioisproportionaltothestreamvelocity.

Disadvantage:

Belowcertainflowrangeitcannotproducevertices

Advantage:

Highaccuracyforsteam,liquids,gases.

Turbine:

Rotorbladesarepickedupbymagneticpickups.

from
UltrasonicFlowmeter

DopplerShift:
Asultrasonicwavesbouncedoffparticlesintheflowstream

Goofdoeliquidswithsuspendedsolids.

TimeDifferential:
Transittimecorrespondswiththeflow.Liquidsandgases.
MassMethods:
Massflowcanbecalculatedconsideringotherflowmetertemp.factor.ButonlyCoriolis
massflowmetercanmeasuremassflow.Usedforhighlyaccuratemeasurement.No
upstream/Downstreamrequirement.Upto10inches.

Temperature:

Thermocouple:
Twowiresofdissimilarmaterialsconnected,itgeneratespotentialdifferenceatthehot
junction.

TypeJ:Temp.1000Ciron/constantan

RTD:

TypeK:Chromium/Nicle

Moreaccuratethenthermocouple.