Group CaseStudy Mancelos

Title:
Assessment of the Monastery of Saint Martin of Mancelos
Author(s):
Tomas Bhose, Suzy Bishara, Arezoo Khazan, Menard Kilumile and Margarita
Petrou and
Unit:
SA7
Institution:
UNIVERSITY OF MINHO
Date:
March 21, 2016
Erasmus Mundus
Programme:
Consortium Institutions:
ADVANCED MASTERS IN STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF MONUMENTS

AND HISTORICAL CONSTRUCTIONS
UNIVERSITY OF MINHO, PORTUGAL
CZECH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY IN PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC
UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA, ITALY
TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF CATALONIA, SPAIN
Satellite Participant:
INSTITUTE OF THEORETICAL AND APPLIED MECHANICS, CZECH REPUBLIC
ACKNOWLEDMENTS
Firstly we would like to express our gratitude for our supervising Professor Daniel Oliveira. His
professional approach with enormous flexibility didnt only make this project possible but also an
enjoyable journey from the beginning until the end. We learnt a lot from you during these numerous
site visits to The Monastery of Mancelos.
There were also multiple other people involved that made this work possible. Special knowledge will
go to Dr. Rosario Machado and Eng. Ricardo Magalhaes from Rota do Romanico team. Thank you for
sharing your valuable time and crucial local knowledge.
We are grateful for the time and support we received from Arch. Jorge Costa from the regional
Directorate of Culture, Porto.
We would like to thank the University of Minho and the whole SAHC organization that did amazing
work during this project helping us in endless ways. Thank you Prof. Carlos Alves from Department of
Earth Sciences, Prof. Cesar Oliveira from Department of Chemistry, Prof. Luis Ramos, Prof. Francisco
Fernandes, Giorgos Karanikoloudis and the polymer engineering department from SAHC Consortium,
all of you gave huge support for us during this study and we are grateful for that.
Erasmus Mundus Programme

ADVANCED MASTERS IN STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF MONUMENTS AND HISTORICAL CONSTRUCTIONS
ABSTRACT
The case study of the Monastery of Mancelos was done between September 2015 and March 2016. It
included multiple site visits with some non-destructive tests both in-situ and in laboratory.
During the historical survey and visual inspections it became evident that a building as old as this has
multiple historical layers. Throughout the years, the building has had many additions and
interventions, which contribute to its current condition. In addition to the obvious additions, there have
been some changes that may not be so clear and would be hard to categorize as part of the initial
construction or a later alteration.
After these studies it can be concluded that structurally the building seems strong and the main
damages are mostly related to water that is entering into the structures through the roof and rising
dampness. There is a rather large diagonal crack on a back wall of the chancel but all the executed
inspections indicate that the crack is inactive. It is still recommended to do further studies with crack
monitoring to confirm that it is not expanding. The most urgent action to be done is related to the roof
of the narthex that has clear risk of partial collapse. All these recommendations will be explained in
more details in this report.

Contents
Acknowledments ...................................................................................................................... 1
Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 2
Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 5
1. Historical Survey ................................................................................................................ 5
1.1 The Romanesque Style ............................................................................................... 5
1.2 The Romanesque in Portugal and the Route of the Romanesque .............................. 6
1.3 The monastery of Mancelos ......................................................................................... 6
1.3.1 History ................................................................................................................... 6
1.3.2 Description ............................................................................................................ 7
1.4 Alterations .................................................................................................................... 8
1.5 Past interventions ...................................................................................................... 11
2. Visual inspection .............................................................................................................. 12
2.1 Structural elements .................................................................................................... 12
2.2 Visual inspection ........................................................................................................ 12
2.3 The Masonry Quality Index ........................................................................................... 13
3. Damage survey ............................................................................................................... 14
3.1 Damage Maps ............................................................................................................ 14
3.2 Main damages ........................................................................................................... 27
3.2.1 Diagonal crack on back wall behind sacristy .......................................................... 27
3.2.2 Deteriorated timber elements on roof ..................................................................... 28
3.2.3 Moisture and humidity ......................................................................................... 29
4. tests and analyses ........................................................................................................... 29
4.1 Stone damages .......................................................................................................... 29
4.1.1 Site visit with stone expert ...................................................................................... 29
4.2 GPR ........................................................................................................................... 32
4.3 Sonic test ................................................................................................................... 33
4.4 Thermography ............................................................................................................ 40
4.5 Boroscopy .................................................................................................................. 41
4.6 Rebar detector ........................................................................................................... 41
4.7 Schmidt hammer ........................................................................................................ 41
4.8 Humidity meter ........................................................................................................... 42
4.9 Calculations for the roof of the Narthex ..................................................................... 42
5. ModelliNg ......................................................................................................................... 43
5.1 Materials .................................................................................................................... 43
5.2 Structural Linear Static ............................................................................................... 45
5.3 Structural Eigenvalue ................................................................................................. 45
5.4 Structural Vertical Non-Linear analysis ...................................................................... 47
6. Diagnosis and Recommendations for intervention .......................................................... 48
6.1 Diagnosis ................................................................................................................... 48
6.2 Repairing the roof ...................................................................................................... 48
6.3 Underground drainage system ................................................................................... 49
6.4 Removing the vegetation ........................................................................................... 50
6.5 Cleaning stains from the stone .................................................................................. 51
6.6 Diagonal crack on back wall ...................................................................................... 51
6.7 Ventilation .................................................................................................................. 52
7. Budgeting ........................................................................................................................ 52
8. Maintenance plan ............................................................................................................ 52
9. Future architectural proposal ........................................................................................... 53
10. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 54
11. References .................................................................................................................... 56
Annex ..................................................................................................................................... 57
List of damages ................................................................................................................... 57

Laboratory tests .................................................................................................................. 62
Roof calculations ................................................................................................................. 65
A. Assumption 1; Secondary Purlin only carries the load (Primary one is wholly
damaged) ............................................................................................................................ 65

INTRODUCTION
Within the master course in structural analysis of monuments and historical constructions and more
specifically within the SA7 unit the group 1 were tasked to carry out an integrated project on a 12
th
st
century monastery. The building under study is the 51 monument of the 58 monuments that are
consisting the Route of the Romanesque and it is located in Mancelos, a parish in the municipality of
Amarante and the district of Porto. So, it is known as Monastery of Saint Martin of Mancelos (Mosteiro
de So Martinho de Mancelos) or just Monastery of Mancelos (Mosteiro de Mancelos).
Due to historical circumstances the ownership and the monastery is divided. More accurately, the
building of the church and some of its surroundings, including a yard and the bell tower, belongs to the
Church of Portugal while the monastery is a private property and a wall separates the two properties.
Although, the church was always used for religious purpose that included the participation from the
community, the monastery was initially inhabited by monks only and was later purchased for private
use. This resulted in the church remaining part of the community while the monastery has been
changed from a male convent to a private property.
The present study focuses mainly on the church and its yard. The part of the monastery, which has
been abandoned and left to decay is inaccessible as it is under private ownership and would be
studied in a second stage, when the ownership change. This study shows the results of several
surveys that were done on the church within a period of 7 months (September 2015 March 2016).
The first part focuses on the monasterys history, its historical background and the interventions that
were performed on the church through the years until today. This study aided in better understanding
the current situation of the building from both the architectural and the structural point of view. The
second part focuses on the observations noted during the visual inspection, which was held in situ and
describes the damages visible on the structural and the non-structural elements of the building
complex. Subsequently, the evaluation of the damages led to the suggestions of appropriate methods
of monitoring and further studies to define the causes of the existing discrepancies. Additionally, part
of the structure was analyzed using the software DIANA, in order to aid in comprehending the static
state of the structure. From the information gathered, a preliminary proposal was included with a
budget for the (the Route of the Romanesque) providing suggestions to permanently face the causes
that were identified, and repair the damages.
1.
HISTORICAL SURVEY
1.1
The Romanesque Style

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Romanesque architecture was developed in the late 10 century and the first two decades of the 11
th
century, especially in the regions of Burgundy, Poitou, Auvergne (France) and Catalonia (Spain).
However, examples of Romanesque architecture can be found across the continent, making it the first
European style since the Imperial Roman Architecture. The main characteristic of the Romanesque

style is the semi-circular arch and the arcading. Generally, Romanesque is a combination of ancient
Roman and Byzantine buildings with the addition of local elements. It is known for its massive quality,
thick walls, rounded arches, sturdy pillars, groin vaults, large towers and decorative arcading.
1.2
The Romanesque in Portugal and the Route of the Romanesque
The Romanesque style in Portugal dates back to the period of King Afonso Henriques, who took on
the government of the Country of Portugal in 1128 and crowned himself king in 1139; his reign lasted
until 1185. The cathedrals of Coimbra, Lisbon and Porto, and the monastery of Santa Cruz in Coimbra
were constructed in that period and are prominent examples of the Romanesque architectural style.
Portuguese Romanesque architecture is particularly delicate in terms of major architectural sculpture
compositions. Essentially focused on friezes, imposts, corbels, archivolts and capitals, the repertoire
of the ornamental sculpture tends to use geometric motifs that are repeated almost everywhere. A
significant number of monuments, mainly churches that was developed in the Romanesque period,
can be found across the valleys of the rivers Sousa, Douro and Tmega. Those monuments are
consisting the Route of the Romanesque. The churches of the Route of the Romanesque have some
common characteristics, like orientation, location, building methods, materials and commissioners.
Firstly, the chancel of the churches face the east, towards Jerusalem, the holy city. This orientation
also allows the first light of the day to shine upon the altar. Secondly, the selection of the location in
which the churches where located was not arbitrary. It, actually, had a symbolic and a cultural
meaning. Additionally, the Romanesque architecture is characterized by three-leaf walls made of wellcarved stone blocks, by round arches and by the use of vaulted spaces supported by columns. Those
building methods were not only applied in religious buildings but also, in other buildings such as
castles, towers and bridges. In the north of Portugal the most commonly used material is granite.
Often, the nobility and the religious orders were the ones who influenced the construction of the Route
of the Romanesque. The Romanesque buildings were time-consuming and costly which resulted in
necessary dialogue between the commissioners, the donors and the master builders. That led to many
changes throughout the completion of the project. Such characteristics can been detected in the
church of the Monastery of Mancelos as has been mentioned prior.
1.3
The monastery of Mancelos
1.3.1 History
The history of the monastery dates back to 1109, when the first structure was founded. In 1120, the
Monastery of Mancelos already existed, according to the data from the papal Bull of Callictus II, as a
house of the Canons Regular of Saint Augustine.

The monastery followed the true paradigm of private churches, thus, between 1129-1153 Raimundo
Garcia, from the Portocarreiros lineage, probably made a donation to Mancelos. Effectively, in the
14th century, an impressive number of families claimed rights to this Monastery.
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The church was probably built between the 13 and the 14 century where the Romanesque parts can
be traced. In 1320, there are records that report the payment of a tax of 600 Portuguese libras to
support the Crusades.
In 1540, King Joo III (k. 1521-1557) donated the monastery of Mancelos to the monks of Saint
Gonalo of Amarante, a decision that was confirmed by Pope Paul III (p. 1534-1549) two years later.
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During the 17 and 18 centuries, the integrated and movable heritage of the Church of Mancelos
experienced some interventions, including the design of the altarpiece and respective images.
Especially two dates, where very determinative to the changes of the ecclesiastical matters: the
Decree issued on May 30th, 1834 and the Separation Law of April 20th, 1911. After the Liberal wars
of 1834, some of the monastic properties were removed from their churches and in the case of the
monastery of Mancelos the cloister was sold to a private and separated from the church by a wall. In
addition, the republican Constitution was approved in 1911 after the revolution of October 5th, 1910.
Generally, the first republic was anti-clerical and as result of that on April 20th of the same year the
Separation Law was passed that provided the separation of the church and the state.
In 1934, the church of Mancelos began being listed as a building of public interest and in the 60s;
preservation and restoration works were initiated. Between 1979 and 1985 restoration works were
carried out by the Fabriqueira Commission of Mancelos and since 2010, the church has been included
in the Route of the Romanesque.
1.3.2 Description
The church has a longitudinal cross section, common in the Romanesque style, consisting of a
rectangular nave and chancel. It also contains, two other building, which are not connected to the
main building but were built at the same time. One of them is a narthex, which is located in front of the
main entrance. The second is the square shaped bell tower, located in the south side of the main
faade. It, currently, has three stories, which has undergone many alterations making it difficult to
identify the arrangement of the original floors. Both of those buildings are in the front of the temple and
they extend the monumental complex. Through this arrangement, the church acquires a more
complex functionality, making it look similar to other monasteries of the Romanesque style that have
been built in the 13th century. The orientation of the church, as has been already mentioned, follows
the Romanesque order having the main faade oriented to the west and the chancel to the east. The
main portal can be found in the interior of the narthex and the western side of the church. This portal
consists of four archivolts that have apparent gothic influence expressed in their curvature.
Furthermore, the doorway is decorated with phytomorphic ornamentation, two figures, one male and
one female support the tympanum, and this combination is characteristic of the Romanesque. At last,

it is has to be noted that the narthex is a characteristic feature of the churches of the Canons Regular
of Saint Augustine.
An annex is attached to the south side of the chancel. This building is consisted by two stories where
the ground floor is used as a sacristy and the upper floor is used for Sunday school classes. On the
north side of the church there is another annex, which is attached to the main nave.
The main materials of the construction are the granite for the three-leafed masonry walls and the
timber for the roofs. Timber trusses support the roofs of the narthex and the sacristy. An exception of
that is the slab that separates the two floor of the sacristy, which is made of reinforced concrete. The
walls of the sacristy are plastered. The floor of the church as well as most of the buildings is made of
granite while ceramic tiles cover the roofs.
The church used to play an important part of the religious life of Amarante, as a result of that some
nobles and clerics were buried within and the narthex seems to be used for the funerals. In the south
faade of the church, there is a larnax placed in an arcosolium. The larnaxs face is sculpted with
several symbols and an armed man with a spear pointing against something that looks like a goat and
a wolf. In addition, important people used to be buried inside the church, under the floor. Today, the
graves have been removed and covered by wooden boards.
1.4
Alterations
The portal of the narthex underwent transformations in the past. The slightly pointing arch that
portrays gothic influence proves this fact. Moreover, as the pictures below display, there was a point in
time in which the portal was filled and then restored to its original shape.
Figure 1 - Main faade in 1948 (left) and more detailed (right)

In the old picture (Figure 1) of the square in front the church, the main faade is covered by plaster.
The interior of the church was all plastered as well the exterior of the sacristy. During the interventions
the plaster was removed. Also, there is a shed above the door of the bell tower. This feature is visible
in the picture of 1948 (above).

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Figure 2 - The main faade in the beginning of 20 century (left) and in 2015 (right)
Old pictures and plans of the church show the presence of a structure on the top of the bell tower,
behind the bells. This structure was demolished sometime between 1962 and 1964.
Figure 3 - Elevations of the bell tower in 1962
Figure 4 - Elevations of the bell tower in 1964

In the faade of the sacristy there are three arches that were filled in the past and they are visible
along with interventions as the opening of the window that intersects the middle of an arch. Those
alterations already existed in 1964 as it shown on the elevation and section below
Figure 5- Window intersecting an arch
Figure 6 - North sides yard
According to the account of the priest and an old inhabitant of Mancelos, in the past, two more
buildings were surrounding the main body of the church. A simple structure located in the north side,
next to the chancel, served as a place for cattle and on the south side of the church there was a shed
in which lived a sexton. Actually, the photo below (Figure 7) shows that there was a visible pier on the
north side of the church sometime in 1980s. In combination with the stone supports that are the lateral
walls confirm its existence. Both of those structures were demolished in the 1970s.
Figure 7 - Sacristy 1964

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1.5
Past interventions
In 1967, DGEMN Direo Geral dos Edifcios e Monumentos Nacionais [General Directorate for
Buildings and National Monuments] undertook the restoration works. The lateral walls of the chancel
were rebuilt and the wall of the sacristy next to the chancel was partially rebuilt. During that
intervention the openings of the windows were widened, replacing the initial narrow ones. The interior
adjustment works of the sacristy continued also in 1968.
Figure 8 - Interventions 1967 -1968

From 1979 until 1985, works were performed works such as the improvement of the faades of the
bell tower, the principal elevation and the south side of the nave, the narthex, the roofs, as well as of
the chancel and sacristys interior. Moreover, all the floors of the bell tower and the roof of the room
attached to the naves north side were reconstructed. In addition, new exterior doors were placed.
Special attention was paid to the bell tower where a wooden staircase was built on the inside based
on the levels of the primitive floors and also, an immediate intervention of the bells wooden structure
was necessary. Furthermore, the choir was demolished and the ceiling of the chancel, the nave and
the narthex was treated. Finally, new electric installations were implemented. These works were
completed in 1988, with governmental funding.

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Figure 9 - Main faade pavement works (left) and interventions in 1982 (right)
Beside that, in 1992, IPPAR Instituto Portugus do Patrimnio Arquitectnico (Portuguese Institute
of the Architecture Heritage) treated the cornice of the chancels gable, the narthexs floor as well as
renovated the roofs and added electrical installations.
2.
VISUAL INSPECTION
2.1
Structural elements
The Monastery of Saint Martin of Mancelos is a typical Romanesque style building with thick granite
stonewalls and massive semicircular arches. The roof has timber structure and clay tile covering and
is directly supported by the walls without any added columns. Iron ties were later added as horizontal
support to connect the main walls of the nave. Stone lintels support the openings of the windows and
doors.
The walls are mostly just over one meter thick but due to irregularities there are variances in some
areas. For example the back wall behind the altar has areas that are less than 40 cm thick. This is the
wall where the diagonal crack can be found.
2.2
Visual inspection
During the visual inspections geometry was checked against existing drawings and corrected when
variations occurred. Photographic survey was carried out where historical pictures and documents
were compared to the current form of the structure. Temperature and moisture were measured and
cracks were identified and measured.
The following equipment were used during the visual inspection: a laser meter, thermography and
humidity meters, digital cameras as well as other small hand tools.
As the building is around 1000 years old, multiple alterations, interventions and accidents have
occurred during these years. In visual inspection the overall understanding of the building was created
and all visible damages listed.

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2.3 The Masonry Quality Index

The conservation and preservation of historic buildings provides many challenges to those who aim to
retain building heritage. While there have been documented attempts to classify and analyze historical
masonry typologies in the past, these contributions have rarely included an experimental investigation
regarding the mechanical characteristics of masonry, due to the difficulties involved in the
determination of these characteristics. However, the existence of better technical information
regarding the mechanical characteristics of historic masonry structures would assist in the
preservation of building heritage. From its implementation into the Umbrian design codes in 2003, the
application of the MQI was further explored between 2005 and 2008 under a ReLUIS project funded
by the Italian ministry of research, to improve its reliability.
In a given conservation state for masonry quality index, Seven parameters will be considered for an
estimation of the mechanical properties of a masonry wall. The estimation requires knowledge of
historical construction methods due to the demands placed upon the engineer to categories each
parameter fulfillment, FulfilledF, Partially FulfilledPF, Not FulfilledNF
The first parameter is SM: this takes into account the conservation state and the mechanical
properties of bricks or stones. Pollution, water, light, inappropriate humidity and temperature may
reduce material mechanical properties and cause material erosion. Parameter SM considers these
problems including the common phenomenon of erosion of porous stones (sand stones, tuff, etc).
A further six parameters may contribute to a reduction factor which impacts upon the index
representing the ideal state, to produce a value more reflective of its actual state, given the
imperfections observed in the masonry materials and workmanship.
On consideration a given masonry structure, the initial assumption of the integrity of the structure is
based on the ideal that might be afforded for a particular stone in this case.
It should be noted that all criteria are based on a qualitative analysis. However, for two of these
(named WC and VJ) a quantitative criterion related to the length of some broken lines that can be
drawn on a wall section or leaf surface has been proposed.
After visual inspection and enough knowledge about all parameters for each parameter possible
outcome qualitative values were put. (Table 1)
`
NF
PF
SM (Stone mechanical properties and conservation state)
SD (Criteria for analysis of stone/brick dimensions )
SS (Criteria for analysis of stone/brick shape)
WC (Criteria for analysis of wall leaf connections)
HJ (Horizontality of bed joints)
VJ (Criteria for analysis of stagger properties of vertical joints )
MM (Criteria for analysis of mortar properties)
Table 1 Qualitative values

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Correlation between Masonry Quality Index and masonry mechanical parameters

The MQI can then be used to obtain, through a correlation procedure, an estimation of the mechanical
parameters (compressive strength fm, shear strength 0 and modulus of elasticity E) of existing
masonry.
In the following table (Table 2) from the source table value of each parameter was calculated and
from MQI equation the final value for each part was calculated and the results show that the stone
masonry is of good quality.
MQI = SM (SD + SS + WC + HJ + VJ + MM)
Vertical loading (V)
Horizontal in-plane
Horizontal out-of-plane
loading (I)
loading (O)
SM
SS
WC
HJ
VJ
0.5
0.5
SD
MM
0.5
0.5
MQI
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Table 2 Masonry qualitative index
3.
DAMAGE SURVEY
3.1
Damage Maps
Through visual inspection and photography of the building, discrepancies were identified and drawn
on damage maps for each section and plan of the monastery. The damage maps were produced in
accordance with the ICOMOS guideline for stone masonry; they were categorized under four different
criteria; mechanical, chemical, physical and biological. To simplify possible future inspections, an extra
section was added to relate the alterations.
From the visual inspections the damages were divided into major categories. Vegetation that
encompassed most of the exterior, moisture which is a result of the climate and rainy weather in the
area which caused damage to the stone units of the exterior and in some parts the interior as well.

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Damages and vegetation on the roof were an outcome of the old roof tiles as well as inappropriate
connections between tiles. The moisture and the roof tiles caused timber roof deterioration. Cracks
were an outcome of partial alterations, bad joint or bad quality of stone and ageing. The following
images show damages on the ground and first floors of the monastery. The damages were identified
in different colors and patterns to distinguish between the different types of damages. Further,
elevations and sections are displayed and damages are specified on maps and pertaining photos
were number to relay the damage in various locations.

15
On the exterior of the northern and eastern of the ground floor, vegetation is represented on the map
by green hatches. Moisture in the both the northern and southern parts of the nave was specified on
the damage maps. The added stair on the first floor connecting the sacristy to the additional level was
noted in yellow in the figure above. In this portion light damages due to moisture on the timber roof
were observed and noted. Extensive vegetation stemming from the exterior is evident on the eastern
part. Moisture on lateral surface was a result of identified roof problems. The presence of moisture is
difficult to avoid in the region as it rains often, especially during winters. Since such is the case,
external damage is unavoidable and maintenance is the only remedy for that. But moisture could be
regulated in the interior by modern ventilation methods.

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The main faade and the roofs were marked where there is presence of humidity, moisture and
vegetation. Cracks were visible on the stone and lintel at the entrance. These cracks are neither
structural nor active.
The ground slopes down from west to east bringing rainwater from the parking area towards the
church. This water collects against the walls making the ground wet and enabling the capillarity effect
bringing water from the ground towards the stone units.

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In the south faade, the most important damages were related to vegetation growing extensively on
the walls. In this faade some alterations were done changing the size and shape of the openings of
the windows. During these alterations the quality of the material used and workmanship has been
variable leaving some rather irregular areas on walls. Stones and mortars that were used for alteration
could have influenced future damages.

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In the west part, as in the rest of the exterior faades, vegetation was observed and it is more
concentrated on the lower parts of the wall. This is also in the connection between the monastery and
the private part and is most extensive in the private part as it is abandoned and there is no
maintenance. The wall behind altar has a long diagonal crack following the mortar joint.

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In the south elevation moisture and vegetation on the ground level is widely present. In this area the
rainwater is collected inside the courtyard, which is sloping towards the walls. This is creates a
situation where the moisture easily penetrates the walls.

20
In Section 1-1, as it is shown below, most damages were found at the stone columns and surrounding
areas. In the bottom part of the columns colors and texture of some units were different than the rest
of the column. Parabolic shape stains were found from the southern wall.

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Damages in Section 2-2 are similar to section 1-1. It should be noted that in the upper part of the
columns in the entrance of the chancel, stone is degraded as a product of age.
In entrance of the nave, around the door, black colors on the stone indicate a chemical influence
probably an outcome of fire by nearby burning candles.

22
In section 3-3, the surface of the tower presents clear signs of moisture damage and vegetation
growth.
In both columns at the entrance of the main nave there is black staining, which is a form of chemical
attack on the stone units.

23
In the section 4-4, the two columns at the entrance of chancel are stained black. Dark colors on stones
are localized on specific units providing a contrast between adjacent units, which could be perfectly
clean. On the right part of the exterior, vegetation and moisture were identified. Also the ground slope
bringing water to the surface and accumulated moisture is extensive in this part.

24
There is plenty of vegetation growing on top of the roof tiles, some are broken or displaced and water
is leaking in from multiple places.

25
The western part of the timber roof above the narthex is deteriorated due to water leaking through the
tiles. From the picture below it is possible to see how the roof is seriously damaged with wholes and
broken timber elements.

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3.2
Main damages
After visual inspection it is evident that old buildings as this are likely to have some damages. A
generalized discussion of the damages will be discussed in the body of the report while extensive
investigation of the individual damages can be found in the annex at the end of the report. It is
important to assert that excluding the damage present on the roof, most of the damages that were
found were of aesthetic nature.
Tests to be carried out are discussed later and were chosen based on the findings during the visual
inspection and related to the seriousness of the damages.
3.2.1
Diagonal crack on back wall behind sacristy
There is a continuous crack on a back wall behind the altar that needs to be analysed (Figure 10).
The crack starts in the middle of the wall and continues diagonally towards the upper right corner of
the structure following the mortar joint. There are no broken stone units but in some areas the joint
gap is more than two centimetres wide.
The wall is non-homogeneous and the thickness varies between 30 cm to 110 cm with variable stone
sizes. There is a hidden arch that is only visible from the inside and narrow vertical window that has
been filled with mortar.
Boroscopy, Radar-GPR, thermographic camera and software modelling were carried out to better
understand the cause of this crack and investigate if it is still active. Results will be presented in the
sections pertaining to the specific tests.
Figure 10 Diagonal crack on back wall behind the altar

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3.2.2 Deteriorated timber elements on roof

The roof is partly broken and is reaching its time limit. It has much vegetation growth and is damaged
in some parts to the point of allowing water to seep through.
The roof at the main entrance is heavily damaged allowing water leakage in multiple places. From the
top view it is possible to see clear deformation of the roof. The view from below reveals serious
damage in multiple timber elements including a supporting secondary beam that is fully broken. (
Figure 11 Damaged roof of Narthex
)
Calculations can be found in section 0 (
test).

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Figure 11 Damaged roof of Narthex
3.2.3 Moisture and humidity

Moisture and humidity are widely present throughout the complex. This provides a favorable
environment for vegetation, bacterial and fungal growth. The rising dampness by capillary action
introduces salts from the soil in to the walls and creates physical damage due to crystallization
pressure.
In general major damages due to moisture are present in the roof, the lower parts of the walls and on
the columns next to the altar.

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Figure 12 Damages possibly caused by moist.
4.
TESTS AND ANALYSES
4.1
Stone damages
There are different kinds of stone damages present in the monastery complex. Many of these are due
to moisture and humidity but fire could also be a contributing factor. Moisture penetrates from two
different pathways, the first is the roof and the second is through capillary action from the ground.
Stone damages were inspected with multiple ways. After the first visual inspections a stone expert
from the University of Minho was consulted in regards to the cause of the damage. He contributed by
taking part in using the elastic wave method through doing a sonic test. In addition, the humidty was
recorded by using a humidity meter and laboratory tests were done for some samples that were taken
from the most critical areas of the wall. The results from the laboratory test can be found from
annexes.
4.1.1 Site visit with stone expert

Geologist experience and recommendation on the observation;
The stone expert suggested that the dark color on the stone masonry of exterior side of the Southern
wall was probably resulted of fire. According to his professional opinion, a shiny color on the minerals
of the stones, which is seen on the face of the wall, is a result of fire burning. According to oral
tradition, a deacon lived in a wooden structure that was flanked against the wall and partly supported
by it and although this structure is no longer present, a darker area that probably resulted from internal
heating through fire defines it. The structure was removed in the 1980s. In addition, there is a reddish
brown color on the wall of the sacristy that is cause by the presence of algae or lichen.

30
Figure 13 Stains on wall of the church.
Figure 14 Stains on wall of the sacristy.
The stains (dark and rust like color) on the buttresses inside the Church were also thought to have
been resulted from lit candles fire and smoke as it was evidenced by the matching patterns. However,
the shiny color to some parts was not irregular and not well defined. The color with similar pattern was
also observed beneath the lintel of the door. This disqualified the suggestion that fire from the candles
was the cause of the damage.
Figure 15 Stains on the walls inside the church, both side of the altar.
On the walls, some localized stone units were noted to have black and green stains. The localization
is probably influenced by the porous nature of some of the stones. The green stains seem to be recent
and active. Though dominant on the southern wall, which is uncommon, the active stains prove that it
is a moisture related problem. The presence of moisture could also be confirmed from the reaction of
the wooden roof closer to the wall. The damage is significantly progressive during the wet season in
contrast to the dry season. This further explains that the staining on the wall is a product of the
moisture. The stains are also significant on the corners of the wall where the water would tend to
accumulate.
31
Figure 16 Localized stains inside Narthex
Figure 17
Figure 18
Figure 17, bright green color (stains) at the top of the arch and Figure 18, moist timber roof, both being
caused by rain water leaking from the roof.
It has also been known that, in the 1970s, there was a cowshed between the wall of the attachment
and that of the narthex (oral tradition). This is probably the cause of stains and loss of mortar on the
masonry wall, which is exacerbated by rising moisture due to the osmosis effect between the earth
and the cow dung traces on the masonry wall. The circular hole covered by irregular stone units is
believed to be from previous for anchoring ties that attached the straw roof of the stable.

32
Figure 19 Place where the cowshed used to be placed.

Remedial measures
The stone expert proposed several remedy measures. However, he proposed that there should be an
intensive study on the nature of the stones and the damages as the effectiveness of the methods is
dependent on the type of the damages and some methods are destructive to the granite stones. The
following are the methods that were proposed;
Laser method,
Use of abrasives (brushing),
Use of chemicals
4.2
GPR
Radar - GPR test was carried out to find out the real morphology of the back wall.
The back wall behind the wooden altarpiece has an embedded arch with irregular thicknesses that is
difficult to evaluate. The GPR was used to aid in determining the thicknesses present at various
locations. Outside the wall there is a diagonal crack following the joints of the masonry with a width of
up to two centimetres. There are several factors to take into account when evaluating the cause of the
crack, this includes the thickness, the number of leafs and presence of voids
The embedded arch was measured from the inside to estimate the area that should be covered by
GPR. Then both the area inside the arch as well as that outside was detected with GPR to find out the
thickness and possible voids inside the wall.

33
Figure 20 - Working pictures from the GPR testing

The results reveal that the thickness of the wall outside the arch is at least 80-90 cm and in the areas
where the arch is present to be only 30-40 cm, (Figure 21Error! Reference source not found.). The
crack is mainly present behind the arch where the thickness of the wall is small.
Figure 21 - Profiles carried out for back wall: (side pictures) from the bottom and (middle
pictures) from the top
4.3
Sonic test
The elastic wave method or sonic test takes the advantage of using the propagation properties of the
materials. There are two ways to perform the sonic test; the direct and the indirect (Figure 22).

34
Figure 22 Direct sonic test and indirect sonic test

From the indirect test the velocities of the P-waves and R-waves velocity can be determined as,
! ! respectively. Knowing the relation between ! /! makes it is possible to estimate the
Poissons ratio () (eq. 1). Moreover through knowing the mass density it is possible to estimate the
dynamic Modulus of Elasticity () (eq. 2 & 3). Finally, knowing the modulus of elasticity makes it
possible to estimate the compressive (! ) (eq. 4) and tensile (! ) (eq. 5) strength.
!
=
!
2(1 )
(1 + )!
(. 1)
(1 2) (0.87 + 1.12)!
! =
(1 )

/ (. 2)
(1 + )(1 2)
! =
0.87 + 1.12
1

/ (. 3)
1+
2(1 + )
! =
(. 4)
600
! =
!
(. 5)
10
Where
! []
[ ! ]
! []

35
From the direct test, the quality and composition of the masonry can be estimated. More specifically,
through observing the propagation velocity of the P-waves discrepancies and voids in the multi-leaf
wall can be assessed. In general the propagation velocity is correlated with the quality of the materials
and it varies for different materials (Table 3).
Material
Propagation velocity
(m/s)
Steel
5 800
New masonry
1 000 3 000
Old masonry
350 2 500
Concrete
4 200 5 200
Wood
3 500 6 000
Stone
2 000 5 000
Table 3 The propagation velocity for different materials

At last, through the results obtained from the impact echo, it is possible to calculate the thickness of
the leaves using the following correlation (eq.6).
! =
2
= 2 / (. 6)
Where
[]
[]
[]
Experimental setup
In the case study, the sonic test was performed on

the northern lateral wall of the nave. This wall was
chosen, as both sides of the wall are accessible.
There are stains on both the interior and the exterior.
In order to perform both the direct and indirect tests,
a grid of sixteen points was created in the interior
face of the wall and matched with a grid of sixteen
points in the exterior face. (Figure23) The distances
between the points of the grid were measured and
Figure 23 Grid measurements

36
recorded. The location of the points was selected in a way to avoid irregular sections of the masonry.
The equipment used for the sonic test were; a hammer, three accelerometers and a computer with a
software collecting the data. The evaluation of the data for the direct and the indirect test were
performed with the Sonic Analyzer software. The impact echo was evaluated using a MatLab code.
Figure 24 Evaluation of direct test data with Sonic Analyzer

Direct test
The hammer and the accelerometer were used for the direct test. The hammer was used to create an
impact on a point from the interior and the first accelerometer was recording was obtained from that
point on the exterior. The second accelerometer was placed very close to where the hammer was
hitting in order to record the impact echo. The process was repeated several times for each point in
order to draw as many results as possible that would later be averaged in order to obtain a result as
accurate as possible.
The data was compiled using the Sonic Analyzer software. After loading the data, the distance
between the hammer and the accelerometer had to be defined. Knowing the distance and picking the
time of the hammer impact and when the accelerometer started recording, the P-waves velocity
propagated is calculated by the software automatically. The average velocity for each point can be
seen in the table and the figure below.
Point
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
,
[m/s]
311
352
317
270
203
274
SD
Coef
Point
15.03
10.76
10.97
11.27
9.22
12.61
21%
33%
29%
24%
22%
22%
P9
P10
P11
P12
P13
P14
,
[m/s]
347
324
345
246
445
437
SD
Coef
8.48
26.02
20.26
22.63
33.08
21.52
41%
12%
17%
11%
13%
20%

37
P7
P8
345
462
19.80
23.83
17%
19%
P15
P16
total
409
346
340
62.46
46.02
72.49
7%
8%
5%
Table 4 Average velocity propagated resulted from the direct test

Through the results of the direct test, it could be deduced that in general the masonry has a poor
performance. The total average velocity propagated is around 340 m/s, which is almost equal to the
sound velocity of the air (343 m/s). This could mean that there are voids between the three leaves of
the masonry. Moreover, in a comparison of the average velocity resulted with the average velocity for
old masonry (350 m/s) that is given from bibliography, it is found lower by 3%.
Figure 25 Average velocity of direct test in m/s in the interior and the exterior face.
In addition, by observing the Figure 25 it is noticed that the lower velocities were recorded for the
damaged stones (e.g. P5) in contrast with the higher values that were recorded in visually more
healthy stones (e.g. P13).
Indirect test
A grid was used for the indirect test of the masonry, which was done only on the interior surface of the
wall. The necessary tools to perform the indirect test are the hammer and at least two accelerometers.
In this case three accelerometers were used in order to record the impact echo. To take the
measurements, the equipment was placed vertically on a line of points, with the first accelerometer
and the hammer placed at the base of the wall (e.g. P1) and the other two on the upper points
respectively (e.g. P5 and P9 respectively). In order to obtain more accurate results the test was
repeated several times for each line of points.
The Sonic Analyzer was used to extract the times it took for the P-waves and the R-waves to reach
the accelerometers 2 and 3 respectively. For the given distances between the points the times were
marked in different graphs for each group of points. The slope of the trend line of those points gives
the velocity in every case. Knowing the values of ! ! , the elastic properties of the masonry were

38
calculated (Table 5). For this purpose the density of the masonry was assumed equal to 20 KN/m ,
value taken out of the bibliography.
Column
1
2
3
4
average
,
[m/s]
274
251
252
228
251
,
[m/s]
74
151
81
123
107
/
3.68
1.66
3.12
1.85
2.57
0.45
0.08
0.43
0.23
0.30
[GPa]
1.11
1.26
1.27
1.03
1.20
fc
[MPa]
1.86
2.10
2.12
1.73
2.00
ft
[MPa]
0.19
0.21
0.21
0.17
0.2
Table 5 Elastic properties of the masonry resulted of the indirect test

Observing the results of the indirect test of the masonry, it can be said that the tested masonry has in
general poor performance with relatively low elastic properties.
The same process of the indirect test was performed on individual stones in order to evaluate the
velocity of the P-waves. For this test two healthy and two stained stones were picked. The hammer
was impacting on the edge of the stone and the accelerometers were recording every 50 cm until the
end of the stone. Also, the test was repeated several times.
Figure 26 Location of the four stones on the wall

The results were compiled as previously and the average velocity of the each stone was calculated
(Table 6).
Stone
,
[m/s]
Stone 1
Stone 2
Stone 3
Stone 4
1092
1842
1091
1939
Average
1491
Table 6 Average velocity of the for stones

39
From the bibliography the average velocity of the stones should be around 2000 m/s. In this case for
two stones the value of the velocity propagated was close to the theoretical value. For the other two
the velocity was found to be almost half, which means that those stones are very porous. Comparing
the results with the Figure 26 it is noted that the stones with the good performance seem healthy and
the other two are damaged.
Impact echo
In order to estimate the thickness of at least one of the three leaves of the masonry, the data from the
indirect test was used, considering ! as the average value from the velocity propagated in the stone
units. The result of the impact echo is shown in the table below. The frequency was estimated as the
pick appearing in a diagram which be seen below created by MatLab.
Figure 27 Diagram of impact echos evaluation
Points
P1-P9
P2-P10
P2-P11
P3-P12
Average
d [m]
0.27
0.27
0.23
0.19
0.24
SD
0.07
0.11
0.05
0.01
0.04
coef
4%
2%
5%
15%
6%
Table 7 Thickness of masonrys one leaf resulting impact echo

The average value for the inner leaf of the masonry is around 25 cm, which is 23% of the total
thickness of the wall (1.10 m). The result seems low and it contributes to the overall poor condition of
the masonry.

40
Factors hindering the results

In some cases, it was difficult to evaluate the data of the testing due to several factors that affected the
measurements such as the environmental noise and the human error. Those factors could ultimately
affect the results.
4.4
Thermography
The thermographic camera was used to complement GPR results to help understand better the
morphology of the back wall where the crack is appearing. Unfortunately during the test day the night
and day temperature did not change much keeping the temperature even between areas with different
thicknesses and non contrasted.
Figure 28 Thermographic pictures to show the place of the hidden arch and filled opening.

41
4.5
Boroscopy
Boroscopy was used to evaluate the cracks more

thoroughly. The depth of the crack, possible layers inside
the wall, whether the crack is only on mortar or also in
stones and its age could be better understood using a
boroscopy test.
The main crack on back wall was thoroughly checked
with boroscopy. Based on this assessment it is possible
to say that the crack is present only on the first layer of
the masonry, until the depth of 30 to 40 cm and it is only
following the joint without any major cracks in the stones.
It is very likely that the inner wall has been fixed later with additional mortar to cover the crack; this is
deduced because an extensive amount of mortar is visible with boroscopy at the bottom of the crack.
It can be also said that the crack is relatively old with lot of dirt and living vegetation inside. Some
branches growing inside the crack are getting so large and gaining girth which could most likely
generate additional damage if not cleaned.
4.6
Rebar detector
The rebar detector was used to evaluate the concrete floor on baptistery. The reinforcements detected
are spaced at about 150mm and 300 in the longitudinal and transversal direction respectively.
4.7
Schmidt hammer
The strength of concrete floor was assessed by using the schmidt hammer. The strength was taken as
the mean of the averages of the strength values determined from the corner and centre of the slab.
The mean strength was therefore found to be about 37 Mpa as indicated in the table below.
Corner of the Slab

42
42
38
37
42
47
39
42
38
Average strength [Mpa]
40
40
38
40
Mid/Center of the slab

25
26
28
44
35
35
32
40
34
Average strength [Mpa]
35
37
35
34
Mean
35
40
37
37
Table 8 - Schmidt hammer results for the sacristy concrete floor (mean strength 37Mpa)

42
4.8
Humidity meter
Being among the environmental factors influencing the deterioration of structures, it was important to
measure the relative humidity and temperature around the building. The average RH values were
o
outside 83.4% and 83.6% inside while temperature in the morning was around 14 C both inside and
outside. (Table 9)
Figure 29 Measuring relative humidity from outside and inside.

External
Internal
79
76.9
81.6
81.6
Relative humidity (%)

80.9
85.3
88.5
80
83
85
86
87
79.5
87.5
86
88
Mean
83.4
83.6
Table 9 External and internal relative humidity
4.9
Calculations for the roof of the Narthex
The primary and secondary purlins of the damaged roof at the entrance of the narthex were assessed
in order to determine the safety level of the area to the users. The first assumption was that the entire
load is carried by the secondary purlins and the second assumption was that the primary purlin
supports all the loads from the damaged section (Figure 30). In both cases, the existing purlins are
found to be inadequate as the calculations included in the annex indicate. The calculations are
indicating that the load from the roof is too high for the secondary purlins. While the primary purlin is
almost broken it would be recommended to either fix the primary purlin or restrict the area to people.
The acute problem is only on one corner of the narthex so it would be possible to use the church
through the side entrance if needed. More detailed calculations can be found from annexes.

43
Figure 30 Loading areas for calculating loads first for primary purlins and then for secondary
purlins.
5.
MODELLING
The Monastery of Saint Martin in Mancelos is composed of several attached buildings that were
digitally modelled as such. The complex to be analysed using the finite element method only
comprises the part that is used by the church along with auxiliary functions. The structures modelled
were the bell-tower, the narthex, the central nave, the chancel, the side room and the sacristy. It was
modelled in Rhino and exported into midas fx as step. The six solid elements were modified by adding
lintels to resist premature collapse of the window. The roofs were not modelled but their weight was
applied as forces on the topmost parts of the walls as is seen below. All the solids were adjusted and
meshed.
5.1
Materials
The properties of the masonry was obtained through the indirect sonic test that was done on walls of
the main nave. It is worthy to note that the finite element study was done in an attempt to simulate an
inclined crack on the back wall of the altar. The element used is TE12L which is a four-node, threeside isoparametric solid tetrahedron element. As has been mentioned prior, the masonry is composed
of mortared granite blocks. The properties used to simulate the granite are listed below. In addition,
timber elements were modeled in order to prevent premature collapse above the windows.
Material
Youngs Modulus
9
Poissons Ratio
Mass Density
Masonry
1.2 x 10 N/m
0.3
2000 N/m3
Lintel
4.2 x 109 N/m2
.37
4200 N/m3
The complex was subdivided into six macroelements that were meshed in conjunction with each other.
2
The roofs were not modeled but their weights were calculated to be 2205 N/m and adjusted to the
area of the upper surfaces of the blocks. The calculations are listed below for the weight of the roof at

44
each block. The mesh was produced through a division size of 0.3 in order to accommodate the
arcading arch characteristic of Romanesque architecture at the main entrance of the church.
Figure 31 Meshed FEM Model
Block # 1
2205
N
30.8m! = 67914 N
m!
Block # 2
2205
N
80.55m! = 1776127.5 N
m!
2205
N
174.96m! = 3857868 N
m!
Block # 3
Block # 4
2205
N
38.43m! = 84738.5 N
m!
2205
N
54.76m! = 1207458 N
m!
Block # 5
Block # 6
45
2205
5.2
N
74.98m! = 1653309 N
m!
Structural Linear Static
The linear elastic study was executed by applying all the loads in the vertical direction and noting the
deformations.
Figure 32 Self Weight

Maximum value for the compressive strain is the principal strain E1 and the maximum value for the
tensile strain is the principal strain E3 that are located as is seen on the figures below.
Figure 33 Compressive strain E1
5.3
Figure 34 Tensile strain E2
Structural Eigenvalue
The modal analysis was not necessary as the north of Portugal is not considered to be in a high
seismic risk area but it was attempted nonetheless in order to assess the safety of the structure. The
analysis was evaluated for 15 modes and the values for the effective masses are listed below. Since
46
the quality of the ties was not verified they were not modeled and as a result the building exhibits
significant deformations under lateral loads.
MODE
FREQUENCY
EFF.MASS
TX
EFF.MASS
TY
EFF.MASS TZ
9.04E-01
8.34E+03
2.32E+06
1.00E+01
1.30E+00
2.61E+06
5.56E+05
2.85E+03
1.39E+00
4.50E+05
3.34E+06
7.75E+03
1.41E+00
3.05E+04
3.21E+06
5.96E+02
1.53E+00
1.33E+03
1.80E+04
1.81E+02
1.60E+00
9.32E+05
1.59E+00
9.85E+02
1.82E+00
6.43E+04
1.26E+06
1.02E+03
1.95E+00
5.35E+05
3.16E+05
1.35E+01
2.00E+00
8.95E+02
6.81E+03
3.07E+01
10
2.19E+00
1.13E+05
3.06E+05
3.25E+01
11
2.24E+00
5.69E+04
3.89E+04
2.00E+03
12
2.33E+00
1.67E+05
1.44E+04
1.71E+00
13
4.09E+02
3.11E+06
4.86E+02
2.09E+03
14
2.40E+00
3.19E+04
1.09E+01
4.31E+03
15
2.52E+00
3.79E+03
7.56E+04
7.68E+01
Mode 1
Mode 3
Mode 5
Mode 7
Mode 9
Mode 13

47
5.4
Structural Vertical Non-Linear analysis
The structural non-linear analysis revealed that the structure could support up to 80% above its
current weight. At that point a displacement of 2cm occurs at the node 37, which is expected, as it is
the highest point of the structure. The graph below relays the displacement expected at the labeled
nodes.
Figure 35 The deformed shape and labeled nodes
Node
37
20791
61492
1
0.001776
0.000417
0.001151
2
0.003554
0.000834
0.002303
Vertical Nonlinear
load
case
3
4
0.005338 0.007148
0.001251 0.001668
0.003458
0.00462
5
0.009039
0.002084
0.00581
6
0.011071
0.002502
0.00707
7
0.013333
0.002922
0.008483
8
0.016895
0.003364
0.010144
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
Node 37
0.008
0.01
"Node 20791"
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
Node 61492

48
The values above are conservative, as the ties were not modeled because they were not tested. In the
case that the ties present function well, the structure would be able to support more than 80% above
its self-weight.
6.
DIAGNOSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR INTERVENTION
6.1
Diagnosis
Although there is lot of damages related to humidity and moisture, the main structures of the church
seem to be stable. The existing moisture is allowing vegetation growth on the walls and roof and if not
removed and maintained it will start breaking the important structural parts as well. Due to this reason
the most important part of the recommendations are focused on removing the water and moisture from
the buildings.
There were two possibly alarming damages found during the visual inspection; the diagonal crack on
the back wall of the Chancel and the broken roof of the Narthex. Multiple different non-destructive
tests were done and it seems that this crack is old and inactive. It is recommended to confirm the
inactivity of the crack by placing a crack-monitoring device. By following the possible movements of
the crack with the crack-monitoring device. This monitoring should take place for at least a one-year
period in order to dismiss the possible movements caused by different seasonal temperatures and
moisture changes. If the crack is confirmed to be inactive, meaning not opening, after the monitoring
period the crack could be filled with lime mortar.
The calculations concerning the roof of the Narthex are indicating that the roof is in a critical state and
as soon as the primary purlin is fully breaks there is a high possibility for partial collapse of the roof.
Due to this reason it is recommended that this roof would be repaired and if possible visitors
redirected to use another entrance until the roof is fixed.
Overall finding was that most of the damages are due to lack of maintenance and these could be
avoided in the future by implementing a proper maintenance plan.
6.2
Repairing the roof
As mentioned in the damage survey section, the roof is getting old and partly seriously damaged.
Repairing the roof should be one of the first things to guarantee the safety of the visitors in the future.
Roof repairing will also help to keep water away from the walls and slow down the biological damage.
While there was no access to inspect the roof structures above the false ceiling, inspection should be
performed when access is enabled. As in this report it is considered that the roof structures above the
false ceiling is in good condition.
Repairing of the roof should include checking the condition of the wooden drafters and trusses and
when needed changing those. Changing all clay tiles for new ones and leaving air space between tiles
and wooden base. Gutters and eaves should be also installed to avoid water entering inside the walls.
49
Figure 36 Picture of existing roof and drawing how the air ventilation should be installed.
6.3
Underground drainage system
Besides the leaking roof, the rising damp is another path for the moisture into the structures. To
reduce this water entering in to the structures by capillarity the underground drainage could be
considered.
By building an underground drainage system on front of the building the water content of soil could be
reduced under the church. With this underground drainage channel rain water coming from sloping
parking area could be redirected around the building. (Figure 39)
In the courtyard, water is collecting next to the walls and then entering inside the walls by capillarity.
Underground drainage system should be considered to collect the water into the well in order to
reduce the moisture inside the soil. The well could be used for rainwater harvesting in more general as
well. (Figure 37)
Figure 37 Underground drainage marked on blue.
Figure 38 Example picture.

50
Figure 39 Underground drainage on parking area.
6.4
Removing the vegetation
Because of the humidity and copious amounts of yearly rain the biological growth is strong in this area
and this compound is not an exception. Vegetation is widely present almost everywhere creating
various damages on stones, mortar and timber elements.
Biocides could be used to remove the vegetation but after removal periodic maintenance should be
followed to avoid the recurrence of the situation.
Figure 40 Vegetation growing on walls.

51
6.5
Cleaning stains from the stone
Next to the altar some stones are heavily darkened. Based on

the laboratory tests this could be due to salts introduced by the
moisture. Further studies are recommended to fully understand
the real cause of these stains.
This dark colour can be removed with laser without damaging
the stone. If laser treatment is not available, abrasive or hot
steam technique could be tried.
Cleaning the stones would not remove the real cause of the
damage. To avoid stains from reappearing, the moisture and
humidity should be reduced from the area. With well-designed
drainage system, ventilation and indoor heating the humidity
Figure 41 Stains on stones.
could be reduced.
6.6
Diagonal crack on back wall
Based on the non-destructive tests the crack on back wall does seem inactive. There is much dust
and vegetation inside the crack, which indicates that crack, is be old. It also looks that mortar has
been added from inside to cover the crack. This mortar cover is unbroken that also indicates that crack
has occurred in some point in history but is not active anymore.
Although the crack looks inactive, it is recommended to monitor the crack with the crack meter. The
monitoring should be for at least one year to get one full year cycle and ideally would be done over a
period of three years.
If the crack is continuously expanding, it would be recommended to do more detailed inspections
including soil tests. In case there is no more opening of the crack it could be filled with lime mortar. In
any case it would be recommended to clean the crack from vegetation.
Figure 42 Crack monitoring device.

52
6.7
Ventilation
Humidity is the main reason for biological growth and in that way it is speeding the deterioration of the
structure in general. To reduce the humidity, good ventilation should be implemented.
With few ventilation holes in each area the air movement could be improved and air humidity reduced
but a professional company should do holistic air ventilation plan.
7.
BUDGETING
Budgeting calculations can be found from the annexes.
8.
MAINTENANCE PLAN
The Monastery of Mancelos is situated in an area with one of the highest yearly rainfalls. This together
with it being an old building with continuous water and dust deposit provides an ideal environment for
all biological growth leading to fast erosion. During this inspection it has come clear that any
intervention would bring only rather temporary benefits if further maintenance is lacking.
It would be important to create a clear maintenance plan (
Figure 43) with agreed
budget that would be followed to avoid most of the damages from re-appearing after a short period
time. Below is a proposal for areas that should be covered inside the maintenance plan but more
detailed plan should be worked together with possible local maintenance providers.
Figure 43 Maintenance plan.

53
9.
FUTURE ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL
Although the church is used for weekly services and is in a habitable condition, the private property
that was originally part of the convent is currently abandoned and in a non-habitable condition. This
makes it difficult to accurately estimate the on-going damages in the private part as it is inaccessible.
Nonetheless, it is anticipated that the community would purchase the property from the private owners
and use it for public functions. This would entail remodelling the private section in addition to the
periodic maintenance that is currently inhabited. It is anticipated that the private property would be
used for community activity. The activity proposed is of variable character ranging from day-care for
children as well as contain areas for gathering for the elderly community. In addition to quotidian use,
there should be an informal hall in order to represent the historic value of the area in regards to the
production of vinho verde tinto as well as other local productions characteristic of the area. The
following image presents an illustration of the potential rehabilitation scheme proposed for the area.
Figure 44 Canopy
The canopy that should cover the courtyard enclosed between the private and public areas, should
harmoniously reconcile both sides of the complex by uniting them with the arcaded canopy
representing the architectural style of the Romanesque, which is the oldest pan European architectural
style and celebrates the unity of the European community.

54
10.
CONCLUSION
As has been mentioned in the diagnosis part, the main church seems to be structurally stable and
most of the damages are related to moisture and humidity. Recommendations in this report are
focused on find ways to reduce the moisture. Together with these measures and periodic maintenance
the church should stay in good conditions for future generations. This report did not focus on the
monastery part and it would be recommended to do proper inspection on that side as soon as it will be
available. With short a visit it was clear that this part is much more damaged than the part owned by
the church.

55
DEFINITION OF SYMBOLS
fm,k
Characteristic value of bending strength
E0.05
5% value of modulus of elasticity parallel to grain
fv,k
Characteristic value of shear strength
Em,0,mean,
Mean value of modulus of elasticity parallel to grain
kh
Size factor
gk
Dead load (area load)
qk
Imposed load (area load)
fm,d
Design strength of the material
!"#
Modification factor
Partial factor for material property
fv,d
Design shear strength of the material
Span of the beam
!"
Effective span of the beam
V, V! , VEd
Design actions for shear
Vgk,
Characteristic shear force due to dead loads
Vqk,
Characteristic shear force due to imposed loads
VRd
Design resistance for shear
m,d, !,!"
Design actions for bending stresses
!"#$
A factor for reduced bending strength due to lateral buckling
M, MEd,
Design actions for bending moment
Mgk,
Characteristic bending moment due to dead loads
Mgk,
Characteristic bending moment due to imposed loads
MRd,
Design moment of resistance
Breadth/width
Depth
kcr
Cracking factor
v,d, v,Ed
Design actions for shear
Gki, Gk1, Gk2
Characteristic imposed actions (point loads)
Qki, Qk1, Qk2
Characteristic dead actions (point loads)
!"
Design bending stress resistance of the material
!"
Design shear stress resistance of the materia

56
11. REFERENCES
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecture#Origins
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igreja_de_S%C3%A3o_Martinho_(Mancelos)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Portuguese_Republic
http://www.rotadoromanico.com/vEN/Monuments/Monuments/Paginas/MonasteryofSaintMartinofManc
elos.aspx?valor=/vEN/Monuments/Monuments/Paginas/MonasteryofSaintMartinofMancelos.aspx&gui
d={33697E55-24E4-448F-BED9278B32FF728A}&monumento=Mosteiro%20de%20S%C3%A3o%20Martinho%20de%20Mancelos&g
aleria=Photos
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Wars
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garcia_Afonso_de_Le%C3%A3o
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raimundo_Garcia_de_Portocarreiro
http://www.soveral.info/mas/Portocarrero.htm
http://informaticahb.blogspot.pt/2015/01/amarante-mancelos-imagens-bem-antigas.html
http://inspectapedia.com/exterior/Stone_Stain_Diagnosis.php
http://owic.oregonstate.edu/sites/default/files/pubs/powderpost_beetles.pdf
Petr Kuklk (2008) Educational Materials for Designing and Testing of Timber Structures TEMTIS,
Handbook 2 Design of timber structures according to Eurocode 5
A method for the analysis and classification of historic masonry
By Antonio Borri Marco Corradi Giulio Castori nAlessandro De Maria
ICOMOS-ISCS : illustrated glossary on stone deterioration patterns

57
ANNEX
List of damages
S/N
ELEMENT [DAMAGE]
Wall; Nave (Elem. 1)

Living organism [B];
1
plants seen grown

on the entire wall of
the
added
attachment higher
plants
Wall;
Element
1
3
Rain water and rising

damp
and neglected
maintenance
Use of Biocides,
hydrophobic
agents and regular
cleaning
Rain water and rising

damp
and neglected
maintenance
Use of Biocides,
hydrophobic
agents and regular
cleaning
Use of Biocides,
hydrophobic
agents and regular
mechanical
cleaningusing
clean water and
brushing
Replacement of
the filling rubble
stones with square
ones bedded on
hydraulic
lime
mortar and
Faint blue color seen

on the masonry units
- Lichens
Wall;
Element
Crack [M];
CAUSE INTERVEN.
Plants seen grown

on most parts of the
wall of the church
higher plants
Wall;
Attachment
-
PICTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF
LIKELY
THE PATHOLOGY
Rain water and

rising
damp
and neglected
maintenance
Stair
cracks
of
nearly
constant
thickness near to the
poorly
filled
(closed) openings.
Inadequate
previous
interventions
(poorly done) -
Filling the crack

with
hydraulic
lime mortar
Monitoring

58
Wall;
Element
1
- Higher
plants
growing on the wall.
5
Chalking [P];
- Mortar
turning
powdery,
the
particles
of
the
mortar are no longer
bound
Wall;
Element
1
Loss of mortar from
the joints [P];
6
Some
holes
developing between
the masonry units
(loss
of
the
material).
Wall;
Element
1
Voids (Dislocation of
masonry units) [P];
-
Bigger sized hole

seen on the wall
from the inside.
Neglected
maintenance,
weak mortar,
(slow setting
non hydraulic lime),
rain wash and
high humidity
and
salt attack and
rising damp
Use of Biocides,
hydrophobic
agents and regular
cleaning
Consolidation of
the mortar with
lime
water
(bonding agents)
Repointing with
hydraulic
lime
mortar
Neglected
maintenance,
weak mortar,
(slow setting
non hydraulic
lime),
rain wash and
high humidity
and
salt attack and
rising damp
Consolidation of
the mortar with
lime
water
(bonding agents)
Hydrophobic
agents
Grouting
using
hydraulic
lime
mortar
Repointing with
hydraulic
lime
mortar
Inferior
fill
material used Neglected
maintenance, Inferior mortar
used
rain wash and
high humidity
use
of
rubble fill
grouted in
mortar
Repointing
hydraulic
mortar
Foundation; Element 1
-
Erosion due to
Scouring
action of rain
water from the roof
Neglected
maintenance
inferior
material used
in construction of foundation
rising damp
Plants seen grown

on foundation
Erosion [P];
9
Foundation stones
are partly seen, have
no defined shape,
and some holes seen
on the wall at the
level
of
the
foundation
stone
lime
with
lime
Use of water
repellent
(hydrophobic)
agents
provision of gutter
to collect water
from the roof,
regular cleaning
of the foundation,
filling
and
consolidation of
the washed mortar
and reconstruction
of the eroded
material
using
strong stone units
provision
of
ground
water
drains
and
insulation of the
wall against water
use of biocides

59
Wall; Element 6
Crack [M];
10
Visible crack on the

wall,
partly
sealed/filled,
but
develops and widens
upwards to the roof.
Wall;
Sacristy
11
Plants seen grown

on outer face of the
wall.
13
Wall; Element 4
Algae [B];
- Green
powdery
filaments seen on
the wall above the
arch
Insects
colonization
[B];
- Cobweb seen near
the roof edge.
Use of Biocides,
hydrophobic
agents and
Rain
water
moistening the wall and high
humidity
12
Neglected
maintenance,
Roof; Element 13
Pieces of broken,
discontinuous,
leaning purlin were
seen,
Lost/dislocated
roof
tiles [M];
- Light from outside
enters the church.
Sealing/filling the
crack with the
hydraulic
lime
mortar (grout) and
Damage [M];
Possible
movement
(settlement,
soil creep and
seismic
actions)
Rain
water leakage from
damaged roof,
Direct contact
of purlin with
the masonry,
Absence
of
ventilation gap between
masonry and
purlin caused
rotting
Neglected
maintenance &
roof cleaning
Rain
water
leakage from
the damaged
roof,
Neglected
maintenance or
cleaning
(accumulation of
deposits
impede proper
drainage of the
roof)
Monitoring
Regular/periodic
cleaning
or
maintenance
Replacement
the roof,
of
Provision
of
ventilation
gap
between purlins
and masonry,
Avoiding direct
contact between
the masonry and
the purlins and
Regular cleaning
of the replaced
roof
Replacement of
the roof
Gentle brushing
and cleaning with
clean
water
preferably mixed
with biocides
Regular/periodic
cleaning
Painting
with
hydrophilic agents

60
Arch;
Element
Cracks [M];
14
Visible
on
keystone
voussoir.
Wall;
Element
(interior face)
4
the
&
Horizontal
movement of the abutments
resulted by the
horizontal
thrust of the
arch
(stabilization
of the arch)
Consolidation
with lime mortar
(grouting
or
filling cracks with
lime mortar)
Monitoring
Fungi [B];
15
Spots rusting (dark

color)
of
the
masonry
stones
visible on the face of
the masonry wall
Wall;
Element
(interior face)
16
Fungi [B];
-
Rusting (dark color)

of
the
masonry
stones face mortar
more affected
Buttress;
Fungi [B];
17

of
the
masonry
stones visible on the
face
Buttress;
Fungi [B];
18

of
the
masonry
stones seen from the
face of the stones

61
Buttress;
Exfoliation/Erosion [P];
19
Visible
loss
of
surface parts (layers)
of buttress near
ground floor
Buttress;
20
Exfoliation/Erosion [P];
-
Loss of surface parts

of buttress seen near
ground floor.
Possible
crystallization
of water in the
pores/capillarie
s of the stones due to rising
damp
and
temperature
changes
Impact
possibly
resulted
by collision of the
masonry with
furnishing
Provision
ventilation
system,
of
Consolidation
with lime wash,
Plastic
repair
using
silica/hydraulic
lime
based
material (grout)
Consolidation and
plastic repair
Buttress;
21
Fungi [B];
-
22
Black stains
Roof; Sacristy, Second

floor
Powderpost
beetles,
Insects attack [B];
Roof
constructed of untreated
timber,
Neglected
maintenance
Small holes seen on

timber, broken wood
is converted into
powder in between
the faces of timber
Replacement of
the roof with
treated timber and
Regular painting
with insecticides
and application of
water
repellent
consolidants such
as bee wax

62
Roof; Sacristy, Second

floor
Leaching
resulted
by
leakage of the
damaged roof,
Neglected
maintenance
and cleaning of
the roof.
Moisture from
the rainfall and
neglected
maintenance,
Scouring
action of rain
water on the
stone
surface(s)
Wood staining [P];

23
Dry contours of rain

water forming green
- white color stains
seen on the roof /
ceiling board
Bell
tower
living organisms [B];
24
Greenish
brown/white color of
plants
Erosion [P];
-
Exposed surface of
the stone masonry
units lost soft texture
(rough).
Room next
sacristy
25
to
the
Moisture (Blister on the

plaster) [P];
-
Pilling of the plaster

near the floor
Repair and or
Replacement of
the roof. (stains
only could be
removed
by
cleaning
and
application
of
natural
water
repellent agents
such as bee wax)
Use of Biocides,
hydrophobic
agents and regular
cleaning,
Consolidation of
the eroded stone
surface
using
historical material
(hydraulic
lime
grout)
Cleaning
the
plaster using lime
wash
(consolidation),
Rising damp,
Possible use of
impermeable plaster
that
prevents
movement of
water
vapor/moisture
between
the
material
Provision
of
proper drainage
system to prevent
ponding of rain
water that causes
ground infiltration
and
subsequent
rising damp.
Laboratory tests
In the first site visit unusual damages on some stones units were found inside of monastery on two columns of
both side of entrance of chancel were seen , also on interior and exterior southern wall of nave some parabolic
damage with black colour were seen .

63
For the columns damages it was assumed that attacks were due to fire, because of black color and location and
textures of grains .
Southern wall damages were assumed that were due to moisture in first visual inspection.
In the future visited it was discussed that although black color could be the result of fire attack, but pattern of
damages and localized damages made some doubt about it
In the later visits, it was discussed with stone specialist from Braga and from his point of view damages on
columns were due to fire too and southern wall were due to moisture and humidity. Also Damage was discussed
with material specialists from Italy and Czech and they
believed that damages were due to biological attack.
In this step to make sure what was the reason of damages
Five sample were collected from five different units of
damaged stones of different area and they were given to
chemistry laboratory to recognize type of damages and
their characteristics
Lack of time werent let us to have all information about
samples characteristics and so far it was only tried to
recognize that they are organic or not.
Figure 45 - 5 different sample that collected

First sample were collected from south columns of from damaged stones
chancel. This sample was tested and absence of organic
material was the result of that sample.
Figure 46 Location of sample 1

64
Figure 47 Location of sample 2. Northern side of the column situated next to altar.
Figure 48 Location of sample 3.
Figure 49 Location of sample 4. Interior side of the southern wall.

65
Figure 50 Location of sample 5. Exterior side of the southern wall.

Roof calculations
In assessing the safety of the damaged roof, two considerations were taken into account, in the first,
the secondary purlin was assumed to carry the whole load of the damaged section of the roof. In the
later assumption, the adequacy of the end broken primary purlin acting as a cantilever to support the
loads in such damaged state was examined. The arrangement of the purlins is as shown in the figure
below.
(a)
(b)
Purlins assessed and loading area of influence, a) Secondary purlin b) Primary Purlin
A. Assumption 1; Secondary Purlin only carries the load (Primary one is wholly damaged)
Assumed timber Class C14
Characteristic values of strength
3
fm,k = 14 MPa; E0.05 = 4.7x10 N/mm

3
fv,k = 3 MPa; Em,0,mean = 7.0 x10 N/mm
Strength modification factor (Kuklk 2008, Table 2.2, prEn 338:2015 (E) Table 1)
kmod = f (service class, load-duration class) = f (service class 2, medium load-duration) = 0.8
66
m = f (solid timber) = 1.3, size factor ! =
!"# !.!
!
= 1.182 (h < 150)
Existing beam section bxh = 65 x 65 mm

Resistance
f!" =
!!"# ! !! ! !!,!
!!
!.! !".!"#!"
!.!
10.2 MPa . (iii),
If k !"# = 1, !" = k !"#$ xf!" = 10.2 MPa (iv) that is (0 < k !!"# 1)
f!" = !" =
!!"# ! !!,!
!!
!.! ! !
!.!
1.85 MPa (v)
Design moment of resistance Mrd;

MRd =
bh!
65 65!
x!" =
x 10.2 = 0.47 kNm
6
6 10!
Design resistance for shear Vrd;

VRd =
k !" bh!" 2 0.67 65 65 1.85

=
3.49 kN
6
3 10!
Actions
Loads on the roof;
gk = 0.8 kN/m
qk = 0.75 kN/m
dead load
2
live load
Loads on the purlin (0.675m width);

gk = 0.54 kN/m dead load
qk 0.51 kN/m live load
Design value of actions
Statical system
Statical system for the secondary purlin

67
(a)
(b)
Design force diagrams, a) bending moment b) shear force
Characteristic moment and shear forces;

Moment
M!" =
M!" =
!! ! ! !
!
!! ! !!
!
Shear
1.31
V!" =
1.23 kNm,
!! ! !
V!" =
1.188
!
!! ! !
!
1.122 ,
Design values of actions;

Moment of action MEd;
MEd = 1.35M!" + 1.5M!" 3.61 kNm
Actions for shear VEd;
VEd = 1.35V!" + 1.5V!" 3.29 kNm
Discussion of the results
From the calculations, in the first assumption the moment value of action is 3.61kNm which is greater
than the moment of resistance 0.47kNm. The action value for shear forces is 3.29 kN where as the
resistance is 3.49kN. Considering the bending moments, the results do not verify the requirements of
the code and therefore the purlin is in adequate.
Assumption 2; Primary Purlin acts as cantilever and supports the entire loads
Assumed timber Class C14
Characteristic values of strength
3
fm,k = 14 MPa; E0.05 = 4.7x10 N/mm

3
fv,k = 3 MPa; E m,0,mean = 7.0 x10 N/mm

m = f (solid timber) = 1.3
Strength modification factor (Kuklk 2008, Table 2.2, prEn 338:2015 (E) Table 1)
kmod = f (service class, load-duration class) = f (service class 2, medium load-duration) = 0.8
Available section; bxh = 80 x 170 mm, size factor kh = 1 (h>150 mm)
Resistance
f!" =
!!"# ! !! ! !!,!
!!
!.! !"!"
!.!
8.62 MPa . (iii),
If k !"# = 1, !" = k !"#$ xf!" = 8.62 MPa (iv) that is (0 < k !"#$ 1)
f!" = !" =
!!"# ! !!,!
!!
!.! ! !
!.!
1.85 MPa (v)

68
Design moment of resistance MRd;

MRd =
bh!
80 170!
x!" =
x 8.62 3.32 kNm
6
6 10!
Design resistance for shear VRd;

VRd =
k !" bh!" 2 0.67 80 170 1.85

=
11.24 kN
6
3 10!
Actions;
Floor loads,
gk = 0.80 kN/m
dead load
qk = 0.75 kN/m
live load
Loads on the purlin (from primary purlins)

2
Qk1 = 1.114 kN live load (Area of influence, A1 = 1.485 m )

Gk1 = 1.188 kN dead load
2
Qk2 = 0.7425 kN live load (Area of influence, A2 = 0.99 m )

Gk2 = 0.792 kN dead load
Statical system for characteristic loads for the cantilever primary purlin
(a)
(b)
Design force diagrams, a) bending moment b) shear
Characteristic moment and shear forces actions;

Moment,
Characteristic moment due to dead loads, MGk = 1.188x5x0.45 + 0.792x0.45x (4+3+2+1) = 6.237kNm
Characteristic moment due to live loads, MQk = 1.114x5x0.45 + 0.7425x0.45x (4+3+2+1) = 5.8455kNm
69
Design actions for moments MEd; MEd = 1.35M!" + 1.5M!" 17.2 kNm
Total characteristic dead loads VGk=
G! = 1.188 + 0.792 x 4 = 4.356kN
Total characteristic live loads VQk= Q ! = 1.114 + 0.7425 x 4 = 4.084kN

Design actions for shear VEd; VEd = 1.35V!" + 1.5V!" 12.01 kNm
Discussion of the results

From the second assumption, the calculated actions are 17.17kNm and 11.99kNm for the moment
and shear respectively and the respective values of resistance are 3.32kNm and 11.24kN. In this
case, both the design values of actions for moments and shears are bigger than the design values for
the resistance. The results do not confirm the code requirements in which the resistance should at
least be higher than the action effects. For such a reason, the beam is thought to be inadequate.
Basing on the calculation and the codes requirements, the existing purlins (primary and or secondary)
seem to be inadequate to support the loads in that damaged state of the roof. It is therefore advised to
close the area for the safety of the users until when further intensive study is done and decisions are
made.

70

Group CaseStudy Mancelos

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Title:

Assessment of the Monastery of Saint Martin of Mancelos

March 21, 2016

ADVANCED MASTERS IN STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF MONUMENTS

INSTITUTE OF THEORETICAL AND APPLIED MECHANICS, CZECH REPUBLIC

Assessment of the Monastery of Saint Martin of Mancelos

Erasmus Mundus Programme

Assessment of the Monastery of Saint Martin of Mancelos

Erasmus Mundus Programme

Assessment of the Monastery of Saint Martin of Mancelos

Assessment of the Monastery of Saint Martin of Mancelos

List of damages ................................................................................................................... 57

Erasmus Mundus Programme

Assessment of the Monastery of Saint Martin of Mancelos

The Romanesque Style

Erasmus Mundus Programme

Assessment of the Monastery of Saint Martin of Mancelos

The Romanesque in Portugal and the Route of the Romanesque

The monastery of Mancelos

Erasmus Mundus Programme

Assessment of the Monastery of Saint Martin of Mancelos

Erasmus Mundus Programme

Assessment of the Monastery of Saint Martin of Mancelos

Figure 1 - Main faade in 1948 (left) and more detailed (right)

Erasmus Mundus Programme

Assessment of the Monastery of Saint Martin of Mancelos

Figure 3 - Elevations of the bell tower in 1962

Figure 4 - Elevations of the bell tower in 1964

Erasmus Mundus Programme

Assessment of the Monastery of Saint Martin of Mancelos

Figure 5- Window intersecting an arch

Figure 6 - North sides yard

Figure 7 - Sacristy 1964

Erasmus Mundus Programme

Assessment of the Monastery of Saint Martin of Mancelos

Figure 8 - Interventions 1967 -1968

Erasmus Mundus Programme

Assessment of the Monastery of Saint Martin of Mancelos

Erasmus Mundus Programme

Assessment of the Monastery of Saint Martin of Mancelos

2.3 The Masonry Quality Index

SM (Stone mechanical properties and conservation state)

SD (Criteria for analysis of stone/brick dimensions )

SS (Criteria for analysis of stone/brick shape)

WC (Criteria for analysis of wall leaf connections)

HJ (Horizontality of bed joints)

VJ (Criteria for analysis of stagger properties of vertical joints )

MM (Criteria for analysis of mortar properties)

Table 1 Qualitative values

Erasmus Mundus Programme

Assessment of the Monastery of Saint Martin of Mancelos

Correlation between Masonry Quality Index and masonry mechanical parameters

Table 2 Masonry qualitative index

Erasmus Mundus Programme

Assessment of the Monastery of Saint Martin of Mancelos

Erasmus Mundus Programme

Assessment of the Monastery of Saint Martin of Mancelos

Erasmus Mundus Programme

Assessment of the Monastery of Saint Martin of Mancelos

Erasmus Mundus Programme

Assessment of the Monastery of Saint Martin of Mancelos

Erasmus Mundus Programme

Assessment of the Monastery of Saint Martin of Mancelos

Erasmus Mundus Programme