Operation and Control

Microgrid and Distributed Generation

Mohammad Shahidehpour
Illinois Institute of Technology

Outline

Introduction - Microgrids

High Reliability Distribution Systems

Perfect Power System IIT Microgrid

Optimal Control of Microgrid

Reliability Evaluation

Stochastic Solution

Islanding and Synchronization

Introduction Microgrids

Microgrids are considered as viable options for electrification

where the main grid expansion is either impossible or has no
economical justification.

The decentralized operation and control of microgrids could also

reduce the transmission burden on power utility systems.

Introduction Microgrids

Microgrids can provide higher reliability and power quality for

loads.
Once in grid- connected mode, any grid failure will lead to
microgrid islanding.
In the island mode, the master controller relies on microgrid
generation and storage to serve the microgrid load and prevent
curtailments.
The load restoration procedure in microgrids could depend on
the reliability requirements of loads.
Microgrid topology could play a crucial role in supplying
microgrid loads with diverse reliability requirements.

DER in Microgrids

Distributed energy resources (DER) in a microgrid would

include photovoltaic (PV), small wind turbines (WT), heat or
electricity storage, combined heat and power (CHP), and
controllable loads.

DER applications would increase the efficiency of energy supply

and reduce the electricity delivery cost and carbon footprint in a
microgrid.

DER applications would also make it possible to impose

intentional islanding in microgrids.
The proximity of generation to loads in microgrids would
improve the power quality and reliability (PQR) at load points.

Storage in Microgrid

Storage devices including batteries, supercapacitors, and

flywheels could be used to match generation with demand in
microgrids.
Storage can supply generation deficiencies, reduce load surges
by providing ride-through capability for short periods, reduce
network losses, and improve the protection system by
contributing to fault currents.
V2G and EV mobility can reduce the microgrid reliance on the
grid supply.

Introduction Control Devices

Hierarchical control performed by master controller ensures the

economical and secure operation of microgrids by maintaining
the frequency and voltage in microgrids.

Master controller uses SCADA to monitor and regulate

frequency and voltage in microgrids according to P-f and Q-V
droop characteristics.
IIT microgrid is considered as a test-bed to evaluate the effects
of intelligent switching and storage implementation on reliability
and economic operation of microgrid.

High Reliability Distribution System (HRDS)

Implementation of microgrid loops is made possible by the use

of automatic switches in HRDS.
HRDS switches can sense the cable faults and isolate the
faulted section with no impact on other sections in a microgrid.
Master controller will monitor the status of each HRDS switch
using the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)
system.
Master controller is responsible for economic operation of the
microgrid based on signals received from switches on the status
of distribution branches.

HRDS vs. No HRDS

HRDS vs. No HRDS

No HRDS
S15
S16

HRDS
9

Problem Formulation

Random outages of grid-connection facilities, microgrid DG, and

microgrid distribution lines are considered.
Monte Carlo representation of outages is applied and the Latin
Hypercube Sampling (LHS) technique is used to develop a
large number of scenarios with equal probabilities.
A two-state Markov chain process is utilized to represent
microgrid outages according to the microgrid component failure
and repair rates.
Since the computation time of stochastic optimization is
dependent on the number of scenarios, the scenario reduction
technique is utilized to reduce the number of generated
scenarios to an acceptable level with the corresponding
probabilities.
10

Master Controller Formulation

Stochastic Formulation

F s ( P s ) SU s SD s
c , i i ,t
i ,t
i ,t

s t i
Min p

s
D
s
d
s
,
,
s
t Pg ,t VOLL.( Pb,t Pb,t )
t b

s
s
s
s
Pi,t Pg ,t Pk ,t PD,t
i

SU is,t CSi ( I is,t I is,t 1 )

SDis,t CDi ( I is,t 1 I is,t )

Pimin UX is,t I is,t Pis,t Pimax UX is,t I is,t

Pgmin UX gs ,t Pgs,t Pgmax UX gs ,t

11

Problem Formulation
,s
s
s
Eknet

P
dc
,
k
,
t
k
c
, k ,t
,t
s
s
Pks,t Pdc
, k ,t Pc, k ,t

s
s
I dc
, k ,t I c , k ,t 1
s
s
max
I cs,k ,t Pcmin
, k Pc , k ,t I c , k ,t Pc , k
s
min
s
s
max
I dc
, k ,t Pdc , k Pdc , k ,t I dc , k ,t Pdc , k

s
s
max
s
s
Qkmin ( I dc
( I dc
, k ,t I c,k ,t ) Qk ,t Qk
,k ,t I c, k ,t )
,s
Eks,t Eks,t 1 Eknet
,t

Ekmin Eks,t Ekmax

Ek ,0 Ek , NT
12

Problem Formulation
inj , s
s
s
s
d ,s
Pi,t Pg ,t Pk ,t PD,t Pj ,t
i
g
k
d

iD j

gD j

kD j

dD j

inj , s
s
s
s
d ,s
Qi,t Qg ,t Qk ,t QD,t Q j ,t
i
g
k
d

iD j

gD j

kD j

ro, j U ot ,,sj

dD j

xo, j U ot ,,sj

yot ,,sj got ,,sj jbot ,,sj

j
2
2
ro, j xo, j
ro2, j xo2, j

13

Problem Formulation
Pjinj,t , s (V js,t ) 2 G tj,,sj
NB

o( j o)
inj , s
j ,t

V js,t Vos,t [G tj,,so cos( js,t os,t ) B tj,,so sin( js,t os,t )]
(2V 1) G
s
j ,t

t ,s
j, j

,s
Q inj
(V js,t ) 2 B tj,,si
j ,t
NB

o( j o)

inj , s
j ,t

NB

o( j o)

G tj,,so (V js,t Vos,t 1) B tj,,so ( js,t os,t )

V js,t Vos,t [G tj,,so sin( js,t os,t ) B tj,,so cos( js,t os,t )]
(2V 1) B
s
j ,t

t ,s
j, j

NB

o( j o)

B tj,,so (V js,t Vos,t 1) G tj,,so ( js,t os,t )

14

Problem Formulation
PLtj,,so (V js,t ) 2 G tj,,sj
V js,t Vos,t [G tj,,so cos( js,t os,t ) B tj,,so sin( js,t os,t )]
PLtj,,so G tj,,so (V jt , s Vot , s ) B tj,,so ( tj , s ot , s )

QLtj,,so (V js,t ) 2 B tj,,sj

V js,t Vos,t [G tj,,so sin( js,t os,t ) B tj,,so cos( js,t os,t )]
QLtj,,so B tj,,so (Vot , s V jt , s ) G tj,,so ( tj , s ot , s )
(QLtj,,so ) 2 ( PLtj,,so ) 2 ( SLtj,,so ) 2
SLtj,,so PLtj,,so tj ,,os QLtj,,so

SLtj,,so SLmax
j ,o
15

Perfect Power System IIT Microgrid

16

Perfect Power System IIT Microgrid

17

Perfect Power System IIT Microgrid

18

Perfect Power System IIT Microgrid

IIT demand is supplied by three 12.47 KV circuits fed from the

Fisk substation that is owned by ComEd. The peak load at IIT is
approximately 10 MW.

19

Perfect Power System Components

Renewable energy sources include wind and solar generation.

An 8 kW Viryd wind turbine is installed on the north side of the
campus in Stuart soccer field.

PV cells will be installed on building rooftops to supply portions

of campus load.

A 500-kWh ZBB storage will increase the reliability and

efficiency of the microgrid.

Several electric vehicle charging stations will be deployed on

campus, facilitating small energy storage and providing green
energy for electric vehicles.

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Perfect Power System Components

6fivehour
charging
stations

1DCQuick
Charge(1520
minutes)

FREECharging
forElectric
Vehicles(for
now)

21

Perfect Power System Components

22

Perfect Power System Components

23

Perfect Power System Components

Energy
Efficiency

Demand
Response

Islanding
Mode

Realtime
information

24

Perfect Power System IPPSC

Intelligent Perfect Power System Controller (IPPSC)

IPPSC manages the campus electricity distribution system and

electricity usage.

IPPSC utilizes SCADA at all hours for reliable and economic

operations of microgrid.

IPPSC coordinates HRDS controllers, on-site generation,

storage facilities and building controllers.

Intelligent switching and advanced coordination technologies

through communication systems facilitates rapid fault
assessment and isolation

25

Microgrid Reliability Evaluation

Study Cases :

Case 1: IIT network is not equipped with HRDS switches

Case 2: IIT network is equipped with HRDS switches

Case 3: IIT is equipped with HRDS switches and a storage

Hermann
Hall (kWh)

Siegel
Hall (kWh)

Wishnick
Hall (kWh)

Perlstein
Hall (kWh)

Total
(kWh)

Case 1

173.236

173.236

Case 2

Case 3

26

Reliability Evaluation Stochastic Solution

The installation of HRDS and storage will lead to the best

expected reliability and economic indices.
Case
Exp. SAIDI
Exp. SAIFI
Exp. CAIDI
Exp. CAIFI
Exp. Operation Cost
Exp. Energy not Supplied
LOLE

No HRDS
1.22
3.29
1.73
2.69
224,073
1,216.21
13.153

HRDS
0.18
0.59
0.36
0.68
146,899
251.07
2.360

HRDS + Storage
0.04
0.37
0.04
0.29
120,038
175.10
1.467

27

Optimal Control of Microgrid

1000

Power (kW)

800

Main grid supply

Battery supply
Total Demand
Main grid price

4.5
4
3.5
3

600

2.5

400

200

1.5

-200

0.5

-400

Electricity Price (/kWh)

1200

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time (Hours)

28

1500

Power (kW)

1000

Grid Dispatch
Power Plant Dispatch
Price

500
0
-500

-1000
-1500

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

Electricity Price (/kWh)

Optimal Control of Microgrid

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time (Hours)

29

Islanding and Synchronization

30

Microgrid Fault Analysis

No HRDS

Fault takes 30 cycles to clear.

The system is radial. Once the breaker opens, all the loads
downstream will be disconnected.

HRDS

Fault takes 6 cycles to clear.

The system is loop. Once the breakers open, only the faulted
cable is isolated.

31

Fault Simulation
Relative Voltage Angle of Gen. 2- No HRDS
15
Gen. 2
10
Relative Angle (degree)

5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
0

20

40
60
Time (second)

80

100

32

Fault Simulation
Relative Voltage Angle of Gen. 2 - HRDS
4
Gen. 2
2
Relative Angle (degree)

0
-2
-4
-6
-8
0

20

40
60
Time (Second)

80

100

33

Building Restoration Sequence

Building Restoration Sequence:

T=30 sec

T=45 sec

T=60 sec

T=75 sec

T=85 sec

3410 Central

CTA Facility

Perlstein Hall

Stuart Bldg.

IIT Tower

3424 Central

Cunningham

Quad

TBC

Incubator

Alumni Hall

Eng1

S.R. Crown

TS3424

Keating

Carman

Galvin

Siegel Hall

Vandercook

Life Science

Carr

Gunsaulus

Metal S.1

Whishnick

Life Science Research

MTCC

Hermann Hall

Metal S. 2

SSV

Main

Metal N.

34

Load Restoration
0.7
Alumni Hall
Life Science Research
Wishnick Hall
Siegel Hall
Engineering 1

0.6

Demand (MW)

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0

50

100

150

Time (Second)

35

Load Sharing Among Generators

8

Power (MW)

Gen 1
Gen 2

Load Increment

-2
0

50

100

150

Time (Second)
36

Synchronization (frequency check)

66

Freq. Deviation < 1 Hz

Frequency (Hz)

64
62
60
58
56
54
52
0

50

100

150

Time (Second)

37

Synchronization (voltage angle check)

5

Voltage Angle (degree)

Voltage Angle Diff. < 30

North SS
South SS

-5

-10

-15
0

50

100

150

Time (Second)

38

Synchronization (voltage check)

5

Voltage Diff. at switching

instance

North SS

Voltage (kV)

4.5

3.5

3
0

50

100

150

Time (Second)

39

Conclusion and Summary

Application of HRDS, local generation, and storage is presented

and the reliability and economic evaluation of microgrid is
evaluated:

AC formulation is offered to solve the unit commitment and

economic dispatch in microgrids.
Integration of HRDS and evaluation of reliability and economic
indices of microgrids are considered as compared to those in
traditional distribution systems.
Provision of stochastic solution to two proposed topologies is
considered for the comparison of reliability indices.
Assessment of the role of energy storage on the economic
operation of microgrids is considered and improved reliability
indices at load points are calculated.

40

Conclusion and Summary

HRDS will clear the fault faster and has less effect on the
stability of the system specially in islanded mode
Once islanded, the local generation will maintain the frequency
and voltage of the system.
In order to synchronize with the main grid, frequency deviation,
voltage deviation and voltage angle deviation should be within
the acceptable limits.
Two generators will share the loads based on their droop
characteristics.
Once the first generator reaches its maximum capacity the
second generator would maintain the frequency of the system
by providing enough active power.

41

Conclusion and Summary

HRDS and automatic switches can reduce the expected

frequency and duration of interruptions and the expected energy
not supplied in the system.
Storage can reduce the operation cost of the system by demand
response and preventing load curtailments.
Local generation helps mitigate the expected interruption
duration and frequency in the system and improve the reliability
of the customers in microgrid.

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